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b.
1 z / 2 p
1 (1 p 1 ) p n
1 = p
For confidence coefficient .95, = 1 .95 = .05 and /2 = .05/2 = .025. From Table 5, Appendix B, z.025 = 1.96. The confidence interval is:
.3025 1.96 .3025(1 .3025) .3025 .0289 (.2736, .3314) 972
c.
1 = p
2 = p
The confidence interval is: (.3673 .3302) 1.96 .3673(1 .3673) + .3302(1 .3302) + 2(.3673)(.3302) 972
1 = p
47 = .94 50
190
Chapter 9
1q 1 p n
For confidence coefficient .99, = 1 .99 = .01 and /2 = .01/2 = .005. From Table 5 in Appendix B, z.005 = 2.576. The 99% confidence interval for p1 is: .94 2.576 b. .94(.06) .94 .087 (.853,1.027) 50
Let p1 = the proportion of WMU students who agree that their DSIP research experience is valuable to their professional future and let p2 = the proportion of WMU students who are neutral about the statement.
1 = p
47 = .94 50
and
2 = p
3 = .06 50
1 p 2 ) z 2 (p
1 (1 p 1 ) + p 2 (1 p 2) + 2p 1 p 2 p n
For confidence coefficient .99, = 1 .99 = .01 and /2 = .01/2 = .005. From Table 5 in Appendix B, z.005 = 2.576. The 99% confidence interval for p1 is: (.94 .06) 2.576 9.6 The form of the interval is: 1 p 2 z p 1 = p 1 (1 p 1 ) + p 2 (1 p 2) + 2 p 1 p 2 p n 2 = p 15 = .1667 90 .94(.06) + .06(.94) + 2(.94)(.06) .88 .173 (.707,1.053) 50
58 = .6444 90
For confidence coefficient .95, = .1 .95 = .05 and /2 = .05/2 = .025. From Table 5, Appendix B, z.025 = 1.96. The 95% confidence interval is: (.6444 .1667) 1.96 .6444(.3556) + .1667(.8333) + 2(.6444)(.1667) 90
We are 95% confident the difference between the proportion of subjects who selected brighter side up and the proportion who select darker side up falls in the interval .3200 to .6354. Categorical Data Analysis 191
9.8
a.
C z / 2 p C = p
C (1 p C ) p n
nC 22 = = .22 n 100
For confidence coefficient .90, = 1 .90 = .10 and /2 = .10/2 = .05. From Table 5, Appendix B, z.05 = 1.645 . The confidence interval is:
.22 1.645 b. .22(1 .22) .22 .068 (.152, .288) 100
E (1 p E ) + p B (1 p B ) + 2 p E p B p n
D = p
nD 15 = = .15 n 100
192
Chapter 9
9.10
a.
To determine if the opinions of Internet users are evenly divided among the four categories, we test:
H 0 : p1 = p2 = p3 = p4 = .25 H a : At least two of the proportions differ
b.
[ ni E (ni )]2 = (59 82)2 + (108 82)2 + (82 82)2 + (79 82)2 = 14.805
E ( ni )
82
82
82
82
The rejection region requires = .05 in the upper tail of the 2 distribution with df = k
2 1 = 4 1 = 3. From Table 8 in Appendix B, .05 = 7.81473. The rejection region is
2 > 7.81473. Since the observed value of the test statistic does fall in the rejection region ( 2 = 14.805 > 7.81473), H0 is rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate that the opinions of Internet users are not evenly divided among the four categories. c. A Type I error would occur if we conclude that differences exist when, in fact, they do not. A Type II error would occur if we conclude that no differences exist when, in fact, they do. d. 9.12 The expected cell counts must all be at least five and the multinomial assumptions must be met.
To determine if there are significant differences in the percentage of incidents in the four cause categories, we test:
H 0 : p1 = p2 = p3 = p4 = .25 H a : At least two of the proportions differ
193
[ ni E (ni )]2 = (27 20.75)2 + (24 20.75)2 + (22 20.75)2 + (10 20.75)2 = 8.04
E (ni )
20.75
20.75
20.75
20.75
The rejection region requires = .05 in the upper tail of the 2 distribution with df = k 1 =
2 4 1 = 3. From Table 8 in Appendix B, .05 = 7.81473. The rejection region is 2 > 7.81473.
