Bilkent University HUM 112: Modernity Fall 2013 Dr.

Kory Sorrell 20% of Final Grade

[Ozan Yakar] [Secion 2]

COURSE PROJECT

Journal Entry #1

Usin e!a"#les fro" Lord of the Flies to ill$strate% first e!#lain Ho&&es' vie( of )$"an nat$re% t)e distin*tion &et(een +ivil So*iety and a State of ,at$re% and t)e transition &et(een t)e t(o. Se*ond% i"a ine yo$ are Ma*)iavelli (at*)in -al#) and .a*k *o"#ete for leaders)i# of t)e ro$#. Ho( (o$ld yo$ *riti*i/e ea*) of t)e"0 1122 #a e res#onse% DS 12 3t 4,-5

Ho&&es t)inks t)at t)e #eo#le are in)erently evil and t)e *ivil so*iety and its r$les are t)e only t)in s t)at kee#s $s fro" doin &ad t)in s. For e!a"#le% in t)e &e innin of t)e "ovie% it *an &e said t)at t)e *)ildren (ere *ivili/ed &e*a$se t)ey *a"e fro" a so*iety. 4)ey a*ted a**ordin ly to t)e r$les t)ey "ade. 4)ey (ere not selfis)% t)ey (orked as a ro$#% and t)ey did not treat ea*) ot)er &adly. Ho(ever% as t)e ti"e #asses and t)e transition &a*k to t)e nat$ral state of "en &e $n% t)ey started a*tin o$t. 4)ey started to t)ink t)at t)e *o""on oal of t)e ro$# is not "ore i"#ortant t)an t)eir o(n #leas$re. 4)ey started a*tin o$t and not o&eyin t)e r$les t)at t)e ro$# )as. +a$sin anar*)y% t)e "ain oal of t)e"% ()i*) is &ein res*$ed fro" t)e island% &e*o"es $nattaina&le for t)e". 4)ey even for ot a&o$t t)e "ain oal and everyt)in *on*entrates into an er. 4)ey start to fi )t (it) t)e ot)er ro$# and even kill t)e" (it) *old &lood. 6t (o$ldn't &e s$r#risin if t)ey (eren't res*$ed at t)e end% t)ey (o$ld )ave a disa ree"ent inside .a*k's ro$# and start t)e fi )t a"on t)e" all over a ain.

Be*a$se in t)e state of nat$re% t)e "en are selfis) and evil *reat$res% t)ese fi )ts s)o$ld not &e $ne!#e*ted as t)ey o f$rt)er a(ay fro" t)e *ivili/ation. 6f (e #$t o$rselves into t)e Ma*)iavelli's #osition and (at*) t)e "ovie% t)e rea*tion (e (o$ld ive to t)e -al#) is t)at ()en )e is settin )is r$les% )e "$st )ave $sed a stron er a##roa*). 7nd ()en so"eone is not o&eyin t)e r$les% in order to kee# t)e order% )e s)o$ld )ave iven so"e #$nis)"ent ()i*) (o$ld et t)e "essa e% o&ey t)e r$les% a*ross. Ho(ever% )e *)ooses to &e loved t)an to &e feared. 7s Ma*)iavelli ar $es% t)is a##roa*) does not (ork &e*a$se t)is (ay% t)e *)oi*e is left to t)e #eo#le's (ill. Ho(ever% it is o&vio$s fro" t)e $ards of .a*k's *a"#'s attit$de t)at )e esta&lis)ed t)e r$les &y $sin for*e% so )e does not *)oose to &e loved t)an feared. He $ses t)e for*e of t)e fear to kee# )is "e"&ers $nder )is *o""and. Ho(ever% )e does not see" )o#ef$l and #ositive alon t)e (ay. He t)inks t)at &ein res*$ed is not #ossi&le for t)e" and )e "ention t)is very often. 4)e Ma*)iavelli (o$ld say t)at even if yo$ do not &elieve t)at yo$ are oin to &e res*$ed% yo$ need to see" like t)at yo$ &elieve so% in t)is (ay #eo#le (o$ld follo( yo$ and listen to yo$. Si"ilar to ()at -al#) did% sayin t)at t)ey are oin to &e res*$ed ives )o#e and "otivation to everyone ()o needs to (ork for t)e *o""on oal. 6f 6 (ere to *riti*i/e -al#)% as Ma*)iavelli (o$ld s$##ose% 6 (o$ld s$ est a stron er for" of entle and

