WaterManagement

Answers: 1. B Inmostjurisdictionsrainwaterisconsiderednonpotable. Reference:LEEDforExistingBuildings:Operations&MaintenanceReferenceGuide, Glossary 2. C Waterefficientlandscapinghelpsreducetheneedfrompotablewaterfromlocaland regionalaquifers.Dripirrigationisahighlyeffectivewaytodeliverwatertoaplant's rootsbecausethewaterisn'tlosttothewind,evaporation,orrunoff. 3. A&D A:Aprojectthatcanreducepotablewateruseforbuildingsewageconveyanceby50% throughtheuseofwaterconservingfixturesorbyusingnonpotablewatercanearnthe InnovativeWastewaterTechnologiescredit. D:Aprojectthattreats50%ofwastewateronsitetotertiarystandardscanearnthe InnovativeWastewaterTechnologiescredit.Tertiarytreatmentofwastewaterleaves thewaterinastatewhereitcanbeusedforagricultureordischargedbackintothe environment.Itisnotsuitablefordrinking. Reference:LEED2009forNewConstructionandMajorRenovationsRatingSystem ThisquestionisaskingaboutthetwowaystoachievetheInnovativeWastewater Technologiescredit. 4. A Asedimentbasinisusefulstrategiesforstormwatermanagement,butisnotusedto reducewateruseinlandscaping. 5. D Savingwaterisanexampleofconservinganaturalresource.Compostingtoiletsrequire nowater,andthusconservewateruse. Reference:n/a

6. B Anaquiferisanundergroundlayerofwaterbearingpermeablerockorunconsolidated materials(gravel,sand,silt,orclay)fromwhichgroundwatercanbeusefullyextracted usingawaterwell.Aquifersarecriticallyimportantinhumanhabitationandagriculture. Waterefficientlandscapinghelpsreducetheneedfrompotablewaterfromlocaland regionalaquifers.LEEDrewardsprojectsforreducingpotablewater(drinkingwater)use forlandscaping.Reducingpotablewaterusepreservesaquifersforfuturegenerations. Reference:LEED2009forNewConstructionandMajorRenovationsRatingSystem 7. B Dripirrigationisoneofthemostefficientmeansofwateringalandscape. Dripirrigationhasa90%irrigationefficiencycomparedto65%forconventional sprinklersystems. Reference:LEED2009forNewConstructionandMajorRenovationsRatingSystem 8. C Theinstallationofturfgrasswillincreasethewateringneedsofthelandscape. Reference:n/a 9. B Harvestingrainwaterforusessuchastoiletflushing,landscapeirrigation,andcustodial usesreducesthequantityofstormwaterrunoff. Reference:GBESLEEDGreenAssociateStudyGuide 10. D EPAct1992isusedtodeterminethebaselineforcommercialfixtures,fittings,and appliances. Commercialtoilets:1.6gpf Commercialurinals:1.0gpf Commercialfaucets:2.2gpm Etc.

Reference:LEED2009forNewConstructionandMajorRenovationsRatingSystem 11. A LIDisanapproachtolanddevelopment(orredevelopment)thatworkswithnatureto managestormwaterasclosetoitssourceaspossible.LIDemploysprinciplessuchas preservingandrecreatingnaturallandscapefeatures,minimizingeffective imperviousnesstocreatefunctionalandappealingsitedrainagethattreatstormwater asaresourceratherthanawasteproduct. Reference:GBESLEEDGreenAssociateStudyGuide 12. D Gallonsperminuteisameasurementofflowfixturessuchasfaucets. FromtheEPActstandardof1992,thebaselineflowrateforalavatoryfaucetis2.2gpm (gallonsperminute). Reference:LEED2009forNewConstructionandMajorRenovationsRatingSystem 13. C 2.2gallonsperminute(gpm)pertheEPActof1992. Reference:LEED2009forNewConstructionandMajorRenovationsRatingSystem 14. A&D Transientoccupantsareoccupantsthatdonotusefacilitiesconsistentlyandona regularordailybasis.Students,shoppers,andmuseumvisitorsarealltypesoftransient occupants. Fulltimeequivalent(FTE)representsaregularbuildingoccupantinaprojectbuilding. AnFTEof1.0meansthatthepersonisequivalenttoafulltimeworker,whileanFTEof 0.5signalsthattheworkerisonlyhalftime. Transientoccupants,alongwithFullTimeEquivalents,areusedwhencalculating reductionsinwaterusage,andsomealternativetransportationcredits.