Since the observed value of the test statistic does fall in the rejection region 2 = 8.04 > 7.81473), H0 is rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate that there are significant differences in the percentage of incidents in the four cause categories. 9.14 a. To determine if the traffic is equally divided among the three directions, we test:
H 0 : p1 = p2 = p3 = 1/ 3 H a : At least two proportions are unequal
( ni npi )
npi
(294 324) 2 (321 324) 2 (357 324) 2 + + = 6.167 324 324 324
The rejection region requires = .05 in the upper tail of the 2 distribution with df = k
2 1 = 3 1 = 2. From Table 8, Appendix B, .05 = 5.99147. The rejection region is
2 > 5.99147. Since the observed value of the test statistic falls in the rejection region ( 2 = 6.167 > 5.99147), H 0 is rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate the traffic is not equally divided at = .05.
194
Chapter 9
b.
To determine if more than one-third of all automobiles entering the intersection turn left, we test:
H 0 : p = 1/ 3 H a : p > 1/ 3
The rejection region for this large-sample, one-tailed test requires = .05 in the upper tail of the z distribution. From Table 5, Appendix B, z.05 = 1.645. The rejection region is z > 1.645.
357 1 p 0 972 3 p The test statistics is z = = = 2.25 p0 q0 1 2 i 3 3 n 972 Since the observed value of the test statistic falls in the rejection region (z = 2.25 > 1.645), H 0 is rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate the proportion of all automobiles entering this intersection that turn left exceeds 1/3 using = .05. 9.16 To determine if three proportions differ, we test: H 0 : p1 = p2 = p3 = 1/ 3 H a : At least two of the proportions differ The expected cell counts are:
1 E(ni) = npi = 90 = 30 (i = 1, 2, 3) 3 The observed and expected category counts are:
( ni npi )
npi
The rejection region requires = .05 in the upper tail of the 2 distribution with df = k 1 =
2 3 1 = 2. From Table 8, Appendix B, .05 = 5.99147. The rejection region is 2 > 5.99147.
Since the observed value of the test statistic falls in the rejection region ( 2 = 39.267 > 5.99147), H 0 is rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate at least two of the proportions differ at = .05.
195
9.18
For k = 2: 2 =
i =1
( ni npi )
npi
( n1 np1 )2 + ( n2 np2 )2
np1 np2
= 9.20 a.
Yes, the sampling appears to satisfy the assumptions of a multinomial experiment. The experiment contains 120 trials and 2(4) = 8 categories. Since the 120 rats were randomly selected, the trials are considered independent and the probabilities are considered constant. n = ni .n. j E ij n
b.
( )
( n ) = 80(30) = 20 E 11 120
( n ) = 40(30) = 10 E 21 120
196
Chapter 9
c.
n nij E ij = E nij
2
( ) ( )
d.
H 0 : Diet and presence/absence of cancer are independent H a : Diet and presence/absence of cancer are dependent
The test statistic is 2 = 12.9. The rejection region requires = .05 in the upper tail of the 2 distribution with df =
2 = 5.99147. The (r 1)(c 1) = (2 1)(4 1) = 3. From Table 8, Appendix B, .05
rejection region is 2 > 5.99147. Since the observed value of the test statistic falls in the rejection region ( 2 = 12.9 > 5.99147), H 0 is rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate that diet and presence/absence of cancer are not independent at = .05. e. Let p1 = proportion of rats on high fat/no fiber diet with cancer and let p2 = proportion of rats on high fat/fiber diet with cancer.
1 = p 27 = .9 30 2 = p 20 = .667 30
The confidence interval for the difference between two proportions is: 1 p 2 ) z 2 (p 1q 1 p q p + 2 2 n1 n2
For confidence coefficient .95, = 1 .95 = .05 and /2 = .05/2 = .025. From Table 5, Appendix B, z.025 = 1.96. The 95% confidence interval is: (.90 .667) 1.645 .9(.1) .667(.333) + .233 .2 (.033, .433) 30 30
197
To obtain the confidence interval for the percentage, multiply the endpoints by 100%. The interval is (3.3%, 43.3%). We are 95% confident that the difference in the percentage of rats with cancer between those on high fat/no fiber diets and those on high fat/fiber diets is between 3.3% and 43.3%. Since the rats were divided into groups according to diets, we assume the groups are independent. 9.22 Using MINITAB, the results of the analyses are:
Tabulated statistics: Stops, Kills
Using frequencies in Fr Rows: Stops 1 1 2 All 32 28.31 24 27.69 56 56.00 Columns: Kills 2 33 34.88 36 34.12 69 69.00 3 19 18.71 18 18.29 37 37.00 4 5 6.57 8 6.43 13 13.00 5 2 2.53 3 2.47 5 5.00 All 91 91.00 89 89.00 180 180.00
Cell Contents:
Pearson Chi-Square = 2.171, DF = 4, P-Value = 0.704 Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square = 2.182, DF = 4, P-Value = 0.702 * NOTE * 2 cells with expected counts less than 5
First, we check to see if the assumption about the expected cells is met. From the table, there are two expected cell counts that are less than 5. Thus, the results of the test are suspect. To determine if the number of kills is related to whether the trial was stopped or not, we test:
H0: Number of kills and whether the trial was stopped or not are independent Ha: Number of kills and whether the trial was stopped or not are dependent
The test statistic is 2 = 2.171 (from the printout). The p-value of the test is .704. Since this p-value is so large, H0 is not rejected. There is insufficient evidence to indicate that the number of kills is related to whether the trial was stopped or not at .10.