#$nis)"ent ()en #eo#le do not o&ey t)e r$les. Ho(ever% 6 (o$ld kee# &ein

res#e*tf$l to(ards t)e"% so as a leader% #eo#le (o$ld (ant )i" to kee# &ein t)e leader and not )ate )i". So"e "ay say it is i"#ossi&le to "ake everyone )a##y and in every *ase of s*enario% t)ere (o$ld &e #eo#le ()o are oin to o##ose t)e vie(% &$t at least t)ose #eo#le (o$ld &e stayin as "inorities. For t)e .a*k% ()en )e *)ooses to &e feared% )e "$st kee# $# to t)e e!#e*tations of )is "e"&ers in order for t)e" to not t$rn t)eir &a*k to )i" at t)e first *)an*e t)ey et. +at*)in a #i (o$ld see" like a ood ste#% )o(ever #eo#le (ill al(ays (ant "ore and "ore and ()en yo$ are no lon er a&le to kee# $# to t)e e!#e*tations% t)ey (ill start to &la"e yo$ for t)eir disa##oint"ent. Be*a$se of t)is% (orkin for t)e reater oal

instead of "akin t)e ste#s for t)e reater oal see" like "ore i"#ortant is "ore effe*tive in order #eo#le to kee# #eo#le "otivated. B$t it is not a lon 2ter" sol$tion. Journal Entry # 2

6n t)e fil"% Instinct% 4)eo (ants to eval$ate 8t)an 3o(ell &e*a$se )e (ants to et 9a look at "an in )is #ri"itive state:% at 9$n overned "an:. 6"a ine yo$ are -o$ssea$ (at*)in t)e fil". ;)at is its "essa e0 ;)at as#e*ts of t)e fil" do yo$ t)ink s$##ort -o$ssea$<s vision of t)e nat$ral state of "an0 Does t)e fil" s$ est a vie( of #ri"itive "an = nat$re t)at "ay &e

different fro" -o$ssea$'s o(n #i*t$re0 Has t)is fil" *)an ed yo$r vie( of yo$rself in any (ay0 1122 #a e res#onse% DS 12 3t 4,-5

4)e -o$ssea$'s #oint of vie( is t)at in t)e nat$ral state of "an% )e is stron % inde#endent and free. ,eit)er ood nor &ad. .$st nat$ral. 4)ere are too little needs t)at needs to &e taken *are of. 4)ere are no violen*e in t)e" e!*e#t in t)e *ase of self2defense or e!*essive )$n er. He says t)at t)is is ()y t)e sava e "an afraid t)is little fro" t)e &easts in t)e nat$re and are a&le to (alk a"on t)e" al"ost naked and freely. Ho(ever t)e so*iety t)at (e live in "ana es to *orr$#t t)is inno*en*e. 7s it *an &e seen in t)e "ovie% t)e (ild *reat$res s$*) as orillas% does not )ave any desire to atta*k t)e 8t)an 3o(ell $nless t)ey t)ink t)at )e #ossesses a tread a ainst t)e". 8t)an 3o(ell slo(ly ets into t)eir ro$# s)o(in t)at )e )as no intention of )$rtin % t)ey (el*o"e )i" and let )i" into t)eir ro$#. 4)ey are tolerant. 7s )e e"#)asi/es stron ly in t)e "ovie t)at )e did not &e*o"e one of t)e orillas% orillas let a )$"an &ein into t)eir ro$#. 4)e as#e*ts of t)is t)at s$##orts t)e -o$ssea$'s vie( are t)at sava e "an% ani"al like "en% does not )ave any desire of )$rtin any&ody. 4)ey are free% inde#endent and stron . Until t)e so*iety *o"es and disr$#ts t)e nat$ral state of "en. ;)i*) is re#resented as t)e ar"ed soldiers ()o killed t)e orillas and atta*ked t)e ()ole ro$#. 4)e *reat$res%