15. D Xeriscapingisalandscapingmethodthatemploysdroughtresistantplantstominimize oreliminatewateruse. 16. D Waterdemandiscalculatedbytakingabaselinecaseandthensubtractingtheinstalled designcasecalculationsfromitbasedonthefixtureflushandflowratesoftheFTE occupants. Thisdiffersfromcalculatinglandscapingreduction,whichusesdifferentmeasurements (butstillusesadesignandbaselinecase). Reference:LEED2009forNewConstructionandMajorRenovationsRatingSystem 17. A&D A:Stormwatercanbecollectedincisternsandusedforflushingpurposesiflocalcode allowsit. D:GraywaterisdefinedbytheUniformPlumbingCode(UPS)asuntreatedhousehold wastewaterwhichhasnotcomeintocontactwithtoiletwasteorkitchensinks. Somestatesandlocalcodeshaveotherdefinitions. Graywaterincludesusedwaterfrombathtubs,showers,bathroomwashbasins,and waterfromclotheswasherandlaundrytubs. Reference:LEEDforExistingBuildings:Operations&MaintenanceReferenceGuide, Glossary 18. D Energyisusedtoheat,cool,anddistributewaterwithinabuilding.Waterheatingin commercialbuildingsaccountsfor15%oftotalenergyuse(CBECS).Reducingthe quantityofwaterusedhasadirectimpactontheenergyittakestoheat,cool,and distributethewater. Municipalenergyisalsosavedbecauselesswatermustbetreatedatsewageplants.

19. C GraywaterisdefinedbytheUniformPlumbingCode(UPS)asuntreatedhousehold wastewaterwhichhasnotcomeintocontactwithtoiletwasteorkitchensinks. Graywaterincludesusedwaterfrombathtubs,showers,bathroomwashbasins,and waterfromclotheswasherandlaundrytubs.Itdoesnotincludewaterfromkitchen sinksordishwashers. Reference:LEEDforExistingBuildings:Operations&MaintenanceReferenceGuide, Glossary 20. A&B A:Thisisusuallyclassifiedasgraywaterdependingonlocalcode. B:Showerwaterthatgoesdownthedrainisthenclassifiedasgraywater,dependingon localcode. Reference:LEEDforExistingBuildings:Operations&MaintenanceReferenceGuide, Glossary Graywateriswaterfromlaundrymachinesorshowersthatisnotsuitablefordrinking, butcanbeusedforotherpurposessuchasirrigationandflushingtoilets. GraywaterisdefinedbytheUniformPlumbingCode(UPS)asuntreatedhousehold wastewaterwhichhasnotcomeintocontactwithtoiletwasteorkitchensinks. Somestatesandlocalcodeshaveotherdefinitions. 21. D Adualflushtoilethastwodifferentflowratesdependingonthetypeofwaste.These toiletscanuselesspotablewaterthanastandardtoilet. Reference:LEED2009forNewConstructionandMajorRenovationsRatingSystem 22. D GraywaterisdefinedbytheUniformPlumbingCode(UPC)asuntreatedhousehold wastewaterwhichhasnotcomeintocontactwithtoiletwasteorkitchensinks. Graywaterincludesusedwaterfrombathtubs,showers,bathroomwashbasins,and

waterfromclotheswasherandlaundrytubs.Itdoesnotincludewaterfromkitchen sinksordishwashers. Reference:LEEDforExistingBuildings:Operations&MaintenanceReferenceGuide, Glossary 23. D 1.6gallonsperflush(gpf)pertheEPActof1992. Reference:LEED2009forNewConstructionandMajorRenovationsRatingSystem 24. D Stormwatersystemsdonotgenerateenergy. Reference:LEED2009forNewConstructionandMajorRenovationsRatingSystem 25. A Asteamcookerisnotanappliancethatisincludedinthewaterusereduction calculation. Reference:LEED2009forNewConstructionandMajorRenovationsRatingSystem Thefollowingfixtures/fittingshavebaselinemeasurementsfromtheEPAct1992 standardandareincludedinthebaselinecalculations:

toilets(waterclosets) urinals bathroomfaucets Commercialprerinsesprayvalves Showerheads

