THE RANGE OF INTERPRETATION

Wolfgang Iser The Wellek Library Lecture Series at the University of California, Irvine

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS NEW YORK Columbia Universi ! Press Publishers Since "#$% Ne& Yor' C(i)(es er* Wes Susse+ Co,!ri-( . /000 Columbia Universi ! Press All ri-( s reserve1 Librar! o2 Con-ress Ca alo-in-3inPubli)a ion 4a a Iser* Wol2-an-5 T(e ran-e o2 in er,re a ion 6 Wol2-an- Iser5 ,5 )m5 7 8T(e Welle' Librar! le) ure series a (e Universi ! o2 Cali2ornia* Irvine9 A revision an1 e+,ansion o2 (e Welle' Librar! le) ures -iven b! (e au (or in (e s,rin- o2 "$$:5 In)lu1es biblio-ra,(i)al re2eren)es an1 in1e+5 ISBN 03/%"3""$0/3; 8)lo (9 "5 Li era ure 7 <is or! an1 )ri i)ism7 T(eor!* e )5 /5 Transla in- an1 in er,re in-5 %5 In er,re a ion 8P(iloso,(!9 :5 Canon 8Li era ure9 I5 Ti le5 II5 Series5 PN#"5I=$ I5 Ti le5 II5 Series5 :"#50/ 1)/" $$3:"$"#

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EDITORIAL NOTE
T(e Welle' Librar! Le) ures in Cri i)al T(eor! are -iven annuall! a (e Universi ! o2 Cali2ornia* Irvine* un1er (e aus,i)es o2 (e Cri i)al T(eor! Ins i u e5 T(e 2ollo&in- le) ures &ere -iven in Ma! "$$:5 T(e Cri i)al T(eor! Ins i u e @o(n Carlos Ro&e* 4ire) or

CONTENTS
"5 /5 %5 Pre2a)e In ro1u) ion T(e Mar'e ,la)e o2 In er,re a ion In er,re a ion as Transla abili ! T(e Au (ori ! o2 (e Canon CanoniAa ion an1 Mi1ras( T(e Li erar! CanonB 4r5 @o(nson on S(a'es,eare T(e <ermeneu i) Cir)le Crie1ri)( 4aniel Erns S)(leierma)(erB Sel23Re2le) ive Cir)ulari ! @o(ann Dus av 4ro!senB T(e Nes in- o2 Cir)les Paul Ri)EurB Transa) ional Loo,s T(e Re)ursive Loo, Re)ursion in E (no-ra,(i) 4is)ourse S!s emi) Re)ursion i+ " " ? "% "% /# :" :" ?? >$ #% #% $$

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T(e Travelin- 4i22eren ialB CranA RosenA&ei-* The Star of Redemption FT(e Bir ( o2 (e Elemen s Ou o2 (e Somber Coun1a ions o2 Nou-( G Proli2era in- Transla abili ! Con2i-ura ions o2 In er,re a ionB An E,ilo-ue ppendi! T(e Emer-en)e o2 a Cross3Cul ural 4is)ourseB T(omas Carl!leHs Sartor Resartus En2ol1in-s in Pa erian 4is)ourseB Mo1es o2 Transla abili ! Inde! 3null0#3

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PREFACE
T(is boo' is an a em, o brin- in er,re a ion un1er )lose s)ru in!* no leas as (ere is a &i1es,rea1 o,inion (a su)( an a) ivi ! is some (in- (a )omes na urall!5 W(a * (o&ever* 1oes no )ome na urall!* are (e 2orms in er,re a ion a'esI (us (eir ins,e) ion &ill be (e main obJe) ive o2 (e ar-umen o2 (is boo'5 An ana om! o2 in er,re a ion is all (e more ,er inen as &e )urren l! &i ness a bur-eonin- o2 i s -enres* so (a in er,re a ion is no lon-er o be i1en i2ie1 &i ( (ermeneu i)s* as i (as been in (e ,as 5 Ins ea1* (ermeneu i)s is Jus a ,rominen -enre 1ealin- basi)all! &i ( e+ s (a are o,ene1 u, 2or un1ers an1in-5 Bu &(en i )omes o in er,re in- some (in- (a is nei (er e+ ual nor s)ri, e1* su)( as )ul ure* en ro,!* or even (e in)ommensurable* (e ,ro)e1ures o2 in er,re a ion are boun1 o )(an-e5 <i-(li-( in- (ese )(an-es is (e basi) in en o2 (e 2ollo&in- )(a, ers5 C(a, er "* (e in ro1u) ion -lan)es brie2l! a (e mar'e ,la)e o2 in er,re a ion in or1er o s,o li-( (e main ren1s an1 ,in,oin s &(a (e 1i22eren -enres o2 in er,re a ion (ave in )ommon* namel!* bein- a) s o2 ransla ion (a rans,ose some (in- in o some (in- else5 C(a, er /* T(e Au (ori ! o2 (e Canon* 2o)uses on (e rise o2 in er,re a ion in (e Rabbini) ra1i ion* in &(i)( (e )ommen ar! on (e )anon &as mean o ransla e (e (ol! e+ in o (e li2e o2 (e )ommuni !5 Rea1in- (e Tora( o,ens u, a s,a)e be &een (e e+ an1 i s e+e-esis* &(i)( ma'es (e au (ori ! o2 (e e+ os)illa e be &een (e )anon an1 3i+3 i s rea1in-5 Su)( a s(i2 in- be)omes all (e more obvious in (e ra1i ion o2 (e se)ular )anon* in &(i)( (e )ommen ar! )laims an au (ori ! o2 i s o&n b! e+,oun1in- (o& (e )anoni)al au (or is o be rea15 4r5 @o(nsonHs e+,osi ion o2 S(a'es,eare &ill serve as a )ase in ,oin 5 C(a, er %* T(e <ermeneu i) Cir)le* is 1evo e1 o (e rise an1 1evelo,men o2 mo1ern (ermeneu i)s* an1 i 1eals &i ( &(a remaine1 e)li,se1 in (e )ommen ar! ra1i ion* (a is* (e ne-o ia ion o2 (e s,a)e o,ene1 u, b! (e a) o2 in er,re a ion be &een &(a is o be in er,re e1 an1 &(a (e in er,re e1 is rans,ose1 in o5 Co,in- &i ( su)( a s,a)e reKuires a e)(niKue 2or bri1-in- i * an1 o (is )(allen-e Crie1ri)( 4aniel Erns S)(leierma)(er 8"=>#L"#%:9 7 (e mos ,rominen mo1ern (ermeneu i)is 7res,on1e1 b! )omin- u, &i ( &(a (as sin)e been )alle1 (e F(ermeneu i) )ir)le5G S)(leierma)(er* (o&ever* (a1 a s,e)i2i) a,,li)a ion o2 (e )ir)le in min1B i &as (is en1eavor o un1ers an1 an au (or be er (an (e (a1 un1ers oo1 (imsel25 To a)(ieve (is* a )ir)ular movemen (as o be se in mo ion be &een (e au (orHs -rammar an1 (is ,s!)(olo-!5 I2 (e 2o)us 2or -ramma i)al in er,re a ion is on (e lan-ua-e s!s em as a) ualiAe1 b! (e au (or* (e ,s!)(olo-i)al in er,re a ion s,o li-( s (e &a! in &(i)( (e ools ,rovi1e1 b! -rammar are use1I (is enables (e in er,re er o 2in1 ou (o& (e au (or (in's5 Su)( a )ir)le (as o be in erlin'e1 &i ( (e &o me (o1s o2 1ivina ion an1 )om,arison5 Be-innin- &i ( an ini ial (un)(* (e 1ivina or! me (o1 -ras,s (e in1ivi1uali ! o2 an au (or b! )on2ron in- &(a is alien o (e in er,re erI (e )om,ara ive me (o1 subseKuen l! )on rols (e (un)( inso2ar

as (e au (or* re,resen in- a )er ain !,e* )an be )om,are1 o o (ers o2 (e same !,e5 T(us a ne &or' emer-es (a is in en1e1 o s,an (e -a, be &een an au (orHs e+ an1 i s un1ers an1in-5 Cir)ulari ! en1s o be)ome more )om,li)a e1 &(en (e ma er o be un1ers oo1 is no a e+ ,ro1u)e1 b! an au (or 2or )om,re(ension b! i s re)i,ien 5 Su)( a Kues ion ,ose1 i sel2 2or @o(ann Dus av 4ro!sen 8"#0#L"##:9 &(o7as one o2 a (e -rea (is orio-ra,(ers o2 (e )en ur! rie1 o a)(ieve an un1ers an1in- o2 (is or!* &(i)( 2or (im &as no lon-er a e+ &ri en b! an au (or bu o be )ons rue1 2rom a &el er o2 2ra-men s (rou-( &(i)( (e ,as e+ en1s in o (e ,resen 5 T(is ma'es (e as' o2 in er,re a ion &o2ol1B i (as o )ons i u e (e subJe) ma er* an1 i (as o 2urnis( un1ers an1in- o2 &(a (as been )ons i u e15 Su)( (ei-( ene1 )om,le+i ! is )o,e1 &i ( b! a mul i,li)a ion o2 )ir)les5 T(ese run no onl! be &een (e 1is)ernible remnan s o2 (e ,as bu also be &een (e )ons rual o2 (is or! an1 a (uman'in1 mean o ,er)eive i sel2 in (e mirror o2 i s 1ee1s5 3+3 T(e (ermeneu i) )ir)le is a-ain )on)eive1 1i22eren l! &(en (e )on)ern is no lon-er &i ( some (in- -iven bu &i ( some (in- (i11en (a is o be ransla e1 in o )om,re(ension5 T(is is (e )ase &i ( ,s!)(oanal!sis5 4ro!sen )oul1 1eal &i ( observable 2a) s 2rom (e ,as in or1er o 1e e) (eir e)li,se1 rela ions(i,s* bu (e si ua ion )(an-es 1ras i)all! &(en some (in- (i11en s(o&s i sel2 in 1is-uise5 W(a (e ,a ien reveals (as o be in erlin'e1 &i ( &(a (is revealin- is mean o )on)eal5 In su)( a ba)'3an132or ( movemen (e (ermeneu i) )ir)le o,era es in ransa) ional loo,s* 1ue o (e 2a) (a &(a is mu uall! rans,ose1 is never 2ull! in vie& bu mas'e1 b! s!mbols5 As (ere is no e+ ernal re2eren)e 2or su)( a ,ro)e1ure* (e loo,in- )an onl! be 2ine3 une1 b! )on inuall! s)ru iniAin- &(a (e ransa) ional loo,s ren1er an-ible5 T(us in er,re a ion* o&in- o (e rial3an13error ,a ern (a s ru) ures ransa) ional loo,in-* be)omes sel23)orre) in-5 T(ere is no lon-er a -a, o be s,anne1 be &een (e subJe) ma er o2 in er,re a ion an1 (e un1ers an1in- in o &(i)( i is rans,ose1I ra (er* a )(asm (as o,ene1 u,* (us rans2ormin- (e (ermeneu i) )ir)le in o ransa) ional loo,s5 T(is re)on)e, ion is ,re)on1i ione1 b! (e mo1e in &(i)( (e subJe) ma er is o22ere1 o (e in er,re ive a) 5 I ma'es all (e 1i22eren)e &(e (er (e subJe) ma er is ,resen * or (as o be )ons i u e1* or (as o be ease1 ou o2 i s (i11enness5 In ea)( o2 (ese ins an)es* (e -a, be &een &(a is in er,re e1 an1 (e re-is er in o &(i)( i is ransla e1 is o2 a 1i22eren 1imension* &(i)( (as re,er)ussions 2or (e me (o1 o2 ne-o ia in- i 5 T(e )ir)le 2un) ions as a rela! &(en (e subJe) ma er is -iven 8S)(leierma)(er9I i )(an-es in o a nes in- o2 )ir)les &(en (e subJe) ma er (as o be )ons i u e1 84ro!sen9I an1 i urns in o ransa) ional loo,s &(en (e subJe) ma er (as o be brou-( ou in o (e o,en5 T(e &i1er (e -a,* (e more )om,li)a e1 (e )ir)le en1s o be)ome5 C(a, er :* T(e Re)ursive Loo,* (i-(li-( s a 1e)isive s(i2 in (e -eneri) 1i22eren ia ion o2 in er,re a ion5 I2 i is rue (a in er,re a ion7,rimaril! a 2orm o2 ransla abili !7is 1e,en1en on &(a is ransla e1* i is boun1 o be 1i22eren &(en i )on)erns i sel2 &i ( (o& en ro,! is ransla e1 in o )on rol* (o& ran1omness is ransla e1 in o &(a is )en ral* (o& (e lar-el! in an-ible re)i,ro)i ! o2 (ominiAa ion an1 (e rise o2 )ul ure is ransla e1 in o )on)e, ual lan-ua-e* an1 (o& )ul ures or )ul ural levels are ransla e1 in o erms (a allo& an in er)(an-e be &een &(a is 2orei-n an1 &(a is 2amiliar5 T(is )(a, er ins,e) s (e in er,re ive ,ro)e1ure in bo ( e (no-ra,(i) 1is)ourse* &(i)( is 1evo e1 lar-el! o (e elu)i1a ion o2 (e rise o2 )ul ure* an1 s!s ems (eor!* &(i)( is )on)erne1 &i ( (e sel23 or-aniAa ion o2 s!s ems as (eir ,rin)i,al mo1e o2 o,era ion5 W(a 3+i3 (e ,ara1i-ms )(osen (ave in )ommon is (a (e! are nei (er e+ ual nor s)ri, e1I (ere2ore (e subJe) ma er o be in er,re e1 )alls 2or a re oolin- o2 in er,re ive e)(niKues5 T(e )!berne i)al loo, 2orms (e in er,re ive ,ro)e1ure o2 e (no-ra,(i) 1is)ourse* &(i)( 1evelo,s as an in er)(an-e be &een in,u an1 ou ,u * in (e )ourse o2 &(i)( a ,re1i) ion*

an i)i,a ion* or even ,roJe) ion is )orre) e1 inso2ar as i (as 2aile1 o sKuare &i ( &(a i (as ar-e e15 ConseKuen l! (ere is 7a leas ,o en iall!7a 1ual )orre) ionB (e 2ee1 2or&ar1 re urns as an al ere1 2ee1ba)' loo, (a in urn 2ee1s in o a revise1 in,u 5 T(is a,,lies o (e &(ole ran-e o2 learnin-* 2rom ma)(ines o (uman be(avior* all o2 &(i)( are re-ula e1 a))or1in- o Norber WienerHs basi) 2ormula (a re)ursive loo,in- Fa1Jus s 2u ure )on1u) o ,as ,er2orman)e5G T(e e (no-ra,(i) 1is)ourse o2 Cli22or1 Deer A serves as an e+am,le 2or su)( a ,ro)e1ure5 I 1emons ra es o &(a e+ en (e in2orma ion -a, !a&nin- be &een (ominiAa ion an1 (e rise o2 )ul ure )an onl! be )o,e1 &i ( in erms o2 in,u 6ou ,u re)ursion5 Simul aneousl!* (is ver! ,ro)e1ure also s ru) ures Deer AHs e+,lana or! s ra e-! 2or )ul ural anal!sis* F (i)' 1es)ri, ion*G &(i)( 2o)uses on (e -a, be &een &(a is mani2es an1 &(a is im,lie1 in (e )ul ural si-ns e (no-ra,(ers are -iven o observe5 I o,era es as a re)ursive movemen be &een (e mani2es an1 (e im,lie1* an1 be)ause (ere is no -iven re2eren)e 2or (is mu ual rans,osi ion* su)( in er rans,osabili ! realiAes i sel2 in a )on inual i era ion be &een in,u an1 ou ,u 5 T(us i era ion 2un) ions as a re2eren)e 2or re)ursive loo,in-* &(i)( issues in o an ever3 e+,an1in- ran-e o2 (i)' 1es)ri, ion5 @us as (e (ermeneu i) )ir)le &as re)on)eive1 2or (e )(an-in- as's i (a1 o ,er2orm* some (in- similar (a,,ens o (e 2ee1ba)' loo, o2 in,u 6ou ,u &(en (e subJe) ma er 1i22ers 2rom &(a (e e (no-ra,(ers &ere )on)erne1 &i (5 Su)( a ,ara1i-m s&i )( is o be observe1 in &(a (as been )alle1 (e San ia-o s)(ool o2 s!s ems (eor!* o2 &(i)( Cran)is)o Varela is a maJor ,ro,onen 5 In )on)eivin- (o& livin- s!s ems* su)( as (e nervous or immune s!s em* or so)ial s!s ems o,era e* re)ursivi ! ,roves o be a ,o&er2ul in er,re ive ool5 A s!s em is a sel23re-ula in- or-aniAa ion o be main aine1 (rou-( 2ee1ba)' loo,s5 T(e re)ursive in era) ions be &een levels* )om,onen s* an1 ,ro)esses o2 (e s!s em resul in a ne &or' o2 mu ual in er)onne) e1ness* &(i)( 'ee,s s,e)i2!in- (eir 2un) ion b! ma'in- (em re)i,ro)all! sele) 2rom an1 im,in-e on one ano (er5 T(is &o3 &a! ra22i) ,ro)ee1s as a )onversa ion (rou-( &(i)( an e+)(an-e o2 in2orma ion is )on inuall! 1i22eren ia e15 Su)( an in)essan in ernal re)ursion ,rovi1es (e )losure o2 (e s!s em* no leas be)ause 3+ii3 (ere is no e+ ernal a-en)! o 1o i 5 T(us (e s!s emHs re)ursivi ! is i s )losure5 Moreover (e in1e2ini e re)ursion is also ins rumen al in -enera in- &(a is absolu el! vi al o (e s!s emB i s sel23main enan)e5 T(us (e 1ual as,e) o2 (e 2ee1ba)' loo, allo&s us o )on)eive (e servome)(anism (rou-( &(i)( an au onomous s!s em sus ains i sel25 T(is ma'es (e in,u 6ou ,u )on)e, ion o2 (e 2ee1ba)' loo, in o a s,e)ial )ase o2 re)ursion* as (ere are no 2i+e1 ,oin s in (e au onomous s!s em be &een &(i)( su)( an in er)(an-e mi-( a'e ,la)e 2or (e ,ur,ose o2 a)(ievin- )on rol5 Ins ea1* (e in1e2ini e re)ursion (a or-aniAes (e )onversa ion be &een levels an1 )om,onen s in or1er o -enera e (e s!s emHs sel23main enan)e (as o rea) o environmen al ,er urba ions* no leas be)ause s!s ems (ave o (er s!s ems as (eir surroun1in-s5 A ,er urba ion* (o&ever* is no an in,u (a an au onomous s!s em mi-( nee1 2or i s sel23main enan)eI ins ea1* i ri--ers a )om,ensa in- o,era ion &i (in (e s!s em i sel2* an1 (is is 1one b! re)ursivel! res(u22lin- (e la erHs or-aniAa ion5 No& (e re-is er in o &(i)( (e o (er&ise im,ene rable s ru) ures o2 s!s ems are ransla e1 is move1 in o (e ver! subJe) ma er i sel25 T(e s,a)e o,ene1 u, b! an! a) o2 in er,re a ion nee1s o be ne-o ia e1* (o&ever* an1 Varela s,li s (is re-is er in o o,era ional an1 s!mboli) )om,onen s* in &(i)( (e 2ormer (i-(li-( s a s!s emHs re)ursive o,era ion an1 (e la er (e e,is emolo-i)al )om,re(ension o2 &(a (e re)ursion a,,ears o reveal o (e observer5 C(a, er ?* T(e Travelin- 4i22eren ialB CranA RosenA&ei-* The Star of Redemption, 1elinea es a -enre o2 in er,re a ion 1evelo,e1 &(en in)ommensurabili ies* su)( as Do1* (ave be ransla e1 in o )o-ni ion5 A ransla ion o2 (is 'in1 )anno subsume Do1 un1er 2rames o2 re2eren)e o2 &(a ever ,ersuasion* be)ause an! su)( 2rame lies ou si1e o2 &(a is o be as)er aine1 an1 &oul1 )on)e, ualiAe Do1 a))or1in- o e+is in- belie2s or ,re)on)eive1 no ions5 ConseKuen l!* (e in)ommensurable mus be un2ol1e1 2rom insi1e i sel2 in or1er o )onve! &(a i ma! be li'e5 Cor su)( a as' RosenA&ei- (a1 re)ourse o

(e 1i22eren ial* &(i)( is 2un1amen all! a realiAin- o,era ion an1 (us ,ar i)ularl! a, &(en i )omes o )on)eivin- reali !* )on inui !* or in2ini !5 T(ese oo )anno be )on)e, ualiAe1 2rom s an)es ou si1e (emselves* as (a &oul1 im,l! )on2errin- ,re1i)a es on (em &i ( &(i)( (e! )oul1 no be i1en i)al5 Sin)e (e 1i22eren ial7or (e in2ini esimal )al)ulus* as LeibniA )on)eive1 i 7o,era es as a ,rin)i,le o2 realiAa ion* i )anno be a'en 2or an en i !I ins ea1* i s,li s &(a is o be ,er)eive1 in o a seKuen)e o2 limi e1 se-men s* (ereb! un2urlin- i as a ransi ion be &een i s 1is)re e s)issions5 T(e o,era ional mo1e o2 (e 3+iii3 1i22eren ial is (us 1ual in )(ara) erB <ere as else&(ere (e movemen o2 (e in2ini esimal in)remen 1isse) s Do1Hs immeasurabili !* as RosenA&ei- erme1 i * in o an ever3emer-inseries o2 2ini e s)issions* (us ,resen in- i as a ransi ion be &een i s 1ivisions5 In (is o&n &or1s* (e Fin2ini esimalG borro&s Fall (e )(ara) eris i)s o2 2ini e ma-ni u1e &i ( (e sole e+)e, ion o2 2ini e ma-ni u1e i sel25G B! ini ia in- an1 1rivin- a movemen * (e 1i22eren ial 2un) ions as a 1elimi in- o,era ion* allo&in- RosenA&ei- o ransla e Do1Hs essen)e in o a sel23,er2ormin- realiAa ion5 T(e in2ini esimal in)remen as a mo ion 1ra&s i s im,e us 2rom (e lin'in- o2 &(a i (as se,ara e1* (ereb! )easelessl! s(a1in- one s)ission in o ano (er5 Do1Hs essen)e is (us -iven ,resen)e as in2ini e sel231i22eren ia ion* &(i)( ransla es in o a )on inual sel23s,e)i2i)a ion o2 (e &orl1 an1 eKuall! in o (e s(i2 in- )on2i-ura ions o2 (e (uman sel25 C(a, er >* Con2i-ura ions o2 In er,re a ionB An E,ilo-ue* 1ra&s a 2e& )on)lusions 2rom (e 1is)ussion o2 (e in1ivi1ual ,ara1i-ms o2 in er,re a ion5 Cor (e sa'e o2 anal!sis* (e )(a, ers u, o (is ,oin ,ur,osel! em,(asiAe (e 1is in) ions amon- (ermeneu i)s* )!berne i)s* an1 1i22eren ial realiAa ion as !,es o2 in er,re a ion5 T(e 1i22eren)e in (eir o,era ional mo1es are b! no means ri-i1* (o&ever* an1 in1ee1 (e (ermeneu i) )ir)le* (e re)ursive loo,* an1 (e ravelin- 1i22eren ial s(a1e in o one ano (er &(enever in er,re a ion o))urs5 W(a ma'es (eir in er,la! so im,or an is (e ne)essi ! o ne-o ia e (e liminal s,a)e o,ene1 u, b! an! a) o2 in er,re a ion5 T(e s,a)e is liminal be)ause i 1emar)a es (e subJe) ma er 2rom (e re-is er an1 (us is no i1en i)al o ei (er5 T(e ,la! amon- (e mo1es urns ou o be (e in er2a)e (rou-( &(i)( (e liminal s,a)e is ne-o ia e1 an1 ou o2 &(i)( some (in- emer-es5 T(ere2ore in er,re a ion is no so mu)( an e+,li)a ion bu a ,er2orman)eB i ma'es some (in- (a,,en5 T(is raises a 2inal Kues ionB W(! are &e so )on inuousl! en-a-e1 in brin-in- some (in- abou b! in er,re a ionM A ,ossible ans&er (as o be sou-( in our an (ro,olo-i)al ma'eu,5 T(e a,,en1i+ )on ains &o essa!s (a (ave a 1ire) bearin- on (e issue 1evelo,e1 in (e ,re)e1in- )(a, ers* as ea)( o2 (em ries o elu)i1a e (e ,er2orma ive Kuali ! o2 in er,re a ion5 A s(or ene1 version o2 (e Carl!le essa! &as an in e-ral ,ar o2 (e Welle' Librar! Le) ures5 M! in en ion &as o s(o& (e &or'in-s o2 a re)ursivel! o,era in- )ross3 )ul ural 1is)ourse as a s a-in- o2 1i22eren )ul ures un1er mu uall! alien )on1i ions5 T(e essa! on Pa er 2o)uses on mo1es o2 ransla abili ! &i (in (e 1is)ourse i sel2 &(ose la!ers are )on inuall! en2ol1e1 in o one ano (er* (us ma'in- ever ne& a1umbra ions arise 2rom &(a (as been sai15 3+iv3 A ,reliminar! version o2 (is boo' &as 1elivere1 in s,rin- "$$: as one o2 (e Welle' Librar! Le) ures a (e Universi ! o2 Cali2ornia* Irvine5 I am ver! -ra e2ul o (e Cri i)al T(eor! Ins i u e 2or (onorin- me &i ( (eir invi a ion o a'e ,ar in (is series5 I s(oul1 li'e o (an' in ,ar i)ular ,ro2essors Dabriele S)(&ab* @5 <illis Miller* an1 Ale+an1er Delle! 2or (eir illumina in- in ro1u) ions o (e le) ures an1 also m! man! )ollea-ues an1 s u1en s 2or (eir )(allen-in- )ommen s in (e subseKuen 1is)ussions* &(i)( aler e1 me o (e &or' s ill o be 1one5 T(e ,roJe) o2 s)ru iniAin- in er,re a ion -re& ou o2 a &or's(o, on ins i u ions o2 in er,re a ion (a San2or1 Bu1i)' an1 I or-aniAe1 un1er (e aus,i)es o2 (e Derman3 Israeli Coun1a ion o2 Resear)( an1 4evelo,men an1 T(e Cen er 2or Li erar! S u1ies a (e <ebre& Universi ! in @erusalem5 T(e mee in-s (el1 be &een "$## an1 "$$" resul e1 in &o ,ubli)a ionsB FIns i u ions o2 In er,re a ion*G Ne& Literary "istory //* no5 " 8&in er

"$$"9I an1 The Translatability of Cultures# $i%urations of the Space &et'een 8S an2or1B S an2or1 Universi ! Press* "$$>95 T(e s)(olas i) in er)(an-es (a oo' ,la)e 1urin- (is &or's(o, ,rove1 o be ver! s imula in-* an1 (a1 las in- re,er)ussions on m! i1eas5 An invi a ion o (e Ins i u e o2 Euro,ean an1 Ameri)an S u1ies a (e A)a1emia Sini)a in Tai,ei* Re,ubli) o2 C(ina* ,rovi1e1 a s,len1i1 o,,or uni ! 2or me o r! ou (e le) ures be2ore I a) uall! -ave (em a Irvine5 Presen in- basi)all! Wes ern i1eas o a non3Wes ern au1ien)e 2or)e1 me o )onsi1er (e s)o,e an1 e22i)a)! o2 a )ross3)ul ural 1is)ourse in (e en)oun er be &een 1i22eren )ul ures5 I am e+ remel! -ra e2ul 2or (is e+,erien)e* ,ar i)ularl! o 4r5 S(an Te3(sin-* &(o no onl! or-aniAe1 (e visi bu also 1is)usse1 &i ( me e+ ensivel! (e ,roblem o2 (o& in er)ul ural rela ions(i,s )an be )on)eive15 Las bu no leas m! sin)ere -ra i u1e -oes o m! 2rien1 4avi1 <5 Wilson 2or ,a ien l! ,olis(in- m! En-lis(5 3+v3

THE RANGE OF INTERPRETATION CHAPTER ONE

Introduction T e !ar"et#lace of Inter#retation
Cor a lon- ime* in er,re a ion &as a'en 2or an a) ivi ! (a 1i1 no seem o reKuire anal!sis o2 i s o&n ,ro)e1ures5 T(ere &as a a)i assum, ion (a i )ame na urall!* no leas be)ause (uman bein-s live b! )ons an l! in er,re in-5 We )on inuall! emi a &el er o2 si-ns an1 si-nals in res,onse o a bombar1men o2 si-ns an1 si-nals (a &e re)eive 2rom ou si1e ourselves5 In (is sense &e mi-( even re,(rase 4es)ar es b! sa!in-* We in er,re * (ere2ore &e are5 W(ile su)( a basi) (uman 1is,osi ion ma'es in er,re a ion a,,ear o )ome na urall!* (o&ever* (e 2orms i a'es 1o no 5 An1 as (ese 2orms o a lar-e e+ en s ru) ure (e a) s o2 in er,re a ion* i is im,or an o un1ers an1 &(a (a,,ens 1urin- (e ,ro)ess i sel2* be)ause (e s ru) ures reveal &(a (e in er,re a ion is mean o a)(ieve5 No&a1a!s* (ere is a -ro&in- a&areness o2 (e e22e) ive ,o en ial o2 in er,re a ion an1 o2 (e &a! (is basi) (uman im,ulse (as been em,lo!e1 2or a varie ! o2 as's5 T(e ver! &orl1 &e live in a,,ears o be a ,ro1u) o2 in er,re a ion* as (a1 been su--es e1 in boo's su)( as Nelson Doo1manHs Ways of Worldmakin% or DNn er AbelHs Interpretations'elten5 " I &ill OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO " See Nelson Doo1man* Ways of Worldmakin% 8<asso)'s* U5K5B <arves er* "$=#9I DNn er Abel* Interpretations'elten# (e%en'artsphilosophie )enseits von *ssentialismus und Relativismus, s & "/"0 8Cran'2ur 6MainB Su(r'am,* "$$?95 3"3 (ere2ore brie2l! -lan)e a &(a is )urren l! on o22er in (e mar'e ,la)e o2 in er,re a ion5 S,o li-( in- 1ominan ren1s is (e s ar in- ,oin in &(a mi-( be )alle1 an ana om! o2 in er,re a ion5 Ana om!7 (ou-( a some&(a over&or'e1 erm 7is a be er -ui1eline 2or (is en er,rise (an is Fin er,re in- in er,re a ion*G be)ause i 1esi-na es an en1eavor o ma'e ,ro)e1ures rans,aren * &(ereas Fin er,re in- in er,re a ionG im,li)i l! en ails a rans)en1en al s an)e (a * irres,e) ive o2 i s ,resu,,osi ions* mus inevi abl! lie ou si1e in er,re a ion5 A s u1! o2 &(a (a,,ens in in er,re a ion )an onl! ,ro)ee1 b! un2ol1inin er,re a ion5

A surve! o2 (e mar'e ,la)e reveals (ree basi) ren1s* one o2 &(i)( (as alrea1! urne1 in o a 1ea1 en15 I ma! even be 1ue o (is 1ea1 en1 (a ins,e) ion (as be)ome an issue a all5 W(a are (e ren1s or !,es (a s ill (ol1 s&a!M Cirs o2 all* (ere (ave been an1 s ill are !,es o2 in er,re a ion (a )laim universal vali1i ! 2or (eir assum, ions* (us ,re en1in- o ,rovi1e an overall e+,lana ion o2 ever! (in-5 A )ase in ,oin is Mar+ism* &(i)(* in i s (e!1a!* )laime1 no (in- less (an a mono,ol! o2 in er,re a ion5 T(is !,e is no& on (e &ane* in ,ar be)ause o2 (e rei2i)a ion o2 i s ,resu,,osi ions5 Su)( rei2i)a ions o))ur in almos all 2orms o2 &(a (as )ome o be 'no&n as i1eolo-! )ri iKue* Mar+is or o (er&ise5 T(e various bran1s o2 i1eolo-! )ri iKue eleva e (eir ,resu,,osi ions o (e s a us o2 reali !* Jus as 1o (e i1eolo-ies (e! )omba 5 Mono,olies o2 in er,re a ion (us ,resen (emselves as rans)en1en al -ran1s an1 vie&s* an1 al (ou-( (e! see (emselves as 2rame&or's 2or (e reali ! o be -ras,e1* (e! a) uall! see' o s(a,e (a reali ! a))or1in- o (eir ,resu,,osi ions5 T(is is &(! &e mus re2rain 2rom in er,re in- in er,re a ion* 2or o 1o so &oul1 be o 2all in o (e same ra, as Mar+ism an1 all (e o (er i1eolo-! )ri iKues5 Even William El2or1 Ro-ers* &(o &i ( (e i le o2 (is boo' Interpretin% Interpretation# Te!tual "ermeneutics as an scetic +iscipline )laime1 o ,rovi1e a F (eor! o2 in er,re a ion*G 2in1s (imsel2 in a similar ,re1i)amen 5 Al (ou-( (e Kui e ri-( l! an1 re,ea e1l! main ains (a F o un1ers an1 an in er,re ive s!s em 2rom (e insi1e P is (e onl! &a! o un1ers an1 i *G / (e never (eless ries o assess in er,re a ion b! 1evelo,in- a s,e)i2i) e+ ual (ermeneu i)s (a ver-es on be)omin- a s an)e ou si1e in er,re a ion5 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO / William El2or1 Ro-ers* Interpretin% Interpretation# Te!tual "ermeneutics as an +iscipline 8Universi ! Par'B Penns!lvania S a e Universi ! Press* "$$:95$%5 3/3 T(is is also borne ou b! (is (eav! 1e,en1en)e on Peir)eHs semio i)s o un1er,in (is a,,roa)( 8""L"#95 Simul aneousl!* Ro-ers senses (a in er,re in- in er,re a ion moves (im in o a ,osi ion ou si1e &(a )an onl! be un1ers oo1 2rom insi1e* an1 (ere2ore (e ries o resolve (e 1ilemma b! subJe) in- (is semio i)all! 2as(ione1 s an)e o a 1ras i) Fas)e i)ismGB FBu no& I &an o su--es (a te!tual hermeneutics can be looked at as an ascetic discipline, O2 )ourse* one nee1 no loo' a e+ ual (ermeneu i)s (a &a!5 Bu one &a! o2 1es)ribin&(a -oes on in in er,re in- a e+ is o sa! (a (e in er,re er ries* so 2ar as ,ossible* o be)ome o all! absorbe1 in (e si-ns o2 (e e+ * su)( (a (e in er,re er ,ur-es 2rom )ons)iousness ,urel! ,riva e 2eelin-s an1 a&areness o2 (e se,ara e T o2 (e QI (in'RG 8"%?95 T(is semio i)all! )on)eive1 s an)e reKuires sel23e22a)emen o2 (e in er,re er o mi i-a e &(a an ou si1e s an)e &oul1 su,erim,ose on &(a is o be assesse15 Ro-ers )er ainl! 1oes no )laim a mono,ol! o2 in er,re a ion* bu o al sel23e22a)emen is im,ossible &(en in er,re a ion is in er,re e1I a s an)e s ill (as o be a1o, e1 in or1er o e+,lain &(a onl! )an be -ras,e1 2rom insi1e i sel25 T(us &e s(all re2rain 2rom in er,re inin er,re a ion* an1 ins ea1 o2 as'in- FW(a is in er,re a ionMG 8"%9* &e s(all as'B W(! is in er,re a ionM I2 &e )an un2ol1 an ans&er o (is Kues ion* i &ill serve as a ,oin er o ,ossible reasons 2or (is un)easin- (uman a) ivi !5 Bu in or1er o 1o so* &e mus 2irs la! bare (e me)(ani)s o2 in er,re ive ,ro)e1ures5 Ano (er ren1 o be observe1 in (e mar'e ,la)e o2 in er,re a ion is &(a Ri)Eur on)e erme1 F (e )on2li) o2 in er,re a ions5G % T(is mani2es s i sel2 as )om,e i ion* &i ( ea)( !,e r!in- o asser i sel2 a (e e+,ense o2 o (ers in or1er o 1emons ra e i s res,e) ive im,or an)e an1 (e 1e, ( an1 brea1 ( o2 i s insi-( s an1 ran-e5 W(a (e )on2li) reveals* an1 &(a ma'es i in eres in-* is (e in(eren limi a ion o2 all ,resu,,osi ions5 T(e -rea er (e a&areness o2 su)( limi a ions* (e more (e )on2li) in- 1is)ourses o2 in er,re a ion be-in o a,,ro,ria e one ano (er5

scetic

T(ere is a 'in1 o2 )annibaliAa ion -oin- on amon- Mar+ism* ,s!)(oanal!sis* s ru) uralism* ,os s ru) uralism* an1 so on in (eir a em, s o )om,ensa e 2or (eir various 1e2i)ien)ies5 T(e o22s(oo is a ma-ma o2 in er,re ive 1is)ourses* &(i)( 4erri1a on)e )(ara) eriAe1 as 2ollo&sB FYou )an ima-ine o &(a 'in1 o2 mons ers (ese )ombina or! o,era ions mus OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO % See Paul Ri)Eur* The Conflict of Interpretations, e15 4on I(1e 8Evans onB Nor (&es ern Universi ! Press* "$=:95 3% -ive bir (* )onsi1erin- (e 2a) (a (eories in)or,ora e o,,osin- (eorems* &(i)( (ave (emselves in)or,ora e1 o (er ones5G : Su)( an amal-ama ion o2 in er,re ive 1is)ourses reveals (a none is able o es ablis( a mono,ol! o2 in er,re a ion5 As (e! vie &i ( one ano (er* (eir ,remises )an onl! be a'en as (euris i) in )(ara) er* an1 (us (e! (ave o be evalua e1 in ,ro,or ion o (e su))ess (e! a)(ieve5 T(is (ol1s rue irres,e) ive o2 &(e (er (e! a1mi o (e (euris i) na ure o2 (eir ,resu,,osi ions or no 5 A an! ra e* (e )on2li) o2 in er,re a ions* (e re)i,ro)al a,,ro,ria ion o2 in er,re ive 1is)ourses* an1 (e )ommon nee1 2or su,,or 2rom ou si1e (emselves ,reven ea)( o2 (ese !,es 2rom 2ul2illin- i s in(eren )laim o be all3en)om,assin-5 T(e (ir1 ren1 ,revalen on (e mar'e ,la)e o2 in er,re a ion is re,resen e1 b! &(a (as been )alle1 Fo,,osi ional 1is)ourses*G ran-in- 2rom minori ! o ,os )olonial5 O,,osi ional inso2ar as (e! se ou o subver or 1is,u e (e s an1ar1s o2 &(a (e! )onsi1er o be (e (e-emoni) 1is)ourse* (e! are 1evelo,e1 b! so)ial -rou,s 2or (e ,ur,ose o2 asser in(eir obJe) ives* o2 -ainin- re)o-ni ion 2or (eir a-en1a* an1 o2 s rivin- 2or ,o&er5 T(e! 2a)e a ,roblem* (o&ever* in (a a -rea man! o2 (em use (e ver! ,ro)e1ures 1evelo,e1 b! (e (e-emoni) 1is)ourseI in1ee1* (e! (ave o 1o so in or1er o a)(ieve (e ,ersuasiveness ne)essar! o a1van)e (e -rou, in eres 5 Borro&in- 2rom (e 1is)ourses (e! see' o subver )an urn ou o be a s ru) ural (an1i)a,B in r!in- o -ain vali1i ! 2or (eir obJe) ives* (e! 1evelo, a 2rame o2 re2eren)e (a * in (e 2inal anal!sis* is no 2ar 2rom bein- lo-o)en ri) i sel2* be)ause a )er ain ra ionali ! is reKuire1 i2 an a-en1a is o be a))e, e15 Lo-o)en rism* (o&ever* is (e (allmar' o2 (e (e-emoni) 1is)ourse* &(i)(* (ou-( 1isman le1 b! 1e)ons ru) ion an1 (us -ivin- (e -reen li-( o (e rise o2 o,,osi ional 1is)ourses* ma'es (ese la er 1is)ourses in1ire) l! 1e,en1en on &(a (e! in en1 o 1is)ar15 Su)( 1e,en1en)e is 1ouble3e1-e15 On (e one (an1* i )er ainl! (el,s o ,romo e (e a-en1a* bu * on (e o (er* i ma! Jus )om,ensa e 2or a s(or 2all in ,ersuasiveness5 Even mono,olies o2 in er,re a ion nee1 some )orrobora ion 2rom ou si1e (emselves* as evin)e1 b! (e Mar+is )laim o ,rovi1e a s)ien i2i) in er,re a ion o2 reali !* &(erein s)ien)e OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO : @a)Kues 4erri1a* FSome S a emen s an1 Truisms abou Neolo-isms* Ne&isms* Pos isms* Parasi isms* an1 O (er Small Seismisms*G in The States of -Theory.# "istory, rt, and Critical +iscourse, e15 4avi1 Carroll 8S an2or1B S an2or1 Universi ! Press* "$$:9* >=5 3:3 an1 ,oli i)s are evo'e1 o 2urnis( ne)essar! sel23en1orsemen o2 (eir res,e) ive obJe) ives5 W(a &e ma! )on)lu1e 2rom (e )urren s a e o2 (e mar'e ,la)e o2 in er,re a ion is (e 2ollo&in-B S ar in- ou 2rom ,resu,,osi ions 7irres,e) ive o2 &(e (er (e! are rei2ie1 or a'en (euris i)all!7is )er ainl! one a,,roa)(* bu i )anno be eKua e1 &i ( &(a (a,,ens in in er,re a ion5 In vie& o2 (e -ro&in- in er,ene ra ion o2 )ul ures an1 (e ne&l! emer-in- )on)erns o2 )ul ural s u1ies* in er,re a ion )an no lon-er be e+)lusivel! )on)eive1 as a subsum, ion o2 &(a is o be -ras,e1 un1er a ,resu,,osi ion5 Ins ea1* &e (ave o remin1 ourselves o2 &(a in er,re a ion (as al&a!s beenB an a) o2 ransla ion5

We usuall! asso)ia e ransla ion &i ( )onver in- one lan-ua-e in o ano (er* be i 2orei-n* e)(ni)al* vo)a ional* or o (er&ise5 No&a1a!s* (o&ever* no onl! lan-ua-es (ave o be ransla e15 In a ra,i1l! s(rin'in- &orl1* man! 1i22eren )ul ures (ave )ome in o )lose )on a) &i ( one ano (er* )allin- 2or a mu ual un1ers an1in- in erms no onl! o2 oneHs o&n )ul ure bu also o2 (ose en)oun ere15 T(e more alien (e la er* (e more inevi able is some 2orm o2 ransla ion* as (e s,e)i2i) na ure o2 (e )ul ure one is e+,ose1 o )an be -ras,e1 onl! &(en ,roJe) e1 on o &(a is 2amiliar5 In a)'lin- su)( issues* in er,re a ion )an onl! be)ome an o,era ive ool i2 )on)eive1 as an a) o2 ransla ion5 In <arol1 BloomHs &or1sB FQIn er,re a ionR on)e mean Q ransla ion*R an1 essen iall! s ill 1oes5G ?

