INDOOR AIR:

THE SILENT KILLER

IAQ Workshop
20th August 2013, Johor Bahru

Passive Measures

Content
1. IEQ & IAQ; Context 2. IEQ & GBI CONTEXT

3. NATURAL VENTILATION
4. IAQ TOXICITY

5. MOULD PREVENTION

Indoor Environmental Quality

IEQ and GBI Context

Visual Comfort
RESIDENTIAL NEW CONSTRUCTION VERSION 3

Visual Comfort
EE4 Lighting & Control 2 point
Maintain overall luminance not more than specified in MS1525

EQ4 Day Lighting

3 points

> 50%/75% habitable rooms daylit

EQ5 External Views

1 point

All habitable rooms to have direct views.

IEQ and GBI Context

Sound Quality

RESIDENTIAL NEW CONSTRUCTION VERSION 3

Sound Quality
EQ6 Sound Insulation
Reduce noise pollution, insulation between dwellings.

1 point
acoustic

IEQ and GBI Context

Thermal Comfort

RESIDENTIAL NEW CONSTRUCTION VERSION 3

Thermal Comfort
EQ1 Min. IAQ Performance 3 points
Adequate fresh air to maintain thermal comfort and air quality.

IEQ and GBI Context

Environmental Toxicity

Odour Quality

Indoor Air Quality

RESIDENTIAL NEW CONSTRUCTION VERSION 3

Indoor Air Quality

Environmental Toxicity
Odour Quality
EQ1 Min. IAQ Performance 3 points
Adequate fresh air to maintain air quality.

EQ2 VoC Minimisation

Reduce VoC to reduce odour

2 points

EQ3 Formaldehyde Minimisation 1 point

Reduce Formaldehyde to reduce odour

Natural Ventilation & IAQ

Passive design measure Low cost alternative to low building energy

Natural means to maintain air quality Vents build-up of toxic gases and indoor pollutants (principally pathogens)

Low cost/ natural means of maintaining indoor thermal comfort.

10 Natural Ventilation & IAQ

11 Natural Ventilation & IAQ

ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, minimum ventilation rates and indoor air quality acceptable for human occupants of a building Considers chemical, physical, and biological contaminants.
Table 6-1 Minimum Ventilation Rates in Breathing Zone Flow rate per person or per unit area (ASHRAE 62.1 -2007) e.g. Office space 5 cfm/person Mall & supermarket 7.5 cfm/person Restaurant & Caf 7.5 cfm/person Lecture hall 7.5 cfm/person Games arcade / Casino 7.5 cfm/person Computer & Science Lab 10 cfm/person Disco & Aerobics room 20 cfm/person

12 Natural Ventilation & IAQ

MS 1525:2007 - Section 8.1.4 Ventilation
Outdoor Air-Ventilation Rates should comply with Third Schedule (By Law 41) Article 12 (1) of Uniform Building By Laws, 1984 ( UBBL )

13 Natural Ventilation & IAQ

MS 1525:2007 - Section 8.1.4 Ventilation
Outdoor Air-Ventilation Rates should comply with Third Schedule (By Law 41) Article 12 (1) of Uniform Building By Laws, 1984 ( UBBL )

14 Natural Ventilation & IAQ

BUILDING TYPE RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL OFFICES SCHOOL CLASSROOM HOSPITAL WARDS CONFERENCE ROOMS FACTORIES Basement car Park (Mech)

MINIMUM FRESH AIR VENTILATION cubic meter/min 0.14/occupant (0.23 lit/sec/m2 floor area average)

0.28/occupant 0.21/occupant 6 air change/hour

15 Natural Ventilation & IAQ

Bylaw 39(1)
Every room designed for residential, business or other purposes except hospitals & schools shall be provided with natural lighting and natural ventilation by means of one or more windows having total area not less than 10% of the floor area and shall have opening for uninterrupted air passage of 5%

Bylaw 39(2)
Hospitals window area 15% and open able windows 10% Schools window area 20% and open able windows 10%
Ventilation, whether mechanical or natural, may be used for: AIR QUALITY CONTROL: to control building air quality, by diluting internally-generated air contaminants with cleaner outdoor air, DIRECT ADVECTIVE COOLING: to directly cool building interiors by replacing or diluting warm indoor air with cooler outdoor air when conditions are favorable, DIRECT PERSONAL COOLING: to directly cool building occupants by directing cool outdoor air over building occupants at sufficient velocity to enhance convective transport of heat and moisture from the occupants, and INDIRECT NIGHT COOLING: to indirectly cool building interiors by pre-cooling thermally massive components of the building fabric or a thermal storage system with cool nightime outdoor air.

