INVACO2: International Seminar, INNOVATION & VALORIZATION IN CIVIL ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS N : 5O-239 BENALI A.

, University of sciences and technology, Algiers, Algeria

Prediction of the pile capacity in purely coherent soils using the approach of the artificial neural networks
Amel Benali, Ammar Nechnech
benal_amel@yahoo.fr, nechnech_a@yahoo.fr University of sciences and technology, civil engineering Department, El Alia Bab-Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria

Abstract It is widely-known that the human brain has the advantage of its efficiency in the parallel distribution of information (data) between neurons dispersed inside the human body. This famous network memorizes information by a process of training, to this effect the theory of artificial neural network is developed and is applied in several fields of sciences, the geotechnical domain is among them and in particular the resolution of problems of which parameters that govern them have an uncertain character, as the case of the prediction of the pile capacity. For it we collected 80 cases of the literature, sweeping a variety of sites through the world. The model conceived by an iterative process that is the retropropagation is verified while applying him in the case of the non heavy soils (=0) of which we possesses the exact solution. The results indicate the feasibility of the use of the artificial neural networks (ANNs) in this type of problem Keywords : Artificial neural network, pile behavior, back propagation algorithm, weightless soil ( = 0) 1. INTRODUCTION
The evaluation of the bearing capacity of pile is one of the most currents of soil mechanics, but also further from being resolved in a definitive even in the simple case of axially loaded single piles placed in a homogeneous solid. Despite this researchers are constantly working to lead to methods of prediction, based on mechanics properties of soil around. Among the traditional methods of calculating the bearing capacity based on the geometry of the pile and soil mechanics around, mention those based on the classical theory of rigid bodies and plastic. The general assumptions of this theory are summarized in the following points: the pile behaves as a rigid body sinking in a homogeneous field, incompressible, rigid plastic and fracture obeys the Mohr Coulomb criterion, the calculation-effort punching and shear stress was calculated separately, we ignores any coupling between them, therefore the carrying capacity is the sum of these two terms - the superposition of effects : it consists in adding the contributors terms witch are: the cohesion (C), depth (D) and density (),- the failure mechanism described by the network of slip lines developed along the pile varies from one author to another, - the characteristics of a soil dilatancy and compressibility properties are not taken into account. It cites as an example, the method of Terzaghi (1943), Meyerhof (1951), Herminier (1967), Berzantzev(1961)ext. These methods indicate that they are either oversimplifying or improperly considering the effects of certain factors. Therefore, there is a need for developing an alternative method that is capable of resolving the considerable uncertainties involved in predicting the pile load capacity. Recently, artificial neural networks(ANNs) have been successfully applied to many applications in geotechnical engineering(Goh, 1994, 1996. Chan et al, 1995ext). In particular, neural networks were used to predict the static pile capacity(Lee and Lee, 1996; Teh and al, 1997). The neural networks were trained by dynamic stress- wave data(The and al, 1997) or from results of small model pile test(Lee and Lee, 1996). An ANN is usually defined as a network composed of a large number of simple

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INVACO2: International Seminar, INNOVATION & VALORIZATION IN CIVIL ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS N : 5O-239 BENALI A., University of sciences and technology, Algiers, Algeria

processors(neurons) that are massively interconnected, operate in parallel, and learn from experience. The present paper describes the application of an ANN in predicting the capacity of piles in cohesionless soils. An overview of the basic architecture of ANNs as well as a brief description of the algorithm used in this study is included. The proposed model is aimed to be efficient at predicting the pile capacity with a minimal number of parameters wich can be determined experimentally. The results obtained from the ANN are compared with the experimental data. We have applied this model in weighless soils case, this soil poced an analytical solution.

2. OVERVIEW OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK

The type of neural networks used in this study are multilayer perceptrons(MLPs) that are trained with the back propagation algorithm (Rumelhart and al. 1986). A comprehensive description of back propagation can be found in other publications (e.g., Fausett 1994). The typical MLP consists of a number of processing elements(called neurons, or units) that are usually arranged in layers: an input layer, an output layer; and one or more hidden layers (fig.0 explain this subdivision). Each processing element in a specific layer is joined to the processing elements of the other layers via weighted connections. The input from each processing element in the previous layer is multiplied by an adjustable connection weight. The weighted input are summed at each element processing, and a threshold value is either added or subtracted. This combined input then passes through a nonlinear transfer function (sigmoidal or tanh function) to produce the output of the processing element. The output of one processing element provides the input to the processing elements in the next layer. This propagation of information in MLPs starts at the input layer, where the network is presented with a pattern of measured input data and the corresponding measured outputs. The outputs of the network are compared with the measured outputs, and an error is calculated. Using this error and a learning rule, the network adjusts its weights to minimize the error. The above procedure is repeated with new input and output data until some stopping criterion is met. In this manner, the network obtains a set of weights that produces input-output mapping with the smallest possible error. This process defines the learning or training phase of the ANN methodology.