Inter#retation as Translata$ilit%
Ea)( in er,re a ion rans,oses some (in- in o some (in- else5 We s(oul1 (ere2ore s(i2 our 2o)us a&a! 2rom un1erl!in- ,resu,,osi ions o (e s,a)e (a is o,ene1 u, &(en some (in- is ransla e1 in o a 1i22eren re-is er5 FTransla ion* (en*G Willis Barns one &ri es* Fas all rans)ri, ion an1 rea1in- o2 e+ s* )rea es a 1i22eren)e*G > as evin)e1 b! (e 1ivision be &een (e subJe) ma er o be in er,re e1 an1 (e re-is er brou-( o bear5 I s in en &ill be realiAe1 (rou-( (e manner in &(i)( (a 1i22eren)e is o OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO ? <arol1 Bloom* A /ap of /isreadin% 8Ne& Yor'B O+2or1 Universi ! Press* "$#09* #?5 > Willis Barns one* The Poetics of Translation# "istory, Theory, Practice 8Ne& <avenB Yale Universi ! Press* "$$%9* "#5 3?3 be )o,e1 &i (5 We s(all )all (is 1i22eren)e a liminal s,a)e* be)ause i 1emar)a es bo ( (e subJe) ma er an1 (e re-is er 2rom one ano (er* as i 1oes no belon- o ei (er bu is o,ene1 u, b! in er,re a ion i sel25 Cause1 b! in er,re a ion* (e liminal s,a)e is boun1 o )on ain a resis an)e o ransla ion* a resis an)e* (o&ever* (a ener-iAes (e 1rive o over)ome i 5 T(us in er,re a ion also urns in o an a em, o narro& (e ver! s,a)e i (as ,ro1u)e15T(e re-is er in o &(i)( (e subJe) ma er is o be rans,ose1 is 1uall! )o1e15 I )onsis s o2 vie&,oin s an1 assum, ions (a ,rovi1e (e an-le 2rom &(i)( (e subJe) ma er is a,,roa)(e1* bu a (e same ime i 1elinea es (e ,arame ers in o &(i)( (e subJe) ma er is o be ransla e1 2or (e sa'e o2 -ras,in-5 T(is 1uali ! is 1ouble1 b! ano (er one5 As (e re-is er is boun1 o ailor &(a is o be ransla e1* i simul aneousl! is subJe) e1 o s,e)i2i)a ions i2 ransla ion in i s Froo meanin- o2 Q)arr!in- a)rossHG 8"?9 is mean o resul in a F)rea ive rans,osi ionG 8""95T(is &o3&a! ra22i) is 1ue o (e 2a) (a (e re-is er 1oes no re,resen a rans)en1en al )ons)iousness 2rom &(i)( (e subJe) ma er is o be Ju1-e1I i2 i 1i1* ransla ion &oul1 be re1un1an * as (e subJe) ma er7ins ea1 o2 bein- rans,ose1 7&oul1 Jus be 1e ermine1 2or &(a i is5 T(ere2ore in er,re a ion as ransla abili ! (as i s re,er)ussions on (e re-is er b! 1iversi2!in- (e 2rame&or' in o &(i)( (e subJe) ma er is rans,ose15 Cor (is reason (e re-is ers no onl! )(an-e bu are also 2ine3 une1 in ea)( a) o2 in er,re a ion5 Su)( re)i,ro)i ! in1i)a es (a in er,re a ion a'es ,la)e &i (in (is ori)al si ua ions = (a &e )anno -e ou o25 W(enever &e ransla e some (in- in o some (in- else* (e re-is er is no (in- bu (e boo s ra,s b! &(i)( &e ,ull ourselves u, o&ar1 )om,re(ension5I2 in er,re a ion is ,rimaril! a 2orm o2 ransla abili !* i )learl! 1e,en1s on &(a is ransla e15 In er,re a ion is (ere2ore boun1 o be 1i22eren B "5 &(en )er ain !,es o2 e+ * su)( as (ol! or li erar! ones* are rans,ose1 in o o (er !,es* su)( as an e+e-esis o2 )anoni)al e+ s or )o-ni ive a,,raisals o2 li erar! e+ sI /5 &(en )ul ures or )ul ural levels are ransla e1 in o erms (a allo& 2or an in er)(an-e be &een &(a is 2orei-n an1 &(a is 2amiliar* or &(en en ro,! is )on rolle1* or &(en Freali !G is o be )on)eive1 in erms o2 in era) in- s!s emsI OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO = See Cornelius Cas oria1is* (esellschaft als ima%in0re Institution# *nt'urf einer politischen Philosophie, rans5 <ors BrN(mann 8Cran'2ur 6MainB Su(r'am,* "$#:9* ?$25 3>3

%5

&(en in)ommensurabili ies su)( as Do1* (e &orl1* an1 (uman'in17&(i)( are nei (er e+ ual nor s)ri, e1 7 are ransla e1 in o lan-ua-e 2or (e ,ur,ose o2 -ras,in- an1 subseKuen l! )om,re(en1in- (em5 In ea)( o2 (ese (ree !,es 7&(i)( &ill 2orm (e 2rame&or' 2or (is 1is)ussion 7 (e in er,re ive in en re-ar1in- (e subJe) ma er o be ransla e1 &ill be e+,ose1 o )(an-e5 T(is im,lies (a (e liminal s,a)e &ill (ave o be (an1le1 1i22eren l!* 2rom &(i)( &e ma! )on)lu1e (a the in er,re a ion 1oes no e+is 5 Ins ea1* (ere are onl! -enres o2 in er,re a ion* mar'e1 o22 2rom one ano (er a))or1in- o (e manner in &(i)( ransla abili ! is e+e)u e15 Su)( a ,ro)ess varies no onl! in rela ion o (e subJe) ma er bu also in (e &a! in &(i)( (e liminal s,a)e is )o,e1 &i ( in ever! in er,re ive a) 5 T(ere2ore in er,re a ion is basi)all! -enreboun1* an1 (e salien 2ea ures o2 (e res,e) ive -enre are mar'e1 no leas a))or1in- o (o& (e liminal s,a)e is ne-o ia e15T(is a&areness o2 -eneri) 1ivisions is o2 re)en vin a-e5 As lon- as )ommen ar! on ei (er (ol! or se)ular e+ s &as 1eeme1 o be (e onl! ,reo))u,a ion o2 e+e-esis* i &as i1en i2ie1 &i ( &(a (as sin)e been )alle1 in er,re a ion5 T(e i1ea (a in er,re a ion )an onl! be )on)eive1 in erms o2 -enres onl! arose a2 er in er,re a ion (a1 be)ome sel23re2le) ive5 Sel23re2le) ion in erms o2 moni orin- (e in er,re ive a) ivi ! reveals (a (e la er is 1e,en1en no onl! on (e subJe) ma er o be -ras,e1 bu also on (e 1i22eren ,arame ers o2 )on inuall! )(an-in- re-is ers5Cur (ermore* i2 in er,re a ion (as o )o,e &i ( (e liminal s,a)e resul in- 2rom some (in- bein- rans,ose1 in o some (in- else* (en in er,re a ion is ,rimaril! a ,er2orma ive a) ra (er (an an e+,lana or! one* al (ou-( more o2 en (an no ,er2orman)e is mis a'en 2or e+,lana ion5 W(enever (is (a,,ens* (e mis a'e is one o2 )a e-or!B 2or an e+,lana ion o be vali1* one mus ,resu,,ose a 2rame o2 re2eren)e* &(ereas ,er2orman)e (as o brin- abou i s o&n )ri eria5 T(e sel23-enera ion o2 )ri eria in in er,re a ion allo&s us 2irs an1 2oremos o ,ar i)i,a e in &(a ever is (i-(li-( e1 ra (er (an o vali1a e (e resul s a)(ieve15On su)( a basis &e are able o ma'e (e 2ollo&in- 1is in) ions (a &ill 1elinea e our )on)erns5 "5 As lon- as i is a e+ (a is o be un1ers oo1* or &(ose un1ers an1in- is o be a,,lie1* or &(ose (i11en )ons i uen s (ave o be brou-( o li-( * (e (ermeneu i) )ir)le in all i s varia ions 2rom S)(leierma)(er o Ri)Eur a,,ears o be an a1eKua e me (o1 o2 1ealin- &i ( (e liminal s,a)e5 3=3 /5 I2 some (in- non e+ ual* o,en3en1e1* or be!on1 (e rea)( o2 oneHs o&n s an)e (as o be ma1e mana-eable* (e (ermeneu i) )ir)le ma! no lon-er be a1eKua e5 Transla ino,en3en1e1ness in o -ras,abili !* or en ro,! in o )on rol* is 1i22eren 2rom ransla ina e+ in o un1ers an1in-* or 2rom urnin- un1ers an1in- in o i s a,,li)a ion* or 2rom 1e)i,(erin- &(a i s 1is-uises ma! ei (er (i1e or reveal5 Re)ursive loo,in- (ere2ore be)omes a ,ro)e1ural ne)essi ! &(en i )omes o )(ar in- o,en3en1e1ness or )on rollin- en ro,!I i o,era es as an in,u 6ou ,u in er)(an-e or as s!s emi) re)ursion (a allo&s us o a))oun 2or (e sel23main enan)e o2 au onomous s!s ems* ,ar i)ularl! livin- s!s ems su)( as (ose o2 (e (uman or-anism5 A 1i22eren ,roblem ,oses i sel2 &(en (ere are no lon-er an! 1e2inable ,osi ions bu onl! e+,erien)es o2 some (in- &(ose e+is en)e a,,ears in)on rover ible bu (a e+)ee1s 'no&abili !* su)( as Do1* (e &orl1* or (uman'in15 Transla in- some (inimmeasurable in o lan-ua-e an1 even in o erms o2 )o-ni ion 7 as un1er a'en b! CranA RosenA&ei- in (is Star of Redemption 8"$/"97reKuires a 1i22eren mo1e o2 ransla ion 2rom (ose men ione1 so 2ar5 I2 (e s,a)e be &een (e immeasurable an1 )o-ni ion is o be )o,e1 &i (* (e ravelin- 1i22eren ial a,,ears o be an a1eKua e mo1e 2or -ras,in- in2ini ! in 2ini e erms5

%5

T(ese 1i22eren mo1es ,oin o (e 2a) (a ea)( -enre o2 in er,re a ion 2o)uses on a s,e)i2i) as' re-ar1in- (e ransla abili ! o be realiAe15 In (ermeneu i)s (e )ir)le is em,lo!e1 o in errela e (e e+,li)i &i ( (e im,li)i * (e (i11en &i ( (e reveale1* an1 (e la en &i ( (e mani2es 5 I basi)all! se s ou o re)over &(a an au (or (as no been a&are o2 &(en &ri in-* or &(a lies be!on1 (e (is ori)al ma erial o be observe1 in (e ,resen * or &(a &en a&r! in (e (uman subJe) on (e &a! o i sel25 Pene ra in- be(in1 &(a is -iven in or1er o re)u,era e &(a is los 7 (a is* (e au (orHs sub)ons)ious* a (is ori)al ,as * or (e burie1 elos o2 (e 2ra) ure1 sel27is &(a s ru) ures (is !,e o2 in er,re a ion5

W(ile (ermeneu i)s )an be Kuali2ie1 b! (is e+)ava or! en1en)!* )!berne i)s* o,era in- in re)ursive loo,s* is a means o2 )on rollin- en ro,!* elu)i1a in- (e in1ivi1ual sel23 main enan)e o2 au onomous s!s ems* an1 )on2i-urin- (e s ru) ural )ou,lin- o2 s!s ems5 I s 2o)us is on ,(enomena (a emer-e 2rom )o,in- &i ( )on in-en)!* 2rom (e re)i,ro)al F,er urba ionG # o2 s!s ems* an1 2rom (eir bein- bra)'e e1 o-e (3 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO # See Cran)is)o @5 Varela* Principles of &iolo%ical utonomy 8Ne& Yor'B Elsevier Nor ( <ollan1* "$=$9* &(ose i1eas are 1is)usse1 in (e se)on1 se) ion o2 )(a, er :5 3# er5 Re)ursivi ! o,era es ei (er b! an in,u 6ou ,u rela ions(i,* &(en )on rol is o be a)(ieve1* or b! ,ro)essin- noise* ran1omness* an1 ,er urba ion* &(en (e sel23 or-aniAa ion o2 s!s ems is o be )on)eive15 I2 )!berne i)s is )on)erne1 &i ( -ras,in- emer-en)e* (e 1i22eren ial me (o1 is 1esi-ne1 o ransla e in)ommensurabili ! in o ,er)e, ion5 I s o,era ional mo1e is a ravelin1i22eren ial* be)ause in)ommensurabili ies )an onl! be ma1e an-ible i2 un2ol1e1 2rom insi1e (emselves5 T(ere is no e+ ernal s an)e (a &oul1* 2or ins an)e* allo& us o -ras, )on inui !* &(i)( ,ose1 i sel2 as a ,roblem 2or LeibniA* &(o 1evelo,e1 (e 1i22eren ial )al)ulus5 ConseKuen l!* (e ravelin- 1i22eren ial o,era es as a mo1e o2 realiAa ion insi1e &(a i in en1s o un2ol1I i 1isse) s in)ommensurabili ies in o a seKuen)e o2 s)issions* (us ,ermi in- a))ess o &(a )anno be -ras,e1 2rom an! e+ ernal ,osi ion5 T(ese 1iversi2ie1 as's s(o& )learl! (a in er,re a ion is -enre3boun1* an1 (e! also reveal (a in er,re a ion (as a (is or!* &(i)( -ains i s salien)e (rou-( (e &a! in &(i)( (e ,roblems (a (ave )ro,,e1 u, (ave been )o,e1 &i (5 Cir)ulari ! be)ame ,rominen &(en (e au (ori ! o2 (e e+ &as on (e &aneI re)ursivi ! &as 1evelo,e1 &(en emer-en)e (a1 o be a))oun e1 2orI an1 (e 1i22eren ial 7ori-inall! a ma (ema i)al o,era ion7&as rea) iva e1 &(en all (e umbrella )on)e, ualiAa ions o2 immeasurabili ies (a1 bro'en 1o&n5 Su)( a (is or! 1oes no ,ro)ee1 as a linear 1evelo,men o&ar1 a 1is an -oal5 Ins ea1* i is nonlinear inso2ar as (ese mo1es o2 in er,re a ion are res,onses o (e ever3in)reasin- o,en3en1e1ness o2 (e &orl1* (us 2o)usin- on &(a a,,ears o be ,ressin- in (e si ua ion o2 (e momen 5 T(is ma'es in er,re a ion in o a ,ro)ess o2 ma,,in- (e o,en3en1e1 &orl1* an1 su)( ma,,in- is 1e,en1en on (e (ere an1 no&* &(i)( means ne& ma,s ma! be 1evelo,e1* or ol1 ones rea) iva e1* a))or1in- o reKuiremen s5 Al (ou-( (is a) ivi ! un2ol1s as a (is or!* i is in (e en1 no so mu)( (e (is or! i sel2 (a is o2 in eres bu ra (er &(a i mi-( in1i)a e5 <en)e in er,re a ion* (ou-( ,rimaril! a e)(niKue* raises an an (ro,olo-i)al Kues ion &i ( re-ar1 o i s ne)essi !5 T(e ,ara1i-ms use1 o un2ol1 in er,re a ion (ave all been )(osen be)ause (e! are ins an)es in &(i)( in er,re a ion is ei (er e+,ressl! (ema iAe1 or e+,li)i l! re2le) e1 on5 T(e (ermeneu i) ra1i ion is 3$3 re,resen e1 b! Crie1ri)( 4aniel Erns S)(leierma)(er* @o(ann Dus av 4ro!sen* an1 Paul Ri)Eur* &(o 7all in (eir 1i22eren &a!s 7elu)i1a e (e &or'in-s o2 (ermeneu i) ,ro)e1ures5 T(ose &(o a1vo)a e )!berne i)s as (e in2ras ru) ure o2 in er,re a ion 7a-ain all in (eir 1i22eren &a!s 72rom Norber Wiener (rou-( Cli22or1 Deer A o Cran)is)o Varela* ,ra) i)e (eir varie-a e1 in er,re a ions b! )ons an l! re2le) in- on (e e22i)a)! o2 (eir un1erl!in- in er,re ive ,rin)i,les* &(i)( (e! some imes anal!Ae a len- (5 T(e same a,,lies o CranA RosenA&ei-* &(o e+,li)i l! se s ou (e erms a))or1in- o &(i)( (e )on)eives o2 (e ravelin- 1i22eren ial an1 (e &a! in &(i)( (e in en1s o ma'e i o,era ive5 T(e ver! 2a) (a ,ara1i-ms o2 in er,re a ion lea1 o (ema iAa ion o2* or re2le) ion on* &(a is o be un1er a'en* in1i)a es (a (ere is no overar)(in- re2eren)e 2or su)( a) ivi !I a bes (ere are Frou es o2 re2eren)eG (a * &(en es ablis(e1* resul in a re)on1i ionin- o2 bo ( re-is er an1 ,ro)e1ure5 $ T(e 2ollo&in- 1is)ussion 1oes no im,l! (a (e ,ara1i-ms o2 in er,re a ion o be e+amine1 re,resen (e &(ole ran-e o2

in er,re ive -enres5 W(a ma'es (em )ons,i)uous* (o&ever* is (eir a em, o 1evelo, )(an-in- me)(anisms o )o,e &i ( (e liminal s,a)e (a in er,re a ion i sel2 o,ens u,5 Vie&in- in er,re a ion 2rom su)( an an-le raises (e Kues ion o2 i s limi s* as su--es e1 b! (e i le o2 one o2 Umber o E)oHs boo's5 "0 W(enever limi s o2 in er,re a ion )ome un1er s)ru in!* &o vie&,oin s seem o be)ome ,rominen 5 Cirs * (e main 2o)us en1s o be on e+ ual in er,re a ion* an1* se)on1* limi s 1o no a,,l! so mu)( o in er,re a ion i sel2 as o (e 2rames an1 ,arame ers (a are brou-( o bear5 T(is is a,,aren in E)oHs &i1e3 ran-in- anal!sis o2 in er,re a ion* in &(i)( (e e+,li)i l! s a es (a (e 'in1 o2 limi s (e is -oin- o e+amine are (ose in ima el! ie1 o a semio i) 2rame (a (e (imsel2 (as 1evelo,e1* -ui1e1 b! Peir)eHs basi) ,rin)i,les 8"/95 <e s ar s ou b! 1e ailin- (ree !,es o2 e+ ual in er,re a ion (a ,rovi1e (e ne)essar! orien a ion 2or (e in er,re ive a) B intentio auctoris, intentio operis, an1 intentio lectoris 8//95 Ea)( o2 (em* o2 )ourse* (as i s limi s* an1 (ere2ore in rea1in- a e+ one mus a'e all o2 (em in o )onsi1era ion5 E)o s(o&s (e im,li)a ions o2 (is in ano (er )on e+ B OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO "0 See Umber o E)o* I Limiti dell1 Interpreta2ione 8MilanB Bom,iani* "$$095 $ Cor &(a (e no ion Frou es o2 re2eren)eG im,lies* see Nelson Doo1man* 3f /ind and 3ther /atters 8Cambri1-eB <arvar1 Universi ! Press* "$#:9* ??L="5 3"03 I is )lear (a I am r!in- o 'ee, a 1iale) i)al lin' be &een intentio operis an1 intentio lectoris, T(e ,roblem is (a * i2 one ,er(a,s 'no&s &(a is mean b! (e Fin en ion o2 (e rea1er*G i seems more 1i22i)ul o 1e2ine abs ra) l! &(a is mean b! (e Fin en ion o2 (e e+ 5G P T(us* more (an a ,arame er o use in or1er o vali1a e (e in er,re a ion* (e e+ is an obJe) (a (e in er,re a ion buil1s u, in (e )ourse o2 (e )ir)ular e22or o2 vali1a in- i sel2 on (e basis o2 &(a i ma'es u, as i s resul 5 I am no as(ame1 o a1mi (a I am 1e2inin- (e ol1 an1 s ill vali1 F(ermeneu i) )ir)le5G "" No&* (e more F,arame ersG (ere are o be F1iale) i)all!G in erlin'e1* (e more liminal s,a)es are boun1 o emer-e (a (ave o be ne-o ia e1 b! )ir)ulari !5 I2* (o&ever* onl! a sin-le 2rame is ,rivile-e1* in er,re a ion* a))or1in- o E)o* )eases* be)ause (e e+ is use1 2or a )er ain ,ur,ose* &(i)( mar's (e limi o2 in er,re a ion5 "/ ConseKuen l!* (e more ri-i1 (e 2rames* (e more obvious (e limi s5 <en)e in er,re a ion in i sel2 is no limi e1I ra (er* i is (e ,arame ers )(osen (a im,ose res ri) ions5 T(is 1oes no mean* (o&ever* (a 2rames or ,arame ers )an be 1is,ense1 &i (* be)ause in er,re a ion is an un1er a'in- (a (as o ,ro1u)e i s o&n 2rame&or's in or1er o assess &(a i in en1s o elu)i1a e5 T(is en1en)! is s,o li-( e1 in E)oHs ,ene ra in- anal!sis o2 in er,re a ion as &ell as in Pa ri)' Colm <o-anHs boo' 3n Interpretation# /eanin% and Inference in La', Psychoanalysis, and Literature, &(i)( s ar s ou b! )ri i)iAin- E)o 2or a ribu in- Fmeaninno o e+ s an1 1i) ionaries bu o au (ors or o members o2 (e lin-uis i) )ommuni ! Sbe)ause E)oT sees meanin- as 1e2ine1 b! a rea1erHs in ui ion P (us s(i2 in- 2rom au (orial o in1ivi1ual rea1erl! in en 5G "% In (e en1* (o&ever* <o-an mi-( be )loser o E)o (an (e a) uall! (in's (e is* be)ause &(a (e )alls Fin2eren)eG is no ver! 2ar 2rom (e F)onJe) uresG E)o (a1 s,o'en o25 An1 Fmeanin-G 8le alone an en i ! su)( as F rue meanin-G S"0T97bein- (e F2irs )on)ern o2 an OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO "" Umber o E)o* Interpretation and 3verinterpretation, e15 S e2an Collini 8Cambri1-eB Cambri1-e Universi ! Press* "$$/9* >:5 "/ Ri)(ar1 Ror !* in E)o* Interpretation and 3verinterpretation, "00* voi)es reserva ions abou E)oHs 1is in) ion Fbe &een in er,re a ion an1 use*G &(i)( mi-( in i sel2 be a 2rame a))or1in- o &(i)( limi s o2 in er,re a ion are (i-(li-( e15 "% Pa ri)' Colm <o-an* 3n Interpretation# /eanin% and Inference in La', Psychoanalysis, and Literature 8A (ensB Universi ! o2 Deor-ia Press* "$ 3""3

in er,re ive (eor!G 8"9 7 is no a -iven bu (as o be arrive1 a b! &a! o2 in2eren)es5 Co)usin- on meanin-* (o&ever* is alrea1! a s i,ula ion* 2or &(i)( a-ain 2rames (ave o be )on)eive1* so (a Fra ional in2eren)esG 8$%9 )an be ma1e as o in en 5 A (is ,oin an in eres in- urn o))urs in <o-anHs ar-umen 5 T(ere are Flimi s o s i,ula ion*G &(i)( are no o be a'en 2or limi s o2 in er,re a ion* be)ause (e Fin en ional meanin- P So2 aT le-isla orsHs ,oli)! aim* s,ea'erHs un)ons)ious belie2s* or au (orHs aes (e i)al in en G 8$/9 is an Fi1eole) al in en G 8$%9* an1 (ere2ore an! )on)e, ion o2 meanin- ,resume1 o be nonin en ional 1oes no e+is 5 I2 meanin- is onl! Fi1eole) or in en G 8:=9* (en all 'in1s o2 seman i) essen ialism* su)( as (e assum, ion o2 so)ial meanin- or au onomous meanin- as a1vo)a e1 b! bo ( anal! i) ,(iloso,(! an1 s ru) ural lin-uis i)s* are invali1 s i,ula ions 2or assessin- (e seman i) i1eole) 5 T(is )onvin)in)ri i)ism levele1 a so)ial* ,(iloso,(i)al* an1 lin-uis i) essen ialism no &i (s an1in-* <o-an ma'es one s i,ula ion 2or in er,re in- (e in en o2 (e i1eole) B i is (e FPrin)i,le o2 Minimal In er,re a ionG 8":9* &(i)( is -overne1 b! F (e or1erin- ,rin)i,le So2T sim,li)i !G 8"?95 W(ereas E)o )ombines 1i22eren 2rames in or1er o s re )( (e limi s o2 in er,re a ion* <o-an e+)lu1es overar)(in- 2rames in or1er o ,reven en)roa)(men on in er,re a ion5 E)oHs basi) s i,ula ion is (a in er,re a ion ,ro)ee1s as semiosis o2 (e e+ * &(ereas <o-anHs Fs i,ula ive vie& o2 meanin-G 8%/9 ,ro)ee1s b! in2eren)es (a are -ui1e1 b! (e ,rin)i,le o2 sim,li)i !5 ": T(e more res ri) e1 (e ini ial obJe) ive o2 in er,re a ion urns ou o be* (e more limi e1 are (e 2rames s i,ula e1 2or in er,re in- basi) in en 5 T(e more 2rames are )ombine1* (e more unmis a'abl! (eir limi s are mean o be over)ome5 I2 (e assembl! o2 2rames is )onne) e1 in a )ir)ular movemen * liminal s,a)es be-in o loom lar-e5 T(ere2ore in er,re a ion as ransla abili !* ,ro,ose1 as a 2rame in (e 2ollo&in)(a, ers* ,roves o be a minimalis i) s i,ula ion* in )onseKuen)e o2 &(i)( (e liminal s,a)e an1 &a!s o2 ne-o ia in- i reveal (emselves as a basi) )on)ern o2 in er,re a ion5 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO ": W(en <o-an 1e ails (e in er,re ive ,ra) i)e in la&* ,s!)(oanal!sis* an1 li era ure* (o&ever* (e s i,ula es a -rea man! 2rames as (e basis 2or Fra ional in2eren)e5G 3"/3

CHAPTER TWO
T e Aut orit% of t e Canon Canoni&ation and !idras
In er,re a ion as &e (ave )ome o un1ers an1 i in (e Wes arose ou o2 (e e+e-esis o2 (e Tora( in (e @u1ai) ra1i ion5 I s in)e, ion is in ima el! ie1 o (e )anoniAa ion o2 (ol! e+ s* &(i)( i sel2 reveals )ons i u ive 2ea ures o2 in er,re a ion inso2ar as (e )anon is no es ablis(e1 2or i s o&n sa'e5 Broa1l! s,ea'in-* )anoniAa ion is a ,ro)ess o2 )(oosin- (e e+ s (a &ill be)ome (e obJe) o2 in er,re a ion* &(i)( simul aneousl! eleva es (em in o a ,osi ion o2 )ensors(i, over o (er e+ s* &(ose s u1! an1 in er,re a ion ma! even be 2orbi11en* be)ause (e )an)ella ion o2 (eir )laims o vali1i ! (el,s o s abiliAe (e au (ori ! o2 (e e+ s (a are )(osen5 @us as (e )anon 1oes no e+is 2or i s o&n sa'e* (e as)ri, ion o2 au (ori ! reKuires a ne-a ive 2oil o un1er,in i s au (en i)i !5 En1o&in- a e+ &i ( au (ori ! ma! en ail &o (in-sB 8a9 en1o&in- i sel2 )an be a uniKue an1 unre,ea able a) I 8b9 (e au (ori ! a ribu e1 ma! be su,,lemen e1* au-men e1* broa1ene1* s,e)i2ie1* an1 so on5 Ea)( o2 (ese ,ossibili ies ,er ains o (e Ol1 Tes amen as )on)eive1 in @u1aism5 ConseKuen l! (ere is bo ( a seale1 an1 an o,en )anon5 T(e seale1 )anon is )onsi1ere1 uniKue* as i s )anoniAa ion (as been es ablis(e1I (e s a us o2 (e e+ ual elemen s is e+)lusive* an1 no ne& e+ )an be a11e1 o i 5 T(e Pen a eu)( is a )ase in ,oin 5 T(e o,en )anon* (o&ever* 1oes allo& 2or o (er e+ s o be a11e1 an1 (en)e )anoniAe15 T(e Boo' o2 La&s is an e+am,le* as i ,ermi s (e a11i ion o2 ne& la&s &(ose le-al s a us is as bin1in- as (ose alrea1! in)lu1e15

3"%3 T(e )onseKuen)es o2 (e seale1 an1 o,en )anon are imme1ia el! obvious in (e @u1ai) ra1i ion5 Moses &as (e -rea es ,ro,(e an1 la&-iver o2 all imes &(o le-isla e1 (rou-( ,ro,(e)!5 No o (er ,ro,(e s ena) (eir ,ro,(e)ies as la&I ins ea1* (e! a1van)e re2orm or e+ ra,ola e la&s 2rom (e La& o2 Moses* an1 (ese are alrea1! 2orms o2 in er,re a ion5 T(is 1is in) ion ma'es (e )onseKuen)es o2 (e seale1 )anon a,,aren B 8a9 i2 i alone is au (ori a ive* an! subseKuen ,ro,(e)! is boun1 o la)' au (ori !I 8b9 (en)e2or ( (e e+ ,rovi1es solu ions o all ,ossible Kues ions5 " Su)( au (ori !* (o&ever* im,lies (a (e e+ is boun1 o -ain ne& 1imensions (a 1i1 no e+is &(en i &as seale15 Be)ause (e seale1 )anon &as mean o o22er -ui1an)e* (e Kues ion o2 (o& i s elemen s &ere o be un1ers oo1 be)ame all (e more ,ressin-* a ne)essi ! (a -ave bir ( o in er,re a ion as e+e)u e1 b! (e sa-es an1 (e rabbis5 / T(e la er* (o&ever* &ere no ,ro,(e s an1 &ere )onseKuen l! &o s a-es remove1 2rom (e La& o2 MosesI never (eless* (e! assume1 an im,or an ,osi ion (rou-( (eir e+e-esis o2 (e Tora(5 T(is brin-s o li-( (e 1ouble3 e1-e1 rela ions(i, be &een (e )anon an1 in er,re a ion as 1es)ribe1 b! Mos(e <alber alB T(e sealin- o2 (e e+ en-en1ers bo ( (e bes o&al an1 (e removal o2 au (ori !5 P T(e momen (e e+ &as seale1* au (ori ! &as remove1 2rom (e &ri ers o2 (e e+ an1 rans2erre1 o i s in er,re ersI 1enie1 o (e ,ro,(e s an1 a&ar1e1 o (e Sa-es5 F<en)e2or ( !ou mus in)line !our ear o (e &or's o2 (e learne15G T(e sealin- o2 (e S)ri, ures 1oes in1ee1 in1i)a e re)o-ni ion o2 (e e+)lusive au (ori ! o2 (ese e+ s* bu a (e same ime au (ori ! is re1is ribu e15 P T(e ne& lea1ers(i, mo1el o2 (e Tora( s)(olar arises* (e reli-ious i1eal o2 (e Tora( s u1! be)omes )en ral* an1 ne& ins i u ions su)( as (e beit midrash a)Kuire a ,res i-ious ,osi ion in (e )ommuni !5 % OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO " See Mos(e <alber al* People of the &ook# Canon, /eanin%, and uthority 8Cambri1-eB <arvar1 Universi ! Press* "$$=9* "#5I (a1 o))asion o ,ro2i -rea l! 2rom <alber alHs resear)( a one o2 (e &or's(o,s (el1 in @erusalem in "$##* en i le1 FIns i u ions o2 In er,re a ion*G o &(i)( (e ma1e an im,or an )on ribu ion &i ( (is essa! FCanoniAa ion an1 (e Poli i)s o2 In er,re a ion*G ou o2 &(i)( (e 1evelo,e1 (is boo'5 / See @ose,( <einemann* FT(e Na ure o2 (e A--a1a(*G in /idrash and Literature, e15 Deo22re! <ar man an1 San2or1 Bu1i)' 8Ne& <avenB Yale Universi ! Press* "$#>9* :>5 % <alber al* People of the &ook, 45f, 3":3 T(is is so be)ause (e seale1 )anon 1oes no inves i sel2 &i ( au (ori !I au (ori ! is bes o&e1 on i * 2or &(a ever reason* 2rom ou si1e5 T(us (e inera1i)able 1uali ! o2 in er,re a ion )omes o (e 2oreB i is an a) (a is bo ( 1omineerin- an1 subservien in rela ion o &(a i se s ou o elu)i1a e5 Su)( a 1uali ! mus (ave been sense1 as a ,roblem ver! earl! on* be)ause FP(arisai) @u1aism*G as Mi)(ael Cis(bane &ri es* rie1 o minimiAe (e -a, be &een (e 1ivine Tora( an1 on-oin- (uman in er,re a ion b! ,roJe) in- (e ori-ins o2 au (ori a ive e+e-esis o Sinai i sel25 Bu even (is m! (i2i)a ion o2 a )(ain o2 le-i ima e in er,re ers 1i1 no so mu)( obs)ure (e 1is in) ion be &een Revela ion an1 In er,re a ion as un1ers)ore i 5 Crom (is ,ers,e) ive* (e in er,re ive ra1i ions o2 an)ien @u1aism )ons i u e a se,ara e* non3bibli)al -enreB a ,os 3bibli)al )or,us o2 e+ s &(i)( s an1 alon-si1e (e Sinai i) Revela ion as revelation o2 ne& meanin-s throu%h e!e%esis, Moreover* (is 1i-ni2i)a ion o2 in er,re a ion in P(arisai) li era ure (i-(li-( s ano (er 2ea ure o2 earl! @u1aism 8an1 is a roo )ause o2 earl! @e&is( ,olemi)s9B (e realiAa ion (a (ere &as no ,ure ea)(in- o2 Revela ion a,ar 2rom i s re-enera ion or )lari2i)a ion (rou-( an au (ori a ive !,e o2 e+e-esis5 : T(e <ouse o2 Mi1ras( (a (as arisen ou o2 (is !,e o2 in er,re a ion is an e+e-e i)al ,ro)e1ure (a basi)all! ,ursues (ree main obJe) ivesB "5 Brin-in- ou (e seminal )(ara) er o2 (e ins,ire1 &or15 /5 Lin'in- i u, &i ( (e li2e o2 (e ,eo,le o2 Israel5 %5 An1 1ealin- &i ( o (er -rou,s o2 e+ s (a bea a (e 1oor o2 (e )anon5

W(a 1is in-uis(es mi1ras(i) in er,re a ion 2rom earlier s a-es o2 e+e-esis* in &(i)( (e 1is in) ion be &een (e seale1 )anon an1 i s in er,re ive e+,osi ion &as s ill blurre1* ? is i s a&areness o2 (e 1i22eren)e be &een (e Tora( an1 (e &orl1 ou si1e (e )anon* a 1i22eren)e* (o&ever* (a is simul aneousl! u,(el1 an1 elimina e1 o&in- o (e 2a) (a (e )anon is OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO : Mi)(ael Cis(bane* FInner Bibli)al E+e-esisB T!,es an1 S ra e-ies o2 In er,re a ion in An)ien Israel*G in /idrash and Literature, e15 Deo22re! <ar man an1 San2or1 Bu1i)' 8Ne& <avenB Yale Universi ! Press* "$#>9* 45f, ? See <alber al* People of the &ook, "?5 3"?3 o be ransla e1 in o (e li2e o2 (e )ommuni !5 FT(e sa-esH )ommi men o 1is)over all (e rami2ie1 ea)(in- in (e S)ri, ure*G as @ose,( <einemann (as ,(rase1 i * F2in1s e+,ression in (eir 1i) umB QIn er,re an1 re)eive re&ar1UR T(e! &ere o2 (e o,inion (a (e Bible in en1e1 o im,ar moral an1 reli-ious ins ru) ion* o ea)( us (o& o live5G > Bu as (e )(asm be &een (e &or1 o2 Do1 an1 (e &orl1 )an never be 1e2ini ivel! bri1-e1* (e resi1ual un ransla abili ! lea1s o a limi less ,roli2era ion o2 mi1ras(i) in er,re a ions5 In er,re a ion (i-(li-( s (e 2a) (a )anon an1 )ommuni ! 1o no )oin)i1e* an1 al (ou-( i )rea e1 (is s,li in (e 2irs ,la)e* i also s rives o over)ome i 5 Be ! RoJ man s resses (is ,oin b! sa!in-B FIn ,ar i)ular* one )anno elimina e* in an! (eor! o2 e+e-esis* a variable ,arame er o2 e+e-esis* &(i)( rein e-ra es in o (e messa-e a ,roblema i)s o2 (e subJe) an1 o2 re)e, ionB Mi1ras( in 2a) a)'no&le1-es* as a e)(niKue o2 in er,re a ion* (e ,roJe) ion o2 (e bibli)al mo1el on o various ,lanes o2 e+is en ial a) ualiAa ion5G = T(e ,ossible im,li)a ions o2 su)( a mi1ras(i) in er,re a ion )an be observe1 mos s ri'in-l! &(en a e+ (a &as ori-inall! no ,ar o2 (e )anon is la er )anoniAe15 # T(e Boo' o2 E))lesias es is a )ase in ,oin 5 In E))lesias es* (is or! is ,or ra!e1 as a series o2 even s )om,le el! 1evoi1 o2 meanin-5 T(e sons re,ea (e &i)'e1 1ee1s o2 (eir 2a (ers* an1 su)( re,e i ion ,roves (a (ere is no (in- ne& un1er (e sun5 FI (ave seen all (e &or's (a are 1one un1er (e sunI an1* be(ol1* all is vani ! an1 ve+a ion o2 s,iri G 8E))les5 "B":95 FT(e (in- (a (a ( been* i is (a &(i)( s(all beI an1 (a &(i)( is 1one* is (a &(i)( s(all be 1oneI an1 (ere is no ne& (in- un1er (e sunG 8E))les5 "B$95 FAll (in-s (ave I seen in (e 1a!s o2 m! vani !B (ere is a Jus man (a ,eris(e ( in (is ri-( eousness* an1 (ere is a &i)'e1 man (a ,rolon-e ( (is li2e in (is &i)'e1ness5 Be no ri-( eous over mu)(* nei (er ma'e !oursel2 over &iseBI &(! s(oul1es (ou 1es ro! (!sel2MG 8E))les5 =B"?L">95 E))lesias es 2lou s almos ever! (in- (a (as been se ou in (e Tora(I i )on ra1i) s (e belie2s re,resen e1 in (e Bible* an1 !e i is ,ar o2 (e S)ri, ure5 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO > <einemann* FT(e Na ure o2 (e A--a1a(*G :#5 = Be ! RoJ man* &lack $ire on White $ire# n *ssay on 6e'ish "ermeneutics, from /idrash to 7abbalah, rans5 S even Ren1all 8Ber'ele!B Cali2ornia Universi ! Press* "$$#9* "0>I see also ""> 8FMi1ras(* as &e (ave seen* )orres,on1s o a 1e-ree o2 a) ualiAa ion (a 1ra&s (e mul i,li)i ! o2 i s ,roJe) ions 2rom (e e+is en ialG95 # <alber al* People of the &ook, /:L/>* -ives an elabora e a))oun o2 (is ,ro)e1ure5 3"> <o& 1oes in er,re a ion 1eal &i ( su)( a si ua ionM T(ere is a 2amous mi1ras( b! R5 Samuel ben Na(mani* &(i)( )(an-e1 (e meanin- o2 E))lesias es so )om,le el! (a (e e+ assume1 a 1i22eren s a us al o-e (er5 T(e mi1ras( in Kues ion a11resses &o )en ral (emesB 8a9 (e 2u ili ! o2 all (uman e+,e) a ionsI an1 8b9 (e (e1onis i) su--es ions o22ere1 b! E))lesias es in vie& o2 su)( 2u ili !5 Cor &(a (e ,rea)(er e+,li)i l! re)ommen1s is in1ul-en)e in (e ,leasures o2 1ail! li2e* su)( as ea in- an1 1rin'in-* in or1er o )oun era) (e o (er&ise ,revailin- moo1 o2 (o,elessness5 FT(ere is no (inbe er 2or a man (an (a (e s(oul1 ea an1 1rin'G 8E))les5 /B/:95 FT(en I )ommen1e1 mir (* be)ause a man (a ( no be er (in- un1er (e sun* (an o ea * an1 o 1rin'* an1 be merr!G 8E))les5 #B"?95

T(e (e1onis i) messa-e is rein er,re e1 b! (e mi1ras( as a me a,(or o mean (a &(enever E))lesias es F ells !ou o ea an1 1rin'* 'no& (a &(a (e means is Q-o an1 1o -oo1 1ee1s an1 s u1! (e To ra(5RG T(us (e re)ommen1a ion o2 (e1onism as e+,resse1 b! (e e+ Fbe)omes a (rea B 'no& (a Do1 &ill be (e Ju1-e o2 !our in1ul-en)e5G $ Crom (e momen E))lesias es be)ame ,ar o2 (e )anon* i (a1 o be rea1 in su)( a &a! (a i &oul1 be )onsis en &i ( (e res o2 (e S)ri, ure5 Su)( an e+e-esis s(o&s (a (e meanin- o2 (e e+ is no au (ori a iveI ins ea1* i is (e rea1in- -iven o (e e+ (a en1o&s (e Boo' o2 E))lesias es &i ( au (ori !5 Su)( )on or ions ,oin u, (e 1uali ! in(eren in (e )anon5 W(a is a) uall! sai1 b! (e e+ is 1is)ar1e1 in 2avor o2 &(a (e e+ is su,,ose1 o mean* an1 su)( a ,ro)e1ure im,lies (a )anoniAa ion o2 a e+ is* in (e 2inal anal!sis* (e s,e)i2i) rea1in- -iven o i 5 S(i2 in- au (ori ! o (e rea1in- is no onl! an a,,ro,ria ion o2 (e )anon bu is )on1i ione1 b! (e in en ion o ma'e rea1ers rea1 a))or1in- o &(a (e e+ (as been 1e)ree1 o mean5 T(ere2ore F)anoniAa ion o2 a e+ ma! a imes serve o a'e (e au (ori ! a&a! 2rom i s ori-inal meanin-* allo&in- (e )ommen a or o )(oose (e meanin- (a &ill be 1eeme1 au (ori a ive5 In reali !* (e &iel1s au (ori ! over (e e+ G 8/=95 T(ere are* (o&ever* &o basi) reasons 2or &(a mi-( seem o be an Farbi rar! 1is or ionG o2 (e e+ as evi1en)e1 in mi1ras(i) e+e-esis5 T(e -ui1in- ,rin)i,le o,era ive in (e rea1in- o2 (e )anon is &(a <alber al (as erme1 (e F,rin)i,le o2 )(ari !*G a erm (e (as a'en 2rom Vuine* "0 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO "0 See ibi15I see also Willar1 Van Orman Vuine* Word and 3b)ect 8Cambri1-e* Mass5B mi Press* "$>09* ?=L>"5 $ <alber al* People of the &ook, /?5 3"= al (ou-( (ere is alrea1! an earl! re2eren)e o su)( a ,rin)i,le in S 5 Au-us ine* &(o main aine1 (a &(oever F (in's (a (e un1ers an1s (e 1ivine S)ri, ures or an! ,ar o2 (em so (a i 1oes no buil1 (e 1ouble love o2 Do1 an1 o2 our nei-(bors 1oes no un1ers an1 i a all5 W(oever 2in1s a lesson (ere use2ul o (e buil1in- o2 )(ari !* even (ou-( (e (as no sai1 &(a (e au (or ma! be s(o&n o (ave in en1e1 in (a ,la)e* (as no been 1e)eive1* nor is (e l!in- in an! &a!5G "" T(e ,rin)i,le o2 )(ari !* as un1ers oo1 in (e @u1ai) ra1i ion* see's o ensure (e meanin-2ulness o2 (e )anoni)al e+ in ins an)es &(ere (e li eral meanin- )rea es an im,ression o2 meanin-lessness in rela ion o o (er e+ s o2 (e )anonI simul aneousl!* i aims o brin- ou (e ,le (ora o2 meanin-s en2ol1e1 in (e e+ 5 C(ari ! (ere2ore en ails -ivin- a ,osi ive slan o &(a ever (e e+ sa!s* in or1er o brin- i o 2ull 2rui ion* so (a i )an be ,er)eive1 in (e li-( o2 i s in(eren ,er2e) ion5 Be)ause (e Tora( issue1 o a lar-e e+ en 2rom (e &or1 o2 Do1* &(a ever is a11e1 o (e )anon mus be un1ers oo1 in (e bes ,ossible mannerB (e &or1 o2 Do1 is 2ree 2rom in)onsis en)ies an1 )on ra1i) ions* so an! in)onsis en )anoni)al elemen s (ave o be elimina e1 b! (e bes ,ossible rea1in-5 I is (ere2ore (e as' o2 e+e-esis o (i-(li-( (e )orres,on1en)e be &een ea)( &or1 in (e Bible an1 (e ,er2e) ion an1 ,leni u1e (a i )onno es5 An o22s(oo o2 (is removal o2 a,,aren )on ra1i) ions is (e mul i u1e o2 similes* s ories* an1 me a,(ors &i ( &(i)( (e rabbini)al )ommen aries aboun1 an1 (rou-( &(i)( &e ma! -ain a 2irs -lim,se o2 (e in(eren ,roblem o2 in er,re a ion5 T(e o (er ,rominen reason 2or (e s(i2 o2 au (ori ! o (e rea1in- o2 (e )anon is (e 2a) (a (e la er (as o be ransla e1 in o (e li2e o2 (e )ommuni ! (a i is 1esi-ne1 o s ru) ure5 "/ A-ain* (is assum, ion o2 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO "" Sain Au-us ine* 3n Christian +octrine, rans5 45 W5 Rober son* @r5 8In1iana,olisB Bobbs3Merrill* Liberal Ar s Press* "$?#9* %05 T(ere is also a len- (! 1is)ussion in (e @u1ai) ra1i ion as o &(e (er (e ,rin)i,le o2 )(ari ! is o be em,lo!e1 b! (e e+e-e e or &(e (er i is 1e ermine1 b! S)ri, ure i sel25

"/

RoJ man* &lack $ire on White $ire, 8f,, &ri esB FT(e role o2 in er,re a ion is o )ombine uni s 2rom 1i22erin- s!s ems* o lin' (e e+ ual &i ( (e ri ual* &ri en )(ara) ers &i ( e+is en ial si-ni2i)a ions5 P T(e un)er ain ! ,rin)i,le7si ua e1 be &een ,re)ise boun1aries7&ill allo& us o la! (e me (o1olo-i)al 2oun1a ions o2 )ommen ar!5 @e&is( e+e-esis (as )ons ru) e1 2or i sel2 an en ire (ermeneu i) a,,ara us (a re-ula es (ese rela ions be &een e+ ual ,remises an1 e+is en ial )on)lusions* be &een ori-inal 2ormula ions an1 seman i) ransla ions5G 3"#

au (ori ! a,,ears Jus i2ie1* as (e e+e-esis o2 (e )anon (as o un2ol1 (e ins,ire1 &or1* &(i)( &oul1 o (er&ise lie 1orman in (e Tora(5 Bu on)e more (e ,roblem o2 (e seale1 )anon be)omes a,,aren B i (as o be un1ers oo1* an1 so (e ,rovision o2 un1ers an1in- is boun1 o assume au (ori !5 Su)( au (ori !* (o&ever* is alrea1! &o removes a&a! 2rom (e seale1 )anonI a2 er (e ,ro,(e s* i is no& (e e+e-e es &(o )laim vali1i ! 2or (eir rea1in-* an1 (is brin-s o (e 2ore ano (er as,e) o2 (e 1uali ! o2 in er,re a ion5 I2 (e rea1in- is mean o e+(ibi (e au (ori ! o2 (e e+ * i is simul aneousl! boun1 o borro& (a au (ori ! in or1er o ransla e (e )anon in o (e li2e o2 (e )ommuni !5 In o (er &or1s* (e rea1in- (i-(li-( s (e au (ori ! o2 (e )anon b! brin-in- ou i s all3 en)om,assin- 1imension* so (a i )an be urne1 in o a measurin- ro1 2or all o (er e+ sI simul aneousl!* i rans,oses (e )anon in o -ui1elines 2or (e li2e o2 (e )ommuni !5 Bu al (ou-( (e )anoni)al e+ )anno be 1e,rive1 o2 i s au (ori !* never (eless (e la er (as o be si,(one1 o22 in or1er o inves (e rea1in- i sel2 &i ( au (ori !5 ConseKuen l!* au (ori ! res s e+)lusivel! nei (er in (e )anon nor in (e rea1in-I ins ea1* i os)illa es be &een (e &o* an1 (is os)illa ion is an in1i)a ion o2 (e inera1i)able s,a)e be &een (e )anon an1 i s in er,re a ion5 T(e s,a)e is o,ene1 u, b! (e ne)essi ! o un1ers an1 (e Tora( an1 o ransla e i in o -ui1an)e 2or (e li2e o2 (e )ommuni !5 T(e )en ral ,roblem o2 in er,re a ion (us )omes o li-( * namel!* (a an! a) o2 in er,re a ion )rea es a liminal s,a)e be &een (e subJe) ma er o be in er,re e1 an1 i s ransla ion in o a 1i22eren re-is er5 T(is Fs(u le s,a)e be &een (e in er,re er an1 (e e+ G "% reveals ver! earl! on in (is or! (e na ure o2 in er,re a ion as an i era ion o2 ransla abili !5 An1 (is is 1ue o (e 2a) (a e+ s in an1 o2 (emselves 1o no le-isla e (e )on1i ions o2 (eir o&n rea1in-* ": al (ou-( ea)( e+ )an onl! )ome o li2e (rou-( bein- rea15 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO "% Deo22re! <ar man an1 San2or1 Bu1i)'* in ro1u) ion o /idrash and Literature, e15 Deo22re! <ar man an1 San2or1 Bu1i)' 8Ne& <avenB Yale Universi ! Press* "$#>9* +i5 ": <alber al* People of the &ook, ::* )ommen s on (is si ua ion as 2ollo&sB FSin)e )anoniAa ion 1e ermines (e 2un) ion o2 e+ s an1 a22e) s (e e+,e) a ions o2 (e )ommuni ! o2 rea1ers* i (as -rea im,a) no onl! on (e s a us o2 e+ s bu on (eir meanin-5 T(ere is an in)reasin- as!mme ri)al rela ion be &een )anoniAa ion an1 (ermeneu i)al o,enness5 T(e more )anoniAe1 (e e+ * (e broa1er in er,re ive ,ossibili ies i o22ers5G 3"$ As (e Tora( an1 (e li2e o2 (e ,eo,le o2 Israel are no o all! s!n)(roniAe1* (e au (ori a ive rea1in- o2 (e )anon (as o bri1-e (is -a,* &(i)( (as -iven rise o (e elabora eness o2 mi1ras(i) in er,re a ion5 T(e ,ro)e1ures 1evelo,e1 2or (is en er,rise F1o no mean so mu)( o )lari2! 1i22i)ul ,assa-es in (e bibli)al e+ as o a'e a s an1 on (e burnin- Kues ions o2 (e 1a!* o -ui1e (e ,eo,le an1 o s ren- (en (eir 2ai (5G "? T(ere2ore (e Fburnin- Kues ionsG 1e)i1e &(a 'in1 o2 re-is er (e )anon (as o be rans,ose1 in o* an1 (ere seems o be no limi o (e varie ! o2 re-is ers5 Moreover* (e )anoni)al e+ is ,un) ure1 b! in1e ermina)ies* (e )lari2i)a ion o2 &(i)( allo&s a,,roa)(es 2rom 1i22eren an-les* 1e,en1in- on &(a (e ,assa-e in Kues ion is su,,ose1 o mean 2or (e li2e o2 (e )ommuni !5 <en)e (e 1i22eren re-is ers in o &(i)( (e (ol! e+ is ransla e1 ma! &ell F (rea en o ero1e i s Qori-inalR an1 s rai-( 2or&ar1 )ore*G "> an1 su)( an obvious F (rea G ,oin s o (e variableness o2 re-is ers in o &(i)( (e (ol! e+ )an be rans,ose15 "=

