2011 International Conference on Transportation, Mechanical, and Electrical Engineering (TMEE) December 16-18, Changchun, China

Fast Calculation of Complex Curve Setting Out Elements And Its Application
Baoxing Zhou
1

Jianping Yue
1

School of Earth Sciences and Engineering Hohai University Nanjing, China 2 Department of Civil Engineering Shandong Jiaotong University Jinan, China e-mail: zbxsdjtu@163.com

School of Earth Sciences and Engineering Hohai University Nanjing, China e-mail: jpyue@163.com

AbstractAt present, the mostly used linearis in the linear design of highway overpass ramp or transportation hub is complex curve which includes circular curve, completed spiral curve and incomplete spiral curve. In order to meet different needs, the form of complex curve is not the same. Some projects are made by several curve segments of different radius or curvature. So the calculation of setting out elements is very difficult. Especially in the composite linear on interchange ramp, many tedious works are needed to be done for obtaining setting-out elements. Therefore an algorithm of computing setting-out elements of composite curve is needed. In this paper the calculation algorithm of road complex curve setting-out elements was proposed and further improved, which was simply used and conveniently operated. At last, the fast calculation program was achieved using Visual Basic computer language. After examination, the program had good practical value. Keywords- Complex curve; Setting-out elements; Linear design; Coordinate azimuth

length, radius of circular curve, the spiral curve parameters, the conditions of direction etc. are only provided by engineers. The necessary setting-out elements for setting-out stakes are not provided. Therefore, to ensure the quality and quantity of the finished project, the surveyor must be able to calculate setting-out elements of any mileage according to the design elements provided by the designer. For the general linear, the coordinate calculation of center stake and side stake is relatively simple [3]. But for the compound curves on interchange ramp, the work of coordinate calculation is very tedious. So the first problem to be solved is to find a concise and easy calculation method. The form of the complex curve was summarized and a composite curve coordinate calculation method was proposed in [4]. However, the calculations of side stake coordinate and azimuth from center stake to side stake is not proposed. Therefore, in this paper an algorithm of road composite curve layout elements was presented, and Visual Basic program is used for calculating setting-out elements. II. CALCULATION METHOD In the calculation process of curve setting-out elements, a variety of linear will be encountered. In order to calculate conveniently, the road curve is classified into circular curve, completed spiral curve and incomplete spiral curve. All complex curves are combined with these three different linearis. The calculation step of these three types of curve setting-out elements are described as (1) According to the linear, establishing the appropriate local coordinate system. (2) Computing the unknown setting out elements in local coordinate system. (3) Coordinate system conversion, the local coordinate is transformed to the construction coordinate system[5]. A. The Setting-Out Elements Calculation of Circular Curve As shown in Figure 2, the circular curve radius R1 and R2 are all equal to R, S is the length of circular curve. In the calculation process, the coordinates of center stake should firstly be calculated, and then the coordinate azimuth from center stake to side stake, at last the side stake coordinates. In figure 2, QD is the starting point of circular curve, ZD is the end of circular curve. 1) Local Coordinate Calculation

I.

INTRODUCTION

In road design, particularly, in the highway interchange ramp or exchange hub design, the composite curve composing by circular curve, completed spiral curve and incomplete spiral curve is extensively used in order to ensure traffic safety and passenger comfort [1,2]. As shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Road Complex Curve Diagram

To be able to stake out such a complex curve, the detailed and accurate point coordinates were necessarily required in the construction process. In practical engineering, the curve elements such as start and end coordinates of the line, the intersection coordinates, curve

978-1-4577-1701-7/11/$26.00 2011 IEEE

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xR = x + X cos( i ) y R = y + Y sin( i )

(5)

So far, the setting-out elements (X,Y) , i , ( x L , y L ) and

( x R , y R ) of the circular curve segment are calculated.

