6.1.3.

3 Schilling (1985) and Schilling and Morcos (1988) As mentioned above, Schilling (1985) conducted three-point bending tests on three noncompact-flange and slender-web beams. Also, Schilling and Morcos (1988) tested three beams with compact flanges and a compact, noncompact, and slender web by three-point bending loading conditions. Figure 6.17 shows the virtual test simulation result of Test D, a doubly-symmetric beam with compact flanges and a slender web considered by Schilling and Morcos (1988). Because the moment gradient factor Cb is large, the AISC (2010) LTB resistances of all the test beams considered in this section are the plateau strengths. Figure 6.17 shows that the virtual test simulation result of Test D is essentially same as the experimental test result. Also the LTB strengths of Test D based on the experimental and virtual tests are slightly higher than the plateau strength of AISC (2010). The plateau strength of CEN (2005) is in essence the same as the one of AISC (2010). However, the plateau length is significantly shorter than AISC (2010), which results in the conservative estimate of the LTB strength for Test D. Table 6.6 shows a summary of Mexp /MFEA values for all the tests considered in this section. The average of Mexp /MFEA is 0.99. The maximum and minimum values of Mexp /MFEA are obtained for Tests S and UL respectively. Test S is a doubly-symmetric beam with compact flanges and a compact web. Test UL is a singly-symmetric beam with noncompact flanges and a slender web. 6.2 Web-Tapered Member Tests 6.2.1 Test Configurations for Selected Experiments 6.2.1.1 Prawel, Morrell, and Lee (1974) Prawel, Morrell and Lee (1974) tested three beams and 12 beam-columns, each

169

1.2

1.0

0.8
M / Myc

0.6

0.4
AISC inelastic LTB Strength 4-6-180-0.2P

0.2

Exp. Results FEA Results

0.0 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 (Fy/Fcro)0.5 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00

Figure 6.17. The virtual simulation results, Test D (Schilling and Morcos 1988).

Table 6.6. Summary of Mexp/MFEA for all the tests in Schilling (1985) an Schilling and Morcos (1988).
Tests Schilling (1985) Schilling and Morcos (1988) US UL SL S M D ( F y /F e (Cb =1)) 0.54 0.46 0.45 0.53 0.60 0.67
0.5

M exp /M yc M FEA /M yc M exp /M FEA 0.95 0.98 0.97 1.21 1.13 1.01 1.00 1.07 1.02 1.14 1.08 1.01 0.95 0.92 0.95 1.07 1.05 0.99

having a linearly-tapered web and prismatic flanges. The configuration for the beam tests is shown in Figure 6.18. All these tests are simply-supported doubly-symmetric I-section members. For tests LB-3 and LB-5, the top and bottom flanges are laterally braced at the supports A and D and at the load points B and C. Two vertical loads are applied using = 0.28, where is the ratio of the applied load at C to the applied load at B. This ratio of

170

(a) Elevation A B C D

(b) Top view

Figure 6.18. Configuration of the beam tests from Prawel et al. (1974)

Table 6.7. Description of the beam tests from Prawel et al. (1974)
Group Member (1) LB-3 LB-5 LB-6 Edge Prep. SC SC SC

ds
(in) 6.0 6.0 6.0

dL
(in) 16.0 16.0 16.0

tw
(in) 0.105 0.105 0.105

bf
(in) 4.0 4.0 4.0

tf
(in) 0.25 0.25 0.25

L
(in) 144.0 96.0 96.0

() 3.97 5.95 5.95

0.28 0.28 0.0

h L /t w
147.6 147.6 147.6

slenderness slender slender slender

the two loads produces approximately a uniform flange stress in the middle segment B-C. The LB-6 beam is similar to LB-5 except that it has only a single load applied at B (i.e., = 0) and no lateral bracing at C. As a result, the segment B-D of LB-6 has a significant flange stress gradient. The dimensions of the above test beams are shown along with other pertinent information in Table 6.7. The format of the presentation in this table is repeated subsequently for all the other tests. Also, for the subsequent discussions, these beam tests are categorized as Group (1). The 1st column of Table 6.7 shows whether the plates are 171

