STYLE NOTES FOR HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL-SCIENCES BOOKS (US STYLE)

We follow a number of style conventions, as listed below for your reference. Please follow these as you prepare your typescript; they should help you present your material in a clear, logical, and consistent way. Abbreviations and contractions Render the following with no full point: NATO, USA, EU, BC, AD, etc. Contractions should have a period (Mr., St., edn.), as should abbreviated words, in both singular and plural forms (vol., vols., ed., eds.). Always spell out references to university presses; never leave them as, for example, Yale UP. Accents We prefer to avoid using accents in such words as role, regime, elite, but if you use them we will follow your style. Accents should be included on capitals in French. Ampersands Replace ampersands with the word and when two authors/editors of a work are being cited (Smith and Jones) and in the names of companies (unless the ampersand is part of the official name, as in Simon & Schuster). Brackets Use square brackets within parentheses e.g., as has been noted (and as Jones [1989] maintains) and for editorial interpolations within quoted matter. Capitalization Refer to Figure 1 rather than figure 1, Table 1 rather than table 1 etc. Dates Use the form: January 1, 2007. Spell out the names of centuries (eighteenth century). Ellipses Indicate ellipses with a series of three points (with no square brackets round them unless there is a special need to distinguish yours from those of, say, a primary text). Do not follow ellipses of three points at the end of a sentence with another, final period. Dont use ellipses at the beginning and end of quoted matter unless necessary for the sense. Figures If the figures will appear within the text, rather than within a separate section, include a text reference to each one, and ensure each is keyed into the text. Each figure will be placed as close to its text reference as possible. Headings Numbers or letters in headings are useful in books with a good deal of cross-referencing or with complex technical material. For more general books, however, avoid using numbers or letters in headings, which will be distinguished typographically and by their position in relation to the main text.

Hyphens Hyphenate compound adjectives and adverbs that precede a noun (eighteenth-century architecture, slow-sailing vessel, well-made books), except for compounds with adverbs ending in -ly (expertly written texts). Law Use italics for the names of legal journals, but roman for their abbreviations. When citing legal cases, use italics for the parties involved; a roman v, followed by a full point; and a full point after abbreviations such as Co. e.g., Trendtex Trading Corp. v. Central Bank of Nigeria. Numbers Elide numbers consistently (281282, 28182, or 2812 [in this last system the teens keep both digits: 21516]). Give years in full in titles, subtitles, and chapter titles (e.g., 1924 1925), even if elided within the text. Do not elide BC dates. Write out numbers up to 100, except in a discussion that includes a mixture of numbers above and below this, in which case all of them should be in figures (356 walkers overtook 72 others as 6 fell back, exhausted). Precise measurements, ages, money etc. should be in figures ($4.35, 8 ounces, 23 mm, 39 years). In non-technical books, use a comma in numbers with four or more digits (2,000, 11,000). Spell out large, general numbers: about a thousand years ago. Always refer to chapters of books using arabic numerals, and to parts of books using roman numerals: Chapter 6; Part III. Percentages Percentages should be in figures, with the word percent spelled out (25 percent); exceptions to this are books containing technical discussions, or in a series of comparisons where a group of percentages would look better on the page with the % sign. Possessives Use either an apostrophe alone or an apostrophe and s at the end of possessive forms for modern names (e.g., Dickens or Dickenss); the names of ancients should have no final s (Sophocles, Jesus) except when they have only one syllable (Zeuss). Punctuation Use double quotation marks, except for extracts broken off from the text (which should have no quotation marks) and quotations within quotations (which should have single quotation marks). (Note that in some titles e.g., some linguistics and philosophy books the author may want to maintain a distinction between single and double quotation marks. For example, the author may use double quotation marks generally, but single quotation marks to indicate translation glosses.) Punctuation should precede closing quotation marks (except for dashes, colons, and semicolons, unless these are part of the quoted matter). Use the serial comma (i.e., the one before and in red, white, and blue) consistently if you use it at all. The word following a colon should generally be capitalized if it introduces a grammatically complete sentence. Spaced en-rules ( ) should be used for parenthetical dashes. Quotations Follow copy for capitalization, italics, and punctuation, and normally for spelling (unless the quotation is the authors own translation). Keep quotations within the text if short

(fewer than about sixty words), unless they are set off from the text because they are of particular importance or are the focus of your discussion. If a displayed verse quotation starts with a broken line, indent the first word to approximately its true position in the complete line. Spellings Use US English (analyze, labor, program). Make spelling consistent with standard usage, as confirmed with Websters, except for quoted matter (though your copy-editor may query specific instances). Tables Tables will be set within the text, as near as possible to the text reference, usually at the top of the relevant page. Therefore avoid references in the form as in the table below; use the form as in table 3. URLs Make sure URLs are not underlined, are not preceded with http:// if they begin with www or similar, and are not within angled brackets. Try not to include very long URLs that, in practice, the reader is unlikely to key in, and if you include last accessed dates, do so consistently and make sure they are up-to-date. Reference systems As long as adequate details are provided and clearly rendered, we will follow your basic method of presentation. This includes punctuation. We standardize on a few conventions: the names of published complete works and all periodicals should be italicized; chapter titles in edited books, journal articles, dissertations, and papers should be within double quotation marks (or not, if that is your preferred style) throughout; all journal volume numbers should be arabic and all book volume numbers roman; the use (or non-use) of pp. should be consistent. Use either a maximum capital (all main words capitalized) or a minimum capital (proper nouns and first word only capitalized) style in the titles of books, chapters, and journal articles, no matter how the title appeared in the original work (there may be some exceptions to this for specialist period material). If you use the maximum capital style for book titles, you can still use the minimum style for chapter and article titles; if you use the minimum capital style for book titles, follow this style for chapter and article titles as well. Capitalize the main words in the names of journals. Abbreviate US state names to either the traditional form (Mass., Calif.) or the two-letter zip-code form (MA, CA) throughout. Anglicize place names (Cologne, Florence, Hanover, Munich, Vienna), unless there are historical or geographical reasons for not doing so. Abbreviate English county names consistently to the form given at the back of Chambers. Short-title system Our preference is for short-title references to be used both on first mention and for all subsequent mentions; alternatively, you can give each reference in full on its first mention, and use the short title for subsequent references. References in the notes and bibliography must be consistent, except that in the bibliography the authors surname and first name or initials should be inverted. If you have no bibliography, give full publication details on first mention in each chapter, to make it easier for the reader to find the reference. Ibid. can be used in the notes, but do not use op. cit., loc. cit., idem or eadem.