in*l$din 8t)an 3o(ell% &e*o"es "$rderers not &e*a$se t)ey like to kill. 6t's &e*a$se t)ey are $nder atta*k &y so"e for*e and t)ey are afraid. 4)e ot)er t)in is t)at ()en t)e so*iety "akes yo$ a #art of it% yo$ no lon er )ave a desire to et o$t of it. 4)is is re#resented as in t)e /oo% t)e orilla ()o is &ein $nlo*ked fro" its *a e and set free% does not )ave any desire to o o$t and es*a#e any"ore. Be*a$se )is s#irit is &roken and )e a**e#ted t)e sit$ation t)at )e is in. .$st like (e% )$"an &ein s livin in a so*iety% kno(in t)at so"et)in is (ron &$t even t)o$ ) (e )ave t)e #o(er to *)an e t)in s% (e t)ink t)at it is too late for $s and t)ere is not)in to any(ay% so (e >$st kee# #layin t)e roles t)at are assi ned for $s. 4)e fil" s)o(s a little differen*e fro" t)e vie(s of t)e -o$ssea$ &e*a$se 6 t)ink t)at in t)e fil"% t)e orillas are a little de#endent to ea*) ot)er% $nlike t)e -o$ssea$'s vie( t)at (e (ere self2effi*ient and inde#endent &efore t)e so*iety *orr$#ted $s. 4)e #art t)at *)an ed "y vie( of "yself a&o$t t)e fil" is t)at it "ade "e reali/ed t)at t)e #ro&le"s t)at (e st$"&le $#on on everyday life are >$st t)e #ro&le"s t)at (e "ade $#. ;e al"ost need none of t)e t)in s t)at (e t)ink (e need and (e >$st *reate a )$ e del$sion t)inkin t)at it is not #ossi&le for $s to live (it)o$t t)e". 6 reali/ed t)at (e al"ost need not)in to &e )a##y and free. Journal Entry # 3

6"a ine t)at yo$ )ave &een asked to ive a 9?$n*) 4i"e ?e*t$re: at t)e ?i&rary on Kant's et)i*s. 8!#lain to yo$r a$dien*e t)e key feat$res of Kant's a##roa*) to "akin "oral de*isions. Be s$re to ive at least one e!a"#le% and t)en eit)er defend or *riti*i/e Kant's a##roa*). 1122 #a e res#onse% DS 12 3t 4,-5

Kant &elieved t)at #eo#le are in)erently evil. So% a (ay "$st &e fo$nd in order to kee# #eo#le fro" doin &ad t)in s. 6n )is o#inion% t)e (ay to do t)is (as to treat everyone as an end in t)e"selves and not "eans to an end. Meanin % )e (anted $s to treat #eo#le as )$"an &ein s.

,ot as t)e ste#s of a ladder. He &elieved t)at ood et)i*al val$es *o"e (it) t)e ood (ill. 7s lon as (e a*t (it) a ood (ill% &est intentions% no "atter t)e *onse@$en*e is% it is *onsidered ood et)i*s. He also t)o$ )t of a (ay of >$d in ()et)er it is ri )t to do is a*tion. He t)o$ )t t)at if an a*tion is oin to &e "oral% it s)o$ld &e a&le to &e a ##lied to everyone. 6n ot)er

(ords% (e s)o$ld &e a&le to $niversali/e it. He *alled t)e" "a!i"s. ;)en (e (ant to de*ide a&o$t so"et)in ()et)er it is "oral or not% ()at )e s$ ested (as to t)ink of everyone doin

t)at. Meanin t)at% t)e for" of t)e a*tion is oin to &e a r$le t)at *an &e a##lied for everyone% #ossi&le to $niversali/e. 6f it is "orally a**e#ta&le% it "eans t)at it )as ood "orals% if not% it "eans t)at yo$ need to "odify yo$r t)o$ )ts so it (o$ld &e a**e#ta&le for everyone. 4)is a*t$ally is t)e &asi* for" of o&>e*tivity. He (anted $s to &e not s$&>e*tive. For instin*t% if a *ri"inal is oin to &e #$nis)ed and )e #o(er of *)oosin t)e #$nis)"ent is in yo$r )ands. ?et's say t)at )e is $ilty of t)eft. Ao$ )ave t)e #o(er of i"#risonin )i" for an a##ro#riate ti"e #eriod or *$ttin )is )and ()i*) )e stole (it). ;)at (o$ld yo$r *)oi*e &e if )e is a really &ad #erson in yo$r o#inion0 6f t)e #$nis)"ent t)at yo$ t)ink is as &r$tal as *$ttin )is )and off% yo$ s)o$ld *onsider t)e sa"e t)in for yo$r o(n *)ildren. ;o$ld yo$ de*ide t)e sa"e t)in if t)e t)ief (as a *lose relative of yo$rs as yo$r *)ildren0 6t does not )ave to &e as *lose as t)is% yo$ "ay *onsider )i" a really ni*e #erson as (ell. 6f t)e ans(er is different to t)ose @$estions t)en yo$ s)o$ld re*onsider yo$r de*ision &e*a$se it is not #ossi&le in yo$r "ind to $niversali/e it. 6f (e *o"e to t)e e!a"#le of t)e treatin #eo#le as an end in t)e"selves% for e!a"#le if (e are in a sit$ation t)at (e *an &enefit fro" so"eone finan*ially% )o(ever (e kno( t)at it is oin to affe*t )i" ne atively. 6f (e don't *are )o( )e is oin to &e affe*ted &y o$r a*tions% it "eans t)at (e are not treatin )i" as a #erson. 7nd t)is "eans t)at (e are $sin )i" as a "eans to o$r end. 4)is is an $na**e#ta&le for" of "oral in