shear cut or oxygen cut. The abbreviation SC denotes shear cut edges for the crosssection plates. All of the beam tests in Group 1 have shear cut edges. Subsequent tables show that some of the plate edges are oxygen cut (denoted by the abbreviation OC). The terms dL and ds in Table 6.7 are the total section depth at the deep and shallow ends of the member, points A and D respectively in Figure 6.18, tw is the web thickness, bf and tf are the flange width and thickness, L is the total beam length, is the taper angle between the flanges and is the applied load ratio as explained above. The slenderness ratio of the web at the deep end is also shown in the next to last column of the table and the classification of the web in flexure (slender, noncompact or compact) is shown in the last column. The flanges of the above test beams are compact in flexure, that is, (bf /2tf = 8) < (0.38 E/Fy = 8.97) based on Fy = 52 ksi, the yield stress indicated by Prawel et al. (1974) for both the flange and the web plates in all of the tests. The web is noncompact in flexure at B [(h/tw = 124) < (5.70 E/Fy = 135)] and compact in flexure at C [(h/tw = 76.2) < (3.76 E/Fy = 88.8)] in each of these tests. Figure 6.19 illustrates the configuration of the beam-column tests from Prawel et al. (1974). All these tests are cantilevers with linearly tapered webs and prismatic flanges. The beam-columns are oriented such that their top flange is inclined at an angle relative to the horizontal. Both flanges of the beam-columns are laterally braced at the free end of the cantilever (point B) and a single vertical load is applied at the free end. The warping boundary conditions are free and the flanges are free to rotate about a vertical axis at the free end of the cantilever. However, the warping and out-of-plane bending rotations of the flanges are taken as fixed at the fixed end of the cantilever. These tests are 172

categorized into three groups based on the slenderness classification of the web at the deep end of the member: Group (2) - slender, Group (3) - noncompact and Group (4) compact.

Figure 6.19. Configuration of the beam-column tests from Prawel et al. (1974)

Table 6.8 shows the dimensions and other pertinent information for each of the Prawel et al. (1974) beam-column tests. The section depths and the member lengths are taken perpendicular and parallel to the centroidal axis (see Figure 6.19). Since all the beam-columns are doubly-symmetric, the location of shear center is identical to the centroid and the centroidal axis is straight. There are four different members in each group. In Groups (2) and (4), the tests are collected into two pairs having a different angle of orientation of the top flange = 30o and 20o. Within each of these pairs, the tests differ only in the type of edge preparation for the plates (SC or OC). The four 173

members in Group (3) each have different values for the inclination angle varying from 0 to 30. Also, the cross-section plates are shear cut in two tests and oxygen cut in the other two tests in this group. The flanges are noncompact in flexure [(0.38 E/Fy = 8.97) < (bf /2tf = 12) < (0.95 kcE/FL)] based on FL = 0.7 (52 ksi) = 36.4 ksi and given kc values in all of these beam-column tests. The values of noncompact limit (0.95 kcE/FL) varies from 15.86 to 20.93 based on kc = 0.35, 0.39 and 0.55 for Groups (2), (3), and (4) respectively. The slenderness of the web at the deep end of these specimens (point A) is shown in the next to last column of Table 6.8. The noncompact limit of the web in flexure is h/tw < 5.70 E/Fy = 134.6 based on Fy = 52 ksi.

Table 6.8. Description of the beam-column tests from Prawel et al. (1974)
Group Member (2) LBC-5 LBC-6 LBC-10 LBC-11 LBC-1 LBC-12 LBC-9 LBC-4 LBC-2 LBC-3 LBC-7 LBC-8 Edge Prep. SC OC SC OC SC OC SC OC OC SC SC OC () 30 30 20 20 0 10 20 30 30 30 20 20

ds
(in) 6.2 6.2 6.1 6.1 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.1 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0

dL
(in) 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 11.8 11.8 11.8 11.8 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0

tw
(in) 0.105 0.105 0.105 0.105 0.105 0.105 0.105 0.105 0.105 0.105 0.105 0.105

bf
(in) 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0

tf
(in) 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25

L
(in) 112.8 112.8 114.0 114.0 120.0 115.9 115.4 114.7 116.5 116.5 116.5 116.5

(3)

(4)

() 5.72 5.72 5.71 5.71 2.77 2.86 2.83 2.84 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

h L /t w
161.9

slenderness slender

107.6 noncompact

52.4

compact

6.2.1.2 Salter, Anderson, and May (1980) Eight beam-column tests (C1 through C8) were conducted by Salter et al. (1980). Figure 6.20 shows the configuration of these tests. All the test members are flexurally simply-supported doubly-symmetric I-section members with linearly-tapered webs and prismatic flanges. Also, the flanges are free to rotate about a vertical axis at the ends of 174