26. B&C B:EPActdoesnotaddresscoolingtowers. C:EPActdoesnotaddressboilers. Reference:LEED2009forNewConstructionandMajorRenovationsRatingSystem

27. C Wastewaterfromtoiletsandurinalsisconsideredblackwaterandcannotbeusedfor irrigation(unlessithasbeentreatedfirst). Reference:LEEDforExistingBuildings:Operations&MaintenanceReferenceGuide, Glossary GraywaterisdefinedbytheUniformPlumbingCode(UPS)asuntreatedhousehold wastewaterwhichhasnotcomeintocontactwithtoiletwasteorkitchensinks. Graywaterincludesusedwaterfrombathtubs,showers,bathroomwashbasins,and waterfromclotheswasherandlaundrytubs.Itdoesnotincludewaterfromkitchen sinksordishwashers. Wereceivemanyquestionsonthisgraywaterissuedoesthesoapfromshowers matter,whatifsomeonewasheddiapersinthelaundrythemainpointtorememberis thatthedefinitionofgraywaterincludesshowerandlaundrywaterandthatLEEDallows graywateruse. 28. D Adaptiveplantsarelowmaintenanceandnotinvasive. Reference:GBESLEEDGreenAssociateStudyGuide Adaptiveplantsarenonnativeplantsthatuselessfertilizer,pesticidesandwaterina givenlandscape.Theseplantshaveadaptedtothelocalclimateandarenotconsidered invasiveplantsorweeds. 29. A&C&E Reference:LEED2009forNewConstructionandMajorRenovationsRatingSystem Thebaselinewaterdemandwithinabuildingincludesthemeasurementoffixturesand fittings(toilets,faucets).Toiletsaremeasuredingallonsperflush,whilefixturesare measuredingallonsperminute.

30. A&B A:Increasingtheventilationinabuildingrequiresmovingmoreairthroughthebuilding. B:Treatingwastewateronsiterequiresenergyandcanincreaseenergybillsifthe wastewateristreatedmechanically. Reference:n/a 31. B TheWaterUseReductionprerequisiterequiresa20%reductionofthedesigncase comparedtothebaselinecase. Reference:LEED2009forNewConstructionandMajorRenovationsRatingSystem 32. D Fertilizersrunningintothewatersystemcanimpactspecieslivinginandaroundthe water.Uncontrolledstormwaterflowsincreasetheproblembycarryingawaythe fertilizerintosurroundingstreamsandotherwaterbodies. Reference:GreenBuilding&LEEDCoreConceptsGuide 33. B Wastewatertreatmentsystemsaresometimesusedinprojectstotreatwastewaterand reuseitonsitefornonpotableusessuchasirrigationandforflushingfixtures. Blackwaterdoesnothaveasingledefinitionacceptednationwide.Adjacentcitiesmay havedifferentcodesthatalloworprohibittheuseofsink/showerwaterfornonpotable uses.Onjurisdictionmaydefinesink/showerwaterasblackwaterandnotpermitits use,whileanothermaydefineitasgraywaterandwillpermititsuse.Reviewlocalcodes beforemakingdesigndecisionsbasedontheuseofwastewater. Reference:LEEDforExistingBuildings:Operations&MaintenanceReferenceGuide, Glossary