T(e re-is er* (o&ever* is no o all! ,re1e ermine1 b! (e e+ * no leas as one (as o learn from (e e+ an1 no learn (e e+ 8"?95 T(ere2ore i res s almos en irel! &i ( (e 1is)re ion o2 (e in er,re er &(a 'in1 o2 re-is er (e or s(e 1e)i1es o )(oose5 T(us a 2ur (er 1is ribu ion o2 au (ori ! o))ursB no onl! 1oes (e rea1in- -iven o (e )anon )laim au (ori ! 2or i sel2* bu (e au (ori ! is also rans2erre1 o (e re-is er on (e -roun1 (a (e )anon (as o se -ui1elines 2or )ommunal li2e5 Be)ause (e re-is er is (i-(l! sele) ive &i ( re-ar1 o (e 2un) ion (e S)ri, ure is mean o e+er)ise* (e au (ori ! arro-a e1 o i be)ame a ma er o2 1is,u e* as is vivi1l! s(o&n b! (e )on roversies in mi1ras(i) in er,re a ion5 Even &(en (e re-is er is no in 1is,u e* i s mul i2ormi ! is essen ial be)ause (e )anon (as o be ma1e available 2or all 1omains o2 li2e* (e s ru) urin- o2 &(i)( mus allo& 2or all !,es o2 (uman 1is,osi ion5 T(us (e re-is er is o a lar-e e+ en )on1i ione1 b! &(a (e s u1! o2 (e Tora( is 1esi-ne1 o a)(ieve* an1 (e brea1 ( o2 (is 2un) ion eleva es learnin- o a reli-ious obli-a ion5 Learnin- means &o (in-s a on)eB an on-oin- re2le) ion on (e Tora(* an1 an e22or o 1erive (e s ru) ure o2 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO "? <einemann* FT(e Na ure o2 (e A--a1a(*G :$5 "> <alber al* People of the &ook, :05 "= In (is )(a, er FT(ree Vie&s on Con rovers! an1 Tra1i ion*G <alber al* People of the &ook, ,5="25* &ri esB FT(e i1ea o2 (e o,en3en1e1ness o2 e+ an1 (e )ons i u ive role o2 (e in er,re er are (e bol1es o, ions ,ro1u)e1* bo ( (eolo-i)all! an1 (ermeneu i)all!* b! an in ernal rabbini) re2le) ion on (e )anoniAa ion o2 )on rovers!5G 3/03 so)ie ! 2rom )on inual immersion in (e (ol! e+ 5 T(e re-is er (ere2ore bears a 1ual ins)ri, ionB i (as a reli-ious an1 a &orl1l! 1imension5 T(e la er )on)erns i sel2 &i ( Kues ions li'e (e 2ollo&in-B W(a 1o (uman bein-s a) uall! 1o &(en (e! (in'* (o& 1o (e! (in'* an1 &(a -ui1es (eir (in'in-M <o& 1o (e! vie& (e &orl1* an1 &(a are (e subJe) s o2 (eir me1i a ionsM T(is means (a (uman 1is,osi ions (ave o be e+,lore1 as ,ar o2 (e s u1!5 T(e reason 2or su)( an e+,lora ion is a-ain &o2ol1B o ma'e (e Tora( more a1eKua el! ransla able in o (uman lives* an1 o ma'e (uman lives ransla able in o erms se b! (e Tora(5 As (e re-is er ,rovi1es (e 2rame&or' &i (in &(i)( (e (ol! e+ ma! be an)(ore1 in (uman li2e* i is mar'e1 b! a s,li * be)ause i (as o loo' in &o o,,osin- 1ire) ions a on)eB (e (ol! e+ an1 (e )ommuni !5 T(is s,li * (o&ever* is -losse1 over b! (e 1e)ision (rou-( &(i)( (e re-is er is es ablis(e1 in (e 2irs ins an)e an1 (rou-( &(i)( i 1e ermines (e 2un) ion (a (e )(osen e+ is o ,er2orm in (e li2e o2 (e )ommuni !5 T(is s ru) ure a,,lies o all subseKuen 2orms o2 re-is er in (e (is or! o2 in er,re a ion* as (e erms in o &(i)( some (in- is o be ransla e1 (ave a s ron-l! ,ra-ma i) orien a ion5 Besi1e (ese ,ra-ma i) )onsi1era ions (e 1uali ies an1 1iver-en)ies )on aine1 in all (e re-is ers o2 in er,re a ion ,ale in o insi-ni2i)an)e5 Be)ause (e re-is er ,osi s (e erms in o &(i)( (e -iven e+ (as o be ransla e1* i simul aneousl! o,ens u, (e liminal s,a)e be &een (e e+ an1 (e erms )on)erne15 T(is liminal s,a)e )anno be -losse1 over* no leas as i is )rea e1 b! (e ver! a) o2 in er,re a ion i sel2* &(i)( )anno sim,l! i-nore* le alone un1o* &(a i (as )ause15 T(us (e liminal s,a)e is al&a!s ,resen in an! in er,re ive a) ivi !* an1 in (e 2inal anal!sis i enables an1 in1ee1 2or)es au (ori ! o os)illa e be &een )anon an1 e+e-esis* &(ile beineKuall! res,onsible bo ( 2or i s 1is ribu ion an1 i s 1ivision5 Au (ori ! is 1ivi1e1 amon- (e )anon* (e rea1in- -iven o (e )anon* an1 (e re-is er (a se s (e erms b! &(i)( (e )anon is rans,ose1 in o (uman li2e5 4o &e (ave several au (ori ies* is (ere )on inual borro&in-* or is au (ori ! 2orever s(i2 in- &i (ou (avin- a 1e2ini ive lo)a ion a allM T(ere is no nee1 o ans&er (ese Kues ions* 2or (e s(i2 in- o2 au (ori ! is )ause1 b! (e liminal s,a)e* &(ose basi) in1e ermina)! ma'es au (ori ! 2loa amon- )anon* rea1in-* an1 re-is er5 A-ain &e en)oun er* a (e ver! in)e, ion o2 rabbini) e+e-esis* a basi) ,roblem o2 in er,re a ionB (e ne)essi ! o ne-o ia e (e liminal s,a)e5

T(e <ouse o2 Mi1ras( mi-( be )alle1 (e 2irs maJor a em, o -ra,,le &i ( (e liminal s,a)e5 I is* as 4aniel Bo!arin on)e remar'e1 Fa me (o1 o2 s ron- rea1in- o2 (e -a,s o2 (e e+ * 2illin- (em* as i &ere* 3/"3 b! inser in- (e in er e+ in o (em5G "# Su)( an in er e+ is all (e more ne)essar! as (e in1e ermina)ies o2 (e )anoni)al e+ i sel2 (ave o be 1eal &i ( in a manner (a &ill ,reven ,ossible rea1in-s 2rom usin- (e e+ 2or subversive or (ere i)al ,ur,oses5 Basi)all!* (o&ever* (e -a,32illin- in er e+ is o blan'e (e liminal s,a)e5 T(e mos ,rominen ,ara1i-m in (e @u1ai) ra1i ion o2 su)( an in er e+ o be inser e1 be &een (e )anon an1 i s rea1in- is (e mas(al5 Deneri)all! s,ea'in-* (e mas(al is a ,araboli) narra ive* similar o (e 2able or ,arable (a su--es s ,arallels Fbe &een an ima-ine1 2i) ional even an1 an imme1ia e* QrealR si ua ionGI F (e ,arallel an1 i s im,li)a ions* or levels o2 im,li)a ion P a) ivel! eli)i P 2rom i s au1ien)e (e solu ion o2 i s meanin-* or &(a &e )oul1 )all i s in er,re a ion5G "$ T(us (e mas(al ,rovi1es mul i,le in er)onne) ions* basi)all! 1esi-ne1 o 2ill (e liminal s,a)e* as Fi enables (e rabbis o asso)ia e e+ s 2rom 1i22eren ,ar s o2 (e )anon b! assi-nin- rela ions o (ese e+ s* b! allo&in- (em o be ,la)e1 in a ,lo o-e (er5G /0 In (is res,e) * (e Bible is urne1 in o a sel23-lossin- e+ * as lin'e1 ,assa-es 2rom 1i22eren boo's elu)i1a e one ano (er in an e22or o 1is)lose (e in(eren ,leni u1e o2 (e &or15 I is onl! (rou-( su)( an in era) ive rea1in- o2 &or1s* ,(rases* verses* or ,ie)es o2 narra ive (a (e -a, be &een (e over an1 (e )over na ure o2 (e &or1 )an be bri1-e15 T(e mas(al also 2rames an1 )on e+ ualiAes (e bibli)al verses o be in er,re e15 T(is is an a em, o rea)( ou o (e au1ien)e 2or &(om (e in er,re a ion is in en1e1* an1 (ere2ore ,ar i)ular )ir)ums an)es o2 basi) (uman si ua ions (ave o be ,ar o2 (e -a,32illin- narra ive5 T(us (e mas(al is ,rimaril! )on)erne1 F&i ( main ainin- (e Tora(Hs ,resen)e in (e e+is en)e o2 (e @e&* &i ( bri1-in- (e -a, be &een i s &or1s an1 (eir rea1er* &i ( over)omin- (e aliena ion* (e 1is an)e o2 (e Tora(* an1 &i ( res orin- i o (e @e& as an in ima e* 2amiliar ,resen)e5 T(e mi1ras(i) in er,re er in (is sense is li erall! a ransla orB one &(o )arries (e e+ a)ross a 1ivi1e* &(o ne-o ia es (e s,a)e be &een (e e+ an1 i s )om,re(ension5G /" To a)(ieve su)( an obJe) ive b! means o2 a narra ive* (o&ever* (e au (or (as o (ee1 (e ,i 2alls in(eren in an! OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO "# 4aniel Bo!arin* Interte!tuality and the Readin% of/idrash 8Bloomin- onB In1iana Universi ! Press* "$$:9* ?>5 "$ 4avi1 S ern* Parables in /idrash# 9arrative and *!e%esis in Rabbinic Literature 8Cambri1-eB <arvar1 Universi ! Press* "$$"9* ?5 /0 Bo!arin* Interte!tuality, #:5 /" S ern* Parables in /idrash, 88f, 3// narra ive (a * as i )an never be ol1 in i s en ire !* is ,un) ure1 b! in1e ermina)ies (a (ave o be )o,e1 &i (5 I2 (e mas(al as an in er e+ )(ar-e1 &i ( mul i,le 2un) ions is o 2ul2ill i s ,ur,ose* )er ain )ons rain s (ave o be im,ose1 in or1er o urn (e narra ive in o a )lose1 e+ 5 Wi (ou su)( )losure* (e liminal s,a)e* ins ea1 o2 bein- 2ille1* &ill en1 o ins)ribe i sel2 in o (e ver! 1evi)e mean o blan'e i 5 T(e )ons rain s o2 (e mas(al are bo ( (ema i) an1 s ru) ural5 As a 2orm o2 ea)(in- an1 ,rea)(in-* i s (emes are base1 on o,,osi es in ima el! rela e1 o (uman )on1u) * su)( as obe1ien)e an1 1isobe1ien)e* ,raise an1 blame* eulo-! an1 )onsola ion* )om,lain s an1 re)on)ilia ion* re-re an1 &arnin-* re&ar1 an1 ,unis(men * an1 (e li'e 8"0/L"?"95 As a resolu ion o2 o,,osi es* (e mas(al re2le) s bo ( (e liminal s,a)e be &een )anon an1 re-is er an1 (e a em, e1 elimina ion o2 (is 1i22eren)e5 T(e ver! 2a) (a (e mas(al embe1s (e )anoni)al e+ in si ua ions a'en 2rom (e li2e o2 (e ,eo,le o2 Israel ,oin s unmis a'abl! o (e )on e+ in o &(i)( (e Tora( (as o be ransla e1* &(ile (e variable o,i)s o2 (e mas(al reveal (e res,e) ive re-is er ,osi e1 in (e a) o2 in er,re a ion5

T(ese &o 2ea ures in (emselves* (o&ever* are no enou-( o -uaran ee (a (e in en ion o,era ive in in er,re a ion &ill be 2ul2ille15 T(ere2ore (e mas(al (as o be s ru) ure1 alon- lines (a &ill ensure (is 2ul2illmen 5 T(e r(e ori)al ,a ern o2 (e mas(al is (ree2ol1B (e narra ive is 2ollo&e1 u, b! (e nims(al* &(i)( s,ells ou (e a,,li)a ion o2 &(a (e s or! (as s(o&n* an1 (e mas(al en1s &i ( a F,roo2 e+ *G &(i)( is al&a!s a ,assa-e 2rom (e Bible mean o en1orse (e in2eren)e ma1e e+,li)i b! (e nims(al5 T(ere is no 1oub as o (e ,riori ies o2 (e elemen s in (is ri,ar i e ,a ern5 T(e narra ive ,ar is (e leas im,or an * as i onl! ,rovi1es (e )on e+ in o &(i)( (e nims(al inser s (e a1eKua e a,,li)a ion o2 &(a (e Tora( sa!s* an a,,li)a ion* (o&ever* (a nee1s o be )orrobora e1 b! (e ,roo2 e+ a'en 2rom a 1i22eren ,assa-e o2 (e Bible* as (e a,,li)a ion )anno be sel23)on2irmin-5 T(is (ree3,ar rela ions(i, is a ra (er in-enious 2orm o2 in er,re a ion be)ause (e in erlin'a-e be &een narra ive* a,,li)a ion* an1 ,roo2 e+ ma'es i seem as i2 (e 2ormulai) e+ uali ! o2 (e mas(al (as s,o'en 2or i sel2* (us a,,earin- o be a sel23e+,lana or! ransla ion o2 (e Tora( in o (uman li2eI (is is all (e more remar'able -iven (a (e mas(al as a rule s ar s ou &i ( (e name o2 (e rabbi &(o (as ol1 (e s or!5 Al (ou-( (e rabbi ,rovi1es (e e+e-esis* (e 2ormulai) in errela ions(i, amon- (e ,ar s o2 (e mas(al ma'es i a,,ear o bear an au (ori ! o2 i s o&n5 T(is seems o be ,er inen 2or &o )losel! in er)onne) e1 reasons5 3/% Cirs * (e ,rime )on)ern o2 (e mas(al is o en-a-e i s ,o en ial au1ien)e5 4avi1 S ern &ri es (a (e mas(al F1elibera el! -ives (e im,ression o2 namin- i s meanininsufficiently, I uses ambi-ui ! in en ionall!5 Ye (e mas(al a)(ieves (is a,,earan)e7 (e a,,earan)e o2 ambi-ui !7no b! bein- au (en i)all! ambi-uous bu b! s(re&1l! in)or,ora in- o,enin-s 2or (e Kues ionin- o2 meanin-I in (is &a! i ar 2ull! mani,ula es i s au1ien)e o 2ill (ose o,enin-s so as o arrive a (e mas(alHs )orre) )on)lusionG 8"?95 T(is obJe) ive is a)(ieve1 (rou-( (e 1is)on inui ies o2 (e e+ * F e)(ni)all! )alle1 a -a,5 A -a, is a 1elibera el! &i ((el1 ,ie)e o2 in2orma ion in a narra ive78"9 a missin- lin' in a series o2 even sI 8/9 an absen )ause or mo iveI 8%9 a 2ailure o o22er sa is2a) or! e+,lana ions 2or an o))urren)e in a s or!I 8:9 a )on ra1i) ion in (e e+ (a )(allen-es (e au1ien)eHs un1ers an1in- o2 (e narra iveI 8?9 an une+,laine1 1e,ar ure 2rom normsG 8=:2595 Se)on1* (ese -a,s are 1ouble1 u, b! (e em, ! s,a)es (a se,ara e (e narra ive* (e nims(al* an1 (e ,roo2 e+ * as (ese e+ ual ,a erns (ave 1i22eren 2un) ions in rela ion o &(a (as ,re)e1e1 (em an1 &(a (e! are 1esi-ne1 o in er,re 5 T(e em, ! s,a)es* (o&ever* are s ru) ure1 inso2ar as (e nims(al 1e ermines (e a,,li)a ion* an1 (e ,roo2 e+ is (e au (ori a ive )orrobora ion o2 (e la er5 T(us (e s,a)es serve as o,enin-s 2or (e au1ien)e* &(i)( (as o -ras, (e ul erior meanin- (a (e mas(al bears5 W(a loo's li'e a ,re1e ermine1 s ra e-! o2 rabbini)al in er,re a ion is no as in en ional as i a,,ears5 In rabbini)al li era ure (ere is li le sel23)ons)ious a&areness o2 (e e+e-e i)al ,ro)e1ures (a are em,lo!e15 T(e rabbis )onsi1ere1 (e mas(al F1e ermine1*G as S ern (as s(o&n* Fb! i s u ili ! as an e+e-e i)al 1evi)e* as means o (e )om,re(ension o2 (e Tora( San1T no as a re2le) ion in an! &a! o2 (eir o&n i1eolo-!G 8>=95 Moreover* ever! e+ * &(a ever i s ,a ernin-* is ,un) ure1 b! -a,s (a in urn be)ome e22e) ive as s ru) ures (a invi e a res,onse5 An1 2inall!* i2 (e mas(al is (e e+e-e i)al in er e+ (a (as o over)ome (e liminal s,a)e be &een (e Tora( an1 i s ransla ion in o (e ,resen)e o2 (e )ommuni !* i )anno (el, bearin- (e ins)ri, ion o2 (a s,a)e* &(i)( i )an never o all! elimina e5 T(e lea,s be &een narra ive an1 nims(al an1 nims(al an1 ,roo2 e+ are ra)es o2 (e liminal s,a)e* &(i)( reveals i s salien)e b! mar'in- o22 (e s or! 2rom i s a,,li)a ion an1 (e a,,li)a ion 2rom i s en1orsemen 5 T(e mas(alHs )(ara) er as in er e+ is 2ur (er (i-(li-( e1 b! a uniKue 2ea ure5 Al (ou-( i (as a resemblan)e o (e ,arable* i assumes i s sin-ulari ! b! (e 2a) (a i 1oes no ma'e an! sense a all ou si1e i s s,e)i2i)all! rabbini) in er,re a ion* 2or i is 1esi-ne1 o 3/:

)ommuni)a e F (e Q)orre) R un1ers an1in- o2 (e Bible P (rou-( a mo1e o2 1is)ourse (a e+,resses bo ( e+e-e i)al ,ra) i)e an1 i1eolo-i)al ,ro-ramG 8"#:95 As a ve(i)le 2or rans,osin- bibli)al ru ( in o (uman li2e* (e mas(al 1oes no a) uall! )arr! au (ori !* ,ar l! be)ause (e s or! ol1 is a 2i) ion5 As a 2i) ion* (o&ever* i (as (e a1van a-e o2 2usin- an Fe+e-e i)al ,ra) i)eG &i ( an Fi1eolo-i)al ,ro-ram*G (us (el,in- o bri1-e (e 1ivi1e be &een (e au (ori a ive )ommen ar! an1 (e im,a) i (as o ma'e on (e li2e o2 (e ,eo,le5 In (is res,e) * (e mas(al is a basi) -enre o2 mi1ras(i) e+e-esis5 I o,ens u, an area (a @ames Ku-el on)e 1es)ribe1 as 2ollo&sB An1 i2 &e are o 1esi-na e (e (ala'(i) rea1in- o2 (e S)ri, ure as a bri1-e be &een (e Bible an1 (e ,resen 31a! @e&* ou o2 2airness one mus a11 (a (e bri1-e (as ano (er 8i2 an! (in-* -rea er9 lane -oin- in (e o,,osi e 1ire) ion5 Cor in Mi1ras( (e Bible be)omes P a &orl1 un o i sel25 Mi1ras(i) e+e-esis is (e &a! in o (a &orl1I i 1oes no see' o vie& ,resen 31a! reali ! (rou-( bibli)al s,e) a)les* nei (er o 2in1 re2eren s o2 bibli)al ,ro,(e)! in ,resen 31a! (a,,enin-s* nor o 2in1 re2eren s o (e 1ail! li2e o2 (e soul in bibli)al alle-or!5 Ins ea1 i sim,l! over&(elms (e ,resen I (e BibleHs ime is im,or an * &(ile (e ,resen is no I an1 so i invi es (e rea1er o )ross over in o (e en erable &orl1 o2 (e S)ri, ure5 // Crossin- over is &(a (e mas(al 2a)ili a es* bu one mus a11 (a (e ra22i) is &o3&a!* be)ause (e bri1-e ,ermi s (e rea1er o en er (e &orl1 o2 (e S)ri, ure an1 simul aneousl! ,a erns (e rea1erHs be(avior in (e (ere an1 no&5 T(e mas(al as a -a,32illin- in er e+ o2 (e liminal s,a)e is al&a!s -ui1e1 b! a s,e)i2i) )on)ern a))or1in- o &(i)( (e ransla ion o2 (e )anon (as o be e22e) e1* an1 i s s)o,e is limi less* Jus as (e e+e-esis o2 (e S)ri, ure i sel2 e+,an1s in o ever3ne& rea1in-s5 As Deral1 Bruns remar's* FMi1ras(i) in er,re a ions s o, bu 1o no en1G /% in )onseKuen)e o2 &(i)( ea)( in er,re a ion en-en1ers 2ur (er in er,re a ions5 T(is a,,lies OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO // @ames L5 Ku-el* FT&o In ro1u) ions o Mi1ras(*G in /idrash and Literature, e15 Deo22re! <ar man an1 San2or1 Bu1i)' 8Ne& <avenB Yale Universi ! Press* "$#>9* $05 /% Deral1 Bruns* "ermeneutics ncient and /odern 8Ne& <avenB Yale Universi ! Press* "$$/9* """5 3/?3 2irs an1 2oremos o (e e+e-esis o2 (e S)ri, ure* &(ose -a,s* in1e ermina)ies* ambi-ui ies* an1 in)onsis en)ies -ave rise o Fa na ive rabbini) sa!in- 2or (is Kuali ! o2 (e e+ B Q (is verse )ries ou * in er,re meURG /: A vas &eb o2 e+ uali ! is -enera e1 b! su)( a 1eman15 T(e S)ri, ure is un2ol1e1 in o i s 1iversi2ie1 meanin-s* an1 i s ransla ion in o (e (uman )on1i ion issues in o a &el er o2 mes(alim5 A )on inual ,roli2era ion o2 narra ives e+ en1s &(a (as alrea1! been narra e1* as ea)( ne&l! arisen si ua ion &ill 1e ermine (o& (e (ol! e+ is o be a'en5 T(us mi1ras(* as Bruns (as s(o&n* F,resu,,oses (a in er,re a ion )anno mean sim,l! -ivin- uni2orm re,resen a ions o2 a e+ (a is seale1 o22 2rom (e (e ero-enei ! o2 (uman si ua ions5 Mi1ras( un1ers an1s (a i2 a e+ is o (ave an! 2or)e* i mus remain o,en o more (an (e )on e+ o2 i s )om,osi ion5G /? T(is is one o2 (e reasons &(! (ere are no 1e2ini ive rules o2 in er,re a ion in mi1ras(I FAbs ra) rules 2or r(e ori) or ,ro,(e i) 1is)ourse are no -iven5 P Tra1i ion is (e &ar, an1 &oo2 o2 )rea ive alen * (e e+ ual )on en &(ose le+i)al an1 (eolo-i)al 'no s are e+e-e i)all! unravele1* se,ara e1* or re)ombine15 In (is sense ra1i ion is also a re e+ ure1 )on e+ 5G /> Narra ives s,a&n 2ur (er narra ives* &(ose )on inual e+,ansion -ives rise o an ever3evolvin- e+ ual ra1i ion (a in urn 2un) ions as -ui1an)e in mi1ras(i) in er,re a ion 2or illumina ion o2 bibli)al verses an1 2or (e ransla ion o2 (e S)ri, ure in o in1ivi1ual si ua ions5 T(is a,,aren l! sel23re,ro1u)in- e+ uali ! bears &i ness o an un)easin- a em, o over)ome (e liminal s,a)e (a is )ause1 b! in er,re a ion i sel2 bu is ne)essar! o mar' o22 (e ins,ire1 &or1 2rom (e re-is er in o &(i)( (e S)ri, ure is rans,ose15 Al (ou-( ra1i ion as a )on inual res(u22lin- o2 e+ uali ! ,reserves (e a))umula e1 &is1om o2 -enera ions* i is* in (e 2inal anal!sis* )ons i u e1 b! (is seemin-l! en1less

,roli2era ion o2 narra ives5 I ,oin s o (e 1ee, nee1 2or )on inui ! ra (er (an o )on inui ! i sel2* (e nee1 o an)(or ,ra) i)es an1 belie2s in some (in- lar-er (an (e e+is in- or1er5 An1 su)( a nee1 (as re,er)ussions on (o& &e )on)eive o2 in er,re a ion* &(i)( is no Jus a ool 2or rans,osin- (e 1ivine &or1 in o -ui1elines 2or be(avior bu * in bri1-in- (e )(asm be &een S)ri, ure an1 &orl1* is al&a!s on (e ver-e o2 assumin- a s a us o2 i s o&n5 Mi1ras(* as 4avi1 S ern )on en1s* OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO /: Bo!arin* Interte!tuality, :"5 /? Bruns* "ermeneutics, "0>5 /> Cis(bane* FInner Bibli)al E+e-esis*G 3/> Fis no sim,l! e+e-esis* nor an e+e-e i)al s an)e* bu (e 1is)ourse o2 e+e-esis5 As mi1ras( is ,reserve1 in Rabbini) li era ure* i 1oes no onl! in er,re S)ri, ure* bu alrea1! or-aniAes an1 e+,loi s e+e-esis 7smaller* in1e,en1en * o2 en lo)al in er,re ive ra1i ions 72or lar-er i1eolo-i)al ,ur,oses (a (ave in)reasin-l! so,(is i)a e1 an1 ,ol!valen meanin-s o2 (eir o&n5 Mi1ras( (us deploys s)ri, ural e+e-esis 2or i s o&n en15G /= W(enever rea1in- -e s (e u,,er (an1 over &(a is bein- rea1* (ere is a ,o en ial erosion o2 (e )anoni)al e+ 5 A-ain i is in er,re a ion (a )laims au (ori ! 2or bo ( i s rea1in- o2 bibli)al verses an1 i s be(avioral -ui1elines5 Su)( au (ori !* (o&ever* )anno be s,un ou o2 in er,re a ion i sel2 bu (as o be borro&e1 2rom (e )anoni)al e+ in or1er o au (en i)a e (e 1e)rees in en1e1 b! (e rea1in-5 @us as (e rea1in-s o2 (e seale1 )anon are a Fbes o&alG an1 FremovalG o2 au (ori !* mi1ras(i) in er,re a ion ma'es (e e+ ual au (ori ! sli1e in o &(a i a'es (e e+ o mean5 T(e )anon is save1 2rom erosion* (o&ever* ei (er b! (e la en )on2li) o2 rea1in-s or b! (e mul i2arious rea1in-s ,ro1u)e1 in (e <ouse o2 Mi1ras(5 In (is res,e) * in er,re a ion reveals (e in(eren ,roblem o2 au (ori !5 In ,rovi1ina))ess o (e au (ori a ive e+ * in er,re a ion bo ( 1ivi1es an1 borro&s 2rom (is au (ori !* al (ou-( borro&in- alone is no enou-( o vali1a e (e )laims o2 in er,re a ion* be)ause vali1i ! an1 au (ori ! are no o all! i1en i)al5 T(e au (ori ! o2 (e e+ serves o un1er,in (e vali1i ! )laime1 b! in er,re a ion5 Vali1i ! (us a,,ears 1ual in na ureB i subsis s on (e au (ori ! o2 (e e+ an1 simul aneousl! a,,ears o enri)( &(a i lives on5 FT(e seale1 e+ no onl! a)Kuires (e s a us o2 e+)lusivi ! bu ne& in2orma ion )an be -aine1 mainl! (rou-( in er,re in- (e e+ 5G /# In rela ion o sin-le ,assa-es o2 (e Bible* mi1ras(i) rea1in-s illumina e (e (i11en meanin-s o2 (e ins,ire1 &or1* an1 in rela ion o (e ,eo,le o2 Israel* in er,re a ion ransla es (e )anoni)al e+ in o -ui1elines 2or (uman )on1u) 5 Al (ou-( all (ese e22or s 1e,en1 on (e au (ori ! o2 (e S)ri, ure* in er,re a ion ma'es some (in- emer-e (a * s ri) l! s,ea'in-* is no )on aine1 in (e )anon ,ro,er5 In (e &or1s o2 Rabbi A'ivaB FAll is 2oreseen* bu 2ree1om o2 )(oi)e is -iven5G Be ! Roi man s a es (a Fall is 1e ermine1* an1 !e all is o,en*G /$ an1 &(a is o,en is &or'e1 ou (rou-( in er,re a ion5 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO /= S ern* Parables in /idrash, "=$5 /# <alber al* People of the &ook, "$5 /$ Be ! Roi man* FSa)re1 Lan-ua-e an1 O,en Te+ *G in /idrash and Literature, e15 Deo22re! <ar man an1 San2or1 Bu1i)' 8Ne& <avenB Yale Universi ! Press* "$#>9* ">05 3/=3 T(is brin-s us ba)' o (e )on)e, o2 (e liminal s,a)e5 A (is earl! s a-e in (e (is or! o2 in er,re a ion i s e22e) is &o2ol1B T(e liminal s,a)e ma'es (e au (ori ! o2 (e e+ os)illa e be &een (e s)ri, ural )anon an1 i s 2orms o2 ransla ion* (ereb! in1i)a in- (a i )anno be elimina e1 b! (e ver! a) (a (as )ause1 i 5 Cur (ermore* as an em, ! s,a)e (a se,ara es &o 1i22eren s!s ems 8 e+ an1 e+e-esis9 2rom one ano (er* i )alls ou 2or ne-o ia ion* (ereb! revealin- i sel2 as a ma ri+ 2or (e emer-en)e o2 a e+ 3imbue1 li2e an1 a S)ri, ure live15

T e Literar% Canon' Dr( )o nson on S a"es#eare

T(e s(i2 o2 au (ori ! be)omes all (e more a,,aren in rea1in-s o2 (e li erar! )anon5 FT(e )on)e, o2 (e )anon names (e ra1i ional )urri)ulum o2 li erar! e+ s b! analo-! o P (e s)ri, ural )anon5 T(e s)ri, ural analo-! is )on inuousl! ,resen * i2 usuall! a)i * &(enever )anoni)al revision is e+,resse1 as Qo,enin- (e )anon5RG %0 FT(e ver! 2a) (a (e bo1! o2 li erar! &or's )an be analo-iAe1 o (e s)ri, ural Q)anonR be ra!s (e 2a) (a verna)ular &ri in- mus borro& (e slo&l! 2a1in- aura o2 S)ri, ure as a means o2 en(an)in- an1 soli1i2!in- i s ne& ,res i-eG 8=>95 %" In )on ra1is in) ion o (e 1is)rimina ion be &een a )lose1 an1 an o,en )anon in S)ri, ure* (o&ever* (e li erar! )anon is basi)all! o,en* be)ause ne& au (ors )an be a11e1 o (e s o)' o2 )lassi)al &ri ers5 Su)( a ,ro)ess* (o&ever* 1oes no un2ol1 i sel2 as a mere a11i ion o2 au (orsI ins ea1* an o,en )anon is subJe) o an ever3rene&e1 F)om,le ion5G As T5 S5 Elio on)e remar'e1B FT(e e+is inmonumen s 2orm an i1eal or1er amon- (emselves* &(i)( is mo1i2ie1 b! (e in ro1u) ion o2 (e ne& 8 (e reall! ne&9 &or' o2 ar amon- (em5 T(e e+is in- or1er is )om,le e be2ore (e ne& &or' arrivesI 2or or1er o ,ersis a2 er (e su,erven ion o2 novel !* (e 'hole e+is in- or1er mus be* i2 ever so sli-( l!* al ere15G %/ Never (eless* OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO %0 @o(n Duillor!* Cultural Capital# The Problem of Literary Canon $ormation 8C(i)a-oB C(i)a-o Universi ! Press* "$$%9* >5 %" <is ori)all! s,ea'in-* )anon 2orma ion in (e Wes ori-ina e1 2rom (e -rammarians o2 Ale+an1ria* &(o -ave (e name F)anonG o a )olle) ion o2 Dree' e+ s (a &ere )onsi1ere1 as mo1els Fbe)ause o2 (e ,uri ! o2 (eir lan-ua-e5G See Mi(Wl! SAe-e1!3 MasAW'* FT(e Rise an1 Call o2 Li erar! an1 Ar is i) Canons*G in 9eohelikon "= 8"$$09B "/$5 %/ T5 S5 Elio * Selected *ssays 8Lon1onB Caber an1 Caber* "$?"9* "?5 3/# (e )onvi) ion ,revails (a a )ommen ar! ma1e on (e &or' o2 su)( au (ors is a 1e2ini ive s a emen * al (ou-( in a) ual 2a) i is ,ar ial inso2ar as i is a ransla ion o2 a )anoniAe1 e+ in o a (is ori)all! )on1i ione1 si ua ion5 FT(e aim o2 ever! )ommen a or*G Karl(einA S ierle &ri es* Fis o o,en u, &a!s o a more ,ro2oun1 un1ers an1in- o2 su)( a e+ &(i)(* bein- &or (! o2 )ommen * is an e+em,lar! )on)en ra ion o2 meanin-5 <o&ever* (e in ense rea1in- )on1i ione1 b! )ommen ar! is no a &(oll! 1e ermine1 rea1in-5 T(e )on)e, ion o2 i1eal rea1in- (a ea)( )ommen ar! (as in vie& is 2un) ional o (e ins i u ion &(ere rea1in- an1 )ommen in- (ave (eir ,la)e5G %% 4r5 @o(nsonHs )ommen ar! on S(a'es,eare ma! serve as an e+am,le o2 &(a is im,lie1 b! (e in er,re a ion o2 a )anoni)al au (or* no leas as @o(nson ma! &ell (ave been (e las in (e line o2 )ommen a ors )ommi e1 o (e ra1i ional )on)e, o2 (e )anon as (e Fmonumen s So2T an i1eal or1er5G T(is ,osi ion (i-(li-( s (e in(eren ,roblems o2 )anon 2orma ion* (us ,rovi1in- a 2oil 2or bo ( (e rise o2 (ermeneu i)s an1 (e 2un) ion o2 )ri i)ism5 W(a (ol1s rue 2or (e )anon o2 (ol! e+ s a,,lies eKuall! o (e li erar! )anonB (a is* i also (as o be ma1e available5 %: I is 4r5 @o(nsonHs aim (ere2ore o ,rovi1e (e )on1i ions ne)essar! F o a ,er2e) 'no&le1-e o2 (e abili ies o2 S(a'es,eare5G %? T(e )on1i ions alrea1! ,oin o a ,o en ial re-is er in o &(i)( (ese Fabili iesG (ave o be rans,ose15 T(us 4r5 @o(nson s ar s ou b! sa!in-B FAmon- (e ,o&ers (a mus )on1u)e o )ons i u e a ,oe * (e 2irs an1 mos valuable is inven ionG 8:=95 T(e la er* (o&ever* is no lon-er i1en i2ie1 &i ( (e )ombina or! rule o2 Aris o elian r(e ori)* nor is i mean o an i)i,a e (e roman i) ,o&er o2 -eniusB %> OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO %% Karl(einA S ierle* FS u1iumB Pers,e) ives on Ins i u ionaliAe1 Mo1es o2 Rea1in-*G 9e' Literary "istory // 8"$$"9B ""#5

%: %?

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See also SAe-e1!3MasAW'* FT(e Rise an1 Call*G "?"5 6ohnson on Shakespeare, vol5 = o2 T(e Yale E1i ion o2 (e Wor's o2 Samuel @o(nson* e15 Ar (ur S(erbo 8Ne& <avenB Yale Universi ! Press* "$>#9* :=5 T(e sour)es o2 all o (er Kuo a ions 2rom (is volume are -iven in in3 e+ re2eren)es o (e a,,ro,ria e ,a-es5 I is* (o&ever* in eres in- o no e7as Wal er @a)'son Ba e* The chievement of Samuel 6ohnson 8Ne& Yor'B O+2or1 Universi ! Press* "$>"9* /""* (as ,oin e1 ou 7 (a S en1(al F(a1 vir uall! ransla e1 ,ar o2 (e 1is)ussion o2 (e neo3)lassi) rules o2 1rama 2rom (e Preface to Shakespeare an1 ,ublis(e1 i as a Qroman i)R mani2es o5 T(e 2a) &oul1 (ave sur,rise1 @o(nson5G 3/$ SO2T all (e 1e-rees o2 inven ion* (e (i-(es seems o be (a &(i)( is able o ,ro1u)e a series o2 even s P o in ro1u)e a se o2 )(ara) ers so 1iversi2ie1 in (eir several ,assions an1 in eres s* (a 2rom (e )las(in- o2 (is varie ! ma! resul man! ne)essar! in)i1en sI o ma'e (ese in)i1en s sur,risin-* an1 !e na ural* so as o 1eli-( (e ima-ina ion &i (ou s(o)'in- (e Ju1-men o2 a rea1erI an1 2inall!* o &in1 u, (e &(ole in a ,leasin- )a as ro,(e ,ro1u)e1 b! (ose ver! means &(i)( seem mos li'el! o o,,ose an1 ,reven i * is (e u mos e22or o2 (e (uman min15 8:=259

Inven ion* i seems* is some (in- im,ene rable (a )an onl! be assesse1 b! &a! o2 i s mani2es a ions an1 (ere2ore b! (e im,a) i is able o e+er)ise5 An even is an o))urren)e &i (ou re2eren iali ! an1 (ere2ore sur,risin-I ,assions an1 in eres are en an-le1 in )on2li) an1 (en)e issue in o an o+!moroni) si ua ion5 T(is ma'es inven ion 1ual in na ureB i is bo ( un,re1i) able an1 na ural* e+)i in- (e ima-ina ion bu ,a!in- ribu e o Ju1-men 5 W(a 'ee,s (ese )oun ervailin- en1en)ies 2rom )las(in- is (e e+,erien)e ransmi e1 o (e re)i,ien (a S(a'es,eareHs F heroes are men, (a (e love an1 (a re1* (e (o,es an1 2ears o2 (is )(ie2 ,ersona-es are su)( as are )ommon o o (er (uman bein-sG 8:$95 <ere &e ma! 1is)ern an ou line o2 (e re-is er in o &(i)( S(a'es,eare is rans,ose15 T(e rea1erHs ,ers,e) ive ,rovi1es (e 2o)us 2or as)er ainin- (e Kuali ies an1 ,er2e) ion o2 (e )anoni)al au (or* an1 su)( a 2o)us im,lies (a S(a'es,eareHs )(ara) ers s(oul1 be ,er)eive1 as a mirror o2 )ommon (umani !5 T(e au (ori !* in urn* is mean o o22er -ui1elines 2or (e sel2,er)e, ion o2 )on em,orar! rea1ers* &(ose vie&s (ave o be (ee1e1 2or (e -ui1an)e o a'e e22e) 5 Su)( a 1ual orien a ion resul s in (e -ro&in)om,le+i ! o2 (e )ommen ar!* &(i)( (as bo ( o (i-(li-( (e au (ori ! an1 o )as i in )om,re(ensible )on em,orar! erms5 <i-(li-( in- au (ori ! means -ivin- reasons 2or )anoniAa ion* &(ereas 2as(ionin- au (ori ! in erms o2 a )on em,orar! rea1ers(i, means ma'in- i )on2orm o )ommon belie25 T(e re-is er (us (as a 1ual orien a ionB &(ile au (ori ! is )on)eive1 in rea1er3orien e1 erms* (ese )anno es ablis( au (ori ! bu onl! (el, o )om,re(en1 i 5 Obviousl!* )om,re(ension be-ins o mol1 &(a is un1ers oo1 b! au (ori !5 As S(a'es,eareHs )(ara) ers Fare (e -enuine ,ro-en! o2 )ommon (umani !G 8>/9* (e! re2le) (e ,erennial Kuali ies o2 (uman na ure* (us allo&in- 4r5 @o(nson o au (en i)a e S(a'es,eareHs a)(ievemen in erms o2 an ei-( een (3)en ur! belie25 T(e )onvi) ion (a (ere is a )ommon -roun1 o2 (uman na ure (el1 s&a! ri-( u, o (e (res(ol1 3%03 o2 roman i)ism5 %= T(e )ore o2 a )ommon (umani ! bo1ie1 2or ( in S(a'es,eare* (o&ever* &as no mean onl! o )orrobora e an ei-( een (3)en ur! i1ea bu also (a1 o serve a ,ar i)ular ,ur,ose5 W(a (is su,,ose1l! ,erennial an1 un)(an-eable (uman na ure mi-( be li'e remaine1 an o,en Kues ionI a bes i &as a blan' (a reKuire1 2illin-5 Cor (is reason* S(a'es,eareHs )(an-e o2 si ua ions be)ame an im,or an issue 2or 4r5 @o(nson inso2ar as i re2ra) e1 )ommon (umani ! in (e mirror o2 'alei1os)o,i)all! s(i2 in- 2a)e s (a in urn )oul1 be )onne) e1 u, &i ( ano (er burnin- issue o2 (e imeB sel23 )on2ron a ion 2or (e ,ur,ose o2 a)(ievin- (uman ,er2e) ion5 4r5 @o(nson le2 no 1oub (a (is &as one o2 (e main obJe) ives o2 (is )ommen ar! b! e+,li)i l! s a in- (a ins ru) ion is o be 1erive1 2rom su)( a mirrorin- o2 (uman na ureB FT(e en1 o2 &ri in- is o ins ru) I (e en1 o2 ,oe r! is o ins ru) b! ,leasin-G 8>=95 In or1er o )(annel S(a'es,eare o su)( an en1* 4r5 @o(nson 2ran'l! )on2essesB FI (ave en1eavoure1 o be nei (er su,er2luousl! )o,ious* nor s)ru,ulousl! reserve1* an1 (o,e (a I (ave ma1e m!

au (ourHs meanin- a))essible o man! &(o be2ore &ere 2ri-( e1 2rom ,erusin- (im* an1 )on ribu e1 some (in- o (e ,ubli)'* b! 1i22usin- inno)en an1 ra ional ,leasureG 8"0%95 T(is means no less (an (a (e au (orHs meanin- is alrea1! (ere* so (a (e )ommen a or nee1 onl! 1evise (e 2orm o2 ,er)e, ion in or1er o rans2er (e meanina-reeabl! in o (e ima-ina ion o2 a )on em,orar! rea1ers(i,5 T(e re-is er* (o&ever* in o &(i)( S(a'es,eare is ransla e1 is no as (omo-eneous as 4r5 @o(nson mi-( (ave )on)eive1 i 5 Cirs o2 all* in er,re a ion o2 a )anoni)al au (or means ma'in- (im available5 In (is res,e) * rea1in-s o2 (ol! an1 se)ular e+ s are similar in (eir in en ion5 A)(ievemen o2 (e obJe) ive reKuires a))ess o (e )anon* 2or &(i)( (e )ul ural )o1e o2 (e )on em,orar! rea1er ,rovi1es (e ,arame er5 T(us (ere emer-es a liminal s,a)e be &een S(a'es,eare an1 (e re-is er* &(i)( ,oses a ,roblem inso2ar as ei (er au (ori ! is borro&e1 in or1er o au (en i)a e (e rea1in- or (e s,a)e is elimina e1 b! 2usin- e+e-e i)al rea1in- an1 )anoni)al e+ o-e (er5 4r5 @o(nson 1oes bo (* so (a (is re-is er is mar'e1 b! (e 1uali ! I (ave alrea1! 1is)usse15 Cur (ermore* (is 1uali ! is ,arallele1 b! a )oun ervailin- en1en)! &i (in (e rea1erorien e1 re-is er i sel2* as (e rea1er (as no onl! o 2a)e (imsel2 or (ersel2 in (e mirror o2 S(a'es,earean )(ara) ers bu also o be ins ru) e1 b! OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO %= See* 2or ins an)e* Sir Wal er S)o * Ivanhoe, e15 An1re& Lan- 8Lon1onB Ma)millan* "$0"9* 2oo no e o +lvii5 3%"3 &(a 4r5 @o(nson )onsi1ers (e meanin- o2 S(a'es,eare* &(i)( (e se s ou o ma'e as ,ala able as ,ossible5 T(e re-is er no& be)omes in)reasin-l! )om,le+ o&in- o (e 1iversi2ie1 as,e) s (a (ave o be a'en in o )onsi1era ion5 T(ese as,e) s* (o&ever* rela e no so mu)( o (e )anoni)al e+ as o (e 2rame&or' in o &(i)( i is mean o be rans,ose15 %# T(is be)omes all (e more obvious in 4r5 @o(nsonHs re2eren)es o earlier )ommen a ors on S(a'es,eare5 Al (ou-( i &as (is aim o brin- abou Frevolu ions o2 learnin-G 8$$9* (e 1i1 no &an o a)(ieve (is obJe) ive b! )ri i)iAin- ,revious )ommen a ors* as Fno one (as le2 S(a'es,eare &i (ou im,rovemen * nor is (ere one o &(om I (ave no been in1eb e1 2or assis an)e an1 in2orma ionG 8"0"95 In s,i e o2 su)( avo&als* 4r5 @o(nson )anno (el, )ri i)iAin- some o2 (is ,re1e)essors* &(ose ,re1ominan FerrourG )onsis e1 in Jus Fsurve!in- (e sur2a)eG &i (ou F,ene ra in- (e bo omG 8$#95 I2 some o2 (e )ommen a ors* in s,i e o2 (eir )ommon e22or * (ave 2aile1 o leave (e )anoni)al &or' be er un1ers oo1 7as 4r5 @o(nson (as e+,li)i l! )laime1 2or (imsel2 8?#9 7&(a 1oes (e a) uall! mean b! Fim,rovemen GM A,ar 2rom e+ ual emen1a ions* i )an onl! re2er o ma'in- (e e+ available o (e )on em,orar! si ua ion5 An1 as si ua ions )(an-e* (e ,er)e, ion o2 ,revious )ommen a ors ma! be)ome irrelevan or ma! (ave o be Qre) i2ie1R in or1er o ma'e (e )anoni)al au (or 2i ne& nee1s5 Su)( a s(i2 is all (e more sur,risin- as (e ra1i ion o2 (e )ommen ar! is 1ee,l! imbue1 &i ( (e belie2 (a even uall! an e+(aus ive un1ers an1in- o2 (e )anoni)al au (or &ill be rea)(e15 T(e ver! 2a) (a (e roa1 o&ar1 o al )om,re(ension 1oes no 1evelo, in a s rai-( line bears &i ness o (e 1ual orien a ion ,revailin- in (e )ommen ar!B (a is* (e au (ori ! res s &i ( (e )anoni)al au (or* !e (a au (or is )on inuall! s(i2 e1 in o a 1i22eren ,ers,e) ive* an1 (ere2ore &(a earlier )ommen a ors ma! (ave brou-( o li-( (as o be res(u22le15 T(e res(u22lin- mar's (e rise o2 )ri i)ism &i (in (e ra1i ion o2 )ommen ar! i sel2* %$ an1 (is 1evelo,men is lar-el! 1ue o (e -ro&in- )om,le+i ! o2 (e re-is er in o &(i)( (e )anoni)al au (or is ransla e15 T(e re-is er is no e+)lusivel! 1e ermine1 b! un1ers an1in- (e )anoni)al au (or bu 1e,en1s even more on (e ,revailin- e+i-en)ies (a )on1i ion (is availabili !5 T(e la er &ill OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO %# SAe-e1!3MasAW'* FT(e Rise an1 Call*G ":%* Kui e ri-( l! s a esB FCanons are )losel! ie1 o )ommuni ies5G %$ Cor @o(nsonHs rela ions(i, o ra1i ion* see Ba e* The chievement of Samuel 6ohnson,