198
Chapter 9
9.24
a.
b.
To determine if flight response of the geese depends on altitude of the helicopter, we test:
H0: Flight response and Altitude are independent Ha: Flight response and Altitude are dependent
190
198
76
464
Since = .01 > p-value = .0032, H0 can be rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate that flight response of the geese depends on the altitude of the helicopter. c. The contingency table is shown below:
High Less than 1,000 1,000-2,000 meters 2,000-3,000 meters 3,00 or more Total 243 37 4 1 285 Low 37 68 44 30 179 Total 280 105 48 31 464
199
d.
To determine if flight response of the geese depends on lateral distance of the helicopter, we test:
H0: Flight response and Lateral distance are independent Ha: Flight response and Lateral distance are dependent
280
105
48
31
464
Since = .01 > p-value = .0000, H0 can be rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate that flight response of the geese depends on the lateral distance of the helicopter. 9.26 a. To find the proportion of censored measurements for each of the six tractor lines, we take the number of censored measurements for each tractor line and divide it by the total number of measurements for each tractor lane. 1 = p 2 = p
3 = p 4 = p
200
Chapter 9
5 = p
6 = p
b.
6222
4692
7140
6120
10353
4794
39321
To determine the proportion of censored measurements differs for the six tractor lines, we test:
H0: Measurement type and tractor line are independent Ha: Measurement type and tractor line are dependent
Since = 01 > p-value = .0000, H0 can be rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate that the proportion of censored measurements differs for the six tractor lines. c. While statistically significant, we have no way of knowing when a tractor line will produce a large number of censored measurements and when it will produce a small number of censored measurements. From a practical perspective, not much useful information has been learned.
201
9.28
a.
Totals
101 10 111
23 19 42
124 29 153
b.
Yes. To plot the percentages, first convert frequencies to percentages by dividing the numbers in each column by the column total and multiplying by 100. Also, divide the row totals by the overall total and multiply by 100.
Acceptable Acceptable Inspector Rejected
101 100 = 90.99% 111
Rejected
Totals
c.
Some preliminary calculations are: = r1c1 = 124(111) = 89.961 E 11 n 153 = r2c1 = 29(111) = 21.039 E 21 n 153 = r1c2 = 124(42) = 34.039 E 12 n 153 = r2c2 = 29(42) = 7.961 E 22 n 153
202
Proportion accept/rejecte
Chapter 9
To determine if the inspector's classifications and the committee's classifications are related, we test:
H0: The inspector's and committee's classification are independent Ha: The inspector's and committee's classifications are dependent
]2 [nij E ji E
ij
(101 89.961) (23 34.039) 2 (10 21.039) 2 (19 7.961) 2 + + + 89.961 34.039 21.039 7.961 = 26.034 The rejection region requires = .05 in the upper tail of the 2 distribution with 2 df = (r 1)(c 1) = (2 1)(2 1) = 1. From Table 8, Appendix B, .05 = 3.84146. The rejection region is 2 > 3.84146. Since the observed value of the test statistic falls in the rejection region (2 = 26.034 > 3.84146), H0 is rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate the inspector's and committee's classifications are dependent at = .05. This indicates that the inspector and committee tend not to make the same decisions. 9.30 We wish to test:
i =1
( Oi ei )
ei
The observed counts are found by using the table information: Oi = (number of specimens)(percentage with manganese nodules) The expected counts are found by ei = ni pi These results are summarized as follows:
Age Miocene-recent Oligocene Eocene Paleocene Lake Cretaceous Early and Middle Cretaceous Jurassic Observed Expected 389(.059) = 23 389(1/7) = 55.6 140(.179) = 25 140(1/7) = 20.0 214(.164) = 35 214(1/7) = 30.6 84(.214) = 18 84(1/7) = 12.0 247(.211) = 52 247(1/7) = 35.3 1120(.142) = 159 1120(1/7) = 160.0 99(.110) = 11 99(1/7) = 14.1 323 (23 55.6) 2 (25 20.0) 2 (11 14.1) 2 2 = + + + = 32.59 55.6 20.0 14.1
203
The rejection region requires = .05 in the upper tail of the 2 distribution with k 1 = 7 1
2 = 12.5916. Reject H 0 if 2 > 12.5916. = 6 df. From Table 8, Appendix B, .05
Since the observed value of the test statistic falls in the rejection region ( 2 = 32.59 > 12.5916), H 0 is rejected. 9.32 a. To determine if the percentages of the different types of programming statements differ for the two languages, we test: H 0 : The proportions of the different types of programming statements are the same for the two languages H a : The proportions of the different types of programming statements are different for the two languages The expected category counts are: n = ni .n. j E ij n
( )
( n ) = 2170(10, 412) = 1136.407 E 11 19,882 ( n ) = 2170(9470) = 1033.593 E 12 19,882 ( n ) = 726(9470) = 345.801 E 52 19,882 The observed and expected category counts are:
ALGOL IF 125 (1136.407) FOR 968 (690.223) IO 135 (1037.953) IF ASSIGNMENT 8,293 (7167.218) Other 261 (380.199) Totals 10,412 PASCAL Totals 2,045 (1033.593) 2,170 350 (627.777) 1,318 1,847 (944.047) 1,982 4,763 (6518.782) 13,686 465 (345.801) 726 9,470 19,882
( ) ( )
= 4755.1933
204
Chapter 9
The rejection region requires = .05 in the upper tail of the 2 distribution with df = (r
2 = 9.48773. The 1)(c 1) = (5 1)(2 1) = 4. From Table 8, Appendix B, .05
rejection region is 2 > 9.48773. Since the observed value of the test statistic falls in the rejection region ( 2 = 4755.1993 > 9.48773), H 0 is rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate the percentages of the different types of programming statements differ for the two languages at = .05. b. The form of the confidence interval for ( pA pP ) is:
( pA pP ) z 2
A = p
A (1 p A ) p (1 p P ) p + P nA nP P = p
For confidence coefficient .95, = 1 .95 = .05 and /2 = . 05/2 = .025. From Table 5, Appendix B, z.025 = 1.96 . The confidence interval is:
(.857 .503) 1.96 .857(1 .857) .503(1 .503) + .354 .0121 10412 9470 (.3419, .3661)
9.34
a.
Defect
b.
The hypergeometric formula for these tables is: 449 49 10 y y , where y = 0, 1, 2, , 10 498 10
205
Due to the large sample size, these factorials produce difficult probabilities to calculate. The resulting probabilities are shown below:
y 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 P(y) 0.3514 0.3914 0.1917 0.0544 0.0099 0.0012 0.0001 0 0 0 0
c. d. 9.36 a.
The Fishers exact test p-value can be found by adding the probabilities at least as contradictory as the one observed. P-value = P(y = 2 or 3 or or 10) = 0.2572. We see that these two probabilities are equal. The form of the confidence interval is: i z p
2
i (1 p i ) p n
For confidence coefficient .95, = 1 .95 = .05 and /2 = .05/2 = .025. From Table 5, Appendix B, z.025 = 1.96. The 95% confidence intervals are: For p1 : .60 1.96 For p2 : .23 1.96 For p3 : .17 1.96 b. We want to test: .60(.40) .60 .029 (.571, .629) 1132 .23(.77) .23 .025 (.205, .255) 1132 .17(.83) .17 .022 (.148, .192) 1132
H 0 : p1 = .8, p2 = .1, and p3 = .1 H a : At least two proportions are different than specified
The expected counts in each category are:
E (n1 ) = np1 = 1132(.8) = 905.6 E ( n2 ) = np2 = 1132(.1) = 113.2 E ( n3 ) = np3 = 1132(.1) = 113.2
206
Chapter 9
( n npi ) = i
npi
(679 905.6) 2 (261 113.2) 2 (192 113.2) 2 + + = 304.5 905.6 113.2 113.2
The rejection region requires = .10 in the upper tail of the 2 distribution with df = k
2 = 4.60517. The rejection region is 2 1 = 3 1 = 2. From Table 8, Appendix B, .10 > 4.60517.