34. B&C B:Whenlowflowfixturesandfittingsareused,thequantityofwaterthatneedstobe heatedisreducedtherebydecreasingenergyconsumption. C:Lesswateristakenfromnaturewhichhelpspreservetheenvironmentforfuture generations. Reference:n/a 35. C Agreenroofdoesnotnecessarilyreducewaterneeds.InLEEDgreenroofshelpwith reducingtheheatislandeffect.Theycanalsoincreasetheenergyefficiencyofabuilding byprovidinginsulation. Micromisters,dripirrigation,nativeandadaptiveplantsareallstrategiestoreducethe quantityofwaterneededforirrigation. 36. C SustainableSitescoversstormwatermanagement.Stormwaterisasitefactor. Reference:LEED2009forNewConstructionandMajorRenovationsRatingSystem 37. A DishwashersandclotheswashersareoutsidethescopeofEPAct. Reference:LEED2009forNewConstructionandMajorRenovationsRatingSystem 38. D Theindoorwaterefficiencycreditsaddressbothreducingpotablewaterusethrough waterconservingfixtures,andoffsettingpotablewaterusebyusinggraywater, stormwater,andrecycledwater. Waterlessurinalsandcompostingtoiletshaveatremendouswatersavingsover conventionalflushfixtures(waterclosets,toilets,conventionalurinals). Compostingtoiletsarenotpracticalformanyapplications,suchashighrisebuildings. Reference:LEED2009forNewConstructionandMajorRenovationsRatingSystem

39. A Thefirststepinwatermanagementisdetermininghowmuchwaterisbeingused,or willbeused.This'baseline'allowsprojectteamstodeterminehowmuchwatertheycan save. Reference:LEED2009forNewConstructionandMajorRenovationsRatingSystem 40. E Thetypeofoccupantandthehourstheyworkeachweekareusedtodeterminethe numberofFTEs.FTEvaluesarethenusedinthecalculationsofthebaselineanddesign casewateruse. Reference:LEEDforExistingBuildings:Operations&MaintenanceReferenceGuide, Glossary Fulltimeequivalent(FTE):Aregularbuildingoccupantwhospends40hoursperweekin theprojectbuilding.ParttimeorovertimeoccupantshaveFTEvaluesbasedontheir hoursperweekdividedby40.Multipleshiftsareincludedorexcludeddependingonthe intentandrequirementsofthecredit.(USGBC) 41. A TheintentoftheWaterEfficiencycategoryistoreducepotablewaterdemand(not increaseit). Lowflowfixtureshelpreducepotablewaterconsumptionindoors. Reference:LEED2009forNewConstructionandMajorRenovationsRatingSystem 42. B&D B:Native(orindigenous)plantsarethosethatgrownaturallyinanarea,orthathave beeninanareaformanyyears.Nativeplantsrequirelesswater,fertilizer,andpest control.Theseplantscanbetrees,shrubs,flowers,orgrasses.Adaptiveplantsarenon nativeplantsthatperformwellinthelocalclimate.Nativeandadaptiveplantsrequire lesswater,andaremorediseaseresistantbecausetheyaresuitedtotheregion'susual rainfall,soil,andtemperature. D:Seetheothercorrectanswerchoice.

Reference:LEEDforExistingBuildings:Operations&MaintenanceReferenceGuide, Glossary 43. B&D B:Stormwatercanbedivertedintocisternsorotherstoragetanksforusein landscaping,insideforfixtureflushing,andforprocesswaterneeds. D:Rainwatercisterns(tanks)canbeusedasastructuralmeasuretoremovepollutants fromrunoff. Themosteffectivemethodtominimizerunoffvolumeandtreatmentrequirementsisto reducetheamountofimperviousarea. 44. B&D B:TheWaterEfficientLandscapingcreditcanbeearnedbyusing50%lesswaterwhen comparingabaselinetoadesigncase. D:TheInnovativeWastewaterTechnologiescreditcanbeearnedbyusing50%less waterwhencomparingabaselinetoadesigncase. Reference:LEED2009forNewConstructionandMajorRenovationsRatingSystem 45. C Graywatercanbeusedforflushinginwaterclosetsandurinals,orprocesswaterneeds forsomesystems. GraywaterisdefinedbytheUniformPlumbingCode(UPS)asuntreatedhousehold wastewaterwhichhasnotcomeintocontactwithtoiletwasteorkitchensinks. Graywaterincludesusedwaterfrombathtubs,showers,bathroomwashbasins,and waterfromclotheswasherandlaundrytubs.Itdoesnotincludewaterfromkitchen sinksordishwashers. 46. B AllWaterEfficiencycreditsmeasurewatersavingsbycomparingabaselinecaseagainst theproposeddesigncase.Thebaselinecaseusestheflowandfixtureratesfromthe EPAct1992standard. Thebaselinewaterusageisbasedonestimatedoccupantusage(FullTimeEquivalent