Inputs units

Calculate units

Output units

Input layer

Hidden layer

Output layer

Figure0. Schematic diagram of neural network

3. DEVELOPMENT OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK MODEL

In this work, the ANN model is developed with using flexible and useful software for this type of application that is the Matlab release 7.0. The data used to calibrate and validate the model were obtained from literature and included a series of 80 axially loaded piles. The 80 tests consisted of 56 reported by [1]; 24, by [2], [3].

3.1. Model inputs and outputs

A comprehensive and practical constitutive model behavior should take into account the influence of : a mechanical properties of purely coherent soil witch are the cohesion and the overburden pressure at the pile tip v, the geometric characteristics of a pile: the diameter(B), the slenderness of pile (D/B), without forgetting the adhesion of the soil/pile interface (Ca) which reflect the effect of interface state of the pile. It should be noted that ANN modeling is similar to conventional constitutive modeling in the sense that both attempt to capture the highly nonlinear relationship between a historical set of model inputs and

Morocco Rabat / November 23-25, 2011

INVACO2: International Seminar, INNOVATION & VALORIZATION IN CIVIL ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS N : 5O-239 BENALI A., University of sciences and technology, Algiers, Algeria

corresponding outputs. However, one fundamental difference is that the development of ANNs rely on experimental data rather than on any assumed or predefined mathematical formulae. Consequently, the effects of all abovementioned factors on the behavior of pile are represented in the neural network, through the connection weights, by the knowledge acquired from the experimental data used for model training.

3.1.1. ANN1 model

The database of the 80 records was used to develop ANN1 to estimate the total pile capacity. The data records were split in such a way that different references were randomly divided into two parts. The first group of 60 was used as a training set, and the remaining 20 records (about 25% of the data) were used for testing the robustness of the developed neural network. The first step in developing a trained network is to select a number of different combinations of input variables to evaluate the most reliable neural network model. Six variables [Clateral ; Cb ; v(tip); slenderness D/B; B; adhesion Ca] were selected as input parameters in ANN1. The cohesion of the soil around the shaft and at the tip(base) of the pile provides information about the shear strength of surrounding and supporting soils. Since the overburden pressure at the tip of the pile is always thought to have a significant role in calculating the total pile capacity, the value of v(tip) will be sufficient to provide all needed stress information(behavior non drained of the clay). The slenderness of the pile as well as the pile diameter will provide the necessary information about the pile dimensions. Components of all the input vectors of the training and testing sets were scaled between -1 and 1 before being presented to the network. A single neuron representing the measured total pile capacity is used for the output. The designed ANN1 has three layers. Six neurons in the input layer, six neurons in the hidden layer, and one neuron in the output layer.

3.1.2. ANN2 model

In this part, the application of ANN to evaluate the tip pile capacities is presented. 56 load tests from the previous data records were performed on instrumented piles, so that separate data on tip and shaft capacities were available. These tests were used to build one neural network for the tip pile capacity (ANN2). Five variables [; Cb; v(tip); slenderness D/B; B] as shown in fig.2 were selected as input parameters in ANN2 to evaluate the tip pile capacity. The 56 records were split at random into two groups: the first group of 40 records was used as a training set, and the remaining 16 records (about 28% of the data) were used for testing the developed neural network. ANN2 has three layers, five neurons in the input layer depending on the number of input variables, five neurons in the hidden layer, and one neuron in the output layer.

5. DATA DIVISION AND PREPROCESSING

The next step in the development of the ANN model is dividing the available data into their subsets. In this work, the data were randomly divided into two sets: a training set for model calibration and an independent validation set for model verification. In total, 80 tests were used for model training and 20 for model validation. Once the available data are divided into their subsets, the input and output variables are preprocessed, in this step the variables are normalized between -1.0 and 1.0 to eliminate their dimension and to ensure that they all receive equal attention during training.

6. MODEL ARCHITECTURE AND STOPPING CRITERION

Following the data division and the preprocessing, the optimum model architecture (i.e., the number of hidden layers and the corresponding number of hidden nodes) must be determined. It should be noted that a network with one hidden layer can approximate any continuous function if sufficient connection weights are used (Cybenko 1989; Hornik and al. 1989). Therefore, one hidden layer was used in the current study. The optimal number of hidden nodes is obtained by a trial and error approach in which the network is trained with a set of random initial weights and a fixed learning rate of 0.3, a momentum term of 0.01, a tansig transfer function in the hidden layer nodes, and in the output layer nodes.