/"=5 3%/ inevi abl! en ail reassessmen o2 bo ( (e )anoni)al au (or an1 (e s an1ar1s (a -overn (e re-is er5 T(is 1uali ! be)omes a,,aren (rou-( (e )onne) ion 4r5 @o(nson es ablis(es be &een (e universals o2 Aris o elian ,oe i)s an1 S(a'es,eareHs &or'5 A brie2 loo' a some o2 (ese lin's &ill on)e more brin- o (e 2ore a 2un1amen al ,roblem in(eren in (e )anon -enerall!B (e inevi able sli,,a-e o2 au (ori ! 2rom (e )anon o (e rea1in-5 In )onve!inS(a'es,eareHs -rea ness o a )on em,orar! rea1ers(i,* 4r5 @o(nson invo'es (e s o)'3in3 ra1e o2 (e (en s ill )urren Aris o elian ,oe i)s (a i is (e ,oe Hs as' o imi a e na ure5 As S(a'es,eare (a1 e+)elle1 all o (er ,oe s in (is res,e) * su)( e+em,lari ! inves e1 (is &or' &i ( au (ori !5 As o na ure an1 imi a ion* (o&ever* 4r5 @o(nson a,,ears o (ave (a1 (is o&n i1eas5 S(a'es,eare as F (e ,oe o2 na ure P (ol1s u, o (is rea1ers a 2ai (2ul mirrour o2 manners an1 o2 li2eG 8>/9I (us na ure is 2irs an1 2oremos (uman na ure5 4r5 @o(nson )on inues o elabora e on (is b! sa!in-B FMan'in1 &as no (en o be s u1ie1 in (e )lose I (e (a &oul1 'no& (e &orl1* &as un1er (e ne)essi ! o2 -leanin- (is o&n remar's* b! min-linas (e )oul1 in i s business an1 amusemen sG 8##95 As F(is 1rama is (e mirrour o2 li2eG 8>?9* Fe+(ibi in- (e real s a e o2 sublunar! na ure* &(i)( ,ar a'es o2 -oo1 an1 evil* Jo! an1 sorro&* min-le1 &i ( en1less varie ! o2 ,ro,or ion an1 innumerable mo1es o2 )ombina ionG 8>>9* S(a'es,eare ma'es manners 2an ou in o a (i (er o un2oreseeable 1iversi !* un2ol1e1 in an ever3)(an-in- seKuen)e o2 vivi1 ima-es5 Su)( a )a alo-* &(i)( 4r5 @o(nson 'ee,s 1e ailin-* is a blen1 o2 i1eas 1evelo,e1 (rou-(ou (e ei-( een ( )en ur!* al (ou-( (e -ives (em (is o&n in1ivi1ual slan 5 Be)ause (e main ains (a all (ese rami2i)a ions o2 na ure are 2ea ure1 in S(a'es,eareHs &or' in unsur,assable ,er2e) ion* S(a'es,eareHs au (ori ! im,li)i l! serves o au (en i)a e (e s an1ar1s o2 e+)ellen)e lai1 1o&n b! an ei-( een (3)en ur! )ommen a or5 :0 T(ere is a ,ri)e o be ,ai1 2or su)( a )laim* (o&ever5 EKua in- na ure &i ( F (e real s a e o2 sublunar! na ureG 7elu)i1a e1 b! (e vivi1l! ,er)e, ible varie ! o2 manners 7is in 1ire) )on2li) &i ( a s a emen ma1e imme1ia el! be2ore in (e FPre2a)e*G &(ere 4r5 @o(nson invo'es (e ol1 Aris o elian no ion b! sa!in-B FNo (in- )an ,lease man!* an1 ,lease lon-* OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO :0 T(ou-( i mus be sai1* as Ba e main ains* (a F@o(nson uses (e )ri i)al vo)abular! o2 Euro,ean )ri i)ism be2ore (e roman i) movemen B (e uses &or1s li'e Qreason*R Qna ure*R Q,ro,rie !*R an1 Q&i *R (ou-( (e -ives (em a 2ar lar-er meanin- (an o (ers 1i1 a (e imeG :The chievement of Samuel 6ohnson, "$"95 3%% bu Jus re,resen a ions o2 -eneral na ureG 8>"95 Murra! Krie-er (as 1ra&n a en ion o (is a,,aren 1i)(o om!B We )an no e in (e s a emen (a )urious Ju+ a,osi ion o2 (e ra ionalis Hs assum, ions o2 a -eneral na ure &i ( (e em,iri)is Hs )on)ern &i ( au1ien)e rea) ion 8 (e no ion o2 ,leasin- man! an1 ,leasin- lon-95 T(us* al (ou-( (ere is no Kues ionin- o2 (e 1o-ma i) belie2 in (e obJe) ive e+is en)e o2 1is)overable universals* (ere is also (e insis en)e (a (e san) ion 2or (ese universals )omes* no 2rom a ,riori 1e1u) ions 2rom (e na ure o2 (in-s* bu 2rom (e )ombine1 Ju1-men s o2 in1ivi1ual e+,erien)es5 :" 4r5 @o(nson a,,ears o borro& (e universal )(ara) er o2 F-eneral na ureG in or1er o ba)' u, (e assume1 e+em,lari ! o2 Fsublunar! na ure5G Even i2 (e ma! no (ave been a&are o2

(is 1i)(o om!* (e ver! 2a) (a i o))urre1 bears &i ness o s ra e-i) ,ro)e1ures o,era ive in (e )ommen ar!5 T(e ra1i ional )on)e, o2 na ure (as o len1 vali1i ! o (e 1iversi2i)a ion o2 (uman na ure as (e a) ual obJe) o2 imi a ion* an1 (is 1iversi ! in urn is a)i l! eKua e1 &i ( basi) s an1ar1s o2 Aris o elian ,oe i)s5 T(e reason 2or su)( a maneuver is obvious* be)ause (e )anoni)al au (or is no a,,eale1 o 2or (is o&n sa'e* in or1er o u iliAe F (e -rea es -ra)es o2 a ,la!*G (a is* F o )o,! na ure an1 ins ru) li2eG 8#095 Cor su)( an overri1in- )on)ern* F-eneral na ureG as a universal (as o be a,,ro,ria e1 so (a (e mul i2ormi ! o2 (uman na ure )an be 2or-e1 in o an ins rumen 2or ins ru) ion5 T(ere2ore (uman 1is,osi ions (ave o be observe1 i2 (e in en1e1 lesson is o be e22e) ive5 In (is FPre2a)eG 4r5 @o(nson Ju--les (e a ribu es o2 na ure* an1 (is in er,la! o2 (e F-eneralG an1 (e Fsublunar!G 1ra&s a en ion o (e liminal s,a)e be &een (e )anoni)al au (or an1 (is ransla ion in o ins ru) ion 2or an ei-( een (3)en ur! rea1er5 T(is s,a)e )anno be 1e2ini ivel! -losse1 over* an1 as a resul 4r5 @o(nson is 2or)e1 o bise) na ure5 Use o2 (e Aris o elian )on)e, o2 na ure o au (en i)a e i1eas a1van)e1 b! (e )ommen a or is no * (o&ever* a one3&a! ,ro)ess5 T(e ver! 2a) (a 4r5 @o(nson )onsi1ers S(a'es,eare a ,er2e) embo1imen o2 &(a (e oo' na ure o be im,li)i l! (el,s o un1er,in (e au (ori ! S(a'es,eare )omman1s5 Su)( un1er,innin- is all (e more ne)essar! be)ause (e au (ori ! o2 a )anoni)al au (or 1oes no (ail 2rom (e &or1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO :" Murra! Krie-er* Poetic Presence and Illusion# *ssays in Critical "istory and Theory 8Bal imoreB @o(ns <o,'ins Universi ! Press* "$=$9* ?>5 3%: o2 Do1* as is (e )ase &i ( (ol! e+ s5 T(ere2ore a se)ular au (ori ! (as o be ma1e ,lausible in erms s(are1 b! (e rea1ers(i, mean o a)'no&le1-e (is au (ori !5 T(e &o3 &a! ra22i) ma'es (e )ommen ar! 1oublee1-e1* as be)omes evi1en &(en 4r5 @o(nson 1e ails (e &a! in &(i)( S(a'es,eare imi a e1 na ure5 On (e one (an1* (e ,raises F (e -rea e+)ellen)e o2 S(a'es,eare* (a (e 1re& (is s)enes 2rom na ure* an1 2rom li2eG 8?%9* an1 !e * on (e o (er* b! )o,!in- ever! (in- 2rom na ure S(a'es,eare )ame so )lose o li2e (a (e )rea e1 Fobs)uri iesG 8?/22595 I is no& 2or (e )ommen a or o Fe+,lain &(a is obs)ureG 8?"9* an1* as (e 1oes so* au (ori ! is boun1 o s(i2 on)e more* be)ause (e )ommen a or no& s,ea's au (ori a ivel! abou )learin- u, (e obs)uri ies (rou-( F)onJe) ural )ri i)ismG 8?"95 4r5 @o(nson e+,li)i l! s a es (a (e 1oes no Fin en1 o ,re)lu1e (imsel2G &(en i )omes o )om,arin- S(a'es,eareHs Fsen imen s or e+,ression &i ( (a o2 an)ien an1 mo1ern au (oursG 8?#95 In (e )ourse o2 su)( an en1eavor* 4r5 @o(nson 2in1s a -rea man! F2aul sG in S(a'es,eare (a im,li)i l! a,,ear o 1iminis( (e au (ori ! o2 (e )anoni)al au (or* &(o is )ri i)iAe1 2or &(a (e ei (er 1i1 or 2aile1 o 1o &(en imi a in- na ure5 T(us ano (er 1i)(o om! o,ens u,* as Krie-er (as s(o&n* in (a 4r5 @o(nson F)oul1 s)ol1 S(a'es,eare 2or moral in1i22eren)e a2 er ,raisin- (is ru (2ul a1(eren)e o our morall! in1i22eren &orl1*G an1 in 1oin- so (e Fis onl! enun)ia in- a-ain P (a a-e3ol1 1ilemma &(i)( vainl! see's o ma'e (e mime i) )om,a ible &i ( (e 1i1a) i)G 8==95 W(enever (e 1i1a) i) in en -e s (e u,,er (an1 in 4r5 @o(nsonHs )ommen ar!* (e liminal s,a)e )an onl! be over)ome b! ,roJe) in- s an1ar1s on o (e &or' o2 (e )anoni)al au (or* (us urnin- (e 2un) ion o2 (e )ommen ar! u,si1e 1o&n5 Ins ea1 o2 1erivins an1ar1s 2rom (e )anoni)al &or'* 4r5 @o(nson lis s (e 2aul s (e (as s,o e1 in S(a'es,eareHs o (er&ise ,raise&or (! imi a ion o2 na ure5 T(e -rea man! 2aul s are Fsu22i)ien o obs)ure an1 over&(elm an! o (er meri G 8="95 S(a'es,eare* 4r5 @o(nson main ains* Fsa)ri2i)es vir ue o )onvenien)e P ma'es no Jus 1is ribu ion o2 -oo1 or evil P )arries (is ,ersons in1i22eren l! (rou-( ri-( an1 &ron-* an1 a (e )lose 1ismisses (em &i (ou 2ur (er )are* an1 leaves (eir e+am,les o o,era e b! )(an)eG 8="95 <is ,lo s omi o,,or uni ies o ins ru) or 1eli-( (e rea1erI (e Jes s in (e )ome1ies are more o2 en (an no -ross* an1 (eir ,leasan r! li)en iousI F&(enever (e soli)i s (is inven ion*G in (e ra-e1ies* F (e o22s,rin- o2 (is (roes is umour* meanness* e1iousness* an1 obs)uri !G 8=%95 S(a'es,eare* (o&ever* is no onl! )ri i)iAe1 on moral -roun1s bu also 2or slo,,iness in )ra2 smans(i,5 F<e (a1 no re-ar1 o 1is in) ions o2 ime an1 ,la)e P &as P a viola er 3%?3

o2 )(ronolo-! P )on2oun1e1 (e ,as oral &i ( (e 2eu1al imesG 8=/95 On an1 o22 (e be)ame Fen an-le1 &i ( an un&iel1! sen imen * &(i)( (e )anno &ell e+,ress* an1 &ill no reJe) G 8=%95 W(enever a Kuibble s,rin-s u, be2ore (im* F(e leaves (is &or' un2inis(e15 A Kuibble is (e -ol1en a,,le 2or &(i)( (e &ill al&a!s urn asi1e 2rom (is )areer* or s oo, 2rom (is eleva ionG 8=:95 4r5 @o(nson )on inuall! lis s S(a'es,eareHs 1e2e) s in (is vein5 T(is ,ro)e1ure (as &o im,or an im,li)a ionsB Cirs * 4r5 @o(nson 1is,enses &i ( (e ,rin)i,le o2 )(ari ! basi) o (e e+e-esis o2 (ol! e+ s* &(ereb! ever! (in- &ri en (as o be ,resen e1 in (e bes ,ossible li-( 5 :/ Al (ou-( 4r5 @o(nson 1&ells a -rea len- ( on S(a'es,eareHs Fe+)ellen)ies*G (e 1oes no e+,oun1 (is a,,aren 2aul s as (i11en* no !e 2ull! re)o-niAe1 vir ues5 Obviousl!* 4r5 @o(nsonHs o&n s an1ar1s re-ar1in- moral ins ru) ion* 1e)orum* an1 )ra2 smans(i, ,rovi1e (e ,arame ers 2or e+,osinS(a'es,eareHs s(or )omin-s5 T(ere2ore (e (as o ,(ase in &(a (e )onsi1ers S(a'es,eareHs 1e2e) s in or1er o ensure (e su))ess o2 (e moral ins ru) ion (e (as in min15 T(is ma'es ins ru) ion (e overri1in- issue* &(i)( S(a'es,eare* in s,i e o2 (e -ui1elines (e a,,eare1 o o22er 2or su)( an en1eavor* 1i1 no 2ull! )om,l! &i (5 Subs i u in- (e )ri i)ism o2 2aul s 2or (e ,rin)i,le o2 )(ari ! nee1 no 1iminis( S(a'es,eareHs au (ori !I i aims ra (er a a )om,le ion o2 (e mo1el reKuire1 2or 4r5 @o(nsonHs 1i1a) i) ,ur,ose5 Never (eless* (e in er)(an-e be &een )(ari ! an1 )ri i)ism ma'es (e )ommen ar! 1u,li)i ous inso2ar as in er,re a ion is no lon-er e+)lusivel! 1evo e1 o an un1ers an1in- o2 (e )anoni)al au (or* be)ause (e la er is ma1e subservien o )on em,orar! e+i-en)ies (a ma! no (ave been in (is orbi 5 4r5 @o(nson a,,ears o be a&are o2 su)( 1u,li)i !B al (ou-( (e &an s F o leave (is au (our be er un1ers oo1G 8?#9* (e simul aneousl! )on2esses Fi &oul1 be lu1i)rous o boas o2 im,ar iali !G 8#095 T(is brin-s (e se)on1 im,li)a ion o (e 2ore5 T(e s an1ar1s in(eren in (e )ri i)ism voi)e1 an1 (a S(a'es,eare 2aile1 o )om,l! &i (* (ave o be in2erre1 2rom (e 2aul s re-is ere1 an1 (us remain vir ual in )(ara) er5 An! 2orm o2 )ri i)ism is mo iva e1 b! (i11en s an1ar1s (a 1o no (ave o be verbaliAe1 &(en Ju1-men is ,asse15 ProJe) invir ual s an1ar1s on o S(a'es,eare ma'es (e )anoni)al au (or im,li)i l! serve o au (en i)a e 4r5 @o(nsonHs nonverbaliAe1 s an1ar1s* an1 al (ou-( ul ima el! (e )anoni)al au (or is no ne)essaril! 1ives e1 o2 (is au (ori !* OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO :/ Cor 2ur (er elabora ions on (e ,rin)i,le o2 )(ari !* see Mos(e <alber al an1 Avis(ai Mar-ali * Idolatry, rans5 Naomi Dol1blum 8Cambri1-eB <arvar1 Universi ! Press* "$$/9* ##5 3%>3 (e is re)on)eive1 in su)( a manner (a (e a,,ears o en1orse 4r5 @o(nsonHs im,li)i )ri eria o2 e+)ellen)e5 T(e )ommen ar! (as o ,ro, u, (e au (ori ! o2 (e )anoni)al au (or in or1er o u iliAe (a au (ori ! 2or i s o&n ,ur,oses5 A-ain i is (e re-is er (a 1e)i1es (e use o &(i)( (e )anoni)al au (or is ,u I (en)e (e &or' is ma1e o )on2orm o i 5 On)e a-ain &e see an in(eren 1uali ! in (e )ommen ar!* &(i)( seems o loo' in &o 1i22eren 1ire) ions a (e same ime5 S ierle &ri esB W(e (er (e )ommen ar! &an s o lea1 ba)' o (e ori-inal e+ an1 i s meanin- or o -ive (e ,as e+ i s ,resen si-ni2i)an)e* ea)( ime (e )ommen ar! is a bri1-e be &een (e rea1er an1 (e e+ (e is a,,roa)(in-5 T(e )ommen a or* oo* is an in er,re er livin- in &o &orl1s* (a o2 (e e+ an1 (a o2 (e rea1er* an1 or-aniAin- (e e+)(an-e be &een (em5 W(a ever (e )on)re e in en ion o2 (e )ommen ar! ma! be* i ,resu,,oses a 1i22eren)e be &een (e e+ an1 i s rea1abili ! (a i &an s o abolis(5 :% I is e+a) l! (is 1i22eren)e (a )an never be abolis(e1* (o&ever* an1 so au (ori ! is ma1e o ,ivo aroun1 (e s,a)e (a se,ara es (e e+ 2rom i s rea1in-5 W(a (a,,ens in su)( a ,ivo al momen is no onl! (e rans2er o2 (e )anoni)al au (orHs au (ori ! o &(a 4r5

@o(nson )laims o be a more a1eKua e un1ers an1in- o2 S(a'es,eare5 I also en ails ,reservin- (e au (ori ! b! means o2 a more ,lausible an1 (en)e ,ersuasive e+e-esis o2 (e )anoni)al au (or5 Su)( a 1uali ! (as 2ar3rea)(in- im,li)a ions 2or (e business o2 in er,re a ion as i evolves o&ar1 (e en1 o2 (e ei-( een ( )en ur!5 T(e se)ular au (ori ! &iel1e1 b! )anoni)al au (ors 1erives no 2rom a rans)en1en a-en)! bu 2rom a )olle) ive assen ,rone o )(an-e* no leas as (e se)ular )anon is ,rin)i,all! o,en an1 (us subJe) o rearran-emen an1 revalua ion5 ConseKuen l!* (e au (ori ! o2 a )anoni)al au (or is no -uaran ee1 2orever bu (as )on inuall! o be ma1e ,lausible b! (i-(li-( in- (is a)(ievemen s5 Time an1 a-ain au (ori ! (as o be un1er,inne1 b! e+(ibi in- (e e+em,lari ! o2 (e mo1el o be emula e1* &(i)( in urn is no monoli (i) bu mul i2a)e e1 an1 (en)e assumes 1i22eren s(a,es in (e )ourse o2 (is or!5 T(us a mu ual ransla abili ! o))ursB T(e )ommen ar! borro&s (e au (ori ! in or1er o subs an ia e i s )laims as o (o& a )anoni)al au (or s(oul1 be ransla e1 in o (e erms o2 a ,revailinsi ua ion5 B! (i-(li-( in- (e a,,li)abili ! o2 a )anoni)al au (or* (e OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO :% S ierle* FS u1ium*G ""$5 3%=3 )ommen ar! 2urnis(es evi1en)e 2or (e au (ori ! (a res s &i ( (a au (or5 T(ere2ore (e )ommen ar! as a -enre o2 in er,re a ion 1oes &o (in-s a (e same imeB in usin- (e au (ori !* i un1er,ins (e vali1i ! o2 i s o&n ,os ula esI in ,rovi1in- a be er un1ers an1in-* i bo ( s abiliAes an1 au-men s (e au (ori ! o2 (e )anoni)al au (or5 4r5 @o(nson &an e1 o es ablis( more a1eKua e a))ess o S(a'es,eareHs &or's in erms o2 bo ( an un)orru, e1 e+ an1 &(a (e oo' o be (e meanin- o2 (e e+ 5 Cor (is reason* (is )ri i)isms o2 S(a'es,eare are an a em, o a)(ieve )on2ormi ! be &een (e )anoni)al au (or an1 (e re-is er in o &(i)( (e la er (a1 o be ransla e1* an1 (is resul s in a s&i )( o2 au (ori !5 Su)( a s&i )( ,oin s o (e 2a) (a (e s,a)e be &een (e )anon an1 (e )ommen ar! )anno be as easil! -losse1 over as i use1 o be &(en (e )ommen ar! a)'no&le1-e1 (a (e )anon alone )omman1e1 au (ori !5 W(enever (e nas)en )ri i)ism -e s (e u,,er (an1* &(i)( ma! no (ave been 4r5 @o(nsonHs in en ion* (e au (ori ! o2 (e )anon is in Jeo,ar1!* be)ause &(a is no& )onsi1ere1 o be vali1 is 1e)ree1 b! )ri i)ism5 :: W(a 4r5 @o(nson (a1 o sa! in (is res,e) &as -overne1 b! (is )onvi) ion (a (e i1eas (e &as )ri i)iAin- &ere i1en i)al o (e e+ (e &as re,resen in-5 In o (er &or1s* (e liminal s,a)e 1i1 no move in o 2o)us* an1 (us (e Kues ion o2 misrea1in- 1i1 no 1a&n on (im ei (er as )ommen a or or )ommen a or urne1 )ri i)5 Cri i)ism* as ,ra) i)e1 in (e FPre2a)e*G is no e+a) l! a )oloniAa ion o2 (e liminal s,a)e* bu (e ne)essi ! o2 (avin- o re,air (e e+em,lari ! o2 (e )anoni)al au (or* as in1i)a e1 b! e+,osin- S(a'es,eareHs so3)alle1 2aul s* ,oin s o a 1i22eren)e5 In s,i e o2 su)( a re,air* 4r5 @o(nson 72or &(om )ri i)ism &as s ill subservien o )ommen ar!71i1 no seem o )onsi1er (e -a, be &een )anon an1 rea1in- as a ,roblem (a (a1 o be a11resse15 W(en )ri i)ism even uall! eman)i,a e1 i sel2 2rom )ommen ar! a (e be-innin- o2 (e nine een ( )en ur!* i aime1 no lon-er o ransla e (e )anoni)al au (or in o )on em,orar! un1ers an1in- bu * as Ma (e& Arnol1 ,(rase1 i * F o see (e obJe) as in i sel2 i reall! is5G :? T(ere2ore OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO :: T(is (as been )onvin)in-l! 1emons ra e1 b! Duillor!* 2or &(om (e )anon is no (in- bu an Fima-inar! lis G o2 e+ s (a Fis al&a!s in )on2li) &i ( (e 2ini e ma eriali ! o2 (e s!llabusG 8Cultural Capital, %/9 an1 (a no&a1a!s is )on)eive1 as F)ul ural )a,i alG )ove e1 b! 1iversi2ie1 -rou, in eres 5 Su)( an un1ers an1in- o2 (e )anon is ra (er 1i22eren 2rom (a en er aine1 b! (e ra1i ion o2 (e )ommen ar!5 :? Ma (e& Arnol1* Lectures and *ssays in Criticism, vol5 % of The Complete Prose Works, e15 <5 R5 Su,er 8Ann ArborB Mi)(i-an Universi ! Press* "$>/9* /?#5 3%# (e F)ri i)al e22or G se ou 2irs an1 2oremos o )leanse (e FobJe) G 2rom (e 1is2i-uremen s im,ose1 on i b! all (e a,,ro,ria ions o &(i)( i (a1 been subJe) e15

Bu i &as (e )on em,oraneous rise o2 (ermeneu i)s (a e+,li)i l! (ema iAe1 (e -a, be &een (e e+ an1 i s un1ers an1in- in an a em, o )ou,le &(a remaine1 inelu) abl! se,ara e5 T(e liminal s,a)e* )ause1 b! in er,re a ion i sel2* (a1 no been an im,or an issue in (e ra1i ion o2 (e )ommen ar!* al (ou-( i ,ose1 a ,roblem inso2ar as i s &i1el! unre)o-niAe1 ,resen)e ma1e au (ori ! sli, be &een )anon an1 rea1in-5 Su)( a 2loa inau (ori ! in1i)a es (a (is s,a)e )anno be era1i)a e1* an1 &(enever i is -losse1 over* (is (as re,er)ussionsB au (ori ! is no lon-er e+)lusivel! -roun1e1 in (e )anonI ins ea1 i (overs be &een e+ an1 )ommen ar!* (us bein- e+,ose1 o erosion5 T(ere is* (o&ever* a reason &(! (is ,re)arious si ua ion 1i1 no move in o 2o)usB (e )ommen ar! 1i1 no 1elibera el! arro-a e (e au (ori ! o2 (e )anon o i sel2* bu in ma'in- (e )anon available i ,ar i)i,a e1 in i s au (ori !5 T(e )ommen ar! &as ,erva1e1 b! (e belie2 (a ,ar i)i,a ion en aile1 au (en i)a ion o2 &(a (e e+,osi or o2 (e )anon (a1 ma1e available* an1 availabili ! is a Kues ion o2 1is ribu ion* 2or &(i)( ,ar i)i,a ion is a ,rereKuisi e5 T(is 1is ribu ion* (o&ever* even uall! resul e1 in (e 1issi,a ion o2 (e ver! au (ori ! (a (e )ommen ar! &as mean o ma'e a))essible5 T(e e+ en o &(i)( ,ar i)i,a ion is (e (allmar' o2 an! rela ions(i, o (e )anon is borne ou b! (e )urren 1eba e )on)ernin- )anon an1 )anon 2orma ion5 As (e )ommen ar! (as lon- sin)e ero1e1 (e no ion o2 au (ori !* (e )anon mean&(ile (as )(an-e1 i s basi) a ribu e al o-e (erB ins ea1 o2 bein- an au (ori a ive assembl! o2 li erar! e+ s* i is no& )onsi1ere1 o be )ul ural )a,i al5 T(ere2ore F (e ,roblem o2 &(a is )alle1 )anon 2orma ion is bes un1ers oo1 as a ,roblem in (e )ons i u ion an1 1is ribu ion o2 )ul ural )a,i al* or more s,e)i2i)all!* a ,roblem o2 a))ess o (e means o2 li erar! ,ro1u) ion an1 )onsum, ion5G Cor (is reason* Fli erar! &or's mus be seen ra (er as (e ve) or o2 i1eolo-i)al no ions &(i)( 1o no in(ere in (e &or's (emselves bu in (e )on e+ o2 (eir ins i u ional ,resen a ion* or more sim,l!* in (e &a! in &(i)( (e! are au-( 5G :> In s,i e o2 (e revolu ion (a (e )on)e, o2 (e )anon (as un1er-one an1 no &i (s an1in- (e la erHs 1iminis(e1 im,or an)e* ,ar i)i,a ion 7 (ou-( no lon-er in au (ori ! bu in (e no&3available OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO :> Duillor!* Cultural Capital, i+5 3%$ )ul ural )a,i al7is s ill (e overri1in- a) ivi ! (a lin's (e )urren vie& o2 (e )anon o (e ol1 ra1i ion o2 )ommen ar!5 Par i)i,a ion is al&a!s on (e ver-e o2 a,,ro,ria in- &(a i in en1s o ma'e available* be i au (ori ! or )ul ural )a,i al5 T(e la er is es eeme1 no be)ause i )omman1s au (ori ! bu be)ause i is some (in- o be )ove e1I (is is (e basi) 1i22eren)e5 A-ain* in (e 2inal anal!sis* su)( ,ar i)i,a ion lea1s o an erosion o2 &(a (e )anon ei (er )omman1s or (as o o22er5 3:03

CHAPTER THREE
T e Her*eneutic Circle Friedric Daniel Ernst Sc leier*ac er' Self+Reflecti,e Circularit%
T(e maJor even in (e 1evelo,in- (is or! o2 in er,re a ion &as no so mu)( (e Arnol1ian !,e o2 )ri i)ism* &(i)( arose ou o2 (e 1emise o2 (e )ommen ar! as a -enre o2 in er,re a ion* bu ra (er (e emer-en)e o2 (ermeneu i)s* as a1vo)a e1 b! Crie1ri)( 4aniel Erns S)(leierma)(er 8"=>#L"#%:95 <e s ar e1 ou 2rom &(a (e )alle1 F (e Kui e limi e1 ,ur,ose o2 in er,re in- (e <ol! S)ri, ures*G " bu &i ( (e a&areness (a su)( an un1er a'in- reKuire1 a Fri-orous ,ra) i)e P base1 on (e assum, ion (a misun1ers an1in- o))urs as a ma er o2 )ourse*

an1 so un1ers an1in- mus be &ille1 an1 sou-( a ever! ,oin G 8""095 Ins ea1 o2 invo'inan au (ori !* S)(leierma)(er 2o)uses on (e -a, be &een (e e+ an1 i s re)i,ien * &(i)( ma'es (e e+ in o a F2orei-n or s ran-e s,ee)(G 8"=?9* (e -ras,in- o2 &(i)( is )on inuall! (rea ene1 b! misun1ers an1in-5 / T(ere2ore (e )onsi1ere1 in er,re a ion as (e ri-orous ,ra) i)e o2 1is)overin- an1 elu)i1a in- (e rami2ie1 )on1i ionali ! o2 (o& un1ers an1in- )omes abou 5 T(us (ermeneu i)s mar's (e s a-e a OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO " Crie1ri)( S)(leierma)(er* "ermeneutics# The "and'ritten /anuscripts, rans5 @ames 4u'e an1 @a)' Cors man* e15 <einA Kimmerle 8MissoulaB S)(olars* "$==9* >=5 T(e sour)es o2 all o (er Kuo a ions 2rom (is volume are -iven in in3 e+ re2eren)es o (e a,,ro,ria e ,a-es5 / <ans3Deor- Da1amer* Truth and /ethod, /1 e15* rans5 rev5 b! @oel Weins(eimer an1 4onal1 D5 Mars(all 8Ne& Yor'B Crossroa1* "$#$9* 4;8f,, (as elabora e1 on &(a Fmisun1ers an1in-G mean 2or (e rise o2 (ermeneu i)s an1 2or S)(leierma)(er in ,ar i)ular5 3:"3 &(i)( in er,re a ion be)omes sel23re2le) iveI (is resul s in a )on inual sel23moni orin- o2 i s o,era ions an1 even uall! a (ema iAin- o2 &(a -oes on 1urin- (e a) ivi ! o2 in er,re a ion i sel25 Su)( a sel23moni orin- is all (e more ne)essar! as (ermeneu i)s )anno a,,eal o in1is,u able s an1ar1s* le alone o au (ori !* &(i)( i mi-( arro-a e o i sel25 Ins ea1* i )an onl! be ,ra) i)e1 7a))or1in- o S)(leierma)(er7as an ar * % &(ereas an anal!sis o2 ho' un1ers an1in- is o be a)(ieve1 is )onsi1ere1 o be a re,la)emen 2or au (ori !5 W(en (ermeneu i)s en ere1 (e s a-e* bo ( )ommen ar! an1 )ri i)ism s(ran' o sub-enres o2 in er,re a ion5 Su)( a )(an-e is im,or an inso2ar as nei (er )ommen ar! nor (e Arnol1ian !,e o2 )ri i)ism (a1 ever been )onsi1ere1 as a -enre o2 in er,re a ion b! (ose &(o ,ra) i)e1 (em5 On (e )on rar!* (e ,ra) i ioners i1en i2ie1 &(a (e! 1i1 &i ( in er,re a ion* &(ereas S)(leierma)(er ma'es in er,re a ion in o an in1e,en1en subJe) ma er (a (as o be ins,e) e1 an1 subJe) e1 o )ri i)al assessmen 5 I2 (e )ommen ar! ob aine1 i s le-i ima ion 2rom (e au (ori ! o2 (e )anoni)al e+ (a i &as e+,oun1in-* an1 i2 )ri i)ism a,,eale1 2or i s vali1i ! o a ,os ula e1 i1ea o2 )ul ure* (ermeneu i)s s rives o -ain i s le-i ima)! b! bo ( anal!Ain- an1 Qsani iAin-R (e ,ro)e1ures o2 in er,re a ion in or1er o ensure un1ers an1in-5 T(ere2ore S)(leierma)(er (as li le i2 an! (in- ,osi ive o sa! abou )ommen aries* be)ause (e! submi F o an au (ori !* an1 in or1er o arrive a an in1e,en1en un1ers an1in- one mus subJe) (ese au (ori ies o oneHs o&n Ju1-men G 8/"=95 ConseKuen l!* an anal!sis o2 un1ers an1in- is no lon-er lin'e1 o an! 'in1 o2 au (ori !5 On (e )on rar!* i (as o be 2ree1 2rom all ra1i ional an1 ime3 (onore1 )on)e, ualiAa ions in or1er o ensure (e rans,aren)! o2 &(a (a,,ens in un1ers an1in-5 Even (e (ol! e+ s (ave o be subJe) e1 o (ermeneu i)al ,ro)e1ures* as (e obJe) ive is o ransla e (em in o erms no o2 )ommunal li2e bu o2 (o& (e! )an be un1ers oo1 in rela ion o (eir ori-inal in en ion5 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO % Crie1ri)( S)(leierma)(er* "ermeneutik und 7ritik, e15 Man2re1 Cran' 8Cran'2ur 6MainB Su(r'am,* "$$09* $"* -ives a 1e aile1 a))oun o2 &(a (e Far o2 in er,re a ionG is li'e an1 also o2 &(! in er,re a ion is an ar 7be)ause i is no an a,,li)a ion o2 -iven rules5 3:/3 T(e a)(ievemen o2 su)( an obJe) ive reKuires a -roun13)learin- o,era ion* as un1er a'en b! S)(leierma)(erHs )ri i)ism o2 &(a (e )alls 2orms o2 Fs,e)ial (ermeneu i)s*G &(i)( are )on1i ione1 b! (e subJe) ma er o be in er,re e15 T(is (ol1s rue no onl! 2or )ommen aries bu also 2or all !,es o2 (eolo-i)al* le-al* ,(ilolo-i)al* an1 o (er subJe) 3 orien e1 in er,re a ion5 Deneral (ermeneu i)s* (o&ever* &(i)( S)(leierma)(er see's o 1evelo,* F1eals onl! &i ( (e ar o2 un1ers an1in-* no &i ( (e ,resen a ion o2 &(a (as been un1ers oo15 T(e ,resen a ion o2 &(a (as been un1ers oo1 &oul1 be onl! one s,e)ial ,ar o2 (e ar o2 s,ea'in- an1 &ri in-G 8$>95 FS,e)ial (ermeneu i)s is onl! an a--re-a e o2

observa ionsG 8$?9 an1 (en)e no so mu)( )on)erne1 &i ( un1ers an1in- as &i ( a,,li)a ion* &(i)( is borne ou b! (e use o &(i)( i s 2in1in-s are ,u 5 In su)( )ases* (e ,ro)e1ures o2 in er,re a ion are -eare1 o &(a (e a,,li)a ion in en1s o a)(ieve5 Al (ou-( un1ers an1in- ma! also ,la! a ,ar in s,e)ial (ermeneu i)s* i is no (e 2o)us o2 in er,re a ion* an1 (is is (e ,rime reason &(! S)(leierma)(er a'es e+)e, ion o all 'in1s o2 s,e)ial (ermeneu i)s5 W(a (ese are boun1 o lose si-( o2 &(ile 1ealin- &i ( s,e)i2i)s is (e 2a) (a un1ers an1in- is a ,re)on1i ion 2or all (ese o,era ionsI b! i sel2* a subJe) ma er )an never ,rovi1e an a1eKua e basis 2or inves i-a in- &(a un1ers an1inen ails an1 (o& i )omes abou 5 : T(e la er is universal in na ure* an1 none o2 (e mul i,le a,,li)a ions e+e)u e1 b! s,e)ial (ermeneu i)s &oul1 2un) ion i2 (e! 1i1 no res on (e a)(ievemen o2 un1ers an1in-5 Cur (ermore* all 2orms o2 s,e)ial (ermeneu i)s s ar ou 2rom )er ain ,resu,,osi ions* &(i)( (ave o be anal!Ae1 in (e li-( o2 (eir ,ur,ose5 W(a ma'es (e inves i-a ion o2 un1ers an1in- in o a revolu ionar! even a (e (res(ol1 o2 (e nine een ( )en ur! is S)(leierma)(erHs re,u1ia ion o2 (e overri1in- 2rame&or's (a ,rovi1e1 -ui1an)e 2or in er,re a ion u, o (e en1 o2 (e ei-( een ( )en ur!* su)( as (e 1o) rine o2 (e 2our2ol1 senses o2 (e Bible* (e episteme o2 resemblan)es an1 )orres,on1en)es* an1 (e ,rin)i,les o2 reason5 T(e en er,rise laun)(e1 b! S)(leierma)(er be)ame all (e more ,er inen as all (e a-en)ies men ione1 -uaran ee1 )om,re(ension o2 &(a ever a,,eare1 o be in 1is,u e5 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO : As Da1amer* Truth and /ethod, 4;<f,, (as s resse1* (ere is a 1i22eren)e 2or S)(leierma)(er be &een -ras,in- (e subJe) ma er :Sachen= o2 a e+ an1 un1ers an1in- &(a (e au (or ma! (ave mean b! (e &a! (e (as slan e1 (e subJe) ma er5 S)(leierma)(er )onsi1ere1 (e au (orHs un1ers an1in- o2 (o& (e (as rela e1 o (e subJe) ma er as a sur,lus o2 )o-ni ion5 3:%3 As lon- as (e 1o) rine o2 (e 2our2ol1 senses se (e -ui1elines 2or in er,re a ion o2 (e Bible* F (e 1o-ma i) ,oin o2 vie&G ,revaile1* F,ro)ee1in- 2rom (e )onvi) ion (a (e <ol! S,iri as a 1e2ini e ,ersonali ! is (e au (or o2 (e S)ri, uresG 8"%#95 ? <o&ever* F (e 1o-ma i) ,oin o2 vie& -oes be!on1 i s o&n reKuiremen s &(en i reJe) s in1ivi1ualis i) 1evelo,men P an1 (us 1es ro!s i sel2G 8"%$95 I (as o be )ombine1 &i ( (e F,(ilolo-i)al vie&G (a a'es in o a))oun (e several au (ors o2 (e Ne& Tes amen * Fbe)ause (e in1ivi1uali ! o2 (e &ri ers &as i sel2 a ,ro1u) o2 (eir rela ions(i, o C(ris P 8Paul is 1is in) ive be)ause o2 (is 1iale) i)s* @o(n be)ause o2 (is sensi ivi !9G 8"%$95 As a )onseKuen)e* (ere is no -iven s)(ema a))or1in- o &(i)( (e Bible (as o be un1ers oo1* as )laime1 b! (e 1o-ma i) vie&I ins ea1* (e &o e+ remes o2 au (ors(i, (ave o be in errela e1* no leas sin)e F (e Ne& Tes amen (as o be )ons ru) e1 2rom a -rou, o2 (in-s (a are no !e e+a) l! 'no&n o usG 8"//95 In o (er &or1s* un1ers an1in- be)ame o2 ,aramoun )on)ern 2or S)(leierma)(er* as i &as an in1is,ensable ,rereKuisi e 2or an! 'in1 o2 a,,li)a ion5 Un1ers an1in-* (o&ever* )oul1 no be 1e)ree1 bu (a1 o be &or'e1 ou b! )ons ruin- (e meanin- o2 (e e+ 5 W(! (a1 un1ers an1in-* &(i)( is a ,re)on1i ion 2or an! a,,li)a ion* never been su)( a maJor issue be2oreM T(e reason &as lar-el! &(a Cou)aul (as erme1 (e episteme o2 resemblan)es* similari ies* an1 )orres,on1en)es (a (a1 -ro&n ou o2 (e )(ain o2 beinan1 (el1 s&a! lon- in o (e ei-( een ( )en ur!5 > T(e 1ominan)e o2 su)( a &orl1 ,i) ure mean (a resemblan)es an1 )orres,on1en)es (a1 o be 1is)overe1 an1 no un1ers oo1B Be)ause (e! &ere ,reor1aine1* (eir (i11enness (a1 o be 1ra&n ou 5 Resemblan)es be &een (in-s* )orres,on1en)es amon- ,lanes* levels* an1 s ra a &ere )onsi1ere1 as -ivens* so (ere &as no nee1 o )ons rue (em5 4is)overin- mean ,er)eivin- (em in (eir )on)eale1 e+is en)e5 Bu &(en su)( a ne &or' o2 rela ions(i,s &as on (e &ane* (e ne)essi ! 2or un1ers an1in- be)ame ,er inen 5 I2 rela ions(i,s &ere no lon-er ,re1e ermine1* (e! (a1 o be es ablis(e1* an1* in (is res,e) * OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO ? S)(leierma)(erHs o,,osi ion o (e bibli)al e+e-esis base1 on (e 1o) rine o2 (e 2our2ol1 senses (as been a1eKua el! 1eal &i ( b! <en1ri' Birus* FX&is)(en 1en Xei enB Crie1ri)( S)(leierma)(er als Klassi'er 1er neuAei li)(en <ermeneu i'*G in

>

"ermeneutische Positionen# Schleiermacher>ilthey>"eide%%er>(adamer, e15 <enri' Birus 8DY in-enB Van1en(oe)' un1 Ru,re)( * "$#/9* "$25 See Mi)(el Cou)aul * The 3rder of Thin%s 8Ne& Yor'B Vin a-e* "$=%9* >=L==* /00L/":5 3::3

un1ers an1in- as a )ons rual o2 (e in er)onne) ions amon- 1a a &as S)(leierma)(erHs e,o)(3ma'in- res,onse o (e 1e)line o2 a &orl1 ,i) ure5 Ano (er reason &as (a (rou-(ou (e A-e o2 Enli-( enmen (ere &as s ill an unKues ione1 belie2 (a &(a ever (a1 been or-aniAe1 a))or1in- o (e rules an1 )a e-ories o2 reason ,resen e1 ei (er a s a e o2 a22airs or an obJe) as i reall! &as5 Cor ins an)e* sen en)es )ons rue1 b! an1 (ere2ore )orres,on1in- o (e ,rin)i,les o2 reason &ere ru (2ul* be)ause (uman bein-s )oul1 no (el, a'in- sen en)es 2orme1 a))or1in- o (e ,rin)i,les o2 reason as a+ioma i)5 A+ioms as o22s(oo s o2 reason 1o no reKuire me1ia ion in or1er o be )om,re(en1e1I ins ea1* (e! are au oma i)all! un1ers oo1 b! vir ue o2 ,ar i)i,a ion in (eir 2oun ain(ea1B (e ,o&er o2 reason s(are1 b! all (uman bein-s5 = T(ere is a ra)e o2 a me1ieval )on)e, s ill o be 2oun1 in su)( a vie&B &(en T(omas AKuinas re2erre1 o meanin-* (e use1 (e &or1 participatio? # (us s(arabili ! an1 no un1ers an1in- &as a issue5 As &e (ave seen* some (in- similar also a,,lies o (e )ommen ar!* &(i)( -ains i s au (ori ! ,rimaril! b! ,ar i)i,a ion in (a o2 (e )anon5 A (e (is ori)al Jun) ure* (o&ever* &(en reason as (e s ru) urin- ,rin)i,le o2 ru ( &as no lon-er a'en 2or -ran e1* reason i sel2 (a1 o be un1ers oo15 An1 (e nee1 2or (is be)ame all (e more ur-en be)ause misun1ers an1in- o2 s,ee)( an1 lan-ua-e in -eneral &as no lon-er (e e+)e, ion bu (e rule5 ConseKuen l!* S)(leierma)(er &ri esB FWe )oul1 2ormula e (e as' o2 (ermeneu i)s in ne-a ive ermsB o avoi1 misun1ers an1in- a ever! ,oin G 8/"#95 S,ee)( u ere1 or &ri en ,ro1u)es meanin- or is a leas in en1e1 o be meanin-2ul* bu meanin- )an no lon-er be -ras,e1 on (e basis (a bo ( au (or an1 re)i,ien ,ar i)i,a e in (e ru (3,rovi1in- reason5 Ins ea1* (e meanin- o2 a sen en)e u ere1 b! someone o (er (an ourselves is basi)all! some (in- 2orei-n* &(i)( ,oses (e ,roblem o2 (o& i is o be a'en5 More o2 en (an no * misun1ers an1in- ensues5 W(a 2ollo&e1 2rom (e si ua ion &i ( &(i)( S)(leierma)(er 2oun1 (imsel2 )on2ron e1 &as (e ne)essi ! o es ablis( ,ro)e1ures (a &oul1 -ras, (e in en1e1 meanin- o2 &ri en or s,o'en u eran)es5 In (is res,e) * (e (ermeneu i)al ,ro)e1ures o be 1evelo,e1 (a1 o 2ill (e -a,s o,ene1 u, a2 er (e loss o2 (e -uaran ees ,rovi1e1 b! (e ne &or' o2 resemblan)es OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO = See Man2re1 Cran'* FEinlei un-*G in S)(leierma)(er* "ermeneutik und 7ritik, "%5 # See San) i T(omae AKuina is* Summa Theolo%iae, vol5 "* Biblio e)a 1e Au ores Cris ianos 8Ma ri i* S,ainB E1i orial Ca oli)a* "$>"9* ?0#L?"05 3:?3 an1 ,ar i)i,a ion in (uman reason5 An1 as nei (er (e 1o-ma i) 1o) rine o2 bibli)al e+e-esis nor (e s,e)i2i) le-al or ,(ilolo-i)al subJe) ma er o be in er,re e1 )oul1 -overn un1ers an1in-* in er,re a ion (a1 o be re)on)eive15 I &as S)(leierma)(erHs ,rime obJe) ive F o un1ers an1 an au (or be er (an (e un1ers oo1 (imsel2G 8"$"95 Privile-in- (e au (or* (o&ever* 1oes no mean 2ore-roun1ina ,ersonali ! bu ra (er 2o)usin- on (e au (or as (e ori-ina or o2 (e in1ivi1ual an1 (en)e no imme1ia el! -ras,able meanin- o2 a 2orei-n or s ran-e s,ee)(5 FSin)e &e (ave no 1ire) 'no&le1-e*G S)(leierma)(er main ains* Fo2 &(a &as in (e au (orHs min1* &e mus r! o be)ome a&are o2 man! (in-s o2 &(i)( (e (imsel2 ma! (ave been un)ons)ious* e+)e, inso2ar as (e re2le) s on (is o&n &or' an1 be)omes (is o&n rea1erG 8""/95 T(ere2ore s rivin- 2or a be er un1ers an1in- 1oes no im,l! (a (e in er,re er &ill reveal (e obJe) ive meanin- o2 (e 2orei-n or s ran-e s,ee)(I ins ea1* a be er un1ers an1in- im,lies brin-in- o li-( (e au (orHs si-n usa-e* a usa-e (a (e is never 2ull! a&are o2 &(en ,ro1u)in- (is e+ s5 In (is res,e) * S)(leierma)(erHs basi) 2ormula mar's (e ,oin o2 1e,ar ure 2or (e la er (ermeneu i)s o2 sus,i)ion (a -ui1e1