Since the observed value of the test statistic falls in the rejection region ( 2 = 304.5 > 4.60517) H 0 is rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate at least two proportions are different than specified at = .10. 9.38 The Statistix printout for the analysis appears below:
Chi-Square Test for Heterogeneity or Independence for count = Year abuse Year 1 Observed Expected Cell Chi-Sq Observed Expected Cell Chi-Sq Observed Expected Cell Chi-Sq Observed Expected Cell Chi-Sq abuse 1 2 3 4 +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | 7 | 5 | 9 | 8 | | 9.61 | 8.22 | 5.74 | 5.43 | | 0.71 | 1.26 | 1.85 | 1.22 | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | 22 | 18 | 6 | 6 | | 17.24 | 14.74 | 10.29 | 9.73 | | 1.31 | 0.72 | 1.79 | 1.43 | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | 12 | 15 | 6 | 12 | | 14.92 | 12.75 | 8.90 | 8.42 | | 0.57 | 0.40 | 0.95 | 1.52 | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | 21 | 15 | 16 | 9 | | 20.22 | 17.29 | 12.07 | 11.42 | | 0.03 | 0.30 | 1.28 | 0.51 | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ 62 53 37 35 15.86 0.0699 9 Missing Cases 0
29
52
45
61
187
To determine if the proportion of different types of abuse are changing over time, we test:
H 0 : Types of abuse and year are independent H a : Types of abuse and year are dependent
207
The expected category counts are shown in the printout. (n ) nij E ij = 15.86 from printout. The test statistic is = E (nij )
2 2
The rejection region requires = .05 in the upper tail of the 2 distribution with df = (r 1)(c
2 1) = (4 1)(4 1) = 9. From Table 8, Appendix B, .05 =16.9190. The rejection region is
2 > 16.9190. Since the observed value of the test statistic does not fall in the rejection region ( 2 = 15.859 > / 16.9190), H 0 is not rejected. There is insufficient evidence to indicate the proportions of different types of abuse are changing over time at = .05. 9.40 a. To determine if pesticide depends on orchard type, we test:
H 0 : Pesticide and orchard type are independent H a : Pesticide and orchard type are dependent
The test statistic is 2 = 31000.416 (from printout). The p-value for the test is p = .000. At = .01, > p-value, and we reject H 0 . There is sufficient evidence to indicate that pesticide used and orchard type are dependent. PHstat was used to conduct the desired analysis and the following printout was created:
Observed Frequencies Column variable Row variable Almonds Peaches Nectarines Chlor. 41077 4419 11594 Diazinon 102935 9651 5928 Methid. 21240 5198 1790 Parathion 136064 53384 24417 Total 301316 72652 43729 Expected Frequencies Column variable Almonds Peaches 41183.27505 9929.931697 85492.98756 20613.69636 20362.96178 4909.82855 154276.7756 37198.54339 301316 72652
208
Chapter 9
Data Level of Significance Number of Rows Number of Columns Degrees of Freedom Results Critical Value Chi-Square Test Statistic p-Value
0.01 4 3 6
16.8118718 31000.41584 0
b.
We will calculate 95% confidence intervals for the rate of parathion application for the three orchard types. Almonds: = p 136,064 = .45 301,316 pq .45(.55) = .45 1.96 .45 .002 n 301,316
z.025 p
Nectars:
= p
24, 417 = .56 43,729 pq .56(.44) = .56 1.96 .56 .005 n 43,729
z.025 p
Peaches:
= p
i =1 j =1
(O
ij
eij eij
209
ri c j n
2 =
(5 9.56) 2 (12 7.44) 2 (76 71.44) 2 (51 55.56) 2 + + + = 5.635 9.56 7.44 71.44 55.56
The rejection region requires = .01 in the upper tail of the 2 distribution with df = (r
2 = 6.63490. Reject 1)(c 1) = (2 1)(2 1) = 1. From Table 8, Appendix B, .01
H 0 if 2 > 6.63490. Since the observed value of the test statistic does not fall in the rejection region ( 2 = 5.635 > / 6.63490), H 0 cannot be rejected. There is not sufficient evidence to detect a difference in proportions at = .01. b. Let p1 = proportion of males with scar tissue in snout and p2 = proportion of females with scar tissue in snout. The form of the confidence interval is:
1 p 2 ) z 2 (p 5 = .062 81 1q 1 p q p + 2 2 n1 n2 2 = p 12 = .190 63
1 = p
For confidence coefficient .99, = 1 .99 = .01 and /2 = .01/2 = .005. From Table 5, Appendix B, z.005 = 2.576. The 99% confidence interval is: (.062 .190) 2.576 .062(.938) .190(.810) + .128 .145 (.273, .017) 81 63
We are 99% confident the true difference in the proportions of males and females with scar tissue in snout is contained in the interval .273 to .017. 210 Chapter 9
c.