Morocco Rabat / November 23-25, 2011

INVACO2: International Seminar, INNOVATION & VALORIZATION IN CIVIL ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS N : 5O-239 BENALI A., University of sciences and technology, Algiers, Algeria

To determine the criterion that should be used to terminate the training process, the scaled mean squared error between the actual and predicted values of all outputs over all patterns is monitored until no significant improvement in the error occurs. This was achieved at approximately 50000 training epochs.

Figure.1. Architecture of the developed neural network (ANN1 model)

Figure2. Architecture of the developed neural network (ANN2 model)

7. WEIGHTS OPTIMIZATION AND MODEL PARAMETERS

As mentioned earlier, the process of optimizing the connection weights is known as training or learning. This process requires the selection of the optimal model parameters (learning rate and momentum term) thus control the training process. In this study, the general strategy adopted for finding the optimal model parameters was as follows: the neural network was trained with different combinations of learning rates (i.e., 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.9 and 0.95) and momentum term (i.e., 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.9) to determine how many hidden layer nodes from the previous Step was the optimum number and which ANN model performed best on the training data. For the first model ANN1 with six hidden layers nodes was found to perform best with a learning rate of 0.3, a momentum term of 0.01, a tansigmoidal transfer function for the hidden layer nodes, idem for the output layer node. The impact of these parameters will be presented next. The second optimal model ANN2 has five hidden layers nodes, with a learning rate of 0.3, a momentum term of 0.01 with the same transfer function for the hidden layer nodes and output layer node.

8. RESULTS AND MODEL VALIDATION

As a result of training, the network ANN1 produced 6x6 weights (5x5 for ANN2) and 6 (5 for ANN2) bias values connecting the input layer to the hidden layer and 6x6 weights (5x5 for ANN2) and one bias values connecting the hidden layer to the output layer. The impact of the number of hidden nodes on the ANN model improves with increasing numbers of hidden layer nodes; however, there is little additional impact on the predictive ability of the model beyond six hidden layer nodes. Figure 4 also shows that the network with 15 hidden nodes has the lowest prediction error; however the network with six hidden nodes can be considered optimal: its prediction error is not far from that of the network with 15 hidden nodes, and it has fewer connection weights. Figure 3 shows an example of error diminution with the number of epochs in the training moment. The effects of the internal parameters (learning rate and momentum term) on model performance are shown in fig.5 and 6, respectively. Figure 5 shows that the optimum learning rate is 0.3. At smaller learning rates, the model prediction errors were higher. This was probably because the networks were unable to escape local minima in the error surface as a result of the small steps taken. At larger learning rates, the impact of learning rate on model prediction was negligible. Figure 6 shows that the ANN model performance was relatively insensitive to momentum in the large of 0.1-0.9. In this range, the predictive ability of the model decreased, as evident from the increase in model error. The best prediction was obtained with a momentum value of 0.01. The performance of the optimum ANN model (ANN1 and ANN2) in the training set is shown in fig.7, and the predictive ability of the model in the validation is depicted in fig 8. It should be noted that the validation is done for 20 tests (ANN1). Figures 7 and 8 show that the model performed well in the training and validation sets. These results demonstrate that the ANN model has a strong capability to simulate the complex behavior of pile.

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INVACO2: International Seminar, INNOVATION & VALORIZATION IN CIVIL ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS N : 5O-239 BENALI A., University of sciences and technology, Algiers, Algeria
-3

10

Performance is 0.000990373, Goal is 0.001

4 3.5

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-4

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40

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80 100 167 Epochs

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8 10 No.hidden nodes

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Figure 3. Diminution of network error (ANN1 model)

Figure 4. Effect of number of hidden nodes on ANN (ANN1 and ANN2) performance (momentum = 0.01, learning rate = 0.3)

10 9 8 7 EC

x 10

-4

x 10 8 7 6 EC 5 4 3 2

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2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 Momentum 0.7 0.8 0.9
0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 learning rate 0.6 0.7 0.8

Figure 5. Effect of momentum term on ANN (ANN1 and ANN2) performance (number of hidden layer nodes = 6, learning rate = 0.3)

Figure 6. Effect of learning rate on ANN performance (momentum = 0.01, number of hidden layer nodes = 6

Case 0 : NDT = 30
Best Linear Fit: A = (0.808) T + (-0.101) 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1 -1 R = 0.946 Data Points Best Linear Fit A=T

Case 1: NDT = 50
Best Linear Fit: A = (0.682) T + (-0.255) 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 R = 0.834 Data Points Best Linear Fit A=T