,s!)(oanal!sis5 I2 (e in1ivi1uali ! o2 si-n usa-e (as o be s)ru iniAe1 in su)( a ,roJe) * (is is 1ue o (e 2a) (a no au (or ever (as o al )omman1 or )om,le e 'no&le1-e o2 all (e )onno a ions asso)ia e1 &i ( (is &or1s5 Ba'( in (as aler e1 us o (is basi) 2ea ure b! ,oin in- ou (a (e &or1s o2 a lan-ua-e (ave raverse1 ver! man! 1i22eren )on e+ s in (eir (is or!* $ an1 &(a (e! (ave a))umula e1 over ime in erms o2 1eno a ions an1 )onno a ions is never 2ull! in (e orbi o2 (e lan-ua-e user5 A))or1in-l!* (e au (or o2 a s,ee)( a) u ere1 or &ri en never bears in min1 (e mul i,le uses (is &or1s ma! (ave an1 1oes no re2le) on (e 1iversi2ie1 ,ossibili ies o2 usa-e &(en (e 2orms (is sen en)es5 Bu even i2 su)( re2le) ion on (e mul i,le 1eno a ions an1 )onno a ions 1i1 a'e ,la)e* (e a) ual use is boun1 o be sele) ive* an1 su)( sele) ion in1i)a es (e au (orHs a i u1e o&ar1 (e &or1s )on)erne15 T(is is one o2 (e reasons (a * a))or1in- o S)(leierma)(er* (ere )an never be o al un1ers an1in- o2 (e s,ee)( a) o be -ras,e1I (ere is onl! (e e22or o o, imiAe &(a an au (orHs si-n usa-e ma! in1i)a e5 FT(e ru ( is*G S)(leierma)(er )on)lu1es* F (a in in er,re a ion (e as' o2 )lari2!in- &(a is va-ue is never3en1in-G 8""=95 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO $ See Mi)(ael Ba)( in 8Mi'(ail Ba'( in9* +ie @sthetik des Wortes, rans5 Rainer DrNbel 8Cran'2ur 6MainB Su(r'am,* "$=$9* ">$25* "#?5 3:>3 an1 ,ar i)i,a ion in (uman reason5 An1 as nei (er (e 1o-ma i) 1o) rine o2 bibli)al e+e-esis nor (e s,e)i2i) le-al or ,(ilolo-i)al subJe) ma er o be in er,re e1 )oul1 -overn un1ers an1in-* in er,re a ion (a1 o be re)on)eive15 I &as S)(leierma)(erHs ,rime obJe) ive F o un1ers an1 an au (or be er (an (e un1ers oo1 (imsel2G 8"$"95 Privile-in- (e au (or* (o&ever* 1oes no mean 2ore-roun1ina ,ersonali ! bu ra (er 2o)usin- on (e au (or as (e ori-ina or o2 (e in1ivi1ual an1 (en)e no imme1ia el! -ras,able meanin- o2 a 2orei-n or s ran-e s,ee)(5 FSin)e &e (ave no 1ire) 'no&le1-e*G S)(leierma)(er main ains* Fo2 &(a &as in (e au (orHs min1* &e mus r! o be)ome a&are o2 man! (in-s o2 &(i)( (e (imsel2 ma! (ave been un)ons)ious* e+)e, inso2ar as (e re2le) s on (is o&n &or' an1 be)omes (is o&n rea1erG 8""/95 T(ere2ore s rivin- 2or a be er un1ers an1in- 1oes no im,l! (a (e in er,re er &ill reveal (e obJe) ive meanin- o2 (e 2orei-n or s ran-e s,ee)(I ins ea1* a be er un1ers an1in- im,lies brin-in- o li-( (e au (orHs si-n usa-e* a usa-e (a (e is never 2ull! a&are o2 &(en ,ro1u)in- (is e+ s5 In (is res,e) * S)(leierma)(erHs basi) 2ormula mar's (e ,oin o2 1e,ar ure 2or (e la er (ermeneu i)s o2 sus,i)ion (a -ui1e1 ,s!)(oanal!sis5 I2 (e in1ivi1uali ! o2 si-n usa-e (as o be s)ru iniAe1 in su)( a ,roJe) * (is is 1ue o (e 2a) (a no au (or ever (as o al )omman1 or )om,le e 'no&le1-e o2 all (e )onno a ions asso)ia e1 &i ( (is &or1s5 Ba'( in (as aler e1 us o (is basi) 2ea ure b! ,oin in- ou (a (e &or1s o2 a lan-ua-e (ave raverse1 ver! man! 1i22eren )on e+ s in (eir (is or!* $ an1 &(a (e! (ave a))umula e1 over ime in erms o2 1eno a ions an1 )onno a ions is never 2ull! in (e orbi o2 (e lan-ua-e user5 A))or1in-l!* (e au (or o2 a s,ee)( a) u ere1 or &ri en never bears in min1 (e mul i,le uses (is &or1s ma! (ave an1 1oes no re2le) on (e 1iversi2ie1 ,ossibili ies o2 usa-e &(en (e 2orms (is sen en)es5 Bu even i2 su)( re2le) ion on (e mul i,le 1eno a ions an1 )onno a ions 1i1 a'e ,la)e* (e a) ual use is boun1 o be sele) ive* an1 su)( sele) ion in1i)a es (e au (orHs a i u1e o&ar1 (e &or1s )on)erne15 T(is is one o2 (e reasons (a * a))or1in- o S)(leierma)(er* (ere )an never be o al un1ers an1in- o2 (e s,ee)( a) o be -ras,e1I (ere is onl! (e e22or o o, imiAe &(a an au (orHs si-n usa-e ma! in1i)a e5 FT(e ru ( is*G S)(leierma)(er )on)lu1es* F (a in in er,re a ion (e as' o2 )lari2!in- &(a is va-ue is never3en1in-G 8""=95 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO $ See Mi)(ael Ba)( in 8Mi'(ail Ba'( in9* +ie @sthetik des Wortes, rans5 Rainer DrNbel 8Cran'2ur 6MainB Su(r'am,* "$=$9* ">$25* "#?5 3:>3

W(a are (e ,arame ers (a s ru) ure (e ri-orous ,ra) i)e o2 (e ar o2 in er,re a ionM Wi ( all (e me a,(!si)al -uaran ees -one* (e 1o-ma i) 2rame&or's o2 e+e-esis aban1one1* an1 (e ,rin)i,les o2 reason 1is)re1i e1* all (a remains is lan-ua-e* &(i)( is no& eleva e1 b! S)(leierma)(er o (e s a us o2 be3all an1 en13all5 Lan-ua-e a'es (e ,la)e 2ormerl! o))u,ie1 b! au (ori ! a (e ime &(en (e )anon (a1 o be ma1e available (rou-( in er,re a ion5 "0 Lan-ua-e* S)(leierma)(er (ol1s* is 1uall! )o1e1 b! bo ( (e -rammar an1 (e ,s!)(olo-! o2 (e user5 In (e sear)( 2or meanin-* (ese &o as,e) s be)ame (e 2o)us o2 a en ion 2or S)(leierma)(er* be)ause (e &as )ommi e1 o (e la e3ei-( een (3)en ur! i1ea o2 (e in er1e,en1en)e o2 lan-ua-e an1 (in'in-5 T(ere is no (in'in- &i (ou lan-ua-e* an1 no lan-ua-e &i (ou (in'in-5 FIn1ee1*G S)(leierma)(er )on en1s* Fa ,erson (in's b! means o2 s,ea'in-5 P Bu &(enever (e (in'er 2in1s i ne)essar! o 2i+ &(a (e (as (ou-( * (ere arises (e ar o2 s,ea'in-* (a is* (e rans2orma ion o2 ori-inal in ernal s,ea'in-* an1 in er,re a ion be)omes ne)essar!G 8$=95 S ar in- ou 2rom (is in errela ions(i,* a -ramma i)al in er,re a ion allo&s us o 1elinea e (e salien 2ea ures o2 (e au (orHs si-n usa-e* an1 (e ,s!)(olo-i)al in er,re a ion allo&s us o in2er 2rom (e si-n usa-e (e s !lis i) si-na ure o2 (e au (orHs (in'in-5 "" In S)(leierma)(erHs o&n &or1sB FA s a emen ma! be o2 ma+imum si-ni2i)an)e 2or one si1e o2 in er,re a ion or (e o (er5 I is ma+imall! si-ni2i)an 2or (e -ramma i)al si1e &(en i is lin-uis i)all! )rea ive o an e+)e, ional 1e-ree an1 minimall! re,e i iveB )lassi)al e+ s5 A s a emen is ma+imall! si-ni2i)an 2or (e ,s!)(olo-i)al si1e &(en i is (i-(l! in1ivi1ualiAe1 an1 minimall! )ommon,la)eB ori-inal e+ sG 8"0/95 T(ese &o si1es 1e,en1 on one ano (er* an1 2rom F (is 1ual rela ion i is evi1en (a (e &o as's are )om,le el! eKualG 8$$95 4uali ! or 1ouble3si1e1ness no& be)omes (e (allmar' o2 (ermeneu i) in er,re a ion5 T(e 1uali ! arises ou o2 (e 2un1amen al -a, be &een Fall 2orei-n an1 s ran-e s,ee)(G 8"=?9 an1 i s un1ers an1in-* &(i)( in (e 2inal anal!sis ma! be narro&e1 1o&n bu never elimina e15 FSin)e ea)( ,erson* as an in1ivi1ual* is (e no 3bein- o2 (e o (er* i is never ,ossible o elimina e non3un1ers an1in- )om,le el!G 8"$?95 Su)( a resi1ual Fnonun1ers an1in-G ins)ribes a 1uali ! in o un1ers an1in- i sel2* &(i)( is OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO "0 See also Cran'* FEinlei un-*G %>5 "" Con)ernin- (e in errela ions(i, be &een (ese &o as,e) s* see @ean Dreis)(* "ermeneutik und /etaphysik 8Muni)(B Cin'* "$$%9* ":%5 3:=3 W(a are (e ,arame ers (a s ru) ure (e ri-orous ,ra) i)e o2 (e ar o2 in er,re a ionM Wi ( all (e me a,(!si)al -uaran ees -one* (e 1o-ma i) 2rame&or's o2 e+e-esis aban1one1* an1 (e ,rin)i,les o2 reason 1is)re1i e1* all (a remains is lan-ua-e* &(i)( is no& eleva e1 b! S)(leierma)(er o (e s a us o2 be3all an1 en13all5 Lan-ua-e a'es (e ,la)e 2ormerl! o))u,ie1 b! au (ori ! a (e ime &(en (e )anon (a1 o be ma1e available (rou-( in er,re a ion5 "0 Lan-ua-e* S)(leierma)(er (ol1s* is 1uall! )o1e1 b! bo ( (e -rammar an1 (e ,s!)(olo-! o2 (e user5 In (e sear)( 2or meanin-* (ese &o as,e) s be)ame (e 2o)us o2 a en ion 2or S)(leierma)(er* be)ause (e &as )ommi e1 o (e la e3ei-( een (3)en ur! i1ea o2 (e in er1e,en1en)e o2 lan-ua-e an1 (in'in-5 T(ere is no (in'in- &i (ou lan-ua-e* an1 no lan-ua-e &i (ou (in'in-5 FIn1ee1*G S)(leierma)(er )on en1s* Fa ,erson (in's b! means o2 s,ea'in-5 P Bu &(enever (e (in'er 2in1s i ne)essar! o 2i+ &(a (e (as (ou-( * (ere arises (e ar o2 s,ea'in-* (a is* (e rans2orma ion o2 ori-inal in ernal s,ea'in-* an1 in er,re a ion be)omes ne)essar!G 8$=95 S ar in- ou 2rom (is in errela ions(i,* a -ramma i)al in er,re a ion allo&s us o 1elinea e (e salien 2ea ures o2 (e au (orHs si-n usa-e* an1 (e ,s!)(olo-i)al in er,re a ion allo&s us o in2er 2rom (e si-n usa-e (e s !lis i) si-na ure o2 (e au (orHs (in'in-5 "" In S)(leierma)(erHs o&n &or1sB FA s a emen ma! be o2 ma+imum si-ni2i)an)e 2or one si1e o2 in er,re a ion or (e o (er5 I is ma+imall! si-ni2i)an 2or (e -ramma i)al si1e &(en i is lin-uis i)all! )rea ive o an e+)e, ional 1e-ree an1 minimall! re,e i iveB )lassi)al e+ s5 A s a emen is ma+imall! si-ni2i)an 2or (e ,s!)(olo-i)al si1e &(en i is (i-(l! in1ivi1ualiAe1 an1 minimall! )ommon,la)eB ori-inal

e+ sG 8"0/95 T(ese &o si1es 1e,en1 on one ano (er* an1 2rom F (is 1ual rela ion i is evi1en (a (e &o as's are )om,le el! eKualG 8$$95 4uali ! or 1ouble3si1e1ness no& be)omes (e (allmar' o2 (ermeneu i) in er,re a ion5 T(e 1uali ! arises ou o2 (e 2un1amen al -a, be &een Fall 2orei-n an1 s ran-e s,ee)(G 8"=?9 an1 i s un1ers an1in-* &(i)( in (e 2inal anal!sis ma! be narro&e1 1o&n bu never elimina e15 FSin)e ea)( ,erson* as an in1ivi1ual* is (e no 3bein- o2 (e o (er* i is never ,ossible o elimina e non3un1ers an1in- )om,le el!G 8"$?95 Su)( a resi1ual Fnonun1ers an1in-G ins)ribes a 1uali ! in o un1ers an1in- i sel2* &(i)( is OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO "0 See also Cran'* FEinlei un-*G %>5 "" Con)ernin- (e in errela ions(i, be &een (ese &o as,e) s* see @ean Dreis)(* "ermeneutik und /etaphysik 8Muni)(B Cin'* "$$%9* ":%5 3:=3 mean o 1iminis( misun1ers an1in-5 T(us )on)e, s are ,aire1 ri-( 2rom (e be-innin- o2 S)(leierma)(erHs e+,osi ion o2 in er,re a ion5 T(is basi) 1uali ! s,a&ns 2ur (er 1uali ies or ,airin-s* all o2 &(i)( ,rovi1e 2rames o2 in er,re a ion 2or (e ,ur,ose o2 o, imiAinun1ers an1in-5 T(e! are in1i)a ive o2 (e liminal s,a)e o,ene1 u, b! in er,re a ion* reveal (e in er,re erHs a&areness o2 a 2un1amen al 1i22eren)e* an1 re,la)e all overri1inorien a ions su)( as au (ori !5 Ins ea1 o2 au (ori ! (ere is AbrisurB 84erri1a9* &(i)( is -roun1less an1 so )auses )on inual ransi ions &i (in (e ,airin-s es ablis(e1* "/ (ereb! -enera in- ne& ones5 All (ese ,airin-s ,ivo aroun1 (e liminal s,a)e ou o2 &(i)( (e! (ave arisen an1 (a ins)ribes i sel2 in o (em* as (e -ramma i)al an1 (e ,s!)(olo-i)al as,e) s o2 lan-ua-e are in urn s,li u, in o 2ur (er 1uali ies5 T(e liminal s,a)e* one mi-( sa!* )auses a nes in- o2 1uali ies* all o2 &(i)( are 1ra2 e1 o over)ome (e brisur (e! (ave emer-e1 2rom5 "% Su)( a )oun ervailin- en1en)! in1i)a es (a un1ers an1in-* in (e 2inal anal!sis* is a)(ieve1 onl! a,,ro+ima el!5 I is S)(leierma)(erHs a&areness o2 (e liminal s,a)e (a in1u)es (im o arran-e (e re-is er as a nes in- o2 1uali ies in o &(i)( a F2orei-n or s ran-e s,ee)(G 8"=?9 (as o be ransla e1 2or (e ,ur,ose o2 un1ers an1in-5 T(ere2ore S)(leierma)(er main ains F (a &(a ever e22or s )an be le-i ima el! )alle1 in er,re a ion* (ere are no o (er !,es e+)e, (ose base1 on (e 1i22eren rela ions(i,s be &een (e &o si1es &e (ave no e1G 8"0#95 Re-ar1in- (e -ramma i)al si1e* (e 2o)us on an au (orHs lan-ua-e is a-ain 1ual in )(ara) er5 T(e meanin- o2 a &or1 is es ablis(e1 b! &o )losel! in errela e1 o,era ions* namel!* 1e ermina ion an1 e+)lusion5 No lin-uis i) si-n )an ever (ave* or la! )laim o* a universal meanin- in1e,en1en o2 )on e+ 5 T(e same (ol1s rue 2or (e a,,li)a ion o2 si-ns5 T(us S)(leierma)(er ar-ues (a ea)( si-n is o be 1e ermine1 b! &(a i e+)lu1es* (a is* &(a i 1oes no mean or si-ni2!5 W(a i means or si-ni2ies is 1e ermine1 b! i s ,osi ion in (e sen en)e* &(i)( is ,rimaril! a s!n a-ma i) 1e ermina ion5 S)(leierma)(er )onsi1ere1 su)( a 1e ermina ion (e 2irs )anonI ": (e se)on1 )anon (e 1e2ines as 2ollo&sB FT(e meaninOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO "/ See Cran'* FEinlei un-*G /=5 "% S)(leierma)(er* "ermeneutics, /">* (ere2ore main ainsB FT(e in er,re er mus (en es ablis( (e same rela ions(i, be &een (imsel2 an1 (e au (or as e+is e1 be &een (e au (or an1 (is ori-inal au1ien)e5G ": Cor a )ri iKue o2 S)(leierma)(erHs )on)e, ion o2 )anon* see E5 45 <irs)(* Calidity in Interpretation 8Ne& <avenB Yale Universi ! Press* "$>=9* /00225 3:#3 mean o 1iminis( misun1ers an1in-5 T(us )on)e, s are ,aire1 ri-( 2rom (e be-innin- o2 S)(leierma)(erHs e+,osi ion o2 in er,re a ion5 T(is basi) 1uali ! s,a&ns 2ur (er 1uali ies or ,airin-s* all o2 &(i)( ,rovi1e 2rames o2 in er,re a ion 2or (e ,ur,ose o2 o, imiAinun1ers an1in-5 T(e! are in1i)a ive o2 (e liminal s,a)e o,ene1 u, b! in er,re a ion* reveal (e in er,re erHs a&areness o2 a 2un1amen al 1i22eren)e* an1 re,la)e all overri1inorien a ions su)( as au (ori !5 Ins ea1 o2 au (ori ! (ere is AbrisurB 84erri1a9* &(i)( is

-roun1less an1 so )auses )on inual ransi ions &i (in (e ,airin-s es ablis(e1* "/ (ereb! -enera in- ne& ones5 All (ese ,airin-s ,ivo aroun1 (e liminal s,a)e ou o2 &(i)( (e! (ave arisen an1 (a ins)ribes i sel2 in o (em* as (e -ramma i)al an1 (e ,s!)(olo-i)al as,e) s o2 lan-ua-e are in urn s,li u, in o 2ur (er 1uali ies5 T(e liminal s,a)e* one mi-( sa!* )auses a nes in- o2 1uali ies* all o2 &(i)( are 1ra2 e1 o over)ome (e brisur (e! (ave emer-e1 2rom5 "% Su)( a )oun ervailin- en1en)! in1i)a es (a un1ers an1in-* in (e 2inal anal!sis* is a)(ieve1 onl! a,,ro+ima el!5 I is S)(leierma)(erHs a&areness o2 (e liminal s,a)e (a in1u)es (im o arran-e (e re-is er as a nes in- o2 1uali ies in o &(i)( a F2orei-n or s ran-e s,ee)(G 8"=?9 (as o be ransla e1 2or (e ,ur,ose o2 un1ers an1in-5 T(ere2ore S)(leierma)(er main ains F (a &(a ever e22or s )an be le-i ima el! )alle1 in er,re a ion* (ere are no o (er !,es e+)e, (ose base1 on (e 1i22eren rela ions(i,s be &een (e &o si1es &e (ave no e1G 8"0#95 Re-ar1in- (e -ramma i)al si1e* (e 2o)us on an au (orHs lan-ua-e is a-ain 1ual in )(ara) er5 T(e meanin- o2 a &or1 is es ablis(e1 b! &o )losel! in errela e1 o,era ions* namel!* 1e ermina ion an1 e+)lusion5 No lin-uis i) si-n )an ever (ave* or la! )laim o* a universal meanin- in1e,en1en o2 )on e+ 5 T(e same (ol1s rue 2or (e a,,li)a ion o2 si-ns5 T(us S)(leierma)(er ar-ues (a ea)( si-n is o be 1e ermine1 b! &(a i e+)lu1es* (a is* &(a i 1oes no mean or si-ni2!5 W(a i means or si-ni2ies is 1e ermine1 b! i s ,osi ion in (e sen en)e* &(i)( is ,rimaril! a s!n a-ma i) 1e ermina ion5 S)(leierma)(er )onsi1ere1 su)( a 1e ermina ion (e 2irs )anonI ": (e se)on1 )anon (e 1e2ines as 2ollo&sB FT(e meaninOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO "/ See Cran'* FEinlei un-*G /=5 "% S)(leierma)(er* "ermeneutics, /">* (ere2ore main ainsB FT(e in er,re er mus (en es ablis( (e same rela ions(i, be &een (imsel2 an1 (e au (or as e+is e1 be &een (e au (or an1 (is ori-inal au1ien)e5G ": Cor a )ri iKue o2 S)(leierma)(erHs )on)e, ion o2 )anon* see E5 45 <irs)(* Calidity in Interpretation 8Ne& <avenB Yale Universi ! Press* "$>=9* /00225 3:#3 o2 ea)( &or1 o2 a ,assa-e mus be 1e ermine1 b! (e )on e+ in &(i)( i o))urs5 T(e 2irs )anon serves onl! o e+)lu1e )er ain ,ossibili ies5 T(is se)on1 )anon* (o&ever* seems o be 1e ermina ive* a QJum,R &(i)( mus be Jus i2ie1G 8"/=95 Al (ou-( (e &o )anons almos ma'e S)(leierma)(er in o a Wi -ens einian avant la lettre, i is (e 1uali ! o2 (e s!n a) i)al ,osi ion an1 (e )on e+ ual lo)a ion (a is (i-(li-( e1 as (e in1is,ensable )ri erion 2or as)er ainin- (e meanin- in en1e1 b! (e au (or5 Nei (er )anon &oul1 in i sel2 be su22i)ien 2or (e -ramma i)al in er,re a ion o be su))ess2ul* an1 al (ou-( (e &o )anons 2orm (e 2rame in &(i)( meanin- is o be -ras,e1* (e la er never res s in an! -iven or i1en i2iable uni o2 lan-ua-e use* as S)(leierma)(er (as em,(asiAe1B FSin)e meanin- is no ves e1 in (e in1ivi1ual ,ar s o2 s,ee)( bu in (eir )onne) ion* (e )loses ,arallels are (ose in &(i)( (e ,ar s o2 s,ee)( (ave been )ombine1 in (e same &a!G 8":"95 Meanin-* (en* is ,ro1u)e1 b! var!in- 1e-rees o2 1i22eren ia ion brou-( abou b! (e )onne) ions es ablis(e1 amon- )lauses* seKuen)e o2 sen en)es* an1 (eir )on e+ ual lo)a ion5 I2 similari ies be &een )onne) ions en(an)e (e )er ain ! o2 &(a (e au (or ma! (ave mean * su)( similari ! in urn ,oin s o (e 2a) (a meanin- is no a -ras,able en i ! bu some (in- (a )an onl! be s(a,e1 a,,ro+ima el!5 T(is a,,ro+ima ion is a-ain in1i)a ive o2 (e liminal s,a)e* &(ose )(ara) er ma'es i sel2 2el inso2ar as (e )on ours o2 &(a is 1e ermine1 b! e+)lusion as &ell as b! s!n a) i)al an1 )on e+ ual lo)a ion 'ee, s(i2 in-5 T(is s(i2 in- o))urs be)ause (e ,osi ions 8s!n a+ an1 )on e+ 9 are subJe) e1 o )(an-in- a,,li)abili !* (ere bein- no rules re-ar1in- (eir a,,li)a ion5 T(us liminali ! 1oes no )on2ine i sel2 o mar'in- o22 ,osi ions 2rom one ano (er bu also blurs (e salien 2ea ures o2 s!n a) i)al an1 )on e+ ual 1e ermina ion* as (ese 2ea ures )on inuall! s(a1e in o one ano (er &i (ou losin- (eir i1en i !5 T(e ,s!)(olo-i)al as,e) o2 in er,re a ion lin's u, &i ( (e -ramma i)al as,e) in 'alei1os)o,i)all! s(i2 in- rela ions(i,s5 I2 (e 2o)us in -ramma i)al in er,re a ion is on (e lan-ua-e s!s em as a) ualiAe1 b! (e au (or* (e ,s!)(olo-i)al one s,o li-( s (e &a! in &(i)( (e ools ,rovi1e1 b! -rammar are use1I (is enables us o 2in1 ou (o& (e au (or (in's5 T(e ,s!)(olo-i)al in er,re a ion is basi)all! e)(ni)all! orien e1* &(i)( is borne ou b! S)(leierma)(erHs in er)(an-eable use o2 e)(ni)al an1 ,s!)(olo-i)al 1esi-na ions 2or

ra)in- (e au (orHs (in'in-5 A-ain (is is a 1ual as'B FDramma i)al in er,re a ion is 1ivi1e1 in o &o )on ras in- as's5 So is e)(ni)al in er,re a ion5 T(e 2irs as' is o 1is)over (e in1ivi1uali ! o2 an au (or* an1 (e o (er is o re)o-niAe &i ( 1e2ini eness (o& (is in1ivi1uali ! is e+,resse1G 8">/95 W(a * (ou-(* are (e means 2or i1en i2!in- (e au (orHs in1ivi1uali ! an1 (e mo ives (a (ave 3:$3 Fmove1 (e au (or o )ommuni)a eG 8":=9M Al (ou-( (e -ramma i)al an1 (e ,s!)(olo-i)al in er,re a ion are 1esi-ne1 o 1ove ail* (e usa-e o2 lan-ua-e ma! 2urnis( salien 2ea ures o2 (e au (orHs &a! o2 (in'in- onl! o a )er ain e+ en * be)ause (e 2in1in-s o2 (e si-n usa-e (ave o be evalua e15 T(is (ol1s rue even 2or &(a one mi-( )onsi1er ,s!)(olo-i)al in1i)a ors o2 an au (orHs lan-ua-e* su)( as (e al erna ion be &een F,leonasmG an1 Fem,(asisG 8":/95 T(e la er mar's an in ers i)e be &een (e &o as,e) s o2 in er,re a ion &i (ou 2ull! es ablis(in- (e au (orHs in1ivi1uali !* al (ou-( i ma! serve o 1elinea e (e salien)e o2 &(a (e au (or &an e1 o e+,ress5 I2 lan-ua-e ,rovi1es (e ,arame er 2or -ramma i)al usa-e* &(a is (e ,arame er 2or ,s!)(olo-i)al in er,re a ion* a,ar 2rom (e in er1e,en1en)e o2 (e &o as,e) sM A-ain S)(leierma)(er ,ro,oses &o in erlin'in- ,ro)e1ures as a 2rame&or' 2or brin-in(e ,s!)(olo-i)al as,e) o2 in er,re a ion o 2ull 2rui ionB )om,arison an1 1ivina ion5 ST(eT 1ivina or! me (o1 see's o -ain an imme1ia e )om,re(ension o2 (e au (or as an in1ivi1ual5 T(e )om,ara ive me (o1 ,ro)ee1s b! subsumin(e au (or un1er a -eneral !,e5 I (en ries o 2in1 (is 1is in) ive rai s b! )om,arin- (im &i ( (e o (ers o2 (e same !,e5 4ivina or! 'no&le1-e is (e 2eminine s ren- ( in 'no&in- ,eo,leI )om,ara ive 'no&le1-e* (e mas)uline5 "? Ea)( me (o1 re2ers ba)' o (e o (er5 T(e 1ivina or! is base1 on (e assum, ion (a ea)( ,erson is no onl! a uniKue in1ivi1ual in (is o&n ri-( * bu (a (e (as a re)e, ivi ! o (e uniKueness o2 ever! o (er ,erson5 T(is assum, ion in urn seems o ,resu,,ose (a ea)( ,erson )on ains a minimum o2 ever!one else* an1 so 1ivina ion is arouse1 b! )om,arison &i ( OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO "? <irs)(* Calidity in Interpretation, /0?* elabora es on (is 1uali !* &(i)( (e )onsi1ers as &o ,rin)i,le 2or)es no onl! in in er,re a ion bu in (uman 'no&le1-e -enerall!5 T(e im,li)a ions o2 (a insi-( s re )( be!on1 (e )urren l! 2as(ionable 1is)ussion o2 (e o,,osi ion be &een s)ien i2i) an1 (umanis i) )ul ures in (eir res,e) ive Fme (o1s5G W(a is a s a'e is no some i1eal 2usion o2 (e se,ara e )ul ures an1 (eir mo1es o2 (ou-( * bu (e ri-( o2 in er,re a ion 8an1 im,li)i l! all (umanis i) 1is)i,lines9 o )laim as i s obJe) -enuine 'no&le1-e5 T(e &o 2or)es (a S)(leierma)(er ,er)eive1 in in er,re a ion an1 in (uman (in'in-enerall! are versions o2 &o ,ro)esses (a are in1ee1 )om,rise1 in ever! realm o2 (ou-( (a )an la! )laim o 'no&le1-e5 3?0 onesel25 P T(e &o me (o1s s(oul1 never be se,ara e15 4ivina ion be)omes )er ain onl! &(en i is )orrobora e1 b! )om,arisons5 P Bu )om,arison 1oes no ,rovi1e a 1is in) ive uni !5 T(e -eneral an1 (e ,ar i)ular mus in er,ene ra e* an1 onl! 1ivina ion allo&s (is o (a,,en5 8"?029

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T(e 1ivina or! me (o1 -ras,s (e in1ivi1uali ! o2 an au (or* as e+,resse1 in &(a is alien 2or (e in er,re er* (rou-( a 'in1 o2 (un)(* an1 (e )om,ara ive me (o1 )on rols (e (un)( inso2ar as (e au (or* re,resen in- a )er ain !,e* )an be )om,are1 o o (ers o2 (e same !,e5 I ma! seem s ran-e (a S)(leierma)(er )alls (ese &o in errela e1 o,era ions Fme (o1s5G <o&ever* (e ver! erminolo-! ,oin s o (e 2a) (a (e! are an o22s(oo o2

)on em,orar! ,(ilolo-!* &(i)( more o2 en (an no reKuire1 in2orme1 -uesses 2or (e ,ur,ose o2 emen1in- )orru, e1 manus)ri, s b! in er,ola in- &(a (e 2aul ! e+ mi-( (ave ori-inall! )on aine15 T(e )om,ara ive me (o1 &as )losel! lin'e1 o (is 'in1 o2 1ivina ion* as )om,arin-* )olla in-* an1 si2 in- &ere basi) a) ivi ies 2or un1er,innin- (e )onJe) ures ma1e in (e )ourse o2 res orin- 2la&e1 or 2ra-men ar! manus)ri, s5 T(is in erlin'in-* (en* &as a s o)'3in3 ra1e o2 earl!3nine een (3)en ur! e1i in- ,ra) i)e5 <en)e S)(leierma)(erHs use o2 (e erm Fme (o15G 4ivina ion* (o&ever* is also -ui1e1* as Man2re1 Cran' &ri es* b! S)(leierma)(erHs insi-( (a (e lan-ua-e s!s em 1oes no )on ain &i (in i sel2 a ,re2i-ure1 Fin er,re an1G 2or i s a) ual use* &(i)( &oul1 se -ui1elines 2or (e re)i,ien as o (o& (e 2orei-n or s ran-e s,ee)( is o be un1ers oo15 "= Cur (ermore* (e liminal s,a)e* as I (ave s(o&n* mar's a 1e)isive 1i22eren)e (a )anno be over)ome b! an! 2orm o2 1e)o1in- (e 2orei-n or s ran-e s,ee)(* so (a 1ivina ion be)omes an in1is,ensable ne)essi !5 "# T(e in er &inin- o2 1ivina ion an1 )om,arison 2un) ions as a 2rame o2 re2eren)e 2or (e ,s!)(olo-i)al in er,re a ion* &(i)( (as o 2a (om (e au (orHs overall use o2 lan-ua-e an1 )(e)' i s salien 2ea ures b! )om,arin- (em &i ( o (er sam,les o2 s !lis i) si-na ures in (e e+ 5 T(is means OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO "> Da1amer* Truth and /ethod, "#=* (as elu)i1a e1 (e im,li)a ions o2 (is s a emen an1 &(a (e rans,osi ion o2 (e in er,re er in o (e au (or en ails5 "= Cran'* FEinlei un-*G :$25 "# <ans Inei)(en* Philosophische "ermeneutik 8Creibur-B Karl Alber* "$$"9* "/=* -oes as 2ar as sa!in- (a S)(leierma)(er )onsi1ere1 1ivina ion (e 2oun ain(ea1 2or 1evisin(!,o (eses o2 e+e-esis5 3?" no less (an (a (e a) o2 un1ers an1in- mus simul aneousl! ,ro1u)e i s o&n 2rame&or'5 Su)( a 2rame&or' is a-ain 1ual in na ure* (us bearin- (e ins)ri, ion o2 (e liminal s,a)e (a 1eman1s o be bri1-e15 A))or1in-l!* (e 2rame&or' 1oes no )on ain an! rules 2or narro&in- (e liminal s,a)e5 Ins ea1* (e la er remains ,resen in (e 2rame&or'* as i ma'es 1ivina ion an1 )om,arison )on inuall! s(a1e in o one ano (er in a ,ro)ess o2 mu ual -earin- (a * as e+e)u e1 b! (e in er,re er* eleva es (ermeneu i)s in o an ar 5 T(e ,ur,ose o2 (is ar is o )ons rue un1ers an1in-* &(i)(* in S)(leierma)(erHs o&n &or1s* al&a!s F)ons ru) s some (in- 2ini e an1 1e2ini e 2rom some (in- in2ini e an1 in1e2ini eG 8"0095 T(e ,airin-s 1is)usse1 (us 2ar7 (e -ramma i)al6,s!)(olo-i)al mo1es an1 (e 1ivina or!6)om,ara ive me (o1s 7are no )on)eive1 as binar! o,,osi ionsI on (e )on rar!* (e! are ma1e o in er,ene ra e in or1er o FJum,G 8S)(leierma)(erHs o&n &or19 (e s,a)e (a se,ara es (e in er,re er 2rom &(a is o be in er,re e15 @us as (e &o )anons o2 s!n a) i)al an1 )on e+ ual 1e ermina ion are mean o en)ir)le (e au (orHs meanin-* so (e 1ivina or! an1 )om,ara ive me (o1s are 1esi-ne1 o 2a (om (e au (orHs in1ivi1uali !5 All (ese o,era ions ,ro)ee1 in a )ir)ular movemen 5 T(e )ir)ulari ! be &een -rammar an1 ,s!)(olo-! allo&s us o as)er ain (e mani2es a ion o2 an au (orHs in1ivi1uali !I (e )ir)ulari ! be &een (e 1ivina or! an1 (e )om,ara ive me (o1s allo&s us o -ras, (is mani2es e1 in1ivi1uali !5 T(e )ir)ular movemen is (us 1ual in na ure* as i o,era es no onl! be &een -rammar an1 ,s!)(olo-!* 1ivina ion an1 )om,arison* bu also be &een (e mo1es an1 me (o1s5 T(is mu ual ins)ri, ion o2 )ir)ulari ! -ives rise o a ne &or' (a s ru) ures (e (ermeneu i) )ir)le5 FCom,le e 'no&le1-e*G S)(leierma)(er main ains* Fal&a!s involves an a,,aren )ir)le* (a ea)( ,ar )an be un1ers oo1 onl! ou o2 (e &(ole o &(i)( i belon-s* an1 vi)e versa5 All 'no&le1-e &(i)( is s)ien i2i) mus be )ons ru) e1 in (is &a!G 8""%95 T(e o,era ion o2 (e )ir)le be &een ,ar s an1 &(ole is (e overar)(in- 2rame&or' o2 (ermeneu i)s* s ru) urin- all (e )ir)ular movemen s o,era ive be &een mo1es an1 me (o1s5 T(e ,ar 6&(ole )ir)le -overns all in er,re ive a) ivi ! inso2ar Fas (e &(ole is un1ers oo1 2rom (e ,ar s* so (e ,ar s )an be un1ers oo1 onl! 2rom (e &(ole5 T(is ,rin)i,le is o2 su)( )onseKuen)e 2or (ermeneu i)s an1 so in)on es able (a one )anno even be-in o in er,re &i (ou usin- i G 8"$>95 Su)( an o,era ive in en ,reven s (e )ir)le 2rom be)omin- a vi)ious one5 T(e ,ar i)ular al&a!s ,ers,e) iviAes -eneral 'no&le1-e* as (ere is no -eneral 'no&le1-e &i (ou (e ,ar i)ulars ou o2 &(i)( i arises5 In urn* (e ,ar i)ular &oul1 remain un-ras,able i2 i 1i1 no en1o& -eneral 'no&l3

3?/3 e1-e &i ( i s si-ni2i)an)e or 1i1 no (ave a 2oil a-ains &(i)( i s s,e)i2i)i ! be)omes 1is)ernible5 T(us (e )ir)le brin-s ou &o (in-s a on)eB 8a9 some (in- -eneral is ma1e as)er ainable a-ains (e ba)'1ro, o2 a )(an-in- arra! o2 ,ar i)ularsI 8b9 (e ,ar i)ulars -ain salien)e b! bein- se o22 2rom (e -eneral* a 1is in) ion (a )an never be obli era e15 Dearin- (e -eneral o (e ,ar i)ular7or* in S)(leierma)(erHs erminolo-!* ,ar o &(ole 7an1 vi)e versa es ablis(es a ,la 2orm 2rom &(i)( o observe (e rela ions(i,s (a s ru) ure (e in er,ene ra ion o2 mo1es an1 me (o1s5 T(e )ir)le ma'es ,ar an1 &(ole in o s(i2 in- 2oils 2or one ano (er* (ereb! )onver in- -rammar6,s!)(olo-! as &ell as 1ivina ion6)om,arison in o mu uall! mirrorin- vie&,oin s5 T(ese )ir)ular o,era ions are ,o&ere1 b! (e 1rive o )o,e &i ( (e liminal s,a)e* &(ose ,resen)e be)omes an-ible in (e mul i,le 1ivisions (rou-( &(i)( i ins)ribes i sel2 in (e re-is er 1evise1 b! S)(leierma)(er in or1er o ransla e alien s,ee)( in o un1ers an1in-5 Ins ea1 o2 su,erim,osin- a re-is er on o (e e+ * as in (e ra1i ion o2 (e )ommen ar!* (e liminal s,a)e s,li s u, (e re-is er in o a -ra1ua e1 1uali ! o2 mu uall! )on rollin- ,osi ions &(ose )ir)ular )on)a ena ion is mean o bri1-e (e 1i22eren)e be &een (em5 T(e )ir)le o2 in erlin'in- ,ar 6&(ole* -rammar6,s!)(olo-!* an1 1ivina ion6)om,arison is (e (allmar' o2 (ermeneu i)s5 I (i-(li-( s (e 2a) (a (ere is no lon-er a -iven au (ori ! (a )an vali1a e &(a in er,re a ion se s ou o a)(ieve5 Cur (ermore* (ere is no au (ori ! 1&ellin- in (e e+ i sel2I (ere2ore un1ers an1in- is o be arrive1 a 2rom &i (in (e e+ b! means o2 mani2ol1 )ir)ular o,era ions (a ,rovi1e a &a! o2 )orre) inan1 moni orin- un1ers an1in-5 I is (e )ir)le (a runs bo ( insi1e mo1es an1 me (o1s an1 be &een (em* brin-in- abou a o3an132ro movemen be &een ,ar an1 &(ole (a ma,s ou (e raJe) or! in ea)( in1ivi1ual e+ alon- &(i)( &e are able o )lari2! F&(a is va-ueG in or1er o arrive a an un1ers an1in- o2 a 2orei-n or s ran-e s,ee)( 8""=95 T(is )ir)ular ,ro)e1ure aler s us o (e 2a) (a nei (er &or1* nor sen en)e* nor mo1e* nor me (o1 (as an! 1e2ini e meanin- in i sel25 Ins ea1* (e meanin- o be as)er aine1 an1 un1ers oo1 arises ou o2 an1 is si ua e1 in rela ions(i,s* (e 2ine3 unin- o2 &(i)( is ,ro1u)e1 (rou-( a mu ual ins)ri, ion o2 )ir)les in o (e mul i,le 1uali ies o2 (e re-is er5 T(is means (a un1ers an1in- realiAes i sel2 (rou-( a )on inual )ir)ular movemen * &(i)( 2inall! reveals &(! (ermeneu i)s (as ,rivile-e1 (e )ir)le as i s o,era ional 1evi)e 2or (e a) o2 in er,re a ion5 T(e )ir)le ini ia es an ever3&i1enin- )ou,lin- be &een ,ar s an1 &(ole* no leas as (e &(ole is no -iven ,rior o (e ,ar s bu (as o be visualiAe1 (rou-( 3?%3 (em5 T(e no ion o2 (e &(ole is al&a!s rela ive an1 is e+,an1e1 b! (e )ir)le (rou-( mul i,le in er)onne) ions &i ( ever3ne& 2ea ures o2 (e ,ar s* an1 (is e+,ansion in urn (ro&s ne& li-( on (e un1ers an1in- o2 (e ,ar s involve15 I is (is broa1enin- ou o2 (e )ir)ular movemen (a ,ermi s a )on rolle1 a,,ro+ima ion o un1ers an1in-5 T(e )ir)ular o3an132ro movemen )anno elimina e (e liminal s,a)e* (o&ever* as (ere al&a!s remains a 2inal resis an)e o (e rans,osi ion o2 mo1es an1 me (o1s in o one ano (er* Jus as (ere is al&a!s a 1i22eren)e be &een ,ar an1 &(ole5 T(is 2inal resis an)e no onl! )auses (e 1i22eren ia ion o2 (e re-is er bu also in1u)es in er,re a ion o be)ome sel2re2le) ive* &(i)( means (a i (as o (ema iAe i s o&n ,ro)e1ures* &(i)( no& (ave o 2un) ion as a 2rame o2 re2eren)e5 T(us in er,re a ion as a sel23moni orin- 2orm o2 ransla abili !7as S)(leierma)(er )on)eive1 o2 i 7 urns ou o be a re,la)emen o2 au (ori ! b! (e (ermeneu i) )ir)le5 One mi-( even -o so 2ar as o sa! (a an a&areness o2 (e liminal s,a)e be &een (e subJe) ma er an1 i s in er,re a ion 1a&ne1 onl! a (e (is ori)al momen &(en (e e+ o be in er,re e1 (a1 los i s au (ori !5 In (is res,e) * (e em, iness o2 (a s,a)e mi-( be )onsi1ere1 as a ra)e o2 (e vanis(e1 au (ori ! (a (a1 ,reviousl! 1e ermine1 (e rela ions(i, be &een (e e+ an1 i s rea1er5 W(en (ere is no (in- o be s(are1 an!more* (e -a, be &een (e e+ an1 i s un1ers an1in- be)omes

a,,aren * )allin- 2or ne-o ia ion (rou-( an elabora e re-is er &(ose &or'in-s (ave )on inuall! o be moni ore15 T(e (ermeneu i) )ir)le ,oin s o (e 2a) (a (e vanis(e1 au (ori ! (as le2 be(in1 a blan' (a unmis a'abl! se,ara es (e e+ 2rom i s in er,re a ion5 An1 !e (ere remains a blin1 s,o even in (e )ir)ulari ! i sel2 (a S)(leierma)(er ,ro,ose1 as a means o2 )o,in&i ( (is blan'5 <e 1i1 no s,e)i2! &(a a) uall! (a,,ens in (e )ir)ular movemen be &een (e 1i22eren 1uali ies5 Are (e 1ual mo1es* 1ual me (o1s* an1 (e 1uali ! be &een ,ar 6&(ole Jus in erlin'e1* rela e1* mu uall! im,ose1 on* or are (e! mu uall! )on rolle1 b! one ano (er* ma1e o overla,* o be eles)o,e1* reali-ne1* or in er &ine1M T(ese Kues ions mar' (e blin1 s,o in S)(leierma)(erHs )on)e, o2 )ir)ulari !5 T(e )ir)le (i-(li-( s (e o,era ive in en bu no (e s ra e-ies o2 i s &or'in-s5 T(us (e )ir)ular movemen remains abs ra) * be)ause (ere is no rans)en1en al s an)e (a &oul1 allo& us o 1e ermine (e o,era ions o2 (is s eerin- 1evi)e5 T(is blin1 s,o is im,or an 2or (ree 1i22eren (ou-( in er)onne) e1 reasons5 In re,la)inau (ori ! b! (e (ermeneu i) )ir)le* in er,re a ion is no lon-er )on rolle1 b! an! overar)(in- (ir1 1imension (a &oul1 bra)'e (e e+ &i ( i s e+e-esis* an1 so i (as o be)ome sel23 3?:3 re2le) ive5 Cur (ermore* (e blin1 s,o is in1i)a ive o2 a resi1ual un ransla abili ! ,ro1u)e1 b! in er,re a ion i sel2* (us im,l!in- (a un ransla abili ! is boun1 o var! a))or1in- o &(a is in er,re e15 Cinall!* (e blin1 s,o ,rovi1es an im,e us 2or )on inual sel23 moni orin-* be)ause in er,re a ion (as bo ( o ,ro1u)e an1 o )(an-e i s o&n 2rame&or's5 Su)( a ne)essi ! is lar-el! 1ue o (e 2a) (a in er,re a ion is no onl! a ransla ion o2 &(a is -iven bu also a ransla ion o2 onesel2 in o &(a one see's o -ras,5 T(ere is a 2inal ,oin (a S)(leierma)(er allo&s us o see5 T(e re-is er o2 1ual mo1es* 1ual me (o1s* an1 (e 1uali ! o2 ,ar an1 &(ole is a nea l! -eare1 assembl! o2 vie&,oin s brou-( o bear on (e F2orei-n or s ran-e s,ee)(G 2or (e ,ur,ose o2 a)(ievinun1ers an1in-5 T(e 2un) ion e+er)ise1 b! (e re-is er is a-ain 1ual in na ureB on (e one (an1* i is a s ru) ure1 2orm o2 ,er)e, ion (a ,ene ra es (e e+ I on (e o (er* i ,rovi1es ,arame ers 2or ransla in- (e e+ in o un1ers an1in-5 As a means o2 e22e) insu)( an o,era ion* (e re-is er is i1en i)al nei (er o (e e+ nor o un1ers an1in-5 Ra (er* b! inva1in- (e e+ (rou-( i s vie&,oin s* i rearran-es (e e+ in su)( a manner (a un1ers an1in- ma! emer-e5 A bes (e re-is er 2un) ions as a me1ia or* in (a i s -ui1e1 ,er)e, ion ransla es (e e+ in o erms o2 re2eren)e (a allo& un1ers an1in- o emer-e5 W(a ever emer-es b! an in erven ion o2 some (in- in o some (in- else is never 1e2ini ivel! o be 1e ermine1* as i e+)ee1s re2eren iali !I (ere2ore un1ers an1in- )an onl! be a)(ieve1 a,,ro+ima el!5