calculations)andthewaterfixturesandfittings,suchas: Commercialtoiletshaveabaselinewateruseof1.6gallonsperflush Commercialurinalshaveabaselinewateruseof1.0gallonsperflush Commerciallavatoryfaucetshaveabaselinewateruseof2.2gallonsperminute Residentialtoiletshaveabaselinewateruseof1.6gallonsperflush Residentiallavatoryfaucetshaveabaselinewateruseof2.2gallonsperminute Residentialkitchenfaucetshaveabaselinewateruseof2.2gallonsperminute Residentialshowerheadshaveabaselinewateruseof2.5gallonsperminute Reference:LEED2009forNewConstructionandMajorRenovationsRatingSystem 47. B Designinganefficientirrigationsystemisthefirststeptowardsoutdoorwatersavings. Meteringandmonitoringallowtheoperationsteamtoverifythesystemisworkingasit wasdesigned.Overwateringismoretypicalthanunderwateringbutbothcanleadto problems.Onlythroughmeteringandanalysiswilltherealbenefitsberealizedofthe design. Reference:GBESLEEDGreenAssociateStudyGuide 48. B Byshadingtheparkinglotthetreeshelpreducetheheatislandeffect(nonroof). Theheatislandeffectiscreatedwhendevelopedareashavehighertemperaturesthan surroundingruralareas.Anurbanheatislandeffectiscausedbysunlightheatingup darkcoloredsurfacessuchasroadsandrooftops.Hugequantitiesofheataregenerated inbuildingsthathavedarkrooftopsandabsorbheatratherthanreflectit. Reference:LEED2009forNewConstructionandMajorRenovationsRatingSystem 49. D Potablewateriswaterthatissuitablefordrinking. PotablewateriswaterthatmeetsorexceedsEPA'sdrinkingwaterstandardsandcomes fromwellsorthemunicipalwatersupply.

Reference:LEEDforExistingBuildings:Operations&MaintenanceReferenceGuide, Glossary 50. B WaterSensehelpsconsumersidentifywaterefficientfixtures. TheWaterSenselabelappliestoshowerheads,toilets,urinals,andbathroomsinks. 51. C Sustainablematerialsarebuildingmaterials,notplantsforthelandscape. Reference:n/a Thequestionaskswhatprojectareawouldnotbeaffected. 52. B Adrypond(detentionpond)isusedtostoreexcessstormwater.Drypondsarebasins whoseoutletshavebeendesignedtodetainstormwaterrunoffforsomeminimumtime (e.g.,24hours).Thestormwaterwillslowlyseepintothegroundtorechargeaquifersor dischargeasdeterminedbytheponddesigntoallowpollutantstosettle.Unlikewet ponds,thesefacilitiesdonothavealargepermanentpoolofwater. Reference:LEED2009forNewConstructionandMajorRenovationsRatingSystem 53. D EPActof1992setwaterflowlimitsontoiletsandfixtures. Reference:LEED2009forNewConstructionandMajorRenovationsRatingSystem 54. B FromtheEPActstandardof1992,thebaselineflushrateforwaterclosetsis1.6gpf (gallonsperflush).Forurinalstheflushrateis1.0gpf. Reference:LEED2009forNewConstructionandMajorRenovationsRatingSystem 55. C Thenumberofoccupants,theflushandflowratesoffixtures,andusagepatternsare usedtocalculatebaselineanddesigncasewateruserates.

