CHEM 111 Lecture 1.

Macroscopic Study of Gases

GAS
considered as the simplest state of matter

Equation of State (EOS)

mathematical equation that interrelates the 4 macroscopic variables General form: P = f (T, V, n)
If we know n, T, and V for a particular gas, then P has a fixed value.

macroscopically homogenous isotropic no surface effects no charged particles no external fields

General Properties of Gases

1. Can be compressed very readily
o o minute particles with large empty space between them translational motion has become sufficiently large to overcome entirely the forces of attraction random motion and lack of restraining force due to large volume occupied

Empirical Gas Laws Boyles Law

Robert Boyle (1627-1691) For constant n and T,

2. No definite shape or volume

3. Diffuse rapidly
o o

4. Low density compared to solids and liquids

Physical STATE of a Gas

- defined by the physical properties of the gas - specified by 4 macroscopic variables
- temperature (T) - pressure (P) - volume (V) - amount of substance (n)

Charles Law
Jacques Charles (1746-1823) For constant n and P,

Two gases with the same T, P, V, and n are said to be in the same state and have the same physical properties.

As the T of air in the balloon is raised, its V increases and inflates the balloon.

Gay-Lussacs Law
Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778-1850) For constant n and V,

The gas in the ice bath (0 C) exerts a pressure of 1 atm, while the gas in the boiling-water bath (100 C) exerts a pressure of 1.37 atm.

P2.1. At 500 C and 699 torr, the mass density of sulfur vapor is 3.71 g L-1. What is the molecular formula of sulfur under these conditions? MS = 32.06 g mol-1

Avogadros Law
Amadeo Avogadro (1776-1856) For constant P and T,
Equal volumes of gases at the same T and P have the same number of molecules.

Daltons Law of Partial Pressures

For gases that do not react when mixed, the pressure exerted by a mixture of perfect gas is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases (at any specified T). Partial pressure the pressure exerted by a gas if it occupied the container alone (at the same T).

Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + + Pn

IDEAL GAS LAW (an equation of state) combination of the empirical gas laws
P = Pressure V = Volume T = Temperature n = number of moles R = universal gas constant

Gases in the Air

The % of gases in air 78.08% N2 20.95% O2 0.94% Ar 0.03% CO2 Partial pressure (STP) 593.4 mm Hg 159.2 mm Hg 7.1 mm Hg 0.2 mm Hg

PAIR = PN2 + PO2 + PAr + PCO2 = 760 mm Hg = 1 atm (atmospheric P)

 For component i: For a 3-component mixture:

(mole fraction)

P2.2. Consider a gas mixture composed of 1 g H2 and 1 g O2 in a 2-dm3 flask at 27 C. Calculate the partial pressure of each gas, the total pressure, and the composition of the mixture (in mole percent). P2.3. Calculate the pressure of Hg at 23 C if a 50.40 g sample of nitrogen-mercury vapor at 745 torr contains 0.702 g of Hg. MHg = 200.59 g/mol