Figure 2. Circular Curve

The local coordinate (x, y) of any point P of the circular curve segment is described as follows:

B. The Calculation of Complete Spiral Curve SettingOut Elements In complete spiral curve, R1 = , R2 = R, or R1 = R, R2 = . The calculation step of its setting-out elements is same to circular curve. As shown in Figure 3, R1 = , R2 = R, and ZH is the starting point ,HZ is the end point of complete spiral curve.

x = R sin

y = R(1 cos)

Si R

(1)

In formula (1), Si stands for the curve distance between unknown center stake and the origin of the local coordinate system, namely the difference between the unknown stake number and the starting point stake number in curve segment. 2) Coordinate Transformation

Figure 3. Complete Spiral Curve

X = x 0 + x cos y sin Y = y 0 + x sin + y cos

(2)

In formula (2), stands for the coordinate azimuth of the local coordinate system related to the global coordinate system. x0 , y0 stands for origin coordinate of local coordinate system in the construction coordinate system. Thus center-stake coordinates (X,Y) in the global coordinate system is calculated. 3) Coordinate Azimuth Calculation First of all, according to the coordinate azimuth from center stake to side stake in the origin of local coordinate system is determined by 0 = + 2 . Then coordinate azimuth of any mileage center stake on the circular curve section can be calculated by following formula:

1) Local Coordinate System The starting point ZH of the curve which the radius R1 equals is set to the origin of the local coordinate system. The curve tangent direction is set to Y-axis, and the direction of the X-axis perpendicular to Y-axis in local coordinate system. In the local coordinate system any center stake coordinate of complete transition curve segment can be computed by the following formula [6]:
x = lP 3 7 11 lP lP lP y= + 3 5 6 Rl0 336 R 3l0 42240 R 5l0
5 9 lP lP + 40 R 2l02 3456 R 4l04

(6)

i = 0 + zj = 0 + S i R
i

(3)

4) Side Stake Coordinates Calculation According to the (X,Y), i and the distance from center stake to side stake, the coordinate ( x R , y R ) and ( x L , y L ) of the right and left stake in the global coordinate system can be calculated by the coordinate increment formula described as follows:

In formula (6), l p stands for the curve distance between the unknown center stake corresponding to the origin of the local coordinate system. 2) Coordinate Transformation After the local coordinate of the unknown center stake was calculated, the coordinate system conversion between the two systems also needed to be conducted.

X = x0 + x cos y sin Y = y0 + x sin + y cos

(7)

xL = x + X cos( i + ) y L = y + Y sin( i + )

(4)

So (X,Y) is calculated, and then other setting-out elements can be calculated. 3) Coordinates Azimuth Calculation First of all, according to the coordinate azimuth from center stake to side stake in the origin of local coordinate system is determined by 0 = + .Then coordinate azimuth of any mileage center stake on the

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complete spiral curve section can be calculated by formula (8).

i = 0 i = 0
2 lp

T = T + 2 / 2 , 2 = l0 / 2R1

(11)

2 Rl0

(8)

With the coordinate ( X ' , Y ' ) and rotation angle T , 0 0 the setting-out elements can be calculated as the method used in complete spiral curve. III. THE PROGRAM DESIGN AND FUNCTION The calculation method and process of a single curve unit was described above. In practice, a cell line should be made up of different curve units, not just a curve unit. In the program design, the various curve units of a route can be linked into a whole curve through the program. As long as the coordinates of the starting point, the curve tangent coordinate azimuth, and all curve elements are input, the setting-out elements of any point can be calculated. The process is described as below diagram. Input curve known elements Enter the mileage of unkown point

4) Side Stake Coordinates Calculation The calculation method is same to above 2.1. So far, all setting-out elements of complete spiral curve was obtained. C. The Calculation of Incomplete Spiral Curve SettingOut Elements Incomplete spiral curve, R1 is less or greater than R2.R1, R2 is not equal to .It is very difficult to calculate incomplete spiral curve setting-out elements. As shown in Figure 4, R1 is greater than R2. R1 and R2 are all not equal to .

Determining curve unit which unknown point belongs to Setting-out elements calculation Graphics The resulting output Excel sheets

Figure 4. Incomplete Spiral Curve

1) Local Coordinate System As shown in Figure 4, if the point o of the larger radius R1 is added to the point o which radius is infinite. Then the coordinate system

xo ' y isestablished [7].