Reference:LEED2009forNewConstructionandMajorRenovationsRatingSystem 56. C&D C:WaterSenseisanEPAcertificationawardedtofixturesthatuselesswaterthan comparablefixtures. D:ENERGYSTARqualifiedclotheswashersuseabout37%lessenergyanduseover50% lesswaterthanregularwashers. Reference:GBESLEEDGreenAssociateStudyGuide 57. A OneofthegoalsoftheWaterEfficiencycreditsistoreducethewatertakenfrom subsurfacesourcessuchaswellsandnaturalaquifers.WaterthatmeetsEPA'sdrinking waterstandardsisfitforhumanconsumptionandisconsideredpotable. Reference:LEEDforExistingBuildings:Operations&MaintenanceReferenceGuide, Glossary 58. D WaterSenseisanEPAcertificationawardedtofixturesthatuselesswaterthan comparablefixtures. 59. A Stormwaterwouldneedtobetreatedbeforeitcanbeusedinadishwasher. 60. C LEEDrewardsprojectsforusingnonpotablewaterforflushingtoilets. PotablewatermeetsorexceedsEPA'sdrinkingwaterstandards.Potablewatercanbe usedforanypurpose,thoughtheintentofthewaterefficiencycreditsistoreducethe useofpotablewater. 61. C EPAct1992isthestandardusedtocalculatebaselinewaterusage,notthedesigncase. EPAct1992mandatedtheuseofwaterconservingplumbingfixturesinresidential, commercialandindustrialbuildings.Theanswerchoiceof'Installingfixturesthatmeet theEPAct1992standard'onlymeetsthebaselinestandardanddoesnotcontributeto reducingpotablewateruseforthepurposesofearningLEEDcredits.

 ThefixtureandflowratesofEPAct1992areusedtosetthewaterusebaselinefora building.Thedesigncasemustreducewateruse20%overthebaseline.Inordertodo this,lowflowfixturesmustbeusedinthedesign,orreplacingpotablewaterwith graywater/stormwater.ThinkofthefixturesandflowratesofEPAct1992astheworst casescenario. Reference:LEED2009forNewConstructionandMajorRenovationsRatingSystem 62. C Native(orindigenous)plantsarethosethatgrownaturallyinanarea,orthathavebeen inanareaformanyyears.Nativeplantsrequirelesswater,fertilizer,andpestcontrol. Theseplantscanbetrees,shrubs,flowers,orgrasses. Adaptiveplantsarenonnativeplantsthatperformwellinthelocalclimate. Nativeandadaptiveplantsrequirelesswater,andaremorediseaseresistantbecause theyaresuitedtotheregion'susualrainfall,soil,andtemperature. 63. B&C B:Waterfromkitchensinksisoftendefinedasblackwater. C:Treatmentanddefinitionsofblackwatervaryinsomejurisdictions,blackwateris wastewatergeneratedfromtoiletflushing;inothers,itincludeswaterfromkitchen sinksorlaundryfacilities.Itisdistinctfromgreywaterorsullage,theresiduesofwashing processes.Checkwithlocalcodesforthearea'sdefinitionofblackwater. Reference:LEEDforExistingBuildings:Operations&MaintenanceReferenceGuide, Glossary 64. B Alandscapethatrequiresnoirrigationuseslesswater. Reference:n/a

65. B Tocalculatewaterconsumptioninabuilding,abaselinewaterdemandiscomparedto aninstalleddesigncase. ThebaselinedemandusesthefixtureandflowratesfromtheEPAct1992standard.For example,commercialtoiletshave1.6gallonsperflush,commercialurinalshave1.0 gallonsperflush.Theseratesforalltoilets,urinals,andfaucetsareusedtocreatea baseline.AlsousedisthenumberofFullTimeEquivalents(FTEs)todeterminehow frequentlythefixtureswillbeused. Thedesigncasewaterconsumption(ordesigndemand)calculatestheratesbasedon thehigherefficiencyfixturesthatwillbeinstalled.Forexampleifwaterlessurinalsare usedthedesigncasewillcalculatethemattheirzerogallonperflushrate.Thepercent inwatersavingsisdeterminedbydividingthedesigncasebythebaselinecaseand subtractingthatfromthenumber1 Example: Baselinecase:100,000gallonsofwater/year Designcase:60,000gallonsofwater/year 60,000/100,000=0.6 10.6=0.4 Percentreduction=40%reduction Reference:LEED2009forNewConstructionandMajorRenovationsRatingSystem 66. B Retrofitting/designingabuildingwithflowrestrictorsandreducedflowaeratorshelps reducewateruse. Reference:LEED2009forNewConstructionandMajorRenovationsRatingSystem 67. C Byreducingstormwaterflows,chemicalscarriedintosurroundingwatersystemsare reduced.Thesecanincludechemicalsfromparkinglots(oilfromcars),pesticides,and fertilizersusedinlandscapes.