)o ann Gusta, Dro%sen' T e Nesting of Circles

T(e basi) aim o2 (ermeneu i)s is o a)(ieve un1ers an1in-I (o&ever* (e na ure o2 (is un1ers an1in- an1 (e ,ro)e1ures (a -overn i s ,ro1u) ion &ill )(an-e in rela ion o &(a is o be un1ers oo15 S)(leierma)(er se ou o a)(ieve an un1ers an1in- o2 &(a (e (a1 erme1 (e Fs ran-e or 2orei-n s,ee)(G o2 an au (or* (e ul ima e obJe) ive bein- o un1ers an1 (e Fau (or be er (an (e (as un1ers oo1 (imsel25G Su)( an a,,roa)( is basi)all! e+ orien e1* an1 (is (ol1s rue irres,e) ive o2 &(e (er (e u eran)e )on)erne1 is s,o'en or &ri en5 Bu &(a (a,,ens &(en (e ma er o be un1ers oo1 is no a e+ ,ro1u)e1 b! an au (or 2or )om,re(ension b! i s re)i,ien M Su)( a Kues ion ,ose1 i sel2 2or @o(ann Dus av 4ro!sen 8"#0#L"##:9 some 2or ! !ears a2 er S)(leierma)(er* &(en (e rie1 o a)(ieve an un1ers an1in- o2 (is or!* &(i)( 2or (im &as no lon-er a e+ &ri en b! 3??3

an au (or bu onl! F2a1e1 ra)es an1 su,,resse1 -leamsG o2 a ,as 5 "$ 4a a o2 (is 'in1 Fare no ,as (in-s* 2or (ese (ave 1isa,,eare1* bu (in-s &(i)( are s ill ,resen (ere an1 no&* &(e (er re)olle) ions o2 &(a &as 1one* or remnan s o2 (in-s (a (ave e+is e1 an1 o2 even s (a (ave o))urre1G 8""95 Su)( a 2ra-men e1 ,as e+ en1s in o (e ,resen an1 is -ras,able no as a ,as bu onl! as FRemains*G FSour)es*G an1 FMonumen sG 8"#95 W(a ever (e s,e)i2i) )(ara) er o2 su)( F(is ori)al ma erialG ma! be li'e* i is )er ainl! no a e+ * an1 even &(en (ere are e+ s* more o2 en (an no (ese oo are no (in- bu ra)es5 T(e (is ori)al ma erial i sel27s)a ere1 (rou-(ou (e ,resen 7)onsis s o2 1i22eren )a e-ories5 T(e remnan s ma! be Jus isola e1 2a) s or ra)es &(ose ori-in (as been los * an1 (us a bes (e! are )on in-en 2ra-men s o2 a ,as 5 T(e sour)es* in )on ra1is in) ion* alrea1! re2le) F,as even s as (uman un1ers an1in- (as a,,re(en1e1 (emG 8"$9 an1 )onseKuen l! are slan e1 b! ei (er subJe) ive vie&s or ,ra-ma i) e+i-en)ies5 FT(e a,,re(ension &ill obviousl! var! a))or1in- as i &as in en1e1 o ai1 (e au (orHs o&n memor!* or 2or o (ers* 2or one ,erson* or a 2e&* or all* 2or )on em,oraries or 2or ,os eri !* 2or ins ru) ion* 2or en er ainmen * or 2or ,ur,oses o2 businessG 8/095 Su)( a ran-e o2 ,ossibili ies (i-(li-( s (e na ure o2 sour)es inso2ar as (e! translate (is ori)al o))urren)es in o 1iversi2ie1 )on)e, ions5 4ro!sen uses (is ver! erm in (is le) ure )ourse* main ainin- (a sour)es ransla e e+ ernal even s in o a 2orm o2 memor!5 /0 T(e 2ramino2 2a) s 1is)ernible in sour)es is a 1elibera e ,lo! in monumen s* &(i)( ransla e a &(ole )ourse o2 even s ei (er s!mboli)all! or ar is i)all! in o mo1es o2 ,er)e, ion* (us )(annelin- (eir remembran)e 2or ,os eri !5 Monumen s (emselves alrea1! ,resen an un1ers an1in- o2 (o& (is ori)al OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO "$ @o(ann Dus av 4ro!sen* 3utline of the Principles of "istory :(rundriss der "istorik=, rans5 E5 BenJamin An1re&s 8Ne& Yor'B <o&ar1 Cer i-* "$>=9* ""5 T(e sour)es o2 all o (er Kuo a ions 2rom (is volume are -iven in in3 e+ re2eren)es o (e a,,ro,ria e ,a-es5 4ro!sen (imsel2 ,re,are1 (is abs ra) o2 &(a (as )ome o be )alle1 "istorik, &(i)( &as a le) ure )ourse on F (e En)!)lo,e1ia an1 Me (o1olo-! o2 <is or!*G 1elivere1* as (e ,u i F2rom ime o ime* be-innin- &i ( "#?=5G ReKues s 2rom (is s u1en s* Fle1 me*G as (e sa!s in (e FAu (orHs Pre2a)e*G F o &ri e ou (e s'ele on in (e same or1er o -ive m! au1i ors a basis 2or m! oral am,li2i)a ion5G An1 as (is Fs'ele onG a,,eare1 o be ver! mu)( in 1eman1 (rou-( numerous FreKues s* some o2 (em 2rom 2orei-n lan1s*G (e 1e)i1e1 F o -ive i o (e ,ubli)G 8i+95 I &as 2irs ransla e1 in o En-lis( in "#$% an1 re,rin e1 in "$>=5 /0 See @o(ann Dus av 4ro!sen* FTe+ aus-abe*G in "istorik, e15 Pe er Le!( 8S u -ar B 2rommann3(olAboo-* "$==9* =$5 3?>3 2a) s are o be )on)eive1* so (a almos all (e (is ori)al ma erial is mani2es l! 2as(ione15 T(e (is orian is (ere2ore )on2ron e1 no onl! &i ( )on in-en 2ra-men s o2 a ,as bu also o a lar-e e+ en &i ( a ,as (a (as alrea1! been me1ia e1 in (e even o2 i s o))urren)e5 Su)( a s a e o2 a22airs ,oses a ra (er 1i22eren )(allen-e o un1ers an1in- (an (a &i ( &(i)( S)(leierma)(er 2oun1 (imsel2 )on2ron e15 A e+ o be un1ers oo1 a leas (as a )er ain )o(eren)e* &(ereas (is ori)al ma erial is no (in- bu a &el er o2 1is)onne) e1 1a a5 FAl&a!s* or nearl! al&a!s* &e (ave be2ore us onl! sin-le ,oin s ou o2 (e 2a) s as (e! ori-inall! &ereI onl! in1ivi1ual vie&s o2 &(a e+is e1 or o))urre15 An! (is ori)al ma erial (as -a,s in i G 8/?95 I2 even (e 2a) s (emselves are ,un) ure1 b! -a,s* (e la er are boun1 o mul i,l! o&in- o (e 1is)onne) e1ness o2 (e (is ori)al ma erial (rou-( &(i)( a ,as e+ en1s in o (e ,resen 5 /" Da,s o2 (is 'in1 are 1ue o a la)' o2 1o)umen a ion as &ell as o (e 2aul s an1 1is or ions (a (ave o))urre1 1urin- (eir rans2er in (e ,assa-e o2 ime5 Su)( a mi+ ure o2 ,un) ure1 2a) s* 1isJoin e1 e+ s* an1 )r!, i) en)o1in-s ,resen s i sel2 as (e subJe) ma er* &(i)( reKuires an elabora e me (o1 o2 in er,re a ion i2 i is o be un1ers oo15 T(ere2ore* 4ro!sen main ains* F (e ,oin o2 1e,ar ure in inves i-a ion is (is ori)al in erro-a ion5G Inven ion ,u s us in ,ossession o2 (e ma erials 2or (is ori)al &or'G5 I is (e minerHs ar * (a o2 2in1in- an1 brin-in- o (e li-( * F (e un1er-roun1 &or'RG 8"#95 Bu (o& 1oes one 1elve in o (e 1e, (s o2 su)( ma erial* an1 &(a is (e inven ion (a -ui1es (e in erro-a ionM 4ro!sen &ri esB F<is ori)al In erro-a ion resul s in our as)er ainin- &(a Remains* Monumen s an1 Sour)es are o be brou-( 2or&ar1 2or (e Qre,l!RG 8/"95 T(is means no less (an (a (e remains o2 (e ,as

are in1i)a ions o2 a res,onse o a ,roblem* an1 so (e! &ill allo& us o re)ons i u e (e si ua ion o &(i)( (e! &ere a Fre,l!5G T(is is Collin-&oo1Hs FKues ion an1 ans&er lo-i)G avant la lettre, // <is ori)al 2a) s (ave o be rea1 as ans&ers o Kues ions (a mus (ave ,ose1 (emselves a a ,ar i)ular ime* an1 Fin erro-a ionG o2 (ese reli) res,onses )alls 2or (e FminerHs ar G (a 4ro!sen is a1vo)a in-5 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO /" 4ro!sen* "istorik, ?"* elabora es on (is issue la er on b! s a in-B FAn1 &i ( (e 1is)over! o2 (e immeasurable -a,s in our (is ori)al 'no&le1-e* &(i)( inves i-a ion (as no !e 2ille1 u, an1 ,er(a,s no& )an never 2ill u,* inves i-a ion es,ies ever &i1er brea1 (s o (e 1omains &i ( &(i)( i (as o 1o* an1 an i)i,a es one 1a! 2illin- (em &i ( li2e5G // See R5 D5 Collin-&oo1* n utobio%raphy 8O+2or1B O+2or1 Universi ! Press* Claren1on* "$%$95 3?=3 A basi) reason 2or su)( a (euris i)s* &(i)( sen1s (e (is orian in o (e 1ar'lin- 1e, (s o2 (e ,as * is (e insi-( (a nei (er be-innin-s nor en1s o2 (is or! are 2a (omable5 FBe-innin-s are nei (er sou-( b! )ri i)ism nor 1eman1e1 b! in er,re a ion5 In (e moral &orl1 no (in- is &i (ou me1ial an e)e1en s5 Ye (is ori)al inves i-a ion 1oes no ,ro,ose o e+,lain* in (e sense o2 1erivin- as mere e22e) s an1 1evelo,men s* (e la er 2rom (e earlier* or ,(enomena 2rom la&G 8/>95 FTo (e 2ini e e!e be-innin- an1 en1 are veile1* bu (e 1ire) ion o2 (e s reamin- movemen i )an b! inves i-a ion 1e e) 5 Con1emne1 o (e narro& limi o2 (e (ere an1 (e no&* i !e 1iml! es,ies (e &(en)e an1 (e &(i (erG 8:#2595 Bo ( a be-innin- an1 a su,,ose1 en1 o2 (is or! are a bes blan's* no leas as (e! )anno be in erro-a e1* be)ause (e! are no a Fre,l!G o an! (in- in (e )ourse o2 (e Fs reamin- movemen 5G Cur (ermore* e+,lainin- a be-innin- &oul1 im,l! -oinbe!on1 i * o&in- o i s in(eren 1uali !B on (e one (an1* i en ails (e laun)( o2 some (in-* &(i)( no& un2ol1s i sel2I on (e o (er* i ,resu,,oses* as (e )ause o2 su)( a laun)(* some (in- (a is boun1 o be ou si1e (e be-innin-* Jus as an assume1 telos o2 (is or! is ou si1e (e a) ual (a,,enin- o2 (e (is ori)al ,ro)ess5 W(enever be-innin-s an1 en1s are ,os ula e1* (is or! urns in o a es imon! 2or ,re)on)eive1 no ions* &(i)( are su,,ose1 o reveal (emselves (rou-( (is or! bu )anno be i1en i)al &i ( i 5 Moreover* un1ers an1in- 2a) s &oul1 be o2 minor im,or an)e i2 (is or! &ere )onsi1ere1 as a ,ro)ess o2 un2ol1in- some (in- e+is in- ,rior o i sel2 or as a mar)( o a -oal (a b! 1e2ini ion &oul1 lie ou si1e i sel25 Ins ea1 o2 -oin- be!on1 (is or!* 4ro!sen ,ro,ose1 o ,lumb (e 1e, (s o2 (e (is ori)al ma erial5 T(e FminerHs ar G is im,li)i l! Ju+ a,ose1 &i ( a <e-elian rans)en1en alism5 In a))or1an)e &i ( (is an i3<e-elian (rus o2 4ro!senHs Principles of "istory>al (ou-( no insensi ive o <e-elHs a)(ievemen /% 7in erro-a ion o2 (is ori)al ma erial )an onl! be )on1u) e1 2rom insi1e (is or!5 T(is is (e reason (a 4ro!sen (a1 o 2all ba)' on (ermeneu i)s in or1er o e+,lore (e remains o2 (e ,as * as (ermeneu i)al ,ro)e1ures )an o,era e ou o2 (e mi1s o2 (e ver! ma erial (a is o be 2a (ome15 /: S)(leierma)(er re,la)e1 au (ori ! &i ( (is o&n (ermeneu i) ,ers,e) ive* &(ile 4ro!sen re,la)e1 all rans)en1en al vie&,oin s o2 (is ori)al ma erial b! an in)reasin-l! )om,le+ (ermeneu i)al ,ro)e1ure5 T(is &as ne)essar! ,re)isel! be)ause OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO /% See 4ro!sen* "istorik, /?=5 /: Cor 4ro!senHs ,la)e in (e un2ol1in- o2 (is or! 1urin- (e nine een ( )en ur!* see Inei)(en* Philosophische "ermeneutik, ""#* "%=225* ":?*"?"5 3?#3 (ere &as no lon-er an! overri1in- re2eren)e o -ui1e in er,re a ion an1 be)ause (e o,era ion o2 su)( a me (o1 (a1 o be moni ore1 an1 )on rolle1 b! )on inual sel23re2le) ion i2 (e o,era ional in en &as o be a)(ieve15 T(is (ei-( ene1 )om,le+i ! is all (e more essen ial be)ause (is or! (as no i1en i2iable* -iven e+is en)e bu (as o be )ons i u e1 /? b! Fbrin-in- o li-( G (e (i11en in errela ions(i,s o2 (e Fremnan s*G Fsour)es*G an1 Fmonumen sG (rou-( &(i)( a ,as

,roJe) s i sel2 in o (e ,resen 5 T(e as' o2 in er,re a ion is (us &o2ol1B i (as o )ons i u e i s subJe) ma er* an1 i (as o 2urnis( un1ers an1in- o2 &(a (as been )ons i u e15 W(a ma! no (ave been obvious in S)(leierma)(erHs )on)e, ion no& emer-es 2ull! in o (e o,enB (e in(eren 1uali ! o2 in er,re a ion5 In S)(leierma)(erHs )ase* (e e+ o be un1ers oo1 &as a -iven* al (ou-( (e mo1es an1 me (o1s (e brou-( o bear 2or -ras,in- (e au (orHs meanin- )ons i u e1 (e ver! subJe) ma er (e &as )on)erne1 &i (5 In 4ro!senHs )ase* (e subJe) ma er7(is or!7)anno be as)er aine1 ,rior o in er,re a ion* al (ou-( (e la er se s ou o un1ers an1 &(a i (as brou-( o li-( 5 4ro!sen a,,ears o be a&are o2 su)( a 1i22eren)e &(en (e &ri esB Cer ainl! (ese s a e 1o)umen s 1o no as a rule* li'e (ose narra ions* la! be2ore us an alrea1! 2orme1 i1ea o2 (e )ase* a ,reliminar! (is ori)al ,i) ure o2 &(a (as Jus (a,,ene15 T(e! are remnan s o2 (a &(i)( (a,,ene1I (e! are ,ie)es o2 (e ransa) ion an1 o2 (e )ourse i ,ursue1* &(i)( s ill lie 1ire) l! be2ore our e!es5 An1 i2 I ma! -ive (e e+,ression so &i1e an a,,li)a ion* i is as a F ransa) ion*G in (e broa1 maAe o2 (e ,resen * )on1i ione1 an1 )on1i ionin- in a (ousan1 &a!s* (a (ose even s )ome o ,ass &(i)( &e a2 er&ar1s a,,re(en1 su))essivel! as <is or!5 We (us loo' a (em in a Kui e 1i22eren &a! 2rom (a in &(i)( (e! o))urre1* an1 &(i)( (e! (a1 in (e &is(es an1 1ee1s o2 (ose &(o ena) e1 (em5 So i is no a ,ara1o+ o as' (o& <is or! :(eschichte= )omes ou o2 ransa) ions :(esch0ften=* an1 &(a i is &(i)( &i ( (is rans2er in o ano (er me1ium* as i &ere* is a11e1 or los 5 /> 8""%29 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO /? See also Pe er Le!(* FVor&or 1es <eraus-ebers*G in 4ro!sen* "istorik, +ii5 See also 4ro!sen* 3utline of the Principles of "istory, $?5 /> See also Klaus E5 MNller an1 @Yrn RNsen* FEinlei un-*G in "istorische Sinnbildun%# Problemstellun%en, Deitkon2epte, Wahrnehmun%shori2onte, +arstellun%sstrate%ien, Ro&o(l s EnA!'lo,Z1ie* e15 Klaus E5 MNller an1 @Yrn RNsen 8Reinbe'B Ro&o(l * "$$=9* ""5 3?$3 T(is is an im,or an s a emen in several res,e) s5 Cirs o2 all in er,re a ion o2 (is ori)al ransa) ions Q)rea esR (is or! b! rans,osin- ,as o))urren)es in o a 1i22eren Fme1ium5G <is or!* (o&ever* is no a ,ure inven ion o2 in er,re a ion ei (er* (ou-( i arises ou o2 (e ransla ion o2 (e remains s ill Fbe2ore our e!esG in o a re-is er (a 1i1 no belon- o (e si ua ions &i (in &(i)( (ose observable ransa) ions oo' ,la)e5 T(ere2ore (is or! is a )on em,orar! un1ers an1in- o2 ,as ransa) ions (a 1i1 no (ave un1ers an1in- as an in-re1ien &(en (e! (a,,ene1* an1 (is ma'es i in o a )ons ru) 2or (e ,ur,ose o2 un1ers an1in- (e 2ra-men s o2 (e ,as (a are s)a ere1 (rou-(ou (e ,resen 5 W(a 1oes (is reveal abou in er,re a ionM Above all* (a i is mar'e1 b! an inelu) able 1uali !5 T(e subJe) ma er o be in er,re e1 is al&a!s s(a,e1 b! (e a,,roa)( brou-( o bear* an1 !e (e a,,roa)( is no Jus a su,erim,osi ion bu a re-is er in o &(i)( (e slan e1 subJe) ma er is ransla e15 S(a,in- in1i)a es an a) o2 -ras,in-* &(ereas ransla ion is mean o 2a)ili a e an un1ers an1in- o2 &(a (as been -ras,e15 T(is 1ual o,era ion is in1is,ensable inso2ar as (ere is no -iven 2rame o2 re2eren)e 2or assessin- (e subJe) ma er ,rior o in er,re a ion5 Cas(ionin- (e subJe) ma er* (o&ever* ,oin s o a 1i22eren)e be &een &(a is o be in er,re e1 an1 (e re-is er in o &(i)( i is rans,ose15 W(a a,,ears ,ara1o+i)al7namel!* (a (e subJe) ma er is simul aneousl! s(a,e1 b! (e re-is er an1 !e a'en 2or some (in- in1e,en1en o2 i 7is 1ue o (e liminal s,a)e (a is o,ene1 u, b! in er,re a ion i sel25 T(is basi) 1uali ! is (e (allmar' o2 all in er,re a ion* &(i)( is boun1 o be)ome more )om,li)a e1 &(en (e subJe) ma er o be in er,re e1 (as o be )ons i u e1 b! in er,re a ion i sel25 4ro!sen &as a&are (a in (is )ase some (in- mi-( -e los an1 some (in- &oul1 be a11e1* no leas as su)( a )ons rual o2 (is or! mus in urn be 1uall! )o1e15 On (e one (an1* i is (e FminerHs ar G o 2erre ou (e )on en s o2 (e remnan s o2 (e ,as * an1* on (e o (er* su)( a revela ion is in ima el! lin'e1 o (e ,resen * &(i)( ,rovi1es (e an-le 2or assessmen 5 <is or! (ere2ore is no a mars(alin- o2 even s in o a ,ro-ressive or1er so mu)( as a re2ra) ion o2 ,as o))urren)es in (e mirror o2 (e ,resen 5

T(is mirrorin- is )ause1 nei (er b! (e ,as even s (emselves nor b! an! (in- in (e ,resen * an1 i2 su)( mu ual in er1e,en1en)e is )alle1 (is or!* (e la er is a 2orm o2 me1ia ion (a is )ons i u e1 2or (e ,ur,ose o2 un1ers an1in-5 <is or!* (en* is no o be i1en i2ie1 &i ( )on in-en 2a) s (a are -iven* nor is i a ,ure inven ion5 Ins ea1* i urns ou o be a )ons ru) allo&in- 2or 1ual me1ia ionB be &een (e -iven 2a) s an1 be &een ,as an1 ,resen 5 T(e )on)e, o2 (is or! as me1ia ion be &een ,as an1 ,resen inevi abl! en ails a )ir)ular move3 3>0 men * be)ause ,as an1 ,resen are no en)om,asse1 b! an! overar)(in- (ir1 1imension (a mi-( re-ula e (eir in er,la!5 In (is res,e) * 4ro!sen a1o, e1 (ermeneu i)al )ir)ulari ! 2or (is en er,rise5 T(e )ir)le -ears (is ori)al 2a) s o a &(ole o2 &(i)( (e! are remnan s* &(ile (e &(ole in urn assumes an-ibili ! (rou-( &(a (e 2a) s reveal abou i 5 In 4ro!senHs o&n &or1sB FT(e in1ivi1ual is un1ers oo1 in (e o al* an1 (e o al 2rom (e in1ivi1ual5 P T(e ,ro)ess o2 un1ers an1in- is as rul! s!n (e i) as anal! i)* as rul! in1u) ive as 1e1u) iveG 8":95 <o&ever* su)( )ir)ulari ! be &een ,ar an1 &(ole 7as 1evelo,e1 b! S)(leierma)(er7onl! serves as a basis 2or s ru) urin- ano (er )ir)le 7more im,or an 2or 4ro!sen 7be &een ,as an1 ,resen * in )onseKuen)e o2 &(i)( a nes in- o2 )ir)les 1evelo,s5 T(is 1oublin-3u, o2 )ir)ulari ! ,oin s o (e -ro&in- )om,le+i ! o2 in er,re a ion* )ause1 b! (e 2a) (a i (as o )ons i u e i s o&n subJe) ma er5 T(is ,ro)e1ure be)omes all (e more obvious (rou-( (e me (o1 o2 in er,re a ion (a 4ro!sen 1evise1 an1 (a (e )onsi1ere1 ne)essar! 2or (e me1ia ion be &een ,as an1 ,resen 5 <is me (o1 urns ou o be a 1iversi2ie1 re-is er in o &(i)( (e (is ori)al ma erial is rans,ose1 &i ( (e in en o2 )on)eivin- (is or!5 4ro!sen a1van)es 2our me (o1olo-i)al vie&,oin s* &(i)( (e Kuali2ies as FT(e 4o) rine o2 Me (o1GB namel!* FPra-ma i) In er,re a ion*G FIn er,re a ion o2 Con1i ions*G FPs!)(olo-i)al In er,re a ion*G an1 FIn er,re a ion o2 I1eas5G FQPra-ma i)R in er,re a ion a'es u, (e bo1! o2 )ri i)ise1 2a) s a))or1in- o (e )ausal ne+us na urall! bin1in- o-e (er (e ori-inal even s in (eir )ourse* in or1er o re3)ons ru) (is )ourse o2 even s as i on)e a) uall! &as5 B! Qbo1! o2 )ri i)ise1 2a) sR is mean (ose remains an1 (ose vie&s o2 (e on)e a) ual )ourse o2 even s &(i)( (ave been veri2ie1 an1 arran-e1 in (e &or' o2 )ri i)ismG 8/=95 Pra-ma i) in er,re a ion is mean o ma'e in2eren)es 2rom (e (is ori)al ma erial b! r!ino 2in1 ou &(a mus (ave been (e ,roblem (a is o be ra)e1 in (a ma erial5 A -rea man! 2a) s are ne)essar! in or1er o ma'e reliable in2eren)es* an1 (e! are ,ro)esse1 b! means o2 )om,arisons an1 analo-ies FviA5* a )om,arison be &een (e 'no&n Kuan i ! an1 (e Q+R in Kues ionG 8/=95 T(is is a 2ain e)(o o2 S)(leierma)(erHs me (o1 o2 )om,arison61ivina ion5 In2eren)es* (o&ever* arise ou o2 an1 are )on rolle1 b! a )ir)ulari ! be &een (e )om,arisons an1 (e F+G (a is o be as)er aine15 T(ere2ore (e F,ra-ma i)G a,,roa)( (as o 2ill (e -a,s in (e ,un) ure1 2a) s b! es ablis(in- )onne) ions an1 (us la!s (e -roun1 2or )ons i u in- (is or!5 FT(e Qin er,re a ion o2 )on1i ionsR ,ro)ee1s u,on (e ru ( (a &e mus )on1i ions &(i)( ma1e (e ori-inal 2a) ,ossible an1 3>"3 ,ossible so an1 so* as a ,ar o2 (e 2a) i sel2* an1 (en)e as )er ain o en er* (o&ever 2ra-men aril!* in o all vie&s an1 remnan s o2 (e 2a) G 8/=2595 Time an1 s,a)e ,rovi1e (e ,arame ers a))or1in- o &(i)( (e 2a) s are 2as(ione1* an1 (is )on1i ionin- is )ause1 b! various (uman a-en s &(o in urn &ere a) e1 u,on b! &(a (e! (a1 s,ar'e1 o225 T(e reliabili ! o2 su)( an in er,re a ion in)reases in )onJun) ion &i ( (e number an1 varie ! o2 )on1i ionin-s (a )an be ra)e15 /= T(us (is ori)al 2a) s (ave o be e+,lore1 b! means o2 &o in errela e1 )ir)lesB (e one be &een ime an1 s,a)e* an1 (e o (er be &een (uman a-en)ies (a are subJe) e1 o &(a (e! (ave &rou-( 5 Sin)e (ese &o )ir)les ins)ribe (emselves in o one ano (er* &e -e a 2ur (er nes in-* in1i)a ive o2 (e man! 1i22eren)es be &een 2ea ures o2 (is ori)al 2a) s (a (ave o be in errela e15 T(us (e F)on1i ionsG ,rovi1e a 2as(ionin- o2 (is or!5 (in' (e

FQPs!)(olo-i)al in er,re a ionR see's in (e -iven 2a) * (e a) s o2 &ill &(i)( ,ro1u)e1 i 5 Su)( an in er,re a ion ma! a'e )o-niAan)e o2 (e subJe) &(o &ille1* an1 o2 (e ener-! o2 (is voli ion so 2ar as (is in2luen)e1 (e )ourse o2 even s un1er surve!* an1 o2 (is in elle) ual 2or)e so 2ar as (is 1e ermine1 (is &illG 8/#2595 In s,i e o2 (e 2a) (a (e &ill &as )onsi1ere1 (rou-(ou (e nine een ( )en ur! as (e be3all an1 en13all* 4ro!sen )on)eive1 o2 i less in erms o2 a subs an)e (an as some (in- o be e+,lore1 (rou-( i s mani2es a ions in (e )ourse o2 even s5 Bu &(! 1oes (e &ill be)ome an obJe) o2 inves i-a ionM T(is is 1ue o (e insi-( (a (e na ure o2 (uman bein-s is im,ene rable an1 (us seale1 o22 2rom 'no&le1-e an1 )o-ni ion5 I2 (uman bein-s are un2a (omable* a )on e+ ual s,e)i2i)a ion o2 (eir various mani2es a ions is (e onl! &a! o learn some (ino2 &(a 4ro!sen )alle1 (e im,ermeable F)ir)le o2 i s o&nG 8/$9 b! &(i)( (uman bein-s are 1is in-uis(e15 Un1er (ese aus,i)es* (is ori)al 2a) s assume a 1ual as,e) B (e! are )on1i ione1 b! (e (uman &ill* an1 (e! are also &in1o&s allo&in- a -lim,se o2 (e (uman bein-Hs innermos F)ir)le o2 i s o&n5G No& i is no lon-er (e -a,s o2 (e ,un) ure1 2a) s (a (ave o be reme1ie1 b! (e )ir)ulari ! un1er a'en b! ,ra-ma i) in er,re a ion bu ano (er F+*G &(i)( is ,ermea e1 b! (e 1ouble3si1e1ness o2 (is ori)al 2a) s as bo ( ,ro1u) s an1 elu)i1a ions o2 (uman voli ion5 In (is res,e) * (e (is ori)al 2a) s (emselves a,,ear o (ave a )ir)ular s ru) ure5 T(us (e F,s!)(olo-i)alG a,,roa)( ,ermi s us o re2le) on (e (uman a-en s &(o reveal (emselves (rou-( (e (is or! (e! (ave ,ro1u)e15 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO /= See 4ro!sen* "istorik, "#>5 3>/3 T(e Fin er,re a ion o2 i1easG 2ills (e -a, &(i)( ,s!)(olo-i)al in er,re a ion leaves5 Cor (e in1ivi1ual buil1s a &orl1 2or (imsel2 in (a measure in &(i)( (e (as ,ar in (e moral ,o en)ies5 An1 (e more 1ili-en l! an1 su))ess2ull! (e buil1s* in (is ,la)e an1 2or (e brie2 s,a)e in (is li2e* (e more (e (as 2ur (ere1 (ose ,ar ners(i,s in &(i)( (e live1 an1 &(i)( live1 in (imI an1 (e more (as (e on (is ,ar serve1 (e moral ,o en)ies &(i)( survive (im5 Wi (ou (em man &ere no manI bu (e! 1evelo,* -ro& an1 rise onl! in (e uni e1 &or' o2 men* o2 ,eo,les* o2 imes* onl! in (e ,ro-ressive (is or! &(ose 1evelo,men an1 -ro& ( is (eir un2ol1in-5 8%09 FI1easG )om,rise (e moral &orl1 in &(i)( (uman bein-s ,ar i)i,a e* an1 (e! arise ou o2 (e &a! in &(i)( (e la er re1ress (e )on2li) s in (eir lives b! in era) in- &i ( (eir 2ello& (uman bein-s5 I1eas (ere2ore are no -iven bu are -enera e1 b! F (e uni e1 &or' o2 men*G &(o un2ol1 (e moral &orl1 b! )on inuall! e+)ee1in- (e limi a ions o2 (e (ere an1 no&* as 4ro!sen s,e)i2ie1 in (is e+ en1e1 le) ure )ourse5 /# T(us an Fin er,re a ion o2 i1easG allo&s (is or! o be )on)eive1 as an en1less un2ol1in- o2 )(ara) er 2orma ion5 T(ese 2our a,,roa)(es o ,ro)essin- (is ori)al ma erial are )losel! in erlin'e1* &i ( ea)( su))essive me (o1 2illin- a -a, le2 o,en b! (e ,revious one5 T(is in er1e,en1en)e is ne)essar!* be)ause ea)( o2 (e in er,re ive me (o1s o22ers onl! a ,ar ial in er,re a ion o2 &(a is s ill 1is)ernible o2 (e ,as * an1 (ere2ore (e! (ave o be )onne) e1 &i ( one ano (er* as F (e e+al a ion o2 an! o2 (ese as b! i sel2 essen iall! 1e ermina ive o2 vali1i !* is (e sour)e o2 man! (eore i)al an1 ,ra) i)al errorsG 8/=95 T(e )on)a ena ion o2 (ese 2our !,es o2 in er,re a ion* &(i)( 4ro!sen Kuali2ies as Far i2i)ial &a!s*GI /$ resul s in a ne &or' (rou-( &(i)( (e !,es be)ome 2oils 2or one ano (er5 W(enever one !,e be)omes (e 2o)us o2 a en ion* i is o be ,er)eive1 a-ains (e ba)'-roun1 o2 ano (er* &(i)( in urn ma! be)ome (e 2o)us a-ain5 T(us (e in er,la! amon- (e 2our !,es is re-ula e1 b! &(a la er on in ,(enomenolo-! (as been )alle1 (e in er)(an-e be &een F (eme an1 (oriAon5G %0 A-ain* su)( a re)i,ro)al OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO /# See ibi15* /"/5 /$ Ibi15* ">:5 %0 See Al2re1 S)(N A* +as Problem der Relevan2, rans5 A5 von Bae!er 8Cran'2ur 6MainB Su(r'am,* "$="9* %025 an1 3>% s(i2 in- o2 2o)us an1 ba)'-roun1 is )ir)ular in na ure* no leas be)ause a )om,re(ensive in erro-a ion o2 (e (is ori)al ma erial reKuires a mul i,li)a ion o2 all ima-inable )ir)ular

in er)(an-es5 I2 one also a'es in o )onsi1era ion (e 2a) (a (e 2our !,es in (emselves are )on)eive1 as )ir)ular* (e )ir)ui eles)o,es (em in o one ano (er* (us 2ine3 unin- (e ,ro)ess o2 )ons i u in- (is or!5 Ea)( !,e o2 in er,re a ion ma'es i s o&n s,e)i2i) )on ribu ion o (is ,ro)essB (e ,ra-ma i) in er,re a ion -enera es (e )o(eren)e o2 2a) sI (e in er,re a ion o2 )on1i ions 1i22eren ia es amon- (emI (e ,s!)(olo-i)al in er,re a ion 2as(ions (emI an1 (e in er,re a ion o2 i1eas ma'es (em in era) 5 I2 )ir)ulari !* o,era ive in (e 2our Far i2i)ial &a!s*G en1o&s (e -iven 2a) s &i ( si-ni2i)an)e* (e ne &or' o2 (ese in er1e,en1en F&a!sG -enera es (is or!5 T(us (is or! urns ou o be an emer-en ,(enomenon ,ro1u)e1 b! (e me)(ani)s o2 (e ne &or'* &(i)( is no (in- bu a re-is er in o &(i)( (e (is ori)al ma erial is rans,ose15 Su)( a varie-a e1 re-is er )oul1 be rea1 in &o 1i22eren &a!sB 8a9 i s 1iversi2i)a ion in1i)a es (a in er,re a ion ar-e s some (in- (a is no in (e na ure o2 a -iven bu (as o be 1evelo,e1 ou o2 &(a (ere isI 8b9 i s -ro&in- )om,le+i ! (i-(li-( s (e 2a) (a in er,re a ion is also a mo1e o2 ,ro1u)in- some (in-5 T(is ma'es in er,re a ion i sel2 in o a &o3,ron-e1 o,era ion5 I is no lon-er )on2ine1 o e+e-esis* al (ou-( ea)( o2 (e 2our !,es is ,rimaril! e+e-e i)al in i s (rus 5 E+e-esis )an onl! rela e o &(a is -iven* &(ereas (e ne &or' -enera es some (in- (a is no 2a) ual in )(ara) er5 Per(a,s in er,re a ion (as al&a!s been li'e (is* 1is in-uis(e1 b! i s 1ouble3 si1e1ness o2 e+e-esis an1 -enera ion* no leas as ea)( e+e-e i)al move issues in o some (in- (a 1oes no ,er ain o &(a (as been in erro-a e15 <o&ever* (e more in er,re a ion see's o un)over &(a lies burie1* (rou-( &(a 4ro!sen )alle1 (e FminerHs ar *G (e more ,rominen (e -enera ive as,e) o2 in er,re a ion be)omes* o &(i)( (e e+e-e i)al as,e) remains subservien 5 W(! is (is or! ma1e o emer-e (rou-( in er,re a ionM I (as no sel2,resen)e an1 (ere2ore is no a -ras,able en i ! bu )an onl! -ain i s ,resen)e as a )on inual un2ol1in-* &(i)( (e in er,re ive re-is er brin-s in o 2o)us as (is or!Hs sel231i22eren ia ion5 4ro!sen &ri esB I is a )on inui !* in &(i)( ever! (in- (a ,re)e1es rans,lan s i sel2 in o &(a is la er* 2illin- i ou an1 e+ en1in- i as Fa )on ribu ion o i sel2G &(ile (e la er ,resen s i sel2 as a resul * 2ul2ilmen * an1 enlar-emen o2 (e earlier5 I is no a )on inui ! o2 a )ir)le (a re urns in o i sel2* o2 a ,erio1 re,ea in- i sel2* bu (a o2 an en1less su))ession* an1 (is in su)( &ise (a in ever! ne& a 2ur (er ne& (as i s -erm an1 (e assuran)e o2 3>: &or'in- i sel2 ou 5 P In (is res less su))ession* in (is )on inui ! a1van)in- u,on i sel2* (e -eneral no ion o2 ime &ins i s 1is)ree )on en * &(i)( &e 1esi-na e b! (e e+,ression F<is or!5G 8$#29 Al (ou-( (is or! is an ever3emer-in- 1i22eren ia ion o2 i sel2* i is never (eless in ima el! ie1 o (umans* &(o se (is or!Hs )on inual F)on ribu ionG o i sel2 in mo ion5 T(an's o (is )onne) ion* (is or! )an be un1ers oo1 bu no en)om,asse15 W(a ever (uman bein-s are able o ma'e )an be un1ers oo1* !e (is or! seems o e+)ee1 (uman un1ers an1in-* be)ause &(a emer-es ou s ri,s i s )ause5 Is (is or! more (an a men al )ons ru) brou-( abou b! in er,re a ionM As an emer-en ,(enomenon i seems o be some (in(a a) uall! e+is s5 I2 i 1i1 no * emer-en)e i sel2 &oul1 (ave o be )on)eive1 in erms o2 (uman un1ers an1in-* an1 (is is e+a) l! &(a 4ro!sen ,ro,oses5 Su)( a move on)e more ma'es (is or!* a leas me a,(ori)all!* in o a e+ %" (a is o be in er,re e1* in )onseKuen)e o2 &(i)( i be)omes an obJe) o2 e+e-esis5 T(us 4ro!sen ar-uesB F<is or! is (umani ! be)omin- an1 bein- )ons)ious )on)ernin- i sel25 T(e e,o)(s o2 <is or! are no (e li2e ,erio1s o2 (is T o2 <umani !7em,iri)all! &e 1o no 'no& &(e (er (is ra)e T is -ro&in- ol1 or rene&in- i s !ou (* onl! (a i 1oes no )on inue o be &(a i &as or is*7 bu (e! are s a-es in (a e-oHs sel23'no&le1-e* i s 'no&le1-e o2 (e &orl1 an1 o2 Do1G 8:#95 An1 4ro!sen )on)lu1es (is in er,re a ion o2 emer-en)e b! s a in- some&(a bombas i)all!B F<is or! is <umani !Hs 'no&le1-e o2 i sel2* i s )er ain ! abou i sel25 I is no Q (e li-( an1 (e ru (*R bu (e sear)( (ere2or* a sermon (ereu,on* a )onse)ra ion (ere o5 I is li'e @o(n (e Ba, is * Qno (a Li-( bu sen o bear &i ness o2 (a Li-( RG 8:$95

Wi ( su)( an a,,li)a ion* (e in(eren )ir)ulari ! o2 4ro!senHs (ermeneu i)al ,ro)e1ure )omes 2ull )ir)le5 T(e )ons rual o2 (is or! as an emer-en ,(enomenon is no un1er a'en 2or i s o&n sa'e5 T(e men al )ons ru) (ere2ore be-ins o 2un) ion onl! &(en a,,lie1 o a ,ur,ose 2or &(i)( i (as been )ons rue15 I2 (is or! emer-es as a )on inual un2ol1in-* (en i urns in o a mirror 2or (uman bein-s* &(o are re2ra) e1 b! &(a (e! (ave )ause1B (us (e )easeless 1i22eren ia ion o2 (is or! ransmu es in o a ,roli2era ion o2 (uman'in1Hs sel23 -ras,in-5 Un1ers an1in- (is or! &oul1 be in)om,le e i2 i 1i1 no issue in o (uman sel23 un1ers an1in-* &(i)( in urn is Jus as unen1in- a ,ro)ess as (e ver! (is or! (a (umans 'ee, -enera in-5 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO %" See Da1amer* Truth and /ethod, E4<f, 3>? T(is in er)onne) ion raises a -eneral ,roblem ,er ainin- o (e (ermeneu i)al ,ro)e1ure o2 in er,re a ion5 A)(ievin- un1ers an1in- as (e )en ral obJe) ive o2 (ermeneu i)s bears a 1ual ins)ri, ion inso2ar as i is al&a!s an un1ers an1in- of some (in- for some (in-5 T(is a))oun s 2or (e 2a) (a &(en un1ers an1in- (as been a)(ieve1* i (as o be a,,lie1* as 1emons ra e1 b! 4ro!sen5 T(e e+e-esis o2 (is or! as a e+ )an onl! Jus i2! i sel2 in erms o2 (o& i is o be a,,lie1* an1 (e a,,li)a ion in urn is 1e,en1en bo ( on &(a (as been un1ers oo1 an1 on &(a (a un1ers an1in- ma! mean5 T(us (e ,airin- o2 un1ers an1inan1 a,,li)a ion urns ou o be (e (allmar' o2 a (ermeneu i)all! orien e1 in er,re a ion5 T(ere are several reasons 2or (is )ou,lin-5 Cirs o2 all* a,,li)a ion ,rovi1es )losure 2or (e ,ro)ess o2 in er,re a ion* as i (i-(li-( s (e ,ur,ose o2 un1ers an1in-5 In (is res,e) * a,,li)a ion urns ou o be (e ,ra-ma i)s o2 in er,re a ion* as onl! a ,ra-ma i) )on)lusion )an ermina e (e in(eren en1lessness o2 in er,re a ion5 4ro!sen s a es (is Kui e e+,li)i l!B FQ4is)ussive e+,osi ionR a'es (e o al resul o2 (e inves i-a ion* -a (ers all i s ra!s as in a )on)ave mirror* an1 urns (em u,on some 1e2ini e ,oin o2 ,resen in eres * (ro&in- li-( u,on i (us in or1er o Qse i )learRG 8??95 %/ In (is e+ en1e1 le) ure )ourse* (e elabora es on (is s a emen b! s ressin- (e aim o2 i s in er,re ive en er,rise as a F,oli i)al ,ro,ae1eu i)5G %% T(ere is ano (er reason (a un1ers an1in- (as o )ulmina e in a ,ra-ma i)all! orien e1 a,,li)a ion* namel!* (e im,ermeabili ! o2 (e -roun1 2rom &(i)( (is or! (ails an1 o &(i)( i is (ea1in-B FT(e (i-(es en1* &(i)( )on1i ions &i (ou bein- )on1i ione1* movin(em all* embra)in- (em all* e+,lainin- (em all* (a is* (e su,reme en1 P* is no o be 1is)overe1 b! em,iri)al inves i-a ionG 8:=95 %: T(us &e (ave o )on2ine ourselves o &(a &e are able o un1ers an1 an1 r! o a,,l! i o &(a &e are F)on1emne1 oGI F (e narro& limi o2 (e (ere an1 (e no&G 8:$95 Su)( an insi-( ,oin s o an ul erior Kues ion o be 1is)usse1 la er on in m! ar-umen B is in er,re a ion ri--ere1 b! &(a is &i ((el1 2rom ,ene ra ionM I2 so* i &oul1 be an in1i)a ion (a &e are no ,re,are1 o re)on)ile ourselves o &(a ever is seale1 o22 2rom 'no&in- an1 e+,erien)in-5 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO %/ Cor (is mo1e o2 ,resen a ion* see also Eber(ar1 LZmmer * F4reimal Wallens einB 4i22erenAen 1er Sinn-ebun- A&is)(en <is orio-ra,(ie un1 Roman*G in "istorische Sinnbildun%# Problemstellun%en, Deitkon2epte, Wahrnehmun%shori2onte, +arstellun%sstrate%ien, Ro&o(l s EnA!'lo,Z1ie* e15 Klaus E5 MNller an1 @Yrn RNsen 8Reinbe'B Ro&o(l * "$$=9* ?#?5 %% 4ro!sen* "istorik, /=# an1 /#05 %: See also <ans Rober @au[* Literatur%eschichte als Provokation, E1i ion Su(r'am, :"# 8Cran'2ur 6MainB Su(r'am,* "$=09* 3>> An overall surve! o2 4ro!senHs 2orm o2 )ir)ulari ! is ,er inen in vie& o2 (e 2a) (a mo1ern (ermeneu i)s7ori-inall! more a e)(ni)al ,ro)e1ure o2 in er,re a ion7(as urne1 in o a ,(iloso,(!* o2 &(i)( <ei1e--er an1 Da1amer are (e main ,ro,onen s5 4ro!senHs me (o1 o2 in er,re a ion is 1is in-uis(e1 b! a mul i,li)a ion o2 )ir)les5 S)(leierma)(erHs overar)(in- )ir)le be &een ,ar an1 &(ole (as been a'en over an1 e+ en1e1 in o one (a lin's ,as an1 ,resen * (e me1ia ion o2 &(i)( reKuires 1i22eren !,es o2 in er,re a ion* an1 (ese in urn (ave a )ir)ular s ru) ure5 Cir)les are mean o ne-o ia e -a,s* &(i)( are o2 a 1i22eren na ure inso2ar as (e -a, be &een ,as an1 ,resen is -iven* Jus li'e (ose

in (e available (is ori)al ma erial5 T(e -a,* (o&ever* be &een (e (is ori)al ma erial an1 (e re-is er is o,ene1 b! (e Far i2i)ial &a!sG (emselves in o &(i)(* 2or (e ,ur,ose o2 ,ro)essin-* (e (is ori)al ma erial is ransla e15 Moreover* as ea)( o2 (e 2our !,es also leaves a -a, o be 2ille1 b! (e subseKuen one* ano (er 'in1 o2 -a, a,,ears* (e resolu ion o2 &(i)( resul s in a ne &or' (a en1o&s ea)( !,e &i ( an a11i ional 2un) ion5 T(e re-is er (ere2ore is no Jus a se o2 )on1i ions in o &(i)( (e (is ori)al ma erial is rans,ose1 bu a sor o2 1!nami) ma)(iner! re2le) in- (e mul i,li)i ! o2 1i22eren l! Kuali2ie1 -a,s (a (ave o be ne-o ia e1 2or (e ,ur,ose o2 un1ers an1in- an emer-en (is or!5 Cinall!* (e )ons i u ion o2 (is or! (rou-( un1ers an1in- reKuires a,,li)a ion o2 su)( an un1ers an1in-* (us ri--erin- ano (er )ir)ulari ! be &een (is or!Hs un2ol1in1i22eren ia ion an1 (uman'in1Hs in)reasin- 'no&le1-e o2 i sel25 T(e mani2ol1 )ir)les are )losel! in erlin'e1* o&in- o (e 1i22eren o 1eal &i (5 T(e mo1e o2 su)( in erlin'a-e is bes 3>=3 1es)ribe1 as a nes in- o2 )ir)les* %? &(i)( ma'es (e overall )ir)ulari ! o,era ive5 Su)( nes in- allo&s 2or re)i,ro)al )on rol* &(i)( is all (e more ne)essar! as (ere is no overar)(in- 2rame o2 re2eren)e 2or ne-o ia ion o2 (e s,a)e be &een (e )on1i ions o2 (is or! an1 (e ,ro)e1ures un2ol1e1 2or i s in er,re a ion5 Simul aneousl!* (e nes in- o2 )ir)les reveals (a (e s,a)e o,ene1 u, in an! a) o2 in er,re a ion )an never be o all! bri1-e1* &(i)(* (o&ever* ransla es in o a ,o en iall! en1less 2ine3 unin- o2 in er,re ive ,ro)e1ures5 Ul ima el!* (e nes in- o2 )ir)les is a )on)e, ual res,onse o (e un2a (omableness o2 (is or!Hs be-innin-s an1 en1s an1 (us re,resen s a )oun er)on)e, o an! rans)en1en al s an)e (a &oul1 mars(al (e (is ori)al ma erial in o a ,reme1i a e1 or1er5 An1 !e (e Kues ion remainsB is )ir)ulari ! Jus an o,era ional mo1e brou-( o bear b! (e observer in (e a) o2 in er,re a ion* or is i an in(eren s ru) ure o2 &(a is o be -ras,e1M We 1o no -e a 1e2ini ive ans&er 2rom 4ro!sen* al (ou-( a )er ain Jun) ures o2 (is ar-umen (e seems in)line1 o assume a )ir)ulari ! in (e ver! subJe) ma er o be in er,re e1B FOur me (o1olo-i)al re,ro1u) ion o2 (e 2a) s mus b! i s )orre) ness enable (e (ou-( o ma'e -oo1 i s )(ara) er as un1erl!in- (e )ourse o2 even s* an1 (e )ourse o2 even s o Jus i2! (e (ou-( 5 Cor (a (ou-( is o us rue o &(i)( an e+is en)e )orres,on1s* an1 (a e+is en)e rue &(i)( )orres,on1s o a (ou-( G 8%/95 T(is mu uali ! (a Fun1erlies (e )ourse o2 even sG a,,ears o ba)' u, (e nes in- o2 )ir)les (a s ru) ures 4ro!senHs o,era ional in en o2 in er,re a ion5 I2 so* (en (e me (o1olo-i)al 2rame&or' &oul1 2in1 i s ul ima e -roun1in- in (e na ure o2 (e subJe) ma er i sel2* (us elimina in- (e liminal s,a)e (a in er,re a ion i sel2 )an never over)ome* be)ause i (as )ause1 i 5 T(is is (e ,oin a &(i)( mo1ern (ermeneu i)s )(an-es 2rom a me (o1 o2 in er,re a ion in o a ,(iloso,(!5 In )on ra1is in) ion o (e nine een (3)en ur! )on)e, ion o2 (e (ermeneu i) )ir)le* Da1amer &ri esB A))or1in- o (is (eor!* (e )ir)ular movemen o2 un1ers an1in- runs ba)'&ar1 an1 2or&ar1 alon- (e e+ * an1 )eases &(en (e e+ is ,er2e) l! un1ers oo15 P In )on ras o (is a,,roa)(* <ei1e--er 1es)ribes (e )ir)le in su)( a &a! (a (e un1ers an1in- o2 (e e+ remains ,ermanen l! 1e ermine1 b! (e an i)i,a or! movemen o2 2ore3un1ers an1in-5 P T(e )ir)le* (en* is no 2ormal in na ure5 I is nei (er subJe) ive nor obJe) ive* bu 1es)ribes un1ers an1in- as (e in er,la! o2 (e movemen o2 ra1i ion an1 (e movemen o2 (e in er,re er5 T(e an i)i,a ion o2 meanin- (a -overns our un1ers an1in- o2 a e+ is no OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO %? T(is is no 4ro!senHs erm* (ou-( i )(ara) eriAes (e overall s ru) ure o2 (is in er,re ive me (o1olo-!5 I is &or ( no in- (a 4ro!sen (as a 1is in) li'in- 2or F)ir)leG as a erm* &(i)( (e uses o )on)e, ualiAe (e 2un) ion o2 (is or!B FAn1 in1ee1 (e 2a) (a (e -rea movemen s o2 <is or! )om,le e (emselves in a small )ir)le o2 !,i)al !,es o2 -a,s (e! (ave

