Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
By Dr. S.N. Singh, Professor Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur- !"!#$, INDI%.
Evolution of Power Systems Late 1870s 1882 Commercial use of electricity irst Electric !ower system " #en$% ca&le% fuse% load' &y Thomas Edison at Pearl Street Station in ()$ - *C system% +, customers% 1$+ -m in radius - 110 . load% underground ca&le% incandescent Lam!s
188/ 1otors were develo!ed &y ran- S!rague 1880 Limitation of *C &ecome a!!arent 2 3igh losses and voltage dro!$ 2 Transformation of voltage re4uired$ Transformers and 5C distri&ution "1+0 lam!s' develo!ed &y 6illiam Stanley of 6estinghouse 188, irst ac transmission system in 7S5 &etween 6illamette alls and Portland% 8regon$ 2 12 !hase% /000 .% over 21 -m
#""" N. Tesla de&eloped poly-phase systems and had patents of gen., motors, transformers, trans. 'ines. (estinghouse )ought it. #"*!s +ontro&ersy on ,hether industry should standardi-e %+ or D+. Edison ad&ocated D+ and (estinghouse %+. - .oltage increase, simpler / cheaper gen. and motors #"*0 1irst 0-phase line, 0!! ., # 2m in +alifornia. ac ,as chosen at Niagara 1alls 3 0! 2m4
Early .oltage "3ighest' #$5 2. ! 2. "6 2. 00! 2. 5!! 2. 605 2. 6$5 2. ##!! 2. Standards are ##5, #0", #$#, 0! 2. 7 8. 095, 9!!, 5!! 2. - E8. 6$5, ##!! 2. - :8. Earlier re4uencies were 5, 5!, $!, # 5 and #00 8-; :S% - $! 8- and some countries - 5! 8-
3.*C Transmission System #*5!s <ercury arc &al&e #*59 1irst 8.D+ transmission )et,een S,eden and =ot land island )y ca)le Limitations of 3.5C Transmission #. >eacti&e Po,er 'oss . Sta)ility 0. +urrent +arrying +apacity 9. 1erranti Effect 5. No smooth control of po,er flo,
? Pea- *emand < 110 #6 ? Pea- *eficit < 1:$,= ? Energy *eficit < ,$0=
Scenario by 2012
? Pea- *emand ; 1+7%000 16 (1.5 times of 2007) ? 9nstalled Ca!acity ; 212%000 16 (1.5 times of
2007)
? 3ydro !otential in (E> and u!!er !art of (> ? Coal reserves mainly in E> ? or o!timal utilisation of resources < strong (ational #rid
Northern
Auraiya Kota
eastern
1ald a Siliguri ?ongaigaon ?ongaigaon
"'%# $W
&'(%#$W %### $W
7CCain Gwalior 1alan!ur Vindhyachal erda Korba Raipur Ranchi WR Pooling *handrapur
Eastern
?udhi!ada r Rourkela Sipat >anchi
(estern
Ponda Kolhapur
)'%# $W
')## $W
+ag,hari >amagunda Belgaum m 71PP 6ith Brishna!attanam #aAuwa- Bolar a Upper Sileru
"(%# $W
Southern
9!! 2.
#*66
#**!
!!!
!##
!# A#0
Line Parameters
500MW
200D 21016
#*6!Ds
#*"!Ds
#**!Ds
!!!Ds
(orthern >egion
9C E 1/+ #6 *es!atch E 110 #6 *emand E 1/0 #6 *eficit E :0 #6
6 =(
! =(
# =(
Eastern >egion
#!,!!!<(
6estern >egion
9C E 1:+ #6 *es!atch E 100 #6 *emand E 1:0 #6 *eficit E :0 #6
0 =(
#5 =(
#5 =(
Southern >egion
? ? ? ?