Case 2 : NDT = 60
Best Linear Fit: A = (0.801) T + (-0.082) 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1 -1 A R = 0.886 Data Points Best Linear Fit A=T

0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8

-0.5

0 T

0.5

-1 -1

-0.5

0 T

0.5

-0.5

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0.5

Figure 7. The learning of the ANN1 model

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INVACO2: International Seminar, INNOVATION & VALORIZATION IN CIVIL ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS N : 5O-239 BENALI A., University of sciences and technology, Algiers, Algeria
Best Linear Fit: A = (0.817) T + (-0.17) 1 0.8 0.6 predict normalized capacity 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1 -1 Data Points Best Linear Fit A = T -0.5 0 0.5 experemental normalized capacity 1 R = 0.917

Figure 8. Generalized model to predict the bearing capacity of pile in purely coherent soil (ANN1 model)

9. APPLICATION OF THE ANN2 MODEL IN WEIGHTLESS SOIL ( = 0)

The non heavy soils constitute a tool important of verification of the quality and the good working of the model conceived very well with the ANNs or the other modelling software. This type of soil provided an exact mathematical solution of the tip pile (Mathe A. De Simone and Sapio, 1988. Benali, 2002). The problem of estimating the bearing capacity of axially loaded single piles can identify with the penetration of a cylinder in a homogeneous semi-infinite solid. This is a three-dimensional axisymmetric problem (symmetry of geometry and loading). The general assumptions of this study are as follows: The soil is a massive semi - infinite homogeneous and rigid plastic and obeys the criterion of Mohr Coulomb written as: = C + .tg (1) The pile is a homogeneous cylinder, characterized by ist diameter and the plug.

Figure.10 Presentation of the problem of a pile in a ground penetrating

A further assumption is that the Haar-von Karman (1909), which states that the main constraint is the intermediate principal stress 2 is equal to one of two main constraints, that is to say: There is revolution equilibrium so,

( r ) zr r + + = 0 .r r z z + zr + zr = 0 .z r r

(2)

For the special case of a purely cohesion soil, we obtained after manay calculation: qp = 2C + (p + 2C), C = Cb [3] ..(3) In this study, we proceed to vary the cohesion in an interval between 5 and 100 KPa The results are in fig. 11. The coefficient of interrelationship R is about 92%, it indicates a good simulation and agreement between the predicted and exact values. This application validates the ANN2 model; it indicates the reliability of the designed model and its predictive ability in the validation.

Morocco Rabat / November 23-25, 2011

INVACO2: International Seminar, INNOVATION & VALORIZATION IN CIVIL ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS N : 5O-239 BENALI A., University of sciences and technology, Algiers, Algeria
Les rsistances en pointes prdites par le modle Best Linear Fit: A = (0.984) T + (-138) 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 0 R = 0.922 Data Points Best Linear Fit A=T

2000 4000 6000 8000 Les rsistances en pointes exactes

Figure 11. Comparison between the predicted and exact values of the total capacity for weightless soil

10. CONCLUSIONS
The principal objective of this paper was to demonstrate the feasibility of using ANN to predict the capacity of driven piles in cohesionless soils. Many factors affecting the capacity predictions are oversimplified or improperly introduced by the existing methods. In this paper two models neural network are developed. Data from 80 good quality pile load tests in purely cohesive soils were utilized to construct the network, 20 among them were used to generalize the model, or called simulation step. We have obtained good results, and then the second model was verified by using the exact solution developed for purely coherent weightless soil. Fig 11 shows that the model can predict with high accuracy. Pile capacity predictions were made and were compared with actual measurement. It may be concluded that the ANN1 model and ANN2 are applicable for all different conditions of pile interface roughness and slenderness.

APPENDIX
ANN: Artificial Neural Network NDT: Total number of data NDA: Number of learning (training) data EC: Calculate error ED: Desired error R: The coefficient of interrelationship P: The total pressure of soil on the pile shaft. Clatral: The lateral cohesion, it is the cohesion of soil around the pile Cb: cohesion at the pile tip D/B: Slenderness of pile D: Penetration length of pile B: Pile diameter v: the overburden pressure at the tip of the pile = tau: lateral friction resistance : density of soil :learning rate : momentum 1: major principal stress 3: minor principal stress : stress fictitious average :the main stress : angle between the facet studied and major direction

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INVACO2: International Seminar, INNOVATION & VALORIZATION IN CIVIL ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS N : 5O-239 BENALI A., University of sciences and technology, Algiers, Algeria [36] Carmadi, M. 1987. Rsolution numrique de lquation aux drives partielles- les mthodes des diffrences finis et lments finis, Sminaire Bibliographique, Mai 1987; 4 14. [37] Mathe, A. Calcul dun massif de sol en tat dquilibre limite.

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