Physics Definition

Kinetic Model Of Matter: Brownian Motion is the movement of smoke particles in a random and continuous motion in all direction. Conclusion: Provide Evidence that air molecules are always in continuous and random motion. Temperature: t is the measure of the de!ree of hotness of a "ody. Heat refers to the amount of thermal ener!y that is contained in a "ody. #ower$fi%ed point aka ce Point: Temperature of pure meltin! ice at standard atmospheric pressure. &pper$fi%ed point aka steam point: Temperature of steam from "oilin! water at standard atmospheric pressure.

Transfer of Thermal Ener!y: Conduction is the process "y which heat is transferred throu!h a medium "y the collisions of one particle to another. Convection is the process "y which heat is transmitted from one place to another "y the movement of heated particles in a !as or li'uid. Radiation is the process of heat transfer throu!h the emission or a"sorption of electroma!netic waves Thermal Properties Matter: Ener!y ( power % time of Specific heat capacity)c*: s the amount of heat re'uired to raise the temperature of ,k! of the o"+ect "y ,oc #atent heat of vapori-ation )lv*: of a su"stance is the 'uantity of heat needed to chan!e a unit mass of the su"stance from li'uid to !as without a chan!e in temperature.

Q = mc
Melting is the process in which a su"stance chan!es from a solid state to a li'uid state without a chan!e in temperature. Boiling is the process in which a su"stance chan!es from a li'uid state to a !aseous state without a chan!e in temperature. Latent heat of fusion )lf* of a su"stance is the 'uantity of heat needed to chan!e a unit mass of the su"stance from solid to li'uid without a chan!e in temperature.

Q =ml
#i!ht:

Law 1: The an!le of incidence is ( to the an!le of reflection. Law2: The incident ray. reflected ray and normal lies at the point of incidence all lie on the same plane. Refraction: The "endin! of li!ht when it passes from one transparent medium to another. Law1: The incident ray. refracted ray and normal the point of incidence all lie on the same plane Law2: /or 0 !iven media.

Internal Energy is the sum of kinetic ener!y and potential ener!y of all the particles. Heat Capacity)C* is the amount of heat re'uired to raise the temperature of the o"+ect "y ,oc.

Q =ml

C=

Q
$,$

Physics Definition

n= n=

sin i )#ess sin r sin r )Denser sin i

dense

to

denser medium* to less

0. 7n!le of incidence )i* must "e !reater than the critical an!le)c*. Thin conver!in! lenses: ocal length F is the distance "etween the optical center of the lens to the focal point Linear !agnification "m# is the ratio of the ima!e hei!ht )hi* to the o"+ect hei!ht )ho*.

$!plitude )a*: Ma%imum displacement of wave from rest position. %avelength ) *: distance "etween 0 identical points on successive waves. re&uency )f*: no of complete wave in one second. Period )T*: time taken to !enerate one complete wave.

Longitudinal waves: are waves in which the direction of vi"ration of the wave particles is parallel to the direction of wave motion. %ave front: ima!inary line on a wave that +oins all points which have the same phase of vi"ration. :ound: Co!pressions: re!ion where air particles is sli!htly hi!her than normal atmospheric pressure. Rarefaction: re!ion where air particles is sli!htly lower than normal atmospheric pressure. Echo: reflected sound wave from lar!e and hard surface. Loudness: dependent on amplitude. (itch: dependent on fre'uency of the wave

dense medium* )n( refractive inde% or optical density* 1efractive inde% of medium:

c n= v
C( speed of li!ht 2%,34 5( velocity of li!ht Total internal reflection: Critical an!le)c*: is the an!le of incidence for which the an!le of refraction in the optically dense medium is 63o.

m=

hi ho

T=

1 f

)Or the ima!e distance )v* from the lens to the o"+ect distance )u* from the lens*

m=

1 sin c = n
Conditions for T 1: ,. #i!ht must travel from an optically denser medium into optically less dense medium

v u

:peed of wave: Distance moved "y any point on the wave in one second. ;ence.

v= f

8eneral 9ave Properties: 9ave: Phenomenon which ener!y is transferred throu!h vi"rations.

'ransverse wave: are waves in which the direction of vi"ration is perpendicular to the direction of wave motion.

$0$

Physics Definition

)ltrasound are sound that are a"ove the upper hearin! limit of the human ear. Kinematics: :calar: units ma!nitude no direction 5ector: direction units no ma!nitude *istance )d* total len!th covered "y a movin! o"+ect. *isplace!ent"s# distance measured specific direction. the in a

$cceleration )a* is the rate of chan!e of velocity with time.

a=

v u t

'er!inal +elocity: 9hen an o"+ect falls at a constant ma%imum velocity. with an acceleration of 3m<s0. it is known as terminal velocity. The Downward force is e'ual to the upward force. hence no net force. Distance$time !raph: ,radient: o"+ect. speed of

,radient !ives the acceleration. Positive !radient: acceleration. =e!ative !radient: Deceleration or retardation. >ero !radient: )i* o"+ect at rest )ii* movin! at constant speed $rea under graph e'uals to distance travelled. n !eneral. avera!e speed is always area under !raph divide "y time. 7vera!e speed(