Fishers exact test computes the p-value at p = 0.0173. When testing at = .01, H0 cannot be rejected. There is insufficient evidence to detect a difference in proportions which agrees with our conclusion above in part a.
9.44
99
49
52
200
a.
To determine if public opinion regarding the choice of future technology options for generating electricity differ among the four groups, we test: H 0 : Choice and group are independent H a : Choice and group are dependent The test statistic is 2 = 44.548. The rejection region requires = .10 in the upper tail of the 2 distribution with df = (r
2 = 10.6446. The 1)(c 1) = (3 1)(4 1) = 6. From Table 8, Appendix B, .10
rejection region is 2 > 10.6446. Since the observed value of the test statistic falls in the rejection region ( 2 = 44.548 > 10.6446), H 0 is rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate that public opinion does differ among the four groups at = .10. b. Let p1 = proportion supporting the coal option and p2 = proportion supporting the nuclear option.
211
To determine if the proportion supporting the coal option exceeds the proportion supporting the nuclear option, we test:
H 0 : p1 p2 = 0 H a : p1 p2 > 0
1 = p 99 = .495 200 2 = p 49 = .245 200 = p 99 + 49 = .37 200 + 200
The rejection region re requires = .10 in the upper tail of the z distribution. From Table 5, Appendix B, z.10 = 1.282. The rejection region is z > 1.282. The test statistic is: z= 1 p 2 ) D0 (p (1 p ) + p (1 p ) + 2p p n
2
= 4.11
Since the observed value of the test statistic falls in the rejection region (z = 4.11 > 1.282), H 0 is rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate the proportion supporting coal exceeds the proportion supporting nuclear at = .10. c. The form of the confidence interval is: z / 2 p (1 p ) p n = p 16 = .32 50
For confidence coefficient .90, = 1 .90 = .10 and /2 = .10/2 = .05. From Table 5, Appendix B, z.05 = 1.645. The 90% confidence interval is:
.32 1.645 .32(1 .32) .32 .109 (.211, .429) 50
9.46
The data were tested using Fishers exact test and the results are shown below:
Two by Two Tables +----------+----------+ | | | | 10 | 6 | | | | +----------+----------+ | | | | 12 | 2 | | | | +----------+----------+ 22 8 Fisher Exact Tests: Lower Tail 0.1541
16
212
Chapter 9
H 0 : Fidelity and Selectivity are independent H a : Fidelity and Selectivity are dependent
The p-value for the test is 0.2255. When testing at = .05, H 0 cannot be rejected. There is insufficient evidence to indicate that fidelity and selectivity are dependent when testing at = .05. 9.48 Some preliminary calculations are:
H 0 : p1 = p2 = p3 = p4 = p5 = p6 = p7 = p8 = .125 H a : At least two of the cell probabilities differ from each other
The test statistic is: =
2
( Oi ei )
ei
The rejection region requires = .10 in the upper tail of the 2 distribution with df = k
2 =12.0170. The rejection region is 1 = 8 1 = 7. From Table 8, Appendix B, .10
2 > 12.0170. Since the observed value of the test statistic falls in the rejection region ( 2 = 15.905 > 12.017, H 0 is rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate the probabilities of worker accidents are higher in some time periods at = .10. b. 1 = p 98 + 89 + 102 + 110 399 = = .5588 714 714 H 0 : p1 = .5 H a : p1 > .5
213
The rejection region requires = .10 in the upper tail of the z distribution. From Table 5, Appendix B, z.10 = 1.28 . The rejection region is z > 1.28. Since the observed value of the test statistic falls in the rejection region (z = 3.14 > 1.28), H 0 is rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate the probability of an accident during the last 4 hours of a shift is greater than during the first 4 hours at = .10.
214
Chapter 9