>e4uirement of Power low &etween (E> F E>D6>D(>; +0 #6 >e4uired Transmission Ca!acity ; +7$+ #6 "1+= redundancy' EGisting F !lanned Ca!acity ; ,$+ #6 5dditional Trans$ Ca!acity to &e !lanned ; /8 #6 Fptions @ #. G"!!2. 8.D+ @ "nos. . G"!!2. 8.D+ @ 5nos.; 6$52. E8.%+ @ $nos. 0. G"!!2. 8.D+ @ 9nos.; # !!2. :8.%+ @ nos. ? Selection of (eGt Level Transmission .oltage i$e$ 1200-. 73.5C in view of ;
7 'oading lines upto Thermal Ca!acity"10000 16' compared to S9L"0000 16' 7 Sa&ing >ight of 6ay
8.D+-'ight
? Classical 3.*C technology 7 <ostly used for long distance point-to-point transmission 7 >eEuires fast communication channels )et,een t,o stations 7 'arge reacti&e po,er support at )oth stations 7 Thyristor &al&es are used. 7 'ine or phase commutated con&erters are used. ? 3.*C2Light 7 Po,er transmission through 8.D+ utili-ing &oltage source con&erters ,ith insulated gate )ipolar transistors 3I=BT4 ,hich eCtinguishes the current more faster and ,ith less energy loss than =TFs.
8.D+-'ight
7 It is economical e&en in lo, po,er range. 7 >eal and reacti&e po,er is controlled independently in t,o 8.D+ light con&erters. 7 +ontrols %+ &oltage rapidly. 7 There is possi)ility to connect passi&e loads. 7 No contri)ution to short circuit current. 7 No need to ha&e fast communication )et,een t,o con&erter stations. 7 Fperates in all four Euadrants. 7 P(< scheme is used. 7 Fpportunity to transmit any amount of current of po,er o&er long distance &ia ca)les.
8.D+-'ight
'o, compleCity-than2s to fe,er components Small and compact :seful in ,indmills Fffers asynchronous operation. ? irst 3.*C2Light !ilot transmission for : 16% 10-. in 1arch% 1,,7 "Sweden' ? irst commercial !roCect +0 16% 70 -.% 72 -m% in 1,,,$ 7 7 7 7
? 1leCi)le %+ Transmission Systems 31%+TS4 are the name gi&en to the application of po,er electronics de&ices to control the po,er flo,s and other Euantities in po,er systems.
7 Pro&ide secure tie line connections to neigh)oring utilities and regions there)y decreasing o&erall generation reser&e reEuirements on )oth sides. 7 %llo, secure loading of transmission line to a le&el closer to the thermal limits, ,hile a&oiding o&erloading and reduce the generation margin )y ha&ing the a)ility to transfer more po,er )et,een the controlled areas. 7 Damping of po,er oscillation, 7 Pre&enting cascading outages )y limiting the impacts of faults and eEuipment failures. 7 Pro&ide greater fleCi)ility in sitting ne, generation. 7 :pgrade of lines. 7 >educe reacti&e po,er flo,s, thus allo,ing the lines to carry more acti&e po,er. 7 >educe loop flo,s. 7 Increase utili-ation of lo,est cost generation.
7 The large mar2et potential for 1%+TS is ,ithin %+ system on a &alue added )asis ,here
? The eGisting steady2state !hase angle &etween &us nodes is reasona&le$ ? The cost of 5CTS solution is lower than the 3.*C cost and ? The re4uired 5CTS controller ca!acity is lesser than the transmission rating$
8.D+
terminal
Table: Comparison of power semiconductor devices Thyristor )*** 2*** Sym$4 1sym$ 5ulse ,$. , GTO IGBT SI * thyristor ./** )** 1sym$ CT 0*** 2** Sym$4 1sym 'olta%e ,$. .* / . OS!"T ,*** ,** 1sym$ 'olta%e 6esistive ,** . *$.
a#$ volta%e ratin% &'( a#$ current ratin% &1( 'olta%e bloc3in%
Gatin% Current Conduction drop &'( 2 Switchin% fre7uency .* &389( :evelopment tar%et ,* ,* 0$/ / ma#$ volta%e ratin% &3'( :evelopment tar%et ) ) . . ma#$ current ratin% &31( * SI: Static induction thyristor; OS!"T: OS field effect transistor
+*** ,-** +*** )** Sym$4 1sym$ 1sym$ Current 'olta%e .$/ 0 / .*
Po,erformer
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
T<
Benefits
8igher performance 3a&aila)ility, o&erload4 En&ironmental impro&ement 'o,er ,eight 'ess total space reEuirement 'o,er cost for +i&il (or2s 'ess maintenance >educed losses 'o,er in&estment 'o,er '++
02,-.Dmm
E 32.Amm4
Stator ,inding
Conductor &,(; Inner semi-conductin% layer &.(; Insulation &0( and an outer semi-conductin% layer &2($
FpportunitiesA+hallenges
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ... ... 1ault %nalysis including Internal 1ault 1aulty Synchroni-ation <odel for Dou)le (inding =enerator .... ....