16 Natural Ventilation & IAQ

If by-law 39 is complied, air change requirement will comply
Air Flow window area / Floor Area (x100%)
100

80

60

40

20

10

Outdoor air required (L/s,m2 of floor area)

17 Natural Ventilation & IAQ

Global Stack Ventilation

Global Cross Ventilation

18 Natural Ventilation & IAQ

Local Single Sided Ventilation

19 Natural Ventilation & IAQ

Wind-driven Cross Ventilation Buoyancy-driven Stack Ventilation Single-sided Ventilation

20 Natural Ventilation & Cooling

1. Estimate heat load from Internal Heat sources 2. Add Fabric and roof heat gains using OTTV & RTTV calculations 3. Total the heat gains 4. Use charts to estimate openings required for the heat loads w/m2 5. If opening sizes not sufficient, fans may be required to achieve the required cooling

21 Natural Ventilation & Cooling

22 Natural Ventilation & Cooling

CROSS VENTILATION COOLING ESTIMATES DOUBLE STOREY TERRACE HOUSE 6M X 10M
COMPONENT DAY HEAT(w/m2) Internal heat gains Roof heat gains Front & Back Elev heat gains Total Heat Gains Vent Cooling Wind 2.5 & 0.5 m/s Opening 5% 80 20 12 25 30 67 NITE HEAT(w/m2) 12 0 0 12

Effective Vent cooling

Wind 2.5 & 0.5 m/s Opening 7% Effective Vent cooling

13
110 43

8
30 18

23 Natural Ventilation & Cooling

Cross Ventilation

24 Natural Ventilation & Cooling

25 Natural Ventilation & Cooling

Cross & Stack Ventilation
COMPONENT Internal heat gains Roof heat gains Front & Back Elev heat gains DAY HEAT(w/m2) 12 25 30 NITE HEAT(w/m2) 12 0 0

Total Heat Gains

Vent Cooling Wind 2.5 & 0.5 m/s Opening 5% Stack 3m Opening 5% Combined Vent Cooling Effective Vent cooling Wind 2.5 & 0.5 m/s Opening 7% Stack 5m Opening 7% Combined Vent Cooling Effective Vent cooling

67
80 30 110 43 110 45 125 43

12
20 30 65 53 30 45 80 18

26 Natural Ventilation & Cooling

STACK VENTILATION

27 Natural Ventilation & Cooling

STACK VENTILATION

28 Natural Ventilation & Cooling

CROSS & STACK VENTILATION

30 Indoor Air Quality

Indoor Air Quality

Environmental Toxicity

Odour Quality

31 Indoor Air Quality Chemicals

Indoor Air Quality

Environmental Toxicity

Odour Quality

32 Indoor Air Quality Pathogens

33 Indoor Air Quality

Indoor Air Quality
Indoor Air Quality

Environmental Toxicity

Odour Quality
Environmental Toxicity

EQ1 Min. IAQ Performance 3 points

Adequate fresh air to maintain air quality.

EQ2 VoC Minimisation

Reduce VoC to reduce odour
Odour Quality

2 points

EQ3 Formaldehyde Minimisation 1 point

Reduce Formaldehyde to reduce odour

34 EQ1 MIN. IAQ PERFORMANCE

35 EQ1 MIN. IAQ PERFORMANCE

36 EQ2 MIN. IAQ PERFORMANCE

37 EQ2 MIN. IAQ PERFORMANCE

38 EQ2 MIN. IAQ PERFORMANCE

39 EQ2 MIN. IAQ PERFORMANCE

40 EQ2 MIN. IAQ PERFORMANCE

41 EQ3 Formaldehyde Minimisation

42 NRNC, EQ5 Mould Prevention

44 NRNC, EQ5 Mould Prevention

Mould is a major cause of IAQ issues in the tropics. Whilst RNC may not have recommendations on mould prevention, it is good design practice to prevent moulds during design & construction stage.

45 NRNC, EQ5 Mould Prevention

Typical waterproofing details

46 NRNC, EQ5 Mould Prevention

Typical waterproofing details

47 NRNC, EQ5 Mould Prevention

48 NRNC, EQ5 Mould Prevention

49 NRNC, EQ5 Mould Prevention

Typical waterproofing details

50 NRNC, EQ5 Mould Prevention

Typical waterproofing details

51 NRNC, EQ5 Mould Prevention

Rain Water Down Pipe encased in concrete column grade incorrectly specified (by QS/architect in tender). RWDP will crack inside concrete column leading to moisture seepage issues. AIR COND DRAIN PIPE CONNECT TO RWDP WITHOUT ADEQUATE WATER SEAL.

52 NRNC, EQ5 Mould Prevention

No proper water seal for sanitary pipes through concrete slab.

Floor trap without proper joint and seal.

53 NRNC, EQ5 Mould Prevention

Rising damp at skirting level of last unit (near river where water table is high). No proper water proofing detailings.

54 NRNC, EQ5 Mould Prevention

Rising damp at skirting level of last unit (near river where water table is high). No proper water proofing detailings.

CELEBRATING 50 MILLION SQ FT CERTIFIED GBI S P A C E I N M A R C H 2 0 1 3

INDOOR AIR:
THE SILENT KILLER
IAQ Workshop
20th August 2013, Johor Bahru

Passive Measures
Ir. Looi Hip Peu
hplooi@unifi.my

President Malaysia Green Building C o n f e d e r a t i o n www.mgbc.org.my