Kant's #oint of vie(. 6f (e (ere to *riti*i/e t)e Kant's vie(s% 6 t)ink t)at t)e $niversali/ation of t)e ideas and refor"in t)e" $ntil t)ey are a**e#ta&le for everyone is really effe*tive (ay

to kee# ood "orals. 4reatin #eo#le as an end in t)e"selves is a ood (ay of kee#in yo$r o(n &enefits affe*t ot)er #eo#le &adly. Ho(ever )is vie( a&o$t >$st )avin a ood (ill ()ile doin t)in s and not *onsiderin t)e *onse@$en*es of t)ose a*tions "ay &rin &ad res$lts. He *lai"s t)at t)e *onse@$en*es *annot &e kno(n e!a*tly t)erefore (e s)o$ld &e a*tin a**ordin to o$r intentions. 6 t)ink t)at even it *annot &e kno(n e!a*tly% *onsiderin t)e *onse@$en*es &efore a*tin (o$ld &e a &etter (ay of foreseein ()et)er o$r a*tin is ood or not.

Journal Entry # 4 ;at*) t)e fil" Bffi*e S#a*e Cavaila&le online% and on reserve at t)e li&raryD and read Mar!'s 8*ono"i* and 3)iloso#)i*al Man$s*ri#ts C83MD.

Dra( on Mar!'s E for"s of alienation to dis*$ss t)e fil". Fo*$s on t)e "aterial *onditions e!#erien*ed &y t)e "ain *)ara*ters and t)eir vario$s res#onses Ce"otional F #ra*ti*alD to t)eir sit$ation. 6n yo$r ans(er% address t)e @$estion of ()y t)e *)ara*ters res#ond in t)ese (ays% as (ell as t)e li"itations of t)eir res#onses. 1122 #a e res#onse% DS 12 3t 4,-5

6f (e look at t)e 3eter% in t)e &e innin of t)e "ovie% )e is at t)e Et) ste# of alienation. Be*a$se )e doesn't like ()at )e does% and t)e (ork )e does% doesn't affe*t )i" #ositively in any (ay% as )e states% no "atter )o( )ard )e (orks% 9)e doesn't see anot)er di"e: t)erefore )e does not t)ink )e s)o$ld do anyt)in "ore t)an >$st kee#in )i"self fro" &ein fired. 4)e *o(orkers and )e do not $nderstand ea*) ot)er eit)er. 8ven t)o$ ) t)ey do not like ()at t)ey do too% t)ey are not alienated fro" t)e"selves yet. 4)ey >$st t)ink t)at t)ey are too ood for t)e >o& and t)ey do t)eir &are "ini"$" in t)e (ork too. 4)ey are in t)e 2nd ste# of t)e alienation. Ho(ever% 3eter is alienated fro" t)e #rod$*t in t)e (ork% fro" t)e (ork )e does

and )i"self. 7nd )er irlfriend .oanna feels t)e sa"e (ay too. 4)ey >$st )ate everyt)in t)ey do &e*a$se t)ey t)ink t)at t)ey deserve "ore. Ho(ever .oanna does not #lannin on doin anyt)in a&o$t it &e*a$se s)e t)inks t)at s)e does not )ave anot)er o#tion in order to s$rvive. 3eter% not *arin a&o$t t)e >o& any"ore t)inkin t)at )e is oin to &e fired any(ay% )e >$st stands $# t)e t)in s t)at )e )ate #)ysi*ally in t)e (ork #la*e. ?ike t)e door )andle% and t)e (all of t)e *$&i*le. His *ollea $es% >$st alienated fro" t)e (ork t)ey do% s)o( t)eir rea*tion to t)e offi*e s$##lies like #rinter. S$r#risin ly &ein offered an $##er "ana e"ent #osition in t)e *o"#any "akes )i" reali/e t)at t)is is t)e (ay t)at t)ese #eo#le $nderstand and )e de*ides to ro& t)e". Be*a$se )e (as so alieani/ed fro" t)e #eo#le )e (orked (it)% t)e e"#loyers% )e did not (ant to "ake t)e" any *ontr$&ition. 4o(ards t)e end of t)e "ovie% )is irlfriend% .oanna% starts to feel t)e sa"e (ay a&o$t )er e"#loyers and s)e "oves on to t)e Et) #)ase of alienation as (ell. 7t t)e end of t)e "ovie (e *an see ()at t)e *on*e#t of #ro#erty and la&or *an "ake #eo#le do.