Reference:GBESLEEDGreenAssociateStudyGuide 68. B PotablewatermeetsorexceedsEPA'sdrinkingwaterstandards.Potablewatercanbe usedforanypurpose,thoughtheintentofthewaterefficiencycreditsistoreducethe useofpotablewater. Reference:LEEDforExistingBuildings:Operations&MaintenanceReferenceGuide, Glossary 69. A Wastewatertreatedtotheappropriatestandardscanbeusedanywherewateris needed. Reference:LEED2009forNewConstructionandMajorRenovationsRatingSystem 70. D Adrypond(detentionpond)isusedtostoreexcessstormwater.Drypondsarebasins whoseoutletshavebeendesignedtodetainstormwaterrunoffforsomeminimumtime (e.g.,24hours).Thestormwaterwillslowlyseepintothegroundtorechargeaquifersor dischargeasdeterminedbytheponddesigntoallowpollutantstosettle.Unlikewet ponds,thesefacilitiesdonothavealargepermanentpoolofwater. Reference:LEED2009forNewConstructionandMajorRenovationsRatingSystem 71. C ProjectscanearncreditforWaterEfficientLandscapingbyreducingpotablewateruse forirrigationbyatleast50%.Thereductioncancomefromanycombinationof graywater/rainwater/recycledwater,choosingappropriateplantspecies(native, adaptive),andirrigationefficiency(dripirrigation,micromisters). Reference:LEED2009forNewConstructionandMajorRenovationsRatingSystem 72. B Nonpointsource(NPS)pollution,unlikepollutionfromindustrialandsewagetreatment plants,comesfrommanydiffusesources.NPSpollutioniscausedbyrainfallor snowmeltcarryingawaynaturalandhumanmadepollutants,depositingtheminto waterbodiesandundergroundsourcesofdrinkingwater.Thesepollutantsinclude:

Excessfertilizers,herbicides,andinsecticidesfromagriculturallandsandresidential areas Oil,grease,andtoxicchemicalsfromurbanrunoff Sedimentfromimproperlymanagedconstructionsites Bacteriaandnutrientsfromlivestock,petwastes,andfaultysepticsystems; 73. C Overheadsprinklerscontributetorunoffandevaporationbywindandsun. 74. C Native(orindigenous)plantsarethosethatgrownaturallyinanarea,orthathavebeen inanareaformanyyears.Nativeplantsrequirelesswater,fertilizer,andpestcontrol. Theseplantscanbetrees,shrubs,flowers,orgrasses.Adaptiveplantsarenonnative plantsthatperformwellinthelocalclimate.Nativeandadaptiveplantsrequireless water,andaremorediseaseresistantbecausetheyaresuitedtotheregion'susual rainfall,soil,andtemperature. Reference:LEEDforExistingBuildings:Operations&MaintenanceReferenceGuide, Glossary 75. C ForNewConstructionprojectsaminimumwatersavingsof20%isrequired(excluding irrigation)toearncertification.Thisisaprerequisite. TheWaterUseReductioncreditcanbeearnedwitha30%savings. Reference:LEED2009forNewConstructionandMajorRenovationsRatingSystem 76. B Blackwaterdoesnothaveasingledefinitionacceptednationwide.Adjacentcitiesmay havedifferentcodesthatalloworprohibittheuseofsink/showerwaterfornonpotable uses.Onjurisdictionmaydefinesink/showerwaterasblackwaterandnotpermitits use,whileanothermaydefineitasgraywaterandwillpermititsuse.Reviewlocalcodes beforemakingdesigndecisionsbasedontheuseofwastewater. Reference:LEEDforExistingBuildings:Operations&MaintenanceReferenceGuide, Glossary