D= includes traditional -- diesel% com&ustion tur&ine% com&ined cycle tur&ine% low2head hydro , or other rotating machinery and rene,a)le -- wind% solar% or low2head hydro generation. The !lant efficiency of most eCisting large central generation units is in the range of 28 to :+=% con&erting )et,een " to 05J of the energy in their fuel into useful electric po,er. By contrast, efficiencies of /0 to ++= are attri)uted to small fuel cells and to &arious hi2tech gas tur&ine and com&ined cycle units suita)le for D= application. Part of this com!arison is unfair. <odern D= utili-e prefect hi-tech materials and incorporating ad&anced designs that minimi-e ,ear and reEuired maintenance and include eCtensi&e computeri-ed control that reduces operating la)or.
*# I6insJ (ot ?ecause 9t is Efficient% ?ut ?ecause 9t 5voids TF* Costs Proximity is often more important than efficiency (hy use D= units, if they are not most efficient or the lo,est costH
The reason is that they are closer to the customer. They only ha&e to )e more economical than the central station generation and its associated T/D system. % TF* system represents a significant cost in initial ca!ital and continuing 8F1. By a&oiding T/D costs and those relia)ility pro)lems, D= can pro&ide &etter service at lower cost, at least in some cases. 1or eCample, in situations ,here an eCisting distri)ution system is near capacity, so that it must )e reinforced in order to ser&e ne, or additional electrical demand, the capital costA2( for T/D eCpansion alone can eCceed that for D= units.
Fperational +hanges
Generation Business
Transmission Business
.ertical separation
:istribution Business
? 9t gave utilities recognition and limited su!!ort from the local #ovt$ in a!!roving >86 and easements$ ? 9t assured a return on the investment% regulated as that might &e$ ? 9t esta&lished a local mono!oly in &uilding the system and 4uality of su!!ly without com!etitors$ ? Sim!lified &uying !rocess for consumers$ ? Electricity of new and confusing to deal with the conflicting claims% standards and offerings of different !ower com!anies$ ? Least cost o!eration$ ? 1eeting social o&ligations ? 3ugh investments with high ris-
<o lon%er necessary "lectricity 5rice may drop Customer focus will improve "ncoura%e innovation 1u%ments privati9ation
The primary reason for re%ulation; to foster the development of "SI infrastructure; had been achieved$ "#pected to drop due to innovation and competition$ "#pected to result in wider customer choice and more attention to improve service 6ewards to ris3 ta3ers and encoura%e new technolo%y and business approaches; In the countries where Govt$ wishes to sell state -owned utilities; dere%ulation may provide potential buyers and new producers$
? 6hat will &e the Potential Pro&lems K 7 +ongestion and <ar2et po,er 7 F)ligation to ser&e 7 Some suppliers at disad&antages 7 Price &olatility 7 Non-performance o)ligation 7 'oss operating fleCi)ility 7 Pricing of energy and transmission ser&ices 7 %T+ calculations 7 %ncillary ser&ices <anagement
? ? ? ? ? >eser&es Blac2 start capa)ility .oltage and freEuency control System security and sta)ility Transmission reser&es
<ilestones of >estructuring
1,82 Chile 1,,0 7B 1,,2 5rgentina% Sweden F (orway 1,,: ?olivia F Colom&ia 1,,/ 5ustralia 1,,0 (ew Leeland 1,,7 Panama% El Salvador% #uatemala% (icaragua% Costa >ica and 3onduras 1,,8 California% 7S5 and several others$ 2000 Several E7 and 5merican States
? Based on auction - single-sided or dou)le sided ? Based on type of )ids --M )loc2 or linear )id ? Based on generation settlement - uniform price 3<+P4 or pay-as-)id
/0 16
Than2 Nou H