Journal Entry #

;)at is t)e &asi* do*trine of fas*is"0 Ho( does it differ fro" Mar!'s vie( of *o""$nist so*iety0 7nd ()y is Fas*is" so attra*tive to #eo#le0 Use t)e fil" Die Welle C4)e ;ave% 200GD to ill$strate yo$r ans(ers. 1122 #a e res#onse% DS 12 3t 4,-5

4)e &asi* do*trine of fas*is" is to devote yo$rself to a )i )er la(% a *o""on oal. 6t "ay &e *on@$erin t)e (orld or risin as a state. 4)e i"#ortan*e of state in t)is do*trine is #retty "$*). 4)ere "$st &e $nity and dis*i#line. Bein so "$*) devoted t)at takin a*tion (it)o$t t)inkin ()en ne*essary. 4)ere "$st &e self2sa*rifi*e and t)ere s)o$ldn't &e any self2interest. 6n t)is do*trine% #eo#le live in so"e sort of s#irit$al life. 7s (e *an see in t)e "ovie% t)e "ain

reason t)at t)e st$dents are >oinin t)e 4)e ;ave is t)at t)ey (ant to feel like a #art of a ro$#. So"e even don't )ave fa"ilies t)at (o$ld ive t)e" eno$ ) i"#ortan*e to "ake t)e" feel like )$"an &ein s. So 4)e ;ave ives t)e" t)e feelin of &ein a *o""$nity. Bein a *o""$nity *o"es (it) t)e res#onsi&ility t)at takin *are of ea*) ot)er ()en needed. 4)erefore it is easier to feel safe in a ro$#. 4)ere is a sense of e@$ality. For e!a"#le (it) t)e $nifor"s t)ey (ear and t)e reetin t)ey do s)o( t)at t)ere are not "$*) of a differen*e a"on t)e". 8ven t)o$ ) t)ey )ave a sense of e@$ality a"on t)e"% o$tside of t)e ro$#% t)ey t)ink t)at t)ey are different and s#e*ial t)an t)e rest of t)e (orld. ;)en t)e Karo de*ides t)at s)e does not (ant to (ear t)e ()ite s)irt% t)inkin selfis)ly a**ordin to t)e"% t)eir attit$de to(ards )er is ()et)er yo$ o&ey t)e r$les of o$r ro$#% or yo$ leave. 7nd t)en ()en s)e tries to s)o( t)e defe*ts of t)e 4)e ;ave% s)e is ettin &lo*kaded. Be*a$se no "atter )o( &ad t)e t)in s t)ey do% &e*a$se t)ey do it as a ro$#% t)ey don't feel any #ersonal res#onsi&ility. 7s it is said ()en t)e st$dents &rin t)e Mar*o in front of t)e &oard% t)ey do it &e*a$se t)e tea*)er said so. 4)ey do not t)ink ()et)er it is t)e ri )t t)in to do or not. 4)erefore t)ey do not (ant anyone to )ear t)e t)in s t)at t)ey do. 4)e endin of t)e "ovie s)o(s $s t)at on*e yo$ start t)is kind of do*trine% it is al"ost i"#ossi&le to sto# $nless so"et)in terri&le )a##ens. Us$ally it is too late to sto# t)at terri&le t)in fro" )a##enin &e*a$se #eo#le don't reali/e )o( terri&le it is $ntil everyt)in is over. 8ven t)o$ ) t)e tea*)er tries a s"art (ay to s)o( )is st$dents t)at t)ey &e*a"e t)o$ )tless /o"&ies t)at do everyt)in t)ey told% &e*a$se of t)e i"#ortan*e of t)e ro$# for so"e #eo#le% t)ere are al(ays a #art of t)e ro$# t)at (o$ld (ant to kee# t)e t)in s as t)ey are *ontin$e t)e re i"e. 6n t)is story% t)e startin #oint of t)is #lay (as to ans(er t)e @$estion ()et)er a fas*ist re i"e s$*) as Hitler Ger"any )ad *o$ld )a##en a ain. 4)e "ovie s)o(s $s t)at it *an. ,o "atter )o( (e "ay t)ink t)at (e are (ay &eyond t)at #oint% la*k of #ersonality in #eo#le still *an *a$se t)is kind of tra edies to )a##en.