List entries in the bibliography alphabetically, with works entirely written by one author coming before entries for edited works. Full references Give details for each work in the following order: Books

authors/editors initials; authors/editors surname; complete title (including subtitle, if any); editor, compiler, or translator, if any; series title, if any; edition, if not the original; number of volumes, if applicable; place of publication (note there is no need to give the location if this is implicit in the publishers name; e.g., Cambridge University Press); publisher; year of publication; volume number (in roman numerals); page numbers. e.g., A. T. Runnock, Medieval Fortress Building, new edn., 2 vols. (Cambridge University Press, 1976), vol. I, pp. 1357 Chapters in edited books authors initials; authors surname; name of chapter; name(s) of volume editor(s); complete title; place of publication (note there is no need to give the location if this is implicit in the publishers name; e.g., Cambridge University Press); publisher; year of publication; page numbers. e.g., N. Chomsky, Explanatory models in linguistics in J. A. Fodor and J. J. Katz (eds.), The Structure of Language (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1964), pp. 50118 Journal articles authors initials; authors surname; title of the article; name of the journal; volume number (in arabic numerals); date of volume; page number(s) (without p. or pp.). e.g., A. E. Planchart, The early career of Guillaume Du Fay, Journal of the American Musicological Society, 46 (1993), 34168

Unpublished material (including unpublished theses or dissertations) authors initials; authors surname; title of document; volume or batch number, where applicable; name of collection, if known; folio number, or call number, if known; depository and where located (or academic institution, with year, for PhD theses and dissertations); page number(s), if applicable. e.g., H. R. Southall, Regional unemployment patterns in Britain, 1851 to 1914, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Cambridge (1984), p. 72; e.g., Richardson to Lady Bradshaigh, December 15, 1748, Richardson/Bradshaigh letters, Forster collection, XI, fo. 7, Harvard University Short titles Books authors surname (no first name unless there is more than one author with the surname); short title of the book; volume number, if applicable; page number(s). e.g., Rousseau and Rogers (eds.), Enduring Legacy, p. 45 Chapters in edited books/journal articles authors surname (no first name unless there is more than one author with the surname); short title of the chapter/article; page number(s) (without p. or pp. for journal articles). e.g., Salter, Pilgrimage to truth, 345 Unpublished material (including unpublished theses or dissertations) authors surname (no first name unless there is more than one author with the surname); short title; page number(s). e.g., Southall, Regional unemployment, p. 72 Authordate (Harvard) system Include all published works referred to in the text in a single alphabetical list of references at the end of the book, or in multi-contributor volumes in a separate list at the end of each chapter. List works chronologically, regardless of whether the name represents an author or editor. Include forthcoming works in the reference list only if they have been accepted for publication; describe them as in press and update the references at proof stage. Do not include works that have not been accepted for publication cite these in the text as unpublished data or personal communications. Full references Give details for each work in the following order: Books

authors surname; authors first name or initials;

year of publication; title of publication; place of publication (note there is no need to give the location if this is implicit in the publishers name; e.g., Cambridge University Press); publishers name. e.g., Baranzini, Mauro and Scazzieri, Roberto (eds.) 1990. The Economic Theory of Structure and Change. Cambridge University Press Chapters in edited books There is no need to give full publication details if the edited volume is included in the list of references in its own right. e.g., Morishima, Michio 1990. Economic theory and industrial revolution, in Baranzini and Scazzieri (eds.), pp. 17597 Journal articles authors surname; authors first name or initials; year of publication; title of article; name of the journal; volume number (in arabic numerals); page numbers (without p. or pp.). e.g., Higginbotham, James 1983. On semantics, Linguistic Inquiry 16: 54794 Text citations Give the authors surname, the year of publication, and the page number(s) in the form: (Culler 1998, p. 20) or (Culler 1998: 20). Use the same format for books, chapters in edited books, journal articles, and unpublished theses. Do not include ed. in a reference to an edited work (Easthope 2005, not Easthope ed. 2005). Cite works published by the same author(s) in the same year as 2004a, 2004b etc., not 2004, 2004a etc. If you are listing several citations together, consistently do so in either date order (Smith 1990; Culler 1998; Williams 2002) or alphabetical order (Culler 1998; Smith 1990; Williams 2002). It is acceptable to use et al. for works by three or more authors if there is no possible ambiguity; however, you must include the names of the coauthors in the list of references.

Last updated: September 2008