2orma ions* (e -rea es in a s ill smaller )ir)le* ma'es i ,ossible valuabl! o a,,l! <is or! in a 1i1a) i) &a!G 83utline, ?:95 T(is (ol1s eKuall! rue &(en (e i1en i2ies )er ain Q !,i)al 2orma ionsR su)( as (e s a eB FT(e Ce1eral S a e* (e )on2e1era ion o2 S a es* (e s!s em o2 S a es* (e &orl13s!s em o2 S a es*7T(ese are ever 2ur (er &ave3 )ir)les o2 (is movemen G 8:%95 Even me (o1olo-i)all!* (e ,rivile-es (e i1ea o2 (e )ir)leB FT(e )ir)le o2 )on)e, ions belon-in- o i our o&n s)ien)e &ill (ave o see' 2or i sel2* in i s o&n* (a is* in an em,iri)al manner5 I &ill be ,ermi e1 o a em, (is be)ause i s me (o1 is (e me (o1 o2 un1ers an1in-G 8$"95 One )an observe a &i1e seman i) ran-e in (is use o2 (is 2avore1 erm* &(i)( also re)urs ver! 2reKuen l! in (e "istorik, 3># an a) o2 subJe) ivi !* bu ,ro)ee1s 2rom (e )ommonali ! (a bin1s us o (e ra1i ion5 P T(us (e )ir)le o2 un1ers an1in- is no a Fme (o1olo-i)alG )ir)le* bu 1es)ribes an elemen o2 (e on olo-i)al s ru) ure o2 un1ers an1in-5 T(e )ir)le* &(i)( is 2un1amen al o all un1ers an1in-* (as a 2ur (er (ermeneu i) im,li)a ion &(i)( I )all (e F2ore3)on)e, ionG o2 )om,le eness5 %> Irres,e) ive o2 (o& &e mi-( be in)line1 o evalua e su)( a )on)e, ion o2 (e (ermeneu i) )ir)le* &(en (e la er is ma1e o )(an-e 2rom a 2ormal s ru) ure (a 2a)ili a es un1ers an1in- o an on olo-i)al one (a un1erlies un1ers an1in-* i a,,ears o (ave voi1e1 (e liminal s,a)e5 An1 in 1oin- so* (ermeneu i)s is almos boun1 o 1evelo, in o a ,(iloso,(!* a))oun in- 2or i s 1e2ini ive bri1-in- o2 &(a se,ara es un1ers an1in- 2rom &(a is o be un1ers oo15 Moreover* (e a,,li)a ion o2 un1ers an1in- as F2ore3)on)e, ion o2 )om,le enessG reveals (a a,,li)a ion al&a!s en1o&s un1ers an1in-7 (e basi) -oal o2 (ermeneu i)s 7&i ( a 1i22eren meanin-* in )onseKuen)e o2 &(i)( a,,li)a ion urns in o a s,e)i2!in- seman i)s o2 un1ers an1in-5

Paul Ric-ur' Transactional Loo#s

I2 )ir)ulari ! in in er,re a ion is 1e,en1en on (e subJe) ma er o be in er,re e1* (e (ermeneu i) )ir)le is boun1 o be )on)eive1 1i22eren l! &(en (e )on)ern is no lon-er &i ( some (in- -iven bu &i ( some (in- (i11en (a is o be ransla e1 in o un1ers an1in-5 T(is is (e )ase &i ( ,s!)(oanal!sis5 4ro!sen (a1 alrea1! a1vo)a e1 (e FminerHs ar *G be)ause onl! 1elvin- in o (e 1ar'lin- 1e, (s o2 (e (is ori)al ma erial allo&s i s ers &(ile si-ni2i)an)e o be res ore15 <o&ever* as (e ma erial o2 (e ,as (a is s ill available in (e ,resen is no a 1elibera e 1is or ion o2 &(a i OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO %> Da1amer* Truth and /ethod, /$%25 Cor a )ri i)al assessmen o2 Da1amerHs )on)e, ion o2 (e (ermeneu i) )ir)le* see Karl(einA S ierle* FCNr eine Er&ei erun- 1es (ermeneu is)(en Xir'els*G in Karl(einA S ierle* >@sthetische Rationalit0t# 7unst'erk und Werkbe%riff 8Muni)(B Cin' "$$>9* >?L==* &(ere S ierle ar-ues )onvin)in-l! 2or (e me (o1olo-i)al im,or an)e o2 (e (ermeneu i) )ir)le* &(i)( a ,(iloso,(! o2 (ermeneu i)s en1s o ne-le) 5 <irs)( even )on en1s (a Da1amer &i ( (is Fne& (ermeneu i)s P o22ers o re,la)e (e ra1i ion o2 S)(leierma)(er* <umbol1 * 4ro!sen* Boe)'(* S ein (al* 4il (e!G :Calidity in Interpretation, /:=95 3>$3 in1i)a es* in er,re a ion )an rel! on observable 2a) s in or1er o 1e e) (eir e)li,se1 in errela ions(i,s5 T(is is no lon-er (e )ase &(en some (in- (i11en* &(i)( onl! s(o&s i sel2 in 1is-uise* (as o be brou-( o li-( 5 Paul Ri)Eur 8b5 "$"/9 &ri esB Fs ri) l! s,ea'in-* (ere are no Q2a) sR in ,s!)(oanal!sis* 2or (e anal!s 1oes no observe* (e in er,re s5G %= Bu i2 (ere are no F2a) s*G (e Kues ion arises as o &(a is a) uall! o be in er,re e1 b! Fan in er,re a ion* more )om,arable o (is or! (an o ,s!)(olo-!*G &(ose in erven ion* moreover* in a 1omain F&(ere one )an nei (er observe nor measure*G resis s bein- 2ull! F ransla e1 in o observa ional lan-ua-eG 8%?=95 In erven ion as (e (allmar' o2 ,s!)(oanal! i)al in er,re a ion (i-(li-( s a ,rominen 2ea ure o2 &(a in er,re a ion (as al&a!s been* namel!* (e 2as(ionin- o2 a -iven subJe) ma er5 T(e more elusive an1 (e less )o(eren (e subJe) ma er urns ou o be* (e

more obvious be)omes (e in erven ionis (rus o2 in er,re a ion5 In erven ion* (o&ever* in1i)a es (a (ere is some (in- o be ,ene ra e15 T(e subJe) ma er o be inva1e1 b! ,s!)(oanal! i)al in er,re a ion is no lon-er an au (or o be un1ers oo1 an1 no lon-er (is or! o be )ons i u e1 2or (e ,ur,ose o2 a,,l!in- &(a (as been un1ers oo1* al (ou-( ,s!)(oanal! i)al in er,re a ion 1oes )on ain )er ain as,e) s o2 bo ( o2 (ese5 I is 2irs an1 2oremos (e (uman subJe) (a is no& 2o)use1 on* bo ( as a ,a ien o be )ure1 an1 as a subJe) 1es ine1 o be)ome )ons)ious o2 i sel2 in or1er o 1evelo, in o i s o&n bein-5 Un)overin- some (in- (i11en is (e main obJe) ive o2 (is in erven ionis in er,re a ion5 So 2ar I (ave )onsi1ere1 (e (ermeneu i) )ir)le onl! in erms o2 i s mani2ol1 a,,li)a ions an1 (e various s(a,es i assumes in rela ion o &(a i is mean o a)(ieve5 No& Ri)EurHs anal!sis o2 Creu1 a'es (ermeneu i) )ir)ulari ! in o ne& areas* an1 (ere2ore I s(all be 2o)usin- on (is insi-( in o Creu1Hs s ru) ure o2 in er,re a ion an1 no on Creu1Hs a) ual in er,re ive ,ra) i)e5 Su)( an a,,roa)( (as a 1ual le-i ima ion5 Cirs * in (e ori-inal Cren)( version* Ri)EurHs i le 2or (is en er,rise is +e OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO %= Paul Ri)Eur* $reud and Philosophy# n *ssay in Interpretation, rans5 4enis Sava-e 8Ne& <avenB Yale Universi ! Press* "$=09* %>?5 T(e sour)es o2 all o (er Kuo a ions 2rom (is volume are -iven in in3 e+ re2eren)es o (e a,,ro,ria e ,a-es5 I is no m! in en ion o -ive a )ri i)al a))oun o2 Ri)EurHs in er,re a ion o2 Creu1 bu ra (er o ra)e (e 1ee, s ru) ure o2 Ri)EurHs o&n in er,re a ion* &(i)( is -ui1e1 b! &(a (e (as )alle1 a ,(iloso,(! o2 re2le) ion5 3=0 l1InterprFtation# *ssai sur $reud, in1i)a in- (a (e in en1s o (ema iAe (e &or'in-s o2 in er,re ive ,ro)e1ures as e,i omiAe1 b! ,s!)(oanal!sis5 T(is ana om! o2 in er,re a ion is more (an Jus sel23moni orin-I i ries o ,lumb (e 1ee, s ru) ure o2 a (ermeneu i)all! orien e1 in er,re a ion5 Su)( an un1er a'in-* (o&ever* is no an a em, a Fin er,re inin er,re a ion*G %# 2or (is &oul1 ,resu,,ose a rans)en1en al van a-e ,oin (a in urn is ei (er an o22s(oo o2 a belie2 s!s em or i sel2 (e resul o2 an in er,re a ion5 S)ru iniAinin er,re a ion reKuires an a) ual in er,re a ion &(ose o,era ions are subJe) e1 o inves i-a ion5 Se)on1* Ri)Eur (ere2ore 1oes no )on2ine (imsel2 o a rea1in- o2 Creu1I ins ea1* (e -ives an assessmen o2 Creu1Hs in er,re ive ,ra) i)e an1* in 1oin- so* (e Qrelo)a esR F (e ar)(i e) oni) re)ons i u ion o2 (e &or' Sin aT ne& 1is)ourse Si5e5T (a o2 (e ,(iloso,(er5G %$ In (is &a! (e )an s,o li-( 1i22eren)es an1 similari ies be &een a ,s!)(oanal! i)al an1 a re2le) ive (ermeneu i)s (a * &(en arran-e1 as 2oils 2or one ano (er* (ro& in o relie2 (e man!3si1e1ness o2 (eir )ommon )on)ernB namel!* (e o (er&ise (i11en in2ras ru) ure o2 (e (uman subJe) 5 W(! is (is in2ras ru) ure )on)eale1M A ,reliminar! ans&er &oul1 beB be)ause i is bo ( Fin2ra3 an1 su,ralin-uis i)G 8%$$9 :0 b! na ure* &(i)( means (a i s(i2 s be &een 2ailin- o rea)( an1 -oin- be!on1 (e level o2 lan-ua-e5 T(is is be)ause (e un)ons)ious is seale1 o22 2rom lan-ua-e OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO %# See William El2or1 Ro-ers* Interpretin% Interpretation# Te!tual "ermeneutics as an scetic +iscipline 8Universi ! Par'B Penns!lvania S a e Universi ! Press* "$$:9* &(ere (e au (or 1oes e+a) l! (a * &(i)( means (e (as o 2all ba)' on a s!s em (a ,rovi1es a van a-e ,oin 2or in er,re in- in er,re a ion5 T(ere2ore (e s a es ri-( a (e be-innin(a i is F (e 1e)isive s e, o2 (is boo' P o in er,re in er,re a ion b! (in'in- abou si%ns an1* in ,ar i)ular* b! (in'in- (rou-( (e semio i) o2 C(arles San1ers Peir)eG 8$95 %$ Paul Ri)Eur* The Conflict of Interpretations, e15 4on I(1e 8Evans on* Ill5B Nor (&es ern Universi ! Press* "$=:9* ">05 :0 Ri)Eur (as a'en over (is erminolo-! 2rom \mile Benvenis e* &(om (e Kuo es in or1er o ma'e )lear &(a (ese erms im,l!B FT(e anal!s o,era es &i ( &(a (e subJe) ells (im* (e vie&s (e subJe) in (e 1is)ourses (a (e la er ma'es* (e e+amines (im in (is lo)u or! an1 Qs or!3ma'in-R be(avior* an1 (rou-( (ese 1is)ourses

(ere is slo&l! s(a,e1 2or (im ano (er 1is)ourse (a (e mus ma'e e+,li)i * (a o2 (e )om,le+ burie1 &i (in (e un)ons)ious5 T(e anal!s * (ere2ore* &ill a'e (e 1is)ourse as a s an13in 2or ano (er Qlan-ua-eR &(i)( (as i s o&n rules* s!mbols* s!n a+ an1 &(i)( re2ers ba)' o un1erl!in- s ru) ures o2 (e ,s!)(ismG :$reud and Philosophy, %$>95 3=" an1 (e )ons)ious is be!on1 (e 1eno a ive )(ara) er o2 lan-ua-e* inso2ar as (e subJe) (a re2le) s on i sel2 )an e+,ress i s -ro&in- sel23a&areness onl! 2i-ura ivel! (rou-( (e ro,es o2 r(e ori)5 FR(e ori)* (o&ever* &i ( i s me a,(ors* i s me on!mies* i s s!ne)1o)(es* i s eu,(emisms* i s allusions* i s an i,(rases* i s li o es* is )on)erne1 no &i ( (e ,(enomena o2 lan-ua-e bu &i ( ,ro)e1ures o2 subJe) ivi ! (a are mani2es e1 in 1is)ourseG 8:0095 In er,re a ion* 2a)e1 a (is level &i ( (e 1uali ! o2 (e subJe) Hs in2ras ru) ure* )anno -loss over (e s,li be &een (e subJe) Hs )ons)ious an1 un)ons)ious bu (as o in ervene in (is in an-ible rela ions(i, b! ransla in- i in o erms o2 )om,re(ension5 As i 1oes so* (e s,li mus be ins)ribe1 in o (e in er,re ive ,ro)e1ures* in )onseKuen)e o2 &(i)( o Fin er,re is o un1ers an1 a 1ouble meanin-G 8#95 4ouble meanin- arises ou o2 1issimula ion* as (ere is al&a!s a (i1in- in (e s(o&in-B (e un)ons)ious s(o&s i sel2 in (e 1is-uise o2 i s 1eriva ives* an1 (e )ons)ious in i s inevi able sel231e)e, ions5 W(a ever is ,resen is mar'e1 b! an absen)eB in (e 1eriva ives (e un)ons)ious is absen * an1 in (e 1e)e, ions (e sel2re2le) ion o2 )ons)iousness is absen 5 T(e as' o2 in er,re a ion is (us 1ual in na ureB Cirs * i is a rea1in- o2 1ouble meanin-5 FB! (is I 1esi-na e a )er ain meanin- e22e) * a))or1in- o &(i)( one e+,ression* o2 variable 1imensions* &(ile si-ni2!in- one (in- a (e same ime si-ni2ies another (in&i (ou )easin- o si-ni2! (e 2irs G5 :" T(us (e absen an1 (e ,resen are ma1e )on inuall! o ,oin a ea)( o (er5 Se)on1* su)( a rea1in- is 1esi-ne1 FQ o ransla eR (e un)ons)ious in o (e )ons)iousG 8:0#9* &(i)( bo ( ,s!)(oanal!sis an1 (e ,(iloso,(! o2 re2le) ion )onsi1er a ne)essar! me1ia ion 2or laun)(in- (e (uman subJe) on i s &a! o&ar1 i s sel25 T(e in er,re ive s ra e-! o2 1ouble meanin- a)'no&le1-es (e in(eren s,li o2 (e subJe) Hs in2ras ru) ure an1 ries o elu)i1a e &(! (e revela ion is also a )on)ealmen 5 FIn er,re a ion is lu)i1i !Hs ans&er o ruseG 8"?$95 T(us in er,re a ion urns in o a Fmovemen 2rom (e mani2es o (e la en G meanin- 8$"95 Al (ou-( mean o eles)o,e &(a is se,ara e1 in (e in er)(an-e be &een veilin- an1 revealin-* su)( a ba)'3an132or ( movemen is ini iall! )ir)ular5 4ouble meanin- allo&s us o ransla e (e basi) 1is,osi ion o2 (e subJe) in o lan-ua-e b! a'in- over (e s,li 2or (e ,ur,ose o2 ne-o ia in- (e -a, be &een (e un)ons)ious an1 (e )ons)ious5 Su)( a re-is er in urn ransmu es (e in2ras ru) ure in o Fsome (in- li'e a e+ G 8:0"9 (a * as an assembl! o2 re,resen a ives o2 &(a is (i11en* )alls 2or 1e)i,(erin-5 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO :" Ri)Eur* The Conflict of Interpretations, >%5 3=/3 No& (e Kues ion arises as o &(a e+ en (is overri1in- orien a ion o2 Ri)EurHs me (o1 o2 in er,re a ion )an be ,u in o ,ra) i)e in or1er o brin- o li-( &(a (as (i (er o been (i11en5 A-ain Ri)Eur s ar s ou 2rom basi) )on)e, ions re-ar1in- (e e-o (a bo ( ,s!)(oanal!sis an1 (e ,(iloso,(! o2 re2le) ion s(are5 <e uses (ese o 1emons ra e (o& (e in er,re ive re-is er o2 1ouble meanin- 1ra&s (e (uman subJe) ou o2 i s (i11enness5 FT(e 2irs ru (7I am, I think>remains as abs ra) an1 em, ! as i is invin)ibleI i (as o be Qme1ia e1R b! (e i1eas* a) ions* &or's* ins i u ions* an1 monumen s (a obJe) i2! i 5 I is in (ese obJe) s* in (e &i1es sense o2 (e &or1* (a (e E-o mus lose an1 2in1 i sel2G 8:%95 <en)e F (e ,osi in- o2 sel2 is no -iven* i is a as'* i is no %e%eben, bu auf%e%eben. 8:?95 FAn1 (e ver! erm Qsel2R 7 Selbst> ,ro)laims (a sel23i1en i ! )on inues o be )arrie1 b! (is sel231i22eren)e* b! (is ever3re)urrin- o (erness resi1in- in li2e5 I is li2e (a be)omes (e o (er* in an1 (rou-( &(i)( (e sel2 )easelessl! a)(ieves i sel2G 8:=/95 Su)( a ,ro)ess 2inall! )ulmina es in Creu1Hs &ell3'no&n 1i) umB FW(ere i1 &as* (ere e-o s(all beG 8:$/95 Be)omin- )ons)ious ,rovi1es (e overar)(in- -ui1eline 2or (e subJe) Hs en1eavor o a)(ieve i s o&n sel25 As )ons)iousness* (o&ever* is no -iven in

imme1ia)!* i (as o be a)Kuire1* &(i)( raises (e Kues ionB (o& )an )ons)iousness )on)eive o2 i sel2* no leas as i is no in )on rol o2 i s o&n ori-inM I 1oes so b! -oinou si1e i sel2 in o &(a i is no * in or1er o e+,erien)e F (a a -iven )ons)iousness Q(asR an un)ons)iousI bu (is rela ion be)omes mani2es onl! in (e 1is,ossession o2 (e )ons)iousness &(i)( (as (a un)ons)iousG 8:%#95 I2 F (e 1is,ossession o2 )ons)iousness is i s ,a (G 8:%$9 on &(i)( i (as o lose i sel2 o (e QobJe) s o2 (e &orl1R in or1er o be)ome )ons)ious o2 i sel2* (en )ons)iousness (as o in e-ra e o (erness in o i sel25 T(is s a-e mar's (e ,oin o2 )onver-en)e be &een ,s!)(oanal!sis an1 (e ,(iloso,(! o2 re2le) ion* &(i)( Ri)Eur s resses b! sa!in- (a F (e uniKue as' o2 be)omin- )ons)ious P 1e2ines (e 2inali ! o2 anal!sisG 8:$/95 T(is 2inali ! 2in1s i s ,arallel in (e )ir)ular movemen o2 <e-elHs 1iale) i)* (rou-( &(i)( )ons)iousness 1evelo,s in o sel23)ons)iousnessI (e la er is o be a)Kuire1 b! a)'no&le1-in- an1 2inall! a))e, in- (e 1is,la)emen s an1 1e2ea s i (as su22ere1 on (e roa1 o i sel25 FT(e 1is,ossession )omes 2irs * (e rea22irma ion onl! a (e en1I &(a is essen ial o))urs be &een (e &o* namel!* (e &(ole movemen (rou-( (e )ons ella ion o2 2i-uresI mas er an1 slave* (e s oi) e+ile o2 (ou-( * s'e, i)al in1i22eren)e* (e un(a,,! )ons)iousness* (e servi)e o2 (e 1evo e1 min1* (e observa ion o2 na ure* (e s,iri as li-( * e )5G 8:>%95 In ,s!)(oanal! i)al un1ers an1in-* (e subJe) in o a 1e2ini e s(a,e* (us bein- arres e1 on 3=%3 (e &a! o i sel25 W(enever (is (a,,ens* (e subJe) is i1en i2ie1 &i ( some (in- (a i )anno be* be)ause i )an onl! be i1en i2ie1 &i ( i sel2B namel!* &i ( i s archG an1 i s telos, T(e archG is bo ( a be-innin- an1 an in1i)a ion o2 &(a (as been 1is,la)e1 in (e e22or o realiAe (e subJe) Hs telos, T(e telos is in urn bo ( an un)ons)ious aim embe11e1 in (e archG an1 an in1u)emen o -o on s rivin-5 Al (ou-( archG an1 telos are )losel! in errela e1* (e! are (i11en 2rom (e vie& o2 bo ( (e subJe) an1 (e (era,is 5 Moreover* (ere is a (ia us in &(a (as o be )o,e1 &i (* &(i)( Ri)Eur7in ,rovi1in- an anal!sis o2 &(a (a,,ens in ,s!)(oanal! i)al in er,re a ion7 ries o a)'le (rou-( &(a (e )alle1 an in er &inin- o2 Far)(eolo-! an1 eleolo-!G 8:>095 T(is 1uali ! 2orms (e basi) assum, ion o2 (e in er,re ive re-is er 1esi-ne1 o ransla e in o observa ional lan-ua-e (o& (e subJe) is o be)ome i s o&n sel25 I is &or ( no in- (a (e &o 2o)i ,osi e1 b! Ri)Eur are mar'e1 b! a 1uali ! (emselvesB archG is bo ( an ori-in an1 a re,osi or! o2 1is,la)emen * an1 telos is bo ( an un)ons)ious s rivin- an1 a re urn o be-innin-sI o&in- o (is 1uali ! (e &o ,oles o2 (e subJe) en2ol1 ea)( o (er* an1 su)( an en2ol1in- (as re,er)ussions on (e in er,re ive ,ro)e1ures5 As (ere is a (i11en archG in (e telos an1 vi)e versa* (e )ou,lin- o2 ar)(eolo-! an1 eleolo-! 1oes no 1evelo, alon- a linear raJe) or! bu in a )ir)ular* ba)'3an132or ( movemen in or1er o brin- ou (e (i11en telos in (e archG an1 (e (i11en archG in (e telos, Su)( a )ou,lin- 1is in-uis(es Ri)EurHs ,roJe) 2rom bo ( Creu1ian ,s!)(oanal!sis an1 <e-elian ,(enomenolo-!5 FI seems o me*G Ri)Eur )on en1s* F (a (e )on)e, o2 ar)(eolo-! o2 (e subJe) remains ver! abs ra) so lon- as i (as no been se in a rela ions(i, o2 1iale) i)al o,,osi ion o (e )om,lemen ar! )on)e, o2 eleolo-!5 P W(a I &is( o 1emons ra e* (en* is (a Creu1ianism is an e+,li)i an1 (ema iAe1 ar)(eolo-!* i rela es o i sel2* b! (e 1iale) i)al na ure o2 i s )on)e, s* o an im,li)i an1 un (ema iAe1 eleolo-!G 8:?$* :>"95 :/ In <e-elHs )ase* Ri)Eur main ains* i is Jus (e o,,osi e5 T(us Ri)Eur mar's (e ,oin o2 1e,ar ure 2or (is o&n s ra e-! o2 in er,re a ion5 FW(ereas <e-el lin's an e+,li)i eleolo-! o2 min1 or s,iri o an im,li)i ar)(eolo-! o2 li2e an1 1esire* Creu1 lin's a (ema iAe1 ar)(eolo-! o2 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO :/ T(e ar)(eolo-i)al 1imension o2 Creu1Hs (ermeneu i)s (as been lu)i1l! se ou b! Ulla <asels ein* *nt2iffernde "ermeneutik# Dum &e%riffder LektHre in der psychoanalytischen Theorie des Unbe'uIten, T(eorie un1 Des)(i)( e 1er Li era ur un1 1er S)(Ynen KNns e #: 8Muni)(B Cin'* "$$"9* //L??5 3=:3 en1s o be)ome 1e2orme1 &(en i is 2roAen

(e &a! o i sel25 W(enever (is (a,,ens* (e subJe) is i1en i2ie1 &i ( some (in- (a i )anno be* be)ause i )an onl! be i1en i2ie1 &i ( i sel2B namel!* &i ( i s archG an1 i s telos, T(e archG is bo ( a be-innin- an1 an in1i)a ion o2 &(a (as been 1is,la)e1 in (e e22or o realiAe (e subJe) Hs telos, T(e telos is in urn bo ( an un)ons)ious aim embe11e1 in (e archG an1 an in1u)emen o -o on s rivin-5 Al (ou-( archG an1 telos are )losel! in errela e1* (e! are (i11en 2rom (e vie& o2 bo ( (e subJe) an1 (e (era,is 5 Moreover* (ere is a (ia us in &(a (as o be )o,e1 &i (* &(i)( Ri)Eur7in ,rovi1in- an anal!sis o2 &(a (a,,ens in ,s!)(oanal! i)al in er,re a ion7 ries o a)'le (rou-( &(a (e )alle1 an in er &inin- o2 Far)(eolo-! an1 eleolo-!G 8:>095 T(is 1uali ! 2orms (e basi) assum, ion o2 (e in er,re ive re-is er 1esi-ne1 o ransla e in o observa ional lan-ua-e (o& (e subJe) is o be)ome i s o&n sel25 I is &or ( no in- (a (e &o 2o)i ,osi e1 b! Ri)Eur are mar'e1 b! a 1uali ! (emselvesB archG is bo ( an ori-in an1 a re,osi or! o2 1is,la)emen * an1 telos is bo ( an un)ons)ious s rivin- an1 a re urn o be-innin-sI o&in- o (is 1uali ! (e &o ,oles o2 (e subJe) en2ol1 ea)( o (er* an1 su)( an en2ol1in- (as re,er)ussions on (e in er,re ive ,ro)e1ures5 As (ere is a (i11en archG in (e telos an1 vi)e versa* (e )ou,lin- o2 ar)(eolo-! an1 eleolo-! 1oes no 1evelo, alon- a linear raJe) or! bu in a )ir)ular* ba)'3an132or ( movemen in or1er o brin- ou (e (i11en telos in (e archG an1 (e (i11en archG in (e telos, Su)( a )ou,lin- 1is in-uis(es Ri)EurHs ,roJe) 2rom bo ( Creu1ian ,s!)(oanal!sis an1 <e-elian ,(enomenolo-!5 FI seems o me*G Ri)Eur )on en1s* F (a (e )on)e, o2 ar)(eolo-! o2 (e subJe) remains ver! abs ra) so lon- as i (as no been se in a rela ions(i, o2 1iale) i)al o,,osi ion o (e )om,lemen ar! )on)e, o2 eleolo-!5 P W(a I &is( o 1emons ra e* (en* is (a Creu1ianism is an e+,li)i an1 (ema iAe1 ar)(eolo-!* i rela es o i sel2* b! (e 1iale) i)al na ure o2 i s )on)e, s* o an im,li)i an1 un (ema iAe1 eleolo-!G 8:?$* :>"95 :/ In <e-elHs )ase* Ri)Eur main ains* i is Jus (e o,,osi e5 T(us Ri)Eur mar's (e ,oin o2 1e,ar ure 2or (is o&n s ra e-! o2 in er,re a ion5 FW(ereas <e-el lin's an e+,li)i eleolo-! o2 min1 or s,iri o an im,li)i ar)(eolo-! o2 li2e an1 1esire* Creu1 lin's a (ema iAe1 ar)(eolo-! o2 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO :/ T(e ar)(eolo-i)al 1imension o2 Creu1Hs (ermeneu i)s (as been lu)i1l! se ou b! Ulla <asels ein* *nt2iffernde "ermeneutik# Dum &e%riffder LektHre in der psychoanalytischen Theorie des Unbe'uIten, T(eorie un1 Des)(i)( e 1er Li era ur un1 1er S)(Ynen KNns e #: 8Muni)(B Cin'* "$$"9* //L??5 3=:3 (e un)ons)ious o an un (ema iAe1 eleolo-! o2 (e ,ro)ess o2 be)omin- )ons)ious5 I 1o no )on2use <e-el &i ( Creu1* bu I see' o 2in1 in Creu1 an inver e1 ima-e o2 <e-el* in or1er o 1is)ern* &i ( (e (el, o2 (is s)(ema* )er ain 1iale) i)al 2ea ures &(i)(* (ou-( obviousl! o,era ive in anal! i) ,ra) i)e* (ave no 2oun1 in a (eor! a )om,le e s!s ema i) elabora ionG 8:>"2595 Al (ou-( Creu1ianism is* a))or1in- o Ri)Eur* Fa revela ion o2 (e ar)(ai)* a mani2es a ion o2 (e ever ,riorG 8::09* F (e )on)e, o2 an ar)(eolo-! P is no one o2 Creu1Hs )on)e, sG 8:"$9 bu is in ro1u)e1 b! (e ,(iloso,(! o2 re2le) ion as a means o2 e+)ava in- (e subJe) Hs (i11en eleolo-!5 Ri)Eur )on inues b! as'in-B FBu o2 &(a subJe) M W(a mus (e subJe) o2 re2le) ion be i2 i is li'e&ise o be (e subJe) o2 ,s!)(oanal!sisMG 8:/095 Creu1 loo'e1 2or (e ever3,rior* leavin- (e eleolo-! un (ema iAe1* an1 ,(enomenolo-! -ave F,rima)! o2 (e in en ional over (e re2le) iveG 8%#09* leavin- (e Fun)ons)iousness or una&arenessG o2 in en ionali ! un (ema iAe1* &(i)( )an be ,in,oin e1 in F (e im,li)i * (e )o3in en1e1G o2 an! in en ional a) 8%=#95 No& i be)omes obvious &(a Ri)Eur ori-inall! mean b! sa!in- (a i &as (is en1eavor o &ra, Creu1ian ,s!)(oanal!sis in ,(iloso,(i)al 1is)ourse* &(i)( (e rei era es be2ore 1e ailin- (e in er,re ive re-is er (a (e ,ro,osesB FI mus be 'e, in min1 (a our en er,rise is s ri) l! ,(iloso,(i)al an1 in no &a! bin1in- on (e ,s!)(oanal!s as su)(G 8:"$95 W(a is (e re-is er (a Ri)Eur a1van)es 2or an in er,re a ion o2 (e subJe) * an1 (o& 1oes (e )on)eive o2 i M

An ar)(eolo-! remains abs ra) so lon- as i is no in e-ra e1 b! &a! o2 F)om,lemen ar! o,,osi ionG &i ( teleolo%y, &i ( a ,ro-ressive s!n (esiAino2 2i-ures or )a e-ories* &(ere (e meanin- o2 ea)( is )lari2ie1 b! (e meanin- o2 2ur (er 2i-ures or )a e-ories5 P I is a (is level (a (e ,ossibili ! o2 in errela in- &o o,,ose1 (ermeneu i)s )omes in o vie&I re-ression an1 ,ro-ression are (en)e2or ( un1ers oo1 as &o ,ossible 1ire) ions o2 in er,re a ion* o,,ose1 bu )om,lemen ar!5 T(is level o2 (ou-( is su22i)ien l! im,or an o -ive i s name o (e (ir1 boo' Si5e5* one o2 (e 1ivisions o2 Ri)EurHs +e l 1InterprFtationJ 7 F4iale) i)5G P T(e ,oin ,resen e1 a (is level is in1ee1 )en ral* bu i is onl! a ransi ionI (e 2un) ion o2 a 1iale) i) be &een re-ression an1 ,ro-ression* be &een ar)(eolo-! an1 eleolo-!* is o lea1 2rom a re2le) ion (a un1ers an1s i s ar)(eolo-! o a s!mboli) un1ers an1in- (a &oul1 -ras, (e in1ivisible uni ! o2 i s ar)(eolo-! an1 i s eleolo-! in (e ver! ori-in o2 s,ee)(5 8%:/259 3=?3 T(is s a emen )on ains &o 1i22eren * (ou-( )losel! in errela e1 levels* &(i)( mus be se,ara e1 2or (e ,ur,ose o2 anal!Ain- Ri)EurHs mo1e o2 in er,re a ion5 T(ere is (e subJe) (a is 2o)use1 on* an1 (e e)(niKue a))or1in- o &(i)( (e subJe) Hs &a! o i sel2 is -ras,e15 T(e subJe) Fis never (e subJe) one su,,oses5 Bu i2 (e subJe) is o a ain i s rue bein-* i is no enou-( 2or i o 1is)over (e ina1eKua)! o2 i s sel23a&areness* or even o 1is)over (e ,o&er o2 1esire (a ,osi s i in e+is en)eG 8:?$95 Ins ea1* i (as o be)ome a&are o2 &(a is )on)eale1 2rom vie&B namel!* i s archG an1 i s telos, Su)( a si ua ion )rea es a ,roblem 2or in er,re a ion inso2ar as (e la er (as o s ar ou 2rom (i11en )om,onen s5 W(a is o be in er,re e1 is nei (er -iven in evi1en)e nor o be )ons i u e1I i is (ere* (ou-( e)li,se1* an1 (en)e nee1 no be )ons i u e15 Cerre in- ou &(a lies )on)eale1* (o&ever* onl! mar's (e ,oin o2 1e,ar ure 2or in er,re a ion5 T(is ma! a))oun 2or (e s ran-e erminolo-! Ri)Eur brin-s o bear a (is Jun) ure* &(en )allin- (is mo1us o,eran1i F1iale) i)*G !o'in- o-e (er Fre-ression an1 ,ro-ression*G &(i)(* (ou-( )oun ervailin- movemen s* are never (eless )onsi1ere1 F)om,lemen ar!5G Cur (ermore* (ere are )on inual F ransi ionsG be &een &(a (ea1s in 1i22eren F1ire) ions*G an1 !e Far)(eolo-! an1 eleolo-!G a,,ear o subla e &(a is o,,ose1 in o Fin1ivisible uni !5G Ri)Eur 1oes no elabora e on (e )onno a ions o2 (ese erms bu 1emons ra es (rou-( (is a) ual in er,re a ion (o& (e! are o be )on)eive15 <e s ar s ou b! ou linin- &(a one mi-( )all an ana om! o2 1esire5 A (e be-innin- o2 (is boo'* (e re,ro1u)es (e Creu1ian version o2 1esireB FAs a man 1esires I -o 2or ( in 1is-uise7larvatus prodeo. 8=95 W(en 2o)usin- on 1esire 2rom (e van a-e ,oin o2 (is o&n 1is)ourse* Ri)Eur &ri esB F4esire is reveale1 as human 1esire onl! &(en i is 1esire 2or (e 1esire o2 ano (er )ons)iousness5 P T(e 1esire o2 sel2 1isen-a-es i sel2 2rom (e 1esire o2 (in-s b! see'in- i sel2 in (e o (erG 8:>>95 In (is res,e) * Ri)Eur believes (a (e is onl! 1ra&in- ou &(a is alrea1! im,li)i in Creu1* namel!* F1esire is in an in ersubJe) ive si ua ion 2rom (e ver! s ar G 8:==95 Ri)EurHs &(ole assessmen o2 Creu1 is -ui1e1 b! (e i1ea o2 ma'in- (e im,lie1 e+,li)i * &(i)( in1u)es (im F o ,la)e (e s ru) ure o2 (e <e-elian sel23)ons)iousness a (e ver! )en er o2 (e Creu1ian 1esireG 8:#"95 :% I2* 2rom (e ou se * 1esire is al&a!s in an in ersubJe) ive si ua ion* OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO :% T(is a,,lies in eKual measure o (e )(an-in- o,olo-ies o2 (e ,s!)(i)al a,,ara us (a Creu1 (a1 1evelo,e1* &(i)( Ri)Eur ,er)eives as a seKuen)e (rou-( &(i)( (e subseKuen o,olo-! elu)i1a es &(a (e ,revious one seems o (ave im,lie15 3=>3 i unleas(es a )ravin- 2or i1en i2i)a ion &i ( &(a i 1esires5 <en)e Fi1en i2i)a ion is no some (in- a11e1 on 2rom &i (ou bu is ra (er (e 1iale) i) o2 1esire i sel2G 8:#"95 ConseKuen l!* (ere is al&a!s a (i11en telos in 1esire* &(i)( o a lar-e e+ en is non (ema i) an1 )an onl! be 1e1u)e1 2rom &(a (e subJe) ries o i1en i2! &i (5

Moreover* 1esire nee1s re)o-ni ion b! &(a i lon-s o (ave or beI &(enever re)o-ni ion is 1enie1* a 1is,ossession o))urs* urnin- (e ,ro-ressive im,ulse o2 1esire in o re-ression5 Re-ression* (en* arises ou o2 an un2ul2ille1 telos, 2rom &(i)( is o be in2erre1 (a (ere &oul1 be no re-ression i2 (ere &ere no a )on)eale1 eleolo-! s ru) urin- (e 1esire5 Su)( a si ua ion allo&s &o )on)lusionsB 8a9 1esire en ails (e (uman subJe) Hs nee1 o overs e, i sel2I 8b9 (e subJe) Hs (i11en archG an1 telos )an onl! be e+ ra,ola e1 2rom (uman 1esire5 4esire (us bears a 1ouble ins)ri, ionB i 1esi-na es (e s a us o2 (e (uman beinas some (in- o be e+)ee1e1* an1 i ,oin s o (e 2a) (a (e (uman subJe) &an s o be be)ome i s o&n o (er* &(i)( ,oises (e (uman bein- be &een &(a i is in i s be-innin-s an1 &(a i &an s o be b! &a! o2 be)omin- i s o&n sel25 T(e 1esire o be oneHs o&n o (er mani2es s i sel2 in &o 1i22eren &a!s5 I 2un) ions ei (er as i1ealiAa ion in rela ion o &(a (e 1esirin- subJe) &an s o be or as sublima ion &(enever (e i1ealiAa ion )on)erne1 is 1enie15 Be)omin- (e i1ealiAe1 o (er reveals some (in- o2 (e (i11en telos (a is embe11e1 in (e subJe) Hs archG an1 simul aneousl! allo&s a -lim,se o2 (e archG (a )on ains (e ,ro-ram o2 a telos, T(us (e a ainmen o2 sel23)ons)iousness -e s un1er &a! b! )on inual Fin er,la!G be &een telos an1 archG, T(e &o3,ron-e1 o,era ion o2 ar)(eolo-! an1 eleolo-! brin-s (e )on)eale1 )om,onen s o2 (e subJe) ou in o (e o,en* as nei (er telos nor archG ,resen s i sel2 as &(a i is* an1 ea)( )an onl! be as)er aine1 (rou-( in er,re a ion5 T(e na ure o2 (e in er,la! be &een (e -ra1uall! -ras,able )om,onen s is le2 as an o,en Kues ion* (ou-(* o2 )ourse* a 1e-ree o2 )ir)ulari ! s ru) ures (eir in erlo)'in-5 T(is )ir)ulari ! as in er,la! be &een (i11en areas o2 (e (uman subJe) reKuires 2ur (er Kuali2i)a ion* (o&ever* in or1er o ma'e (e re)i,ro)al ransla ion o2 archG an1 telos an-ible* no leas as (e (ia us be &een (e &o (as o be ne-o ia e15 T(e re)i,ro)al ransla ion 1evelo,s as a rans,osi ion o2 some (in- rans,aren in (e 1esire in o &(a remains )on)eale1 an1 eKuall! o2 &(a (as reveale1 i sel2 ba)' in o (e )on)eale15 Bu (is mu ual in er,la! nee1s o be -ras,e1* no leas be)ause i s o,era ion is o brinabou (e al'in- )ure* &i ( (e subJe) be)omin- i s o&n sel25 Cor (is reason* Ri)Eur main ains* &e (ave o in er,re (e s!mbols (a (e ,a ien an1 (e (uman subJe) res,e) ivel! ,ro1u)e &(en 3==3 (e! are arres e1 on (e &a! o (eir o&n selves5 :: FWe no& 'no&*G Ri)Eur )on en1s* F (a (e 'e! o (e solu ion lies in (e 1iale) i) be &een ar)(eolo-! an1 eleolo-!5 I remains o 2in1 (e concrete Qmi+e1 e+ ureR in &(i)( &e see (e ar)(eolo-! an1 eleolo-!5 T(is )on)re e mi+e1 e+ ure is symbol. 8:$:95 T(e s!mbol is ,ro1u)e1 b! bo ( (e ,a ien an1 (e (uman subJe) on (e &a! o i s o&n sel25 S!mbols 2i-ure as e+ s* &(i)( (e in er,re er is -iven o rea1* e+ s* (o&ever* (a are 1is in) l! 1i22eren 2rom (e &ri en e+ o2 an au (or* on &(i)( S)(leierma)(er (a1 2o)use1* or (e ,un) ure1 (is ori)al ma erial 2rom &(i)( 4ro!sen s ar e1 ou 5 T(e s!mbol* a))or1in- o Ri)Eur* en)a,sula es F &o 2un) ions &(i)( are (ou-( o be o,,ose1 o one ano (er bu &(i)( s!mbols )oor1ina e in a )on)re e uni !5 T(us (e ambi-ui ! o2 s!mbolism is no a la)' o2 univo)i ! bu is ra (er (e ,ossibili ! o2 )arr!in- an1 en-en1erin- o,,ose1 in er,re a ions* ea)( o2 &(i)( is sel23)onsis en G 8:$>95 :? T(e s!mbol loo's in &o 1ire) ions a on)e* )om,risinre-ression an1 ,ro-ression* an1 (ereb! revealin- a burie1 ,as an1 an in en1e1 2u ure5 I brin-s abou an imbri)a ion o2 ,as an1 2u ure5 :> Al (ou-( (ese &o 1ire) ions ma! en-en1er in rinsi)all! )onsis en (ou-( o,,ose1 in er,re a ions* be)ause (e ar)(ai) an1 (e eleolo-i)al are no in1e,en1en s,(eres* Fremembran)e -ives rise o an i)i,a ionI ar)(aism -ives rise o ,ro,(e)!G 8:$=95 T(e 1ual 1ire) ion o2 (e s!mbol ma'es i in o an e,i ome o2 1ouble meanin- (a * o&in- o i s in1ivisibili !* allo&s (e ar)(ai) o be rea1 (rou-( (e eleolo-i)al an1 vi)e versa5 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO :: Ri)Eur (i-(li-( s (e im,or an)e o2 (e s!mbol 2or (e 'in1 o2 in er,re a ion (a (e ,ro,osesB FT(e erm s!mbol s an1s 2or all 1ouble3meanin- e+,ressions an1 is (e ,ivo al ,oin o2 in er,re a ionG :$reud, $>95 In o (er &or1s* ar)(eolo-! an1 eleolo-! bo ( ,ivo aroun1 an1 are ,o&ere1 b! an in(eren momen o2 un ransla abili ! (a is )ons i u ive o2 1ouble meanin-5 :? In an earlier essa!* Ri)Eur su--es s (a in su)( a si ua ion one Fmus Kui (e ,osi ion*

:>

or be er* (e e+ile* o2 (e remo e an1 1isin eres e1 s,e) a or in or1er o a,,ro,ria e in ea)( )ase an in1ivi1ual s!mbolism5 T(en is 1is)overe1 &(a ma! be )alle1 (e )ir)le o2 (ermeneu i)s* &(i)( (e sim,le ama eur o2 m! (s un2ailin-l! missesG :The Conflict of Interpretations, /$#95 In a la er boo'* Interpretation Theory# +iscourse and the Surplus /eanin% 8Cor Wor (B Te+as C(ris ian Universi ! Press* "$=>9* Ri)Eur e+,an1s (is )on)e, ion o2 s!mbol* F&(i)( brin-s o-e (er &o 1imensions* &e mi-( even sa!* &o universes* o2 1is)ourse* one lin-uis i) an1 (e o (er o2 a non3lin-uis i) or1erG 8? %2595 I bra)'e s FbiosG an1 Flo-osG o-e (er an1 F es i2ies o (e ,rimor1ial roo e1ness o2 4is)ourse in Li2eG 8?$95 3=#3