A2 A2 l= R2 R1 A = l /(1 / R2 1 / R1 ) l 0 = A 2 / R1
In formula (9), l0 stands for curve length from point o to point o. 2) Coordinates Calculation of Point o The coordinate of point o in the local coordinate system can be calculated according to above formula (6). 3) Coordinate Transformation Because the coordinates of starting point o in the construction coordinate system are known, the coordinate of origin point o in the construction coordinate system can be derived using coordinate transformation.

Figure 5. Flow diagram of program

(9)

X 0I = X 0 x0 cos T + y0 sin T Y0I = Y0 x0 cos T y0 cos T

In above formula:

The key of the layout elements calculation is linear judgment, conditions of judgment are also different for different types of linear. For a line segment, the condition of the judge is that a line segment does not have coordinates of the intersection point. For circular curve segment, the judge condition is that the start point curvature radius is as the same as the end points. For complete spiral curve, the judge condition is that the length of the curve calculated by starting and end point mileage is as the same as the curve distance calculated by the parameters of the curve. For the incomplete spiral curve segment, the judge condition is that the length of the curve calculated by starting and end point mileage is smaller than the curve distance calculated by the parameters of the curve. IV. PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION AND EXAMPLES These algorithms were achieved using Visual Basic programming language. The setting-out elements of a complex interchange (as shown in Figure 6) were calculated using the program. The results of complete

(10)

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spiral curve (transition from the circular curve to the straight line segment) and incomplete spiral curve (transition from small radius to large radius) were verified. As shown in Figure 7, the difference between the calculation coordinates and the original design coordinates is not more than 2mm.Therefore, this method can meet the requirements of the complex curve setting-out. Meanwhile, for the convenience of using the results of the calculation, the computing results can be displayed in tabular forms.

The calculation results of layout elements can be displayed in excel tabular form or graphical form. A good output form was provided for the user. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This work was financially supported by the Shandong Jiaotong University Research Foundation (Z201116). REFERENCES
[1] [2] [3] Zhengfeng Pan,"Principles and Methods of Digital Mapping," Wuhan: wuhan university press,pp.338-340, 2008 (in China). Zhenglu Zhang, "Engineering Geodesy," Wuhan: wuhan university press, pp.163-170,2009,(in China). Hongze Han, "The Computation and Program Design of Compound Curve Coordinates,"Shanxi Science&Technology of Communications, No.5.Oct. 2001,pp.37-39 (in China). Fengming Gu, Chunlin Yu, Tao Li , "Discussion on computation method of curve factors in expssway survey,"Rock and Soil Mechanics,Vol.23 supp,Oct.2002, pp.256-259 (in China). Wen Song, "Road Construction Survey,"Beijing: people's traffic press, 2005,pp.175-205 (in China). Yifei Zhao, Xu Yaya, "Highway Geometric Linear Detection," Beijing: people's traffic press, 2009, pp21-25(in China). Ping Zhao, "Using the analytical element method to calculate the curve element,".Engineering of Surveying and Mapping ,Vol.18 ,.1,Feb. 2009, pp.71-73 (in China).

[4]

[5] [6] Figure 6. Interchange ramp design curve [7]

Figure 7. Interchange ramp calculated curve

V.

SUMMARY

In order to achieve the rapid calculation of complex curve setting-out elements, all curves that may be encountered were summarized. The computing algorithm of setting-out elements was presented in detail. In this paper, the following work has been done: The calculation methods of the coordinates of the various center and side stake of curve segment were studied. The coordinate azimuth from the center stake to side stake is the important indirect setting-out elements in the line construction. It tells the calculation methods of the coordinate azimuth from center stake to side stake of various curve segments. In order to calculate promptly and accurately, a program was designed using Visual Basic language. The program can realize the simultaneous calculation of multiple curve segment of one curve, including batch calculation of fixed spacing of mileage and the separated calculation of particular mileage.

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