Dynamics: -ewton 1st Law: 9hen there is no net force actin! on a "ody. the "ody will remain at rest and a "ody in motion will continue its motion at constant velocity. -ewton 2nd Law: =et force action on a "ody is directly proportional to the product of the o"+ect?s mass and the acceleration it produces. 1esultant<net force:

/1(ma
1esultant force produces acceleration constant net force(constant acceleration. dou"lin! net force will dou"le acceleration produce Dou"lin! mass re'uires a force twice as lar!e to achieve the same acceleration.

area.under.graph t
9hen acceleration constant in !raph. is

Speed is the rate of chan!e of distance with time.

d Speed = t
+elocity )v* is the rate of chan!e of displacement with time.

f it is a strai!ht line. it is travellin! at a constant speed. 5elocity$time< time !raph: speed$

1 average.speed = (v + u ) 2
v( /inal velocity u( nitial velocity t( time taken chan!e

for

Velocity =

s t
$2$

Physics Definition

-ewton .rd Law: /or every action. there is an e'ual and opposite reaction. and they act on different "odies. Inertia is the reluctance of a "ody to chan!e its state of rest or motion. /r t is the tendency of a "ody to remain at rest. or continue movin! at a constant speed. riction is a force opposes motion. Mass. 9ei!ht @ Density: Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an o"+ect. : unit: kilo!ram )k!* 9ei!ht is due to the pull of !ravity )or. !ravitational force of attraction* upon a mass. ,ravitational field strength )!* is define as the !ravitational force actin! per unit mass of a "ody. that

*ensity is the mass per unit volume of a su"stance.

Turnin! Effect of /orces Mo!ent of force is the product of the force. and the perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the pivot.

M = V

9ork. Ener!y @ Power: %or1 done "y a force is the product of force applied and the distance moved in the direction of the force.

to another "ut the total amount remains constant. (ower is the rate of work done or ener!y converted.

!=

W .D E or ! = t t

W .D = F x d
Energy is defined as the capacity to do work. 23E is the ener!y possesses due to its motion.

(ressure is the force actin! per unit area on a "ody.

!=

F "

Moment = Fx d
(rinciple of !o!ents states that when a "ody is in e'uili"rium. the total clockwise moments a"out the pivot ( to the total anti$ clockwise moment a"out the same pivot. Centre of gravity of an o"+ect is the point where the whole wei!ht of the o"+ect seems to act on. Sta0ility is a measure of a "ody?s a"ility to re!ain its ori!inal position

(ressure due to li&uid:

! = h g

K .E. =

1 2 mv 2

$t!ospheric pressure is the wei!ht e%erted "y the atmosphere. /utput force in a hydraulic system(

,3(3E is the ener!y a "ody possesses due to its position from the surface of the earth.

.!.E. = mgh

" F# = F" # ""

$ 0aro!eter is an instrument used for measurin! atmospheric pressure.

'he principle of the conservation of energy states that Ener!y can neither "e created nor destroyed in any process. t can "e converted from one form to another or transferred from one "ody

$A$

Physics Definition

:tatic Electricity Electric ield is the re!ion where an electric char!e e%periences an electric force. Ma!netism Magnetic ield is the re!ion around a ma!net in which a ma!netic force can "e detected "y a ma!netic material. Electricity Charge is measured in coulom"s )C* Char!e of one electron is $,.B%,3,4 . Current is the rate of flow of char!e that flows throu!h any particular point.

+oltage is the work done to drive a unit char!e throu!h the component.

Potential Divider divides volta!e proportionally into 0 volta!es.

V=

W Q

Resistance is the ratio of the potential difference across the component to the current flowin! thou!h it. (ower of an electrical component is the product of the current flowin! throu!h it and the potential difference across it. /h!4s Law states that the current passin! throu!h a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference "etween its ends provided that the physical conditions and temperature remains constant. *iode only allows current to flow in one direction Rectification is the process of convertin! alternatin! current to a direct current usually throu!h the use of a diode.

V2 $%2 = VT $ ( %1 + %2 )
Earth %ire is used for safety reasons. Connected to metal casin! of an appliance and direct e%cess currents due to the !round when there is a leaka!e or a short circuit. use melts when e%cess current flows throu!h it "reakin! the circuit to prevent current from flowin! to prevent user from electrocution and also prevent dama!e to appliance. Electroma!netism< Electroma!netic nduction (er!anent Magnet: provide stron! ma!netic field. Curved in to provide radial field. Car0on Brushes5 Provide electrical contact "etween circuit and coil

Soft Iron Core: to concentrate ma!netic field lines around the coil to e%ert a !reater force on the coil. "*3C !otor#Split ring co!!utator5 1everses the direction of current flowin! into the coil for every half a turn to ensure the coil rotates in one direction. "$3C !otor#Slip ring5 1everse direction of induced current flowin! in the coil for every half a rotation. %hy transfor!er need $3C6 t is to provide a constantly chan!in! ma!netic field for electroma!netic induction. ;ence a constantly chan!in! current is re'uired.

%$ = V

! = $V

$=

E3!3f is defined as the work done "y a force in drivin! a unit char!e around a complete circuit.

Q t

W = Q

$C$