77. C Onceatoiletisflushed,thewaterbecomesblackwater.Howeverthewatercannotbe cycledbackformoreflushingunlessithasbeentreatedfirst. Reference:LEEDforExistingBuildings:Operations&MaintenanceReferenceGuide, Glossary 78. A Bioswalesarelandscapeelementsdesignedtoremovesiltandpollutionfromsurface runoffwater.Theyconsistofaswaleddrainagecoursewithgentlyslopedsidesand filledwithvegetation,compostand/orriprap. Bioswaleswouldbeusedtohelpimprovethequalityofstormwaterrunoff. Reference:LEED2009forNewConstructionandMajorRenovationsRatingSystem 79. A&B&D Reference:GreenBuilding&LEEDCoreConceptsGuide Whenwastewatertreatmentfacilitiesbackupuporoverflowthepollutantscan contaminatepotablewatersupplies. 80. B&C B:PotablewateriswaterthatmeetsorexceedsEPA'sdrinkingwaterstandardsand comesfromwellsorthemunicipalwatersupply. C:PotablewateriswaterthatmeetsorexceedsEPA'sdrinkingwaterstandardsand comesfromwellsorthemunicipalwatersupply. Reference:LEEDforExistingBuildings:Operations&MaintenanceReferenceGuide, Glossary 81. D 1.0gallonsperflush(gpf)pertheEPActof1992. Reference:LEED2009forNewConstructionandMajorRenovationsRatingSystem

82. A Aplantwithahighevapotranspirationratewilllosemorewatertotheairthanaplant withalowerevapotranspirationrate.Whatthismeansistheplantwiththehigherrate willrequiremorewatering,andthustheconsumptionofmorenaturalresources.A cactus(low)vs.aperennial(high)isanexample. 83. B Processwaterincludescoolingtowersandbusinesswaterusagesuchaslaundry machinesanddishwashers. Reference:GBESLEEDGreenAssociateStudyGuide 84. C&D C:Stormwatercanbecollectedincisternsandusedforirrigationpurposesiflocalcode allowsit. D:Graywateriswaterfromlaundrymachinesorshowersthatisnotsuitablefor drinking,butcanbeusedforotherpurposessuchasirrigationandflushingtoilets. GraywaterisdefinedbytheInternationalPlumbingCodeandUniformPlumbingCode. Somestatesandlocalcodeshavedifferingdefinitions. Reference:LEED2009forNewConstructionandMajorRenovationsRatingSystem 85. A Awaterclosetisanothernameforatoilet.Itisatypeofflushfixture.IntheLEEDRating SystemyouwillseethetermwaterclosetusedfrequentlyintheWaterEfficiency credits. FromtheEPActstandardof1992,thebaselineflushrateforwaterclosetsis1.6gpf (gallonsperflush).Forurinalstheflushrateis1.0gpf. 86. D Waterefficientlandscapinghelpsreducetheneedfrompotablewaterfromlocaland regionalaquifers.Dripirrigationisahighlyeffectivewaytodeliverwatertoaplant's rootsbecausethewaterisn'tlosttothewind,evaporation,orrunoff. Dripirrigationhasa90%irrigationefficiencycomparedto65%forconventional sprinklersystems.

87. B Native(orindigenous)plantsarethosethatgrownaturallyinanarea,orthathavebeen inanareaformanyyears.Nativeplantsrequirelesswater,fertilizer,andpestcontrol. Theseplantscanbetrees,shrubs,flowers,orgrasses.Adaptiveplantsarenonnative plantsthatperformwellinthelocalclimate.Nativeandadaptiveplantsrequireless water,andaremorediseaseresistantbecausetheyaresuitedtotheregion'susual rainfall,soil,andtemperature. Nativeplantshelpwithbothprotectingandrestoringlocalecosystemsandhabitat. Reference:LEED2009forNewConstructionandMajorRenovationsRatingSystem