In vie& o2 su)( in er1e,en1en)e* sublima ion be)omes a ,rominen s!mbol 2or bo ( ,s!)(oanal!sis an1 (e ,(iloso,(! o2 re2le) ion5 FInso2ar as revealin- an1 1is-uisin)oin)i1e in i * &e mi-( sa! (a sublima ion is (e s!mboli) 2un) ion i sel2G 8:$=95 := Be)ause sublima ion is 1uall! )o1e1* i is a ,ro)ess 2or )ons i u in- (e sublime* an1 (e sublime is an over,o&erin- 2or)e o &(i)( (e (uman bein- res,on1s b! un2ol1in- (e 1esire o i1en i2! &i ( i * (us brin-in- ou i s (i-(es Kuali !5 Sublima ion* (o&ever* is eKuall! a subs,e)ies o2 su,,ression an1 re,ression an1 (en)e an in1i)a ion o2 1is,la)emen 5 A-ain (e o,era ional mo1e o2 (is s!mbol 1evelo,s as revela ion (rou-( 1is-uise* 2or i s(o&s (e telos o2 1esire in (e ra,,in-s o2 (e i1eal (e subJe) i1en i2ies &i (* an1 eKuall! i s(o&s 1is,la)emen s in (e mani2es 1is or ions5 FT(us &e s(oul1 sa! (a s!mbols )arr! &o ve) ors5 On (e one (an1* s!mbols re,ea our )(il1(oo1 in all (e senses* )(ronolo-i)al an1 non)(ronolo-i)al* o2 (a )(il1(oo15 On (e o (er (an1* (e! e+,lore our a1ul li2eG 8:$>95 Be)ause (e s!mbol 2i-ures as (e e,i ome o2 (e in er)(an-e be &een revealin- an1 )on)ealin-* i mar's (e ,oin o2 in erse) ion be &een archG an1 telos, <o&ever* (e s!mbol &oul1 )olla,se i2 (e s,a)e be &een (e &o ,s!)(i) )om,onen s )oul1 ever be elimina e15 ConseKuen l!* (e in(eren o,,osi ion o2 (e s!mbol un2ol1s in a )ir)ular movemen * (rou-( &(i)( (e in er)onne) ion o2 archG an1 telos be)omes an-ible5 Ri)Eur Kuali2ie1 (e in er &inin- o2 ar)(eolo-! an1 eleolo-! as F1iale) i)5G I is )er ainl! no a 1iale) i) movemen in (e re)eive1 sense o2 (e ermI (e in er)(an-e 1oes no un2ol1 in erms o2 a (esis3an i (esis3s!n (esis s ru) ure5 Ins ea1* (e ver! me (o1 ,ro,ose1 ,ro)ee1s b! 2ee1in- (e o,,osi ional 1ire) ions in(eren in (e s!mbol in o one ano (er* as onl! su)( re)i,ro)i ! ma'es i ,ossible o 2erre ou (e eleolo-i)al (rus (i11en in (e archG an1 (e burie1 ,as in (e emer-in- rans,aren)! o2 (e telos, T(is 'in1 o2 in er)(an-e is no 1iale) i)al in na ure* an1 i2 Ri)Eur uses (is erm* i &oul1 seem o si-nal (a (e in er &inin- o2 ar)(eolo-! an1 eleolo-! )an no lon-er be a1eKua el! )on)e, ualiAe1 in erms o2 (e (ermeneu i) )ir)le5 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO := Ri)Eur )onsi1ers Creu1Hs F (eor! o2 sublima ionG one3si1e1 an1 (ere2ore a F2ailure*G as onl! F (e rela ions(i, be &een sublima ion an1 i1en i2i)a ion enables us o rela e (e unresolve1 eni-ma o2 sublima ion o (e ori-in o2 sel2)ons)iousness in (e 1iale) i) o2 1esireG :$reud, :$095 FCreu1 a))oun s ver! &ell 2or (e 2un) ional uni ! o2 1reams an1 ar is i) )rea ion* bu (e Kuali a ive 1i22eren)e* (e 1i22eren)e in QaimR &(i)( ren1ers ins in) s 1iale) i)al* es)a,es (imI (is is &(! (e Kues ion o2 sublima ion remains unresolve1G 8?/"95 See also <asels ein* *nt2iffernde "ermeneutik, ?/5 3=$3 I2 (ere are s ill ra)es o2 )ir)ulari ! o be 1is)erne1 in Ri)EurHs ,ro,ose1 means o2 in er,re in- (e (uman subJe) * (e 2amiliar ba)'3an132or ( movemen o2 (e )ir)le no& o,era es in ransa) ional loo,s5 T(is is be)ause &(a is o be rans,ose1 in o an o (er is never 2ull! in vie& bu mas'e1 b! s!mbols* an1 (e o,,osi ional 1ire) ions in(eren in (e s!mbol are no 1iale) i)all! subla e1 bu eles)o,e1 in o one ano (er* (us s,o li-( in&(a (as been s,li o22 2rom (e subJe) an1 1is,la)e1 on (e &a! o )ons)iousness o2 (e sel25 T(e in er,re a ion o2 s!mbols ,ro)ee1s in ransa) ional loo,s* be)ause loo,in- as an o,era ional mo1e be)omes ne)essar! &(en (e ,oin s o2 1e,ar ure 2or (e (ermeneu i) )ir)le are no lon-er -iven* in (e sense in &(i)( a &ri en or s,o'en e+ or (is ori)al 2a) s are -iven5 T(e ransmu a ion o2 (e (ermeneu i) )ir)le in o ransa) ional loo,s is 1ue o

(e 2a) (a no onl! (e 1i22eren)e be &een archG an1 telos bu also (eir ver! )on)ealmen (as o be )o,e1 &i (5 Cur (ermore* (e loo,in- o,era ion is 1esi-ne1 o re-ain &(a is los I b! ma'in- (e re,resse1 re urn* i )lears blo)'a-es* (us un)overin&(a (e subJe) (a1 been s rivin- 2or &(en losin- i sel2 o (e o (erness o2 li2e5 W(a is o be -lim,se1 o2 (e (i11en archG is o be 2e1 2or&ar1 in o a surmise1 telos, 2rom &(i)( a 2ee1ba)' &ill be re)eive15 T(ere2ore (e al'in- )ure a'es ime* as (e ransa) ional loo,s (ave o ransla e &(a (e ,a ien sa!s in o (e ,a ien Hs remembran)e5 T(e memor!Hs resis an)e o revealin- i s 2i+a ions (as o be over)ome in or1er o a) iva e (e ,a ien Hs sel23re2le) ion* :# as a &a! o resume (e ,a ( o (e ,a ien Hs o&n sel25 Some (in- similar (ol1s rue 2or (e ,(iloso,(! o2 re2le) ion* &(i)( in er,re s (e (uman subJe) as (e (is or! o2 be)omin- )ons)ious o2 i sel2B FCor man* o be)ome )ons)ious is o be 1ra&n a&a! 2rom (is ar)(aisms b! (e series o2 2i-ures (a ins i u e an1 )ons i u e (im as manG 8?::95 T(e ar)(aisms are 1ual in na ureI (e! )an be e+ ra,ola e1 2rom &(a (e subJe) i1en i2ies &i ( an1 also 2rom (e mani2es 1is,ossessions (e subJe) (as su22ere15 I1en i2i)a ion reveals (e (i11en telos, an1 (e 1is or e1 s!mbols reveal (e 1is,la)emen s in (e (i11en archG, Bo ( ins an)es reveal (e subJe) Hs o&n o (erness* (e a&areness o2 &(i)(* b! in1u)in- sel2re2le) ion* 2ee1s i s o&n o (erness ba)' in o (e subJe) Hs )ons)iousness5 T(rou-( su)( re)i,ro)i ! a (is or! 1evelo,s* in (e )ourse o2 &(i)( (e subJe) re-ains &(a i (as los on (e &a! o be)omin- i s o&n sel25 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO :# @Nr-en <abermas* *rkenntnis und Interesse 8Cran'2ur 6MainB Su(r'am,* "$>#9* /#0* /#>* /$>* %0/* %0>* %":* %">* an1 %/?* (as s resse1 (e im,or an)e o2 sel23re2le) ion in ,s!)(oanal!sis an1 1elinea es (e ,ro)ess (rou-( &(i)( i is a)Kuire15 3#03 B! &a! o2 summin- u,* &e mi-( sa! (a ar)(eolo-! an1 eleolo-!* as a re-is er in o &(i)( (e (uman subJe) is ransla e1* allo& bo ( e+)ava ion o2 &(a (e 1is or e1 mani2es a ions in en1 o veil an1 a )lear 2o)us on &(a (e i1ealiAa ions in en1 o e+,ress5 T(e me)(ani)s o2 su)( a re-is er un2ol1 in ransa) ional loo,s* &(ose o,era ions in roJe) (e subJe) Hs in an-ible )om,onen s 7 (a is* (e un)ons)ious an1 (e )ons)ious 7 in o one ano (er* (us 1ra&in- (e (i11en in er)onne) ion be &een archG an1 telos ou in o (e o,en5 As (ere is no e+ ernal re2eren)e 2or su)( a ,ro)e1ure* (e loo,in- )an onl! be 2ine3 une1 b! )on inuall! s)ru iniAin- &(a (e ransa) ional loo,s ren1er an-ible5 T(us in er,re a ion be)omes sel23)orre) in- o&in- o (e rial an1 error ,a ern (a s ru) ures ransa) ional loo,in-5 Su)( a buil 3in me)(anism o2 sel23)orre) ion be)omes all (e more ne)essar! 2or in er,re a ion &(en (ere are no 1e2ini ive re2eren)es 2or i s ,ro)e1ures5 T(ere is no 2inal re2eren)e 2or (e al'in- )ure* Jus as (ere is none 2or be)omin- sel23 )ons)ious* be)ause* Ri)Eur main ains* FI 1o no (in' (a absolu e 'no&le1-e is ,ossible5G :$ <o&ever* (e sel23)orre) in- ransa) ional loo,s allo& (e (uman subJe) o be -ras,e1 as a ,o en iall! unen1in- ,ro)ess ad se ipsum5 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO :$ Ri)Eur* The Conflict of Interpretations, KKE, 3#"3

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CHAPTER FO.R
T e Recursi,e Loo# Recursion in Et nogra# ic Discourse
T(e me (o1olo-! o2 (e (ermeneu i) ra1i ion s(o&s (o& in er,re ive ,ro)e1ures )(an-e a))or1in- o (e subJe) ma er o be in er,re e15 T(e subJe) ma er is ailore1 o a

1e-ree b! (e in er,re ive re-is er in o &(i)( i is ransla e1* an1 i simul aneousl! )alls 2or a re oolin- o2 (e me)(ani)s brou-( o bear* as evin)e1 b! (e )on inual mo1i2i)a ion (rou-( &(i)( (e (ermeneu i) )ir)le is re)on)eive15 Moreover* (is re)on)e, ion is ,re)on1i ione1 b! (e &a! in &(i)( (e subJe) ma er is o22ere1 o (e in er,re ive a) 5 I ma'es all (e 1i22eren)e i2 (e subJe) ma er is ,resen * or (as o be )ons i u e1* or mus be ease1 ou o2 i s (i11enness5 In ea)( o2 (ese ins an)es* (e -a, be &een &(a is o be in er,re e1 an1 (e re-is er in o &(i)( i is ransla e1 is o2 a 1i22eren 1imension* &(i)( (as re,er)ussions on (e me (o1s 1esi-ne1 2or bri1-in- i 5 T(e )ir)le 2un) ions as a rela! &(en (e subJe) ma er is -iven 8S)(leierma)(er9I i )(an-es in o a nes in- o2 )ir)les &(en (e subJe) ma er (as o be )ons i u e1 84ro!sen9I an1 i urns in o ransa) ional loo,in- &(en (e subJe) ma er (as o be brou-( ou in o (e o,en 8Ri)Eur95 T(e &i1er (e -a,* (e more )om,li)a e1 (e )ir)le en1s o be be)ome5 Cur (ermore* subJe) ma er an1 re-is er are (emselves bra)'e e1 o-e (er b! a )ir)ular movemen 5 Al (ou-( (e 1i22eren Kuali ! o2 (e subJe) ma er )alls 2or a re oolin- o2 e)(niKues* i 1oes no o all! 1e ermine (e in er,re ive ,ro)e1ure* an1 (e 3#%3 re-is er* 1es,i e i s ,ar ial 2as(ionin- o2 (e subJe) ma er* 1oes no su,erim,ose i sel2 on &(a is o be in er,re e15 Bo ( ,ar i)i,a e in a )ir)ular rela ions(i, (rou-( &(i)( (e one )on1i ions (e o (er in a re)ursive movemen (a brin-s abou an elu)i1a ion o2 (e subJe) ma er an1 a 2ine3 unin- o2 (e in er,re ive s ra e-ies5 T(us (ere seems o be a re)ursive un1er)urren in (e ver! ,ro)ess o2 in er,re a ion i sel2* an1 so i is re)ursion (a is (e 2o)al ,oin o2 (e ,ara1i-m I am no& -oin- o ins,e) 5 I s(all )all i * in vie& o2 i s basi) o,era ional mo1e* (e )!berne i) loo,5 I2 i is rue (a in er,re a ion7,rimaril! a 2orm o2 ransla abili !7 is 1e,en1en on &(a is ransla e1* i is boun1 o be 1i22eren &(en i )on)erns i sel2 &i (B 8a9 (o& en ro,! is ransla e1 in o )on rolI 8b9 (o& ran1omness is ransla e1 in o &(a is )en ralI 8)9 (o& (e lar-el! in an-ible re)i,ro)i ! o2 (ominiAa ion an1 (e rise o2 )ul ure is ransla e1 in o )on)e, ual lan-ua-eI an1 819 (o& )ul ures or )ul ural levels are ransla e1 in o erms (a allo& an in er)(an-e be &een &(a is 2orei-n an1 &(a is 2amiliar5 Be2ore I 1is)uss (e 1iversi2ie1 o,era ions o2 re)ursive loo,in-* i seems ,er inen o re)all (e basi) 2ea ures o2 )!berne i)s (a are a,,li)able o (is en er,rise5 T(e erm F)!berne i)sG &as )oine1 in "$:= b! Norber Wiener* &(o 1erive1 i 2rom (e Dree' F]^_`a^bcda or steersman,G in o (er &or1s* (e man &(o )on rols5 " Wiener )ombine1 (is 1esi-na ion &i ( &(a Cler' Ma+&ell )alle1 (e F-overnor*G a 2ee1ba)' 1evi)e on a ma)(ine or en-ine use1 o ,rovi1e au oma i) )on rol 2or s,ee1* ,ressure* or em,era ure5 FTo )on rol en ro,! (rou-( 2ee1ba)'G is WienerHs 2ormula ion o2 (is basi) ,rin)i,le5 / W(a e+a) l! is 2ee1ba)'* an1 (o& 1oes i es ablis( )on rolM An earl! ans&er o2 WienerHs rea1s as 2ollo&sB FI is enou-( o sa! (ere (a &(en &e 1esire a mo ion o 2ollo& a -iven ,a ern (e 1i22eren)e be &een (is ,a ern an1 (e a) uall! ,er2orme1 mo ion is use1 as a ne& in,u o )ause (e ,ar re-ula e1 o move in su)( a &a! as o brin- i s mo ion )loser o (a -iven b! (e ,a ern5GI % La er on* Wiener elabora e1 on (is basi) 1e2ini ion b! s a in-B F$eedback SisT (e ,ro,er ! o2 bein- able o a1Jus 2u ure )on1u) o ,as ,er2orman)e5 Cee1ba)' ma! be as sim,le as (a o2 a )ommon re2le+* or i ma! be a (i-(er or1er 2ee1ba)'* OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO " Norber Wiener* Cybernetics? or, Control and Communication in the nimal and the /achine 8Cambri1-e* Mass5B MIT Press* "$>"9* ""5 / Norber Wiener* The "uman Use of "uman &ein%s 8Dar1en Ci !* N5Y5B 4ouble1a!* "$?:9* />5 % Wiener* Cybernetics, >25 3#: in &(i)( ,as e+,erien)e is use1 no onl! o re-ula e s,e)i2i) movemen s* bu also &(ole ,oli)ies o2 be(avior5 T(e nervous s!s em an1 (e au oma i) ma)(ine are 2un1amen all!

ali'e in (a (e! are 1evi)es &(i)( ma'e 1e)isions on (e basis o2 1e)isions (e! (ave ma1e in (e ,as 5G : T(e mo1e a))or1in- o &(i)( 2ee1ba)' &or's is one o2 re)ursion* &(i)( is (e basi) ,rin)i,le o2 all 'in1s o2 servome)(anisms (a Wiener )onsi1ere1 (e overri1in- si-na ure o2 our a-eB FT(e ,resen a-e is as rul! (e a-e o2 servome)(anisms as (e nine een ( )en ur! &as (e a-e o2 (e s eam en-ine or (e ei-( een ( )en ur! (e a-e o2 (e )lo)'5G ? Re)ursive loo,in- 1evelo,s as an in er)(an-e be &een in,u an1 ou ,u * in (e )ourse o2 &(i)( a ,re1i) ion* an i)i,a ion* or even ,roJe) ion is )orre) e1 inso2ar as i (as 2aile1 o sKuare &i ( &(a i (as ar-e e15 ConseKuen l! (ere is7a leas ,o en iall!7a 1ual )orre) ionB (e 2or&ar1 2ee1 re urns as an al ere1 2ee1ba)' loo, (a in urn 2ee1s in o a revise1 in,u 5 T(is a,,lies o (e &(ole ran-e o2 learnin-* 2rom ma)(ines o (uman be(avior* all o2 &(i)( are re-ula e1 a))or1in- o WienerHs basi) 2ormula (a re)ursive loo,in- Fa1Jus s 2u ure )on1u) o ,as ,er2orman)e5G E22e) ive be(avior mus be in2orme1 b! some 'in1 o2 2ee1ba)' ,ro)ess* ellin- i &(e (er i (as me reKuiremen s or 2allen s(or o2 (em5 Wiener 1e ails (e reason 2or su)( re)ursive loo,in- as 2ollo&sB Cer ain 'in1s o2 ma)(ines an1 some livin- or-anisms 7 ,ar i)ularl! (e (i-(er livin- or-anisms7)an* as &e (ave seen* mo1i2! (eir ,a erns o2 be(avior on (e basis o2 ,as e+,erien)e so as o a)(ieve s,e)i2i) an i3 en ro,i) en1s5 In (ese (i-(er 2orms o2 )ommuni)a ive or-anisms (e environmen * )onsi1ere1 as (e ,as e+,erien)e o2 (e in1ivi1ual* )an mo1i2! (e ,a ern o2 be(avior in o one &(i)( in some sense or o (er &ill 1eal more e22e) ivel! &i ( (e 2u ure environmen 5 In o (er &or1s* (e or-anism is no li'e (e )lo)'&or' mona1 o2 LeibniA &i ( i s ,re3 es ablis(e1 (armon! &i ( (e universe* bu a) uall! see's a ne& eKuilibrium &i ( (e universe an1 i s 2u ure )on in-en)ies5 I s ,resen is unli'e i s ,as an1 i s 2u ure unli'e i s ,resen 5 In (e livin- or-anism as in (e universe i sel2* e+a) re,e i ion is absolu el! im,ossible5 > OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO : Wiener* <uman Use* %%5 ? Wiener* Cybernetics, :%5 > Wiener* "uman Use, :#5

3#?

Su)( a 1es)ri, ion o2 re)ursive loo,in- in2orms e (no-ra,(i) 1is)ourse &(en one ries o in er,re (e re)i,ro)i ! be &een (e evolu ion o2 <omo sa,iens an1 (e rise o2 )ul ure5 Al (ou-( Wiener 1oes no )on)ern (imsel2 &i ( (e ,roblems o2 e (no-ra,(!* (e is never (eless )onvin)e1 (a (e ,rin)i,le o2 re)ursive loo,in- (as an almos unlimi e1 a,,li)abili !* so (a 2or (im F o )(e)' a ,re1i) e1 ,osi ion a-ains an observe1 ,osi ionG = even un1erlies ,oli)! ma'in-* be)ause Fever! )on inuin- un1er a'in- mus be re-ula e1 as o i s ,er2orman)e b! i s resul s5 T(ese resul s )ons i u e* 2rom (e in2orma ion ,oin o2 vie&* some (in- &(i)( is s ri) l! analo-ous o &(a is )alle1 Q2ee1ba)'R in a )on rol ma)(ine5 T(e (eor! o2 e)onomi) an1 ,oli i)al be(avior &(i)( is no& in vo-ue in (e Uni e1 S a es* an1 &(i)( (as re)eive1 a Kuasi3o22i)ial san) ion* )onsis s 2un1amen all! in a ver! 1e2ini e vie& as o (e na ure o2 a 2ee1ba)' &(i)( is re-ar1e1 as su22i)ien 2or all so)ial ,(enomena* an1 &(i)( is enJoine1 u,on usG 8""#95 Con rollin- en ro,! an1 )omin- o -ri,s &i ( )on in-en)ies are no )om,arable o &(a a e+ 3orien e1 (ermeneu i)s (a1 o 2a)e* even &(en (e e+ &as a'en as a me a,(or* as in ,s!)(oanal!sis5 Be &een en ro,! as a measure o2 1isor1er an1 (e a em, o )on rol i * (ere is a !a&nin- -ul2* &(i)( )an (ar1l! be re-ar1e1 as ,arallel o (e various -a,s bri1-e1 b! (e 1i22eren versions o2 (e (ermeneu i) )ir)le5 Cur (ermore* en ro,! an1 )on in-en)! elu1e 'no&le1-e* so (a )o,in- &i ( (em reKuires a )on inual loo,in- 2rom (e 'no&n o (e un'no&n in or1er 8a9 o ma'e (e un'no&n (ar' ba)' o &(a is 2amiliar* 8b9 o a)(ieve )on rol b! s,li in- en ro,! in o or1er an1 )on in-en)!* # an1 8)9 o e+,lore )on1i ions 2or es ablis(in- an eKuilibrium be &een ,as an1 2u ure environmen s5 Re)ursive loo,in- or-aniAes su)( a rans2er b! ,ro)essin- (e in2orma ion re)eive1* re)o-niAin- &(a (e in,u (as 2aile1 o a)(ieve* an1 orien in- (e )orre) ion o be 2e1 in o (e subseKuen in,u 5 I is in ensi2ie1 b! (e 2a) (a ea)( in,u is an in erven ion in o en ro,!* )on in-en)!* or alrea1! or1ere1 s!s ems* as I s(all s(o& la er5 T(ese inroa1s

boun)e ba)' as a (ei-( ene1 )om,le+i ! o2 in2orma ion* &(i)( in)reases (e ra,i1i ! o2 sel23)orre) ion* lea1in- in urn o a )on inual 2ine3 unin- o2 2ur (er in,u s5 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO = Norber Wiener* Invention# The Care and $eedin% of Ideas, 8Cambri1-e* Mass5B MIT Press* "$$:9* ""=5 # See Norber BolA* +ie Welt als Chaos und als Simulation 8Muni)(B Cin'* "$$/9* ""225 3#>3 C!berne i)s 1is in-uis(es be &een ,osi ive an1 ne-a ive 2ee1ba)' loo,s5 Wi ( a ne-a ive 2ee1ba)' loo,* (e 1is)re,an)! o2 in2orma ion be &een in,u an1 ou ,u is minimal* an1 (us i serves o s abiliAe (e s!s em (a ini ia e1 (e re)ursion5 A ,osi ive 2ee1ba)' loo, (as 2ar3rea)(in- re,er)ussions on (e s!s em )on)erne15 I ma! )(an-e (e ori-inal ar-e s an1 &ill en1 o unbalan)e (e s!s em b! bombar1in- i &i ( un)on rollable 2a) ors* ma'in- i im,ossible o ,ro)ess a1eKua el! (e re)eive1 in2orma ion 2or 2ine3 unin- 2ur (er in,u s5 T(ese &o !,es o2 re)ursion mar' e+ reme ins an)es o2 (o& 2ee1ba)' loo,s o,era e5 T(e 1ire) ion in &(i)( re)ursion veers &ill 1e,en1 lar-el! on (e aim o be a)(ieve15 Cor e+am,le* i2 re)ursive loo,in- is mean o )(ar a 2orei-n )ul ure in or1er o brin- i s 2orei-n elemen s &i (in rea)(* (en a -rea 1eal o2 in2orma ion -enera e1 b! (e re)ursion &ill be s)reene1 o225 I2* (o&ever* (e aim is o -ras, o (erness* (en (e o,era ion &ill be ,o&ere1 b! a ,osi ive 2ee1ba)' loo,5 Cor (e ime bein-* (e o,era ive s ru) ure o2 re)ursion 1es)ribe1 above &ill su22i)e as re2eren)e 2or (e ,ara1i-ms I am no& -oin- o ins,e) 5 Re)ursive loo,in- -overns (e 2irs e+am,le* namel!* (e !,e o2 in er,re a ion e (no-ra,(ers a,,l! &(en r!in- o elu)i1a e (e in er)onne) ion be &een (e evolu ion o2 <omo sa,iens an1 (e rise o2 )ul ure5 Cor su)( an en er,rise* (e (ermeneu i) )ir)le* 2or all i s so,(is i)a e1 varia ions* no lon-er &or's5 T(ere is no e+ o be un1ers oo1* no un1ers an1in- o be a,,lie1* an1 no (i11en e+ o be 1e)i,(ere15 Ins ea1* &e (ave as a s ar in- ,oin some (in- (a lies be!on1 &(a (ermeneu i)s is able o )o,e &i (7even i2 some (ermeneu i)is s )laim o (er&ise5 T(a s ar in- ,oin is (e (uman )on2ron a ion &i ( en ro,!5 T(is reKuires &o (in-sB 8a9 es ablis(in- )on rol over en ro,!I an1 8b9 es ablis(in- eKuilibrium be &een (umans an1 (e )on in-en)! o2 (eir environmen 5 T(ese issues are a ,rime )on)ern o2 Cli22or1 Deer A as 1evelo,e1 in (is )olle) ion o2 essa!s Interpretation of Cultures, $ T(e i le o2 one o2 (e lea1in- essa!s* FT(e Im,a) o2 (e Con)e, o2 Cul ure on (e Con)e, o2 Man*G ,oin s alrea1! o a re)ursive rela ions(i,5 W(a &e )all F)ul ureG an1 FmanG are &o mu uall! in er1e,en1en s!s ems (a a,,ear o 2ee1 in o one ano (er* allo&in- us o -ras, (e in er)onne) ion be &een (e evolu ion o2 <omo sa,iens an1 (uman )ul ure as an ar i2i)iall! buil (abi a 5 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO $ Cli22or1 Deer A* The Interpretation of Cultures# Selected *ssays 8Ne& Yor'B Basi)* "$=%95 T(e sour)es o2 all o (er Kuo a ions 2rom (is volume are -iven in in3 e+ re2eren)es o (e a,,ro,ria e ,a-es5 3#=3 In or1er o s,o li-( (is in er)onne) ion a 2e& ,reJu1i)es mus be )leare1 a&a!5 Deer A &ri esB FT(e rise o2 a s)ien i2i) )on)e, o2 )ul ure amoun e1 o* or a leas &as )onne) e1 &i (* (e over (ro& o2 (e vie& o2 (uman na ure 1ominan in (e Enli-( enmen 7a vie& (a * &(a ever else ma! be sai1 2or or a-ains i * &as bo ( )lear an1 sim,le7an1 i s re,la)emen b! a vie& no onl! more )om,li)a e1 bu enormousl! less )lear5 T(e a em, o )lari2! i * o re)ons ru) an in elli-ible a))oun o2 &(a man is* (as un1erlain s)ien i2i) (in'in- abou )ul ure ever sin)eG 8%:95 I2 in eres in )ul ure (as arisen 1ire) l! 2rom (e aban1onmen o2 &(a (e Enli-( enmen oo' (uman na ure o be* e+,lainin- )ul ure be)omes a ,roblem5 T(is ma! be one o2 (e reasons (a (e (ema iAa ion o2 )ul ure is o2 re)en vin a-e an1 (a i is )losel! allie1 o a 1i22eren )on)e, ion o2 (o& <omo sa,iens evolve15

A 1e)isive s(i2 in 2o)us un1erlies Deer AHs in er,re a ion5 T(e less &e are in)line1 o 1e2ine (uman na ure in erms o2 )er ain basi) Kuali ies7 le alone in erms o2 an assume1 )ons an)!* in1e,en1en o2 ime* ,la)e* an1 )ir)ums an)e7 (e more varie1 &ill be (e mo1i2i)a ions o &(i)( (e &ron-l! assume1 )ons an)! o2 (uman na ure is subJe) e15 Su)( a revision lea1s Deer A o (is )on)lusionB Mo1ern an (ro,olo-! Fis 2irm in (e )onvi) ion (a men unmo1i2ie1 b! (e )us oms o2 ,ar i)ular ,la)es 1o no in 2a) e+is * (ave never e+is e1* an1 mos im,or an * )oul1 no in (e ver! na ure o2 (e )ase e+is 5 P T(is )ir)ums an)e ma'es (e 1ra&in- o2 a line be &een &(a is na ural* universal* an1 )ons an in man an1 &(a is )onven ional* lo)al* an1 variable e+ raor1inaril! 1i22i)ul 5 In 2a) * i su--es s (a o 1ra& su)( a line is o 2alsi2! (e (uman si ua ion* or a leas o misren1er i seriousl!G 8%?2595 T(e less )re1en)e &e -ive o ei-( een (3)en ur! )on)e, s o2 (umani !* as mani2es e1 in ,(iloso,(! an1 li era ure* (e -rea er (e 2o)us on )ul ure5 <umans are so en an-le1 in (eir environmen * s(a,e1 an1 )on1i ione1 b! &(a (e! (ave s,un ou o2 (emselves* an1 )(allen-e1 b! (e ver! (abi a (e! (ave buil 2or survival an1 sel23 ,reserva ion* (a inevi abl! (e in eres in )ul ure arises in ,ro,or ion o (e 1e)line o2 a uni2ormi arian vie& o2 (uman na ure5 T(is mar's (e s ar in- ,oin 2or a 2ee1ba)' loo, be &een (umans an1 (eir )ul ure* as Fmen are ,ure an1 sim,l! &(a (eir )ul ure ma'es (emG 8%>9* a )ul ure (a (e! (ave ,ro1u)e1 2or an1 2rom (emselves5 Even su)( a 1!nami) )on)e, ion* (o&ever* is no 2ree 2rom ,i 2alls o &(i)( an e (no-ra,(i)al in er,re a ion o2 (e in er)(an-e be &een (umans an1 (eir (abi a (as o be aler e15 As lon- as (e no ion o2 (e (uman bein- as a Fs ra i2ie1 animalG ,revails 8%#9* (e in er)(an-e be)omes 2roAen a )er ain levelsI Fas one anal!Aes man* one ,eels o22 la!er 3## a2 er la!er* ea)( su)( la!er bein- )om,le e an1 irre1u)ible in i sel2* revealin- ano (er* Kui e 1i22eren sor o2 la!er un1ernea (G 8%=95 I2 ea)( la!er mar's a (!,os a iAa ion o2 (e (uman bein-* &(ose eKui,men is alle-e1 o be -eare1 o s ra i2ie1 levels o2 )ul ure* (en (e Kues ion ,oses i sel2B W(! is )ul ureM Or* &(ere 1oes i )ome 2romM Deer A e+,oses (e assume1 s ra i2i)a ion o2 (e (uman ma'eu, as a serious mis)on)e, ion* ar-uin- (a i is base1 on (e eKuall! un enable i1ea o2 )ul ural universals 8:"95 No&* be)ause (uman'in17ins ea1 o2 bein- )(aine1 o an assume1 )ons an)! o2 (uman na ure7Fis as various in i s essen)e as i is in i s e+,ressionG 8%=9* an! -eneraliAa ion 1oes no a,,l! so mu)( o (uman na ure as o (e me (o1olo-! (rou-( &(i)( (e in era) ion o2 (umans &i ( (eir environmen is mean o be -ras,e15 <en)e so3)alle1 )ul ural universals are no subs an)es (a 2orm (e basis o2 (uman na ure or un1erlie (e )ons i u ion o2 )ul ureI (e! are )(an-eable an1 (en)e nonuniversal res,onses o2 (umans o (eir environmen 5 "0 W(a (ave been 1ubbe1 F)ul ural universalsG 8:09* o &(i)( (e Fs ra i2ie1 animalG seems o be ie1 in a ,rees ablis(e1 rela ions(i,* are no (in- bu ,ro1u) s o2 (uman bein-s (a in urn ,ose a )(allen-e o (eir ,ro1u)ers5 I2 (ere are no )ul ural universals o elu)i1a e (e (uman ma'eu,* (en )ul ure mus be un1ers oo1* a))or1in- o Deer A* as Fe+ ra-ene i)* ou si1e (e3s'in )on rol me)(anismsG 8::95 Su)( an e+ erioriAa ion is in line &i ( &(a An1re Leroi3Dour(an in (is ma-is erial &or' (esture and Speech (as )onsi1ere1 (e (allmar' o2 (ominiAa ionB FT(e &(ole o2 our evolu ion (as been orien e1 o&ar1 ,la)in- ou si1e ourselves &(a in (e res o2 (e animal &orl1 is a)(ieve1 inside b! s,e)ies a1a, a ion5G "" Turnin- (e Finsi1eG ou is ne)essar!* Leroi3Dour(an &ri es* be)ause (rou-(ou our evolu ion* ever sin)e (e re, iles* (e (uman a,,ears as (e in(eri or o2 )rea ures (a es)a,e1 ana omi)al s,e)ialiAa ion5 Nei (er (uman ee ( nor (an1* nei (er (uman 2oo nor* &(en all is sai1 an1 1one* brain (as a aine1 (e ,er2e) ion o2 (e mammo (Hs ee (* (e (orseHs (an1 an1 2oo * or (e brain o2 )er ain bir1s 7 &i ( (e resul (a (umans (ave remaine1 )a,able o2 Jus abou ever! ,ossible a) ion* )an OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO "0 Deer A* $$* )onsi1ers (uman Fres,onse )a,a)i iesG o be F-ene i)all! ,ro-ramme15G "" An1re Leroi3Dour(an* (esture and Speech, rans5 Anna Bos o)' Ber-er 8Cambri1-e* Mass5B MIT Press* "$$%9* /%?5 T(e sour)es o2 all o (er Kuo a ions 2rom (is volume are

-iven in in3 e+ re2eren)es o (e a,,ro,ria e ,a-es5 3#$3 ea ,ra) i)all! an! (in-* )an run an1 )limb* an1 )an use (e unbelievabl! ar)(ai) ,ar o2 (eir s'ele on* (a is* (eir (an1s* o ,er2orm o,era ions 1ire) e1 b! a brain su,ers,e)ialiAe1 in (e s'ill o2 -eneraliAin-5 8""#9 <avin- es)a,e1 or-ani) s,e)ialiAa ion im,lies &o (in-sB 8a9 (ere is no (abi a o &(i)( (umans are -eare1I an1 8b9 la)'in- or-ani) s,e)ialiAa ion ma'es (e (uman* as Deer A (as i * Fan in)om,le e* an un2inis(e1* animalG 8:>9* &(i)( is boun1 o buil1 i s o&n (abi a 2or survival5 Su)( an in errela ions(i, is s ru) ure1 b! re)ursive loo,in-5 Norber Wiener* in ,in,oin in- (is in er)onne) ion* &ri esB Man li'e all o (er or-anisms lives in a )on in-en universe* bu manHs a1van a-e over (e res o2 na ure is (a (e (as (e ,(!siolo-i)al an1 (en)e in elle) ual eKui,men o a1a, (imsel2 o ra1i)al )(an-es in (is environmen 5 P We (ave alrea1! in1i)a e1 (a e22e) ive be(avior mus be in2orme1 b! some sor o2 2ee1ba)' ,ro)ess* ellin- i &(e (er i (as eKualle1 i s -oal or 2allen s(or 5 T(e sim,les 2ee1ba)'s 1eal &i ( -ross su))ess or 2ailures o2 ,er2orman)e5 P <o&ever* (ere are man! o (er 2orms o2 2ee1ba)' o2 a more sub le na ure5 "/ W(a ever 2orms (e 2ee1ba)' ma! a'e in ea)( o2 i s in1ivi1ual ins an)es* a basi) ,rin)i,le is o,era ive in all o2 (em* namel!* &ri es Wiener* F2ee1ba)' is a me (o1 o2 )on rollin- a s!s em b! reinser in- in o i (e resul s o2 i s ,as ,er2orman)eG 8>"95 I2 )ul ure )onsis s o2 an assembl! o2 Fou si1e3 (e3s'in )on rol me)(anismsG 2or -ui1in- an1 s ru) urin- (uman be(avior* as &ell as 2or )on rollin- an en ro,i) environmen * (en )ul ure is no some (in- a11e1 on o (e Fun2inis(e1 animalG bu ra (er a )en ral in-re1ien o2 (uman sel2,ro1u) ion in (e en1less Kues o )om,le e (e un2inis(e1 animal i sel25 T(is in errela ions(i, is (e ,oin o2 1e,ar ure 2or (e e (no-ra,(i)al in er,re a ion (a Deer A 1es)ribes as 2ollo&sB FIn s(or * &e nee1 o loo' 2or s!s ema i) rela ions(i,s amon- 1iverse ,(enomena* no 2or subs an ive i1en i ies amon- similar ones5 An1 o 1o (a &i ( an! e22e) iveness* &e nee1 o re,la)e (e Qs ra i-ra,(i)R )on)e, ion o2 (e rela ions be &een (e various as,e) s o2 (uman e+is en)e &i ( a s!n (e i) oneI (a is* one in &(i)( biolo-i)al* ,s!)(olo-i)al* so)iolo-i)al* an1 )ul ural 2a) ors )an be rea e1 as variables &i (in uni ar! s!s ems o2 anal!sisG 8::95 An1 (e OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO "/ Wiener* "uman Use, ?#5 3$0 a11s (a su)( a me (o1olo-i)al ,ro)e1ure is b! no means ne&* bu a,,lies eKuall! o Fa number o2 re)en 1evelo,men s P in o (er s)ien)es*G su)( as F)!berne i)sG 8:?95 Loo'in2or s!s ema i) rela ions(i,s amon- 1iverse ,(enomena reKuires a 2ee1ba)' loo, (a &ill enable variable 2a) ors o be in e-ra e1 in o a uni ar! s!s em o2 anal!sis* sin)e (e 1iverse ,(enomena o be un2ol1e1 (ave no essen)e o2 (eir o&n5 T(e! )(an-e in rela ion o (e un2inis(e1 animal (a s abiliAes an1 2inall! )rea es i sel2 (rou-( )ul ure5 T(ere2ore Deer A ar-ues as 2ollo&sB Be &een (e )ul ural ,a ern* (e bo1!* an1 (e brain* a ,osi ive 2ee1ba)' s!s em &as )rea e1 in &(i)( ea)( s(a,e1 (e ,ro-ress o2 (e o (er* a s!s em in &(i)( (e in era) ion amon- in)reasin- ool use* (e )(an-inana om! o2 (e (an1* an1 (e e+,an1in- re,resen a ion o2 (e (umb on (e )or e+ is onl! one o2 (e more -ra,(i) e+am,les5 B! submi in- (imsel2 o -overnan)e b! s!mboli)all! me1ia e1 ,ro-rams 2or ,ro1u)in- ar i2a) s* or-aniAin- so)ial li2e* or e+,ressin- emo ions* man 1e ermine1* i2 un&i in-l!* (e )ulmina in- s a-es o2 (is o&n biolo-i)al 1es in!5 Vui e li erall!* (ou-( Kui e ina1ver en l!* (e )rea e1 (imsel2 P Wi (ou men* no )ul ure* )er ainl!I bu eKuall!* an1 more si-ni2i)an l!* &i (ou )ul ure* no men5 8:#29

T(us re)ursive loo,in- a'es ,la)e on various levels* an1 ea)( o2 (ese in urn 2un) ions b! &a! o2 2ee1ba)' loo,s5 T(is is eKuall! rue o2 (e brain i sel2* &(ose nervous s!s em o,era es in a )ir)ui o2 loo,s* Fi5e5* )lose1 loo,s* (e su,er,osi ion o2 (i-(er level loo,s on lo&er ones* an1 so onG 8=/95 "% W(a (a,,ens insi1e (e brain o))urs be &een brain an1 bo1!* OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO "% Cor )orrobora ion o2 su)( a s a emen * Deer A enlis s (e su,,or o2 neuro,(!siolo-is s b! Kuo in- some o2 (eir 2in1in-sB T(e &or'in- o2 (e )en ral nervous s!s em is a (ierar)(i) a22air in &(i)( 2un) ions a a (i-(er level 1o no 1eal 1ire) l! &i ( (e ul ima e s ru) ural uni s* su)( as neurons or mo or uni s* bu o,era e b! a) iva in- lo&er ,a erns (a (ave (eir o&n rela ivel! au onomous s ru) ural uni !5 T(e same is rue 2or (e sensor! in,u * &(i)( 1oes no ,roJe) i sel2 1o&n o (e las 2inal ,a ( o2 mo or neurons* bu o,era es b! a22e) in-* 1is or in-* an1 some(o& mo1i2!in- (e ,re3e+is in-* ,re2orme1 ,a erns o2 )en ral )oor1ina ion* &(i)(* in urn* (en )on2er (eir 1is or ions u,on (e lo&er ,a erns o2 e22e) ion an1 so on5 P T(e s ru) ure o2 (e in,u 1oes no ,ro1u)e (e s ru) ure o2 (e ou ,u * bu merel! mo1i2ies in rinsi) nervous a) ivi ies (a (ave a s ru) ural or-aniAa ion o2 (eir o&n5 8=0259 3$" -es ure an1 s,ee)(* an1 in (e overall in era) ion be &een (e F,las i)i !G 8:$9 o2 (e un2inis(e1 animal an1 (e ar i2i)iall! )rea e1 (abi a 5 O2 )ourse* (ere is no ,roo2 (a re)ursive loo,in- is a buil 3in s ru) ure ran-in- 2rom (e 2un) ionin- o2 (e brain o (e ,a ernin- o2 (uman ,las i)i ! b! (e Fou si1e3 (e3s'in )on rol me)(anismsG (a * as a (uman ,ro1u) * )on rol bo ( (uman be(avior an1 (e en ro,i) environmen 8::95 W(a ma! a,,ear as an in(eren ,ro,er ! o2 (e ,(enomena )on)erne1 is* in (e 2inal anal!sis* no (in- bu a s ra e-! o2 in er,re a ion5 Su)( a s ra e-! seems more ,lausible &(enever (e 1ivi1in- line be &een (e subJe) ma er an1 (e re-is er o2 in er,re a ion be)omes blurre1* so (a (e me (o1 o2 -ras,in- is a'en 2or (e in(eren ,a ern o2 (e subJe) ma er i sel25 W(! is (e in er,re ive s ra e-! o2 re)ursive loo,in- so in1is,ensable &(en &e see' o elu)i1a e (e rise o2 <omo sa,iensM Deer A ans&ers as 2ollo&sB FWe live* as one &ri er (as nea l! ,u i * in an Qin2orma ion -a,5R Be &een &(a our bo1! ells us an1 &(a &e (ave o 'no& in or1er o 2un) ion* (ere is a va)uum &e mus 2ill ourselves* an1 &e 2ill i &i ( in2orma ion 8or misin2orma ion9 ,rovi1e1 b! our )ul ure5 T(e boun1ar! be &een &(a is inna el! )on rolle1 an1 &(a is )ul urall! )on rolle1 in (uman be(avior is an ill31e2ine1 an1 &averin- oneG 8?095 Brea (in-* 2or ins an)e* is -ene i)all! )on rolle1 an1 reKuires no )ul ural -ui1an)e* &(ereas our Fi1eas* our values* our a) s* even our emo ions* are* li'e our nervous s!s em i sel2* )ul ural ,ro1u) s7,ro1u) s manu2a) ure1* in1ee1* ou o2 en1en)ies* )a,a)i ies* an1 1is,osi ions &i ( &(i)( &e &ere born* bu manu2a) ure1 none (elessG 8?095 W(a * (o&ever* is even more im,or an (an mar'in- (ese 1is in) ions is (e Fin2orma ion -a,G i sel2* &(i)( no onl! ri--ers re)ursive loo,in- bu also reveals &(! re)ursion is (e o,era ion bes sui e1 o 1ealin- &i ( i 5 T(e in2orma ion -a, (as a 1ual re2eren)eB i a,,lies o bo ( (umans an1 (eir environmen 5 T(ere is a va)uum in (e un2inis(e1 animal i sel2* (i-(li-( e1 b! i s ,las i)i !* (a nee1s o be ,a erne1 2or (e sa'e o2 sel23,reserva ionI an1 (ere is (e va)uum o2 an en ro,i) universe o &(i)( (umans are e+,ose15 T(e in)e, ion o2 )ul ure ,resen s i sel2 as an e22or o s,li en ro,! in o or1er an1 )on in-en)!* an1 su)( an a) ,rovi1es in2orma ion inso2ar as in2orma ion is Fa measure o2 or-aniAa ion*G ": (us allo&in- 2or 1i22eren ia ion5 4i22eren ia in- is (e 2irs s e, o&ar1 es ablis(in- Fou si1e3 (e3s'in )on rol me)(anismsG (a * (ou-( ini iall! e+ ra,ola e1 2rom (umans* be-in OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO ": Wiener* "uman Use, /"5 3$/3

re)ursivel! o ,a ern (uman ,las i)i !* (e ou )ome o2 &(i)( is a-ain 2e1 2or&ar1 in o )(ar in- (e environmen 5 I2 1&ellin- in (e in2orma ion -a, ori-inall! means (a (e un2inis(e1 animal is e+,ose1 o en ro,!* (e 2illin- o2 (e -a, is a)(ieve1 b! (uman )ul ure* &(i)( s ill re2le) s (e 1ual re2eren)e o2 (e va)uum5 En ro,! is rans2orme1 in o or1er* an1 or1er in urn s(a,es (uman ,las i)i !* (rou-( &(i)( all (uman bein-s are rans2orme1 in o F)ul ural ar i2a) sG 8?"95 I is 1ue o (is va)uum (a &e (ave )ul ure* &(i)(* o2 )ourse* im,lies (a (e la er (as no ori-ins ou si1e (e (uman s'in5 I2 (e in2orma ion -a, &ere ever 1one a&a! &i (* (uman sel23,ro1u) ion (rou-( )ul ure &oul1 )ome o an en15 I s )on inue1 ,resen)e )an be -au-e1 b! i s re,er)ussions on )ul ure* &(i)( is )ons an l! e+,ose1 o )(an-e5 ConseKuen l!* &e )an never i1en i2! s,e)i2i) 2ea ures o2 )ul ure &i ( )ul ure i sel2* as all i s 2ea ures seem 1es ine1 o issue in o (eir o&n o (erness5 In (e 2inal anal!sis* (e in2orma ion -a, is a )(allen-e o in er,re a ion i sel25 I (as o be me b! (e )on)e, o2 re)ursive loo,in-* &(ose e+,lana or! ,o&er ma'es i ,ossible o -ras, (e ,ro)ess o2 (ominiAa ion as &ell as (e in er)(an-e be &een (e rise o2 <omo sa,iens an1 (uman )ul ureI (is in urn )on1i ions (uman'in1 b! &(a i (as 2e1 2or&ar15 T(e less an-ible (e subJe) ma er 2or in er,re a ion* (e more versa ile (e in er,re ive ,ro)e1ures (ave o be)ome5 In)rease1 versa ili ! 1is in-uis(es (e re)ursive loo, inso2ar as (e 2or&ar1 2ee1 an1 (e ba)'&ar1 2ee1 1evelo, (rou-( re)i,ro)al )orre) ion* &(ose )on inua ion is 1e ermine1 b! (e e+ en o &(i)( (e subJe) ma er (as been brou-( un1er )on rol5 T(e buil 3in 2ine3 unin- be &een in,u an1 ou ,u (rou-( 2ailure an1 su))ess (a -ui1es (e re)ursion (as re,er)ussions on (e re-is er o2 in er,re a ion in o &(i)( (e subJe) ma er is o be ransla e15 T(is )an be observe1 in (e assessmen o2 &o im,or an )ons i u ive )om,onen s o2 )ul ureB (e manu2a) urin- o2 ools an1 (e ,ro1u) ion o2 s!mbols5 Leroi3Dour(an* &(o )onsi1ers F (e )on)e, o2 ools as bein- a Qse)re ionR o2 (e an (ro,oi1Hs bo1! an1 brainG 8$"9* ries o -ras, (is Fse)re ionG (rou-( &(a (e )alls 2un) ional aes (e i)s5 FSe)re ion*G o2 )ourse* is (e me on!mi) 1es)ri, ion o2 a blan' (a )anno be 2ille1 b! an asser ion o2 &(a su)( a se)re ion is li'e* no leas as (e ool a,,ears o be an o22s(oo o2 (e in era) ion be &een brain an1 (an1* an in era) ion (a o,era es re)ursivel!5 T(e ool is no an im,lemen e+is in- 2or i s o&n sa'e bu (as o 2ul2ill a 2un) ion5 Cor (is reason* i (as o (ave 2orm* &(i)( is* (o&ever* subservien o i s use5 T(e 2orm o2 (e ool ensures (e a,,ro,ria e a,,li)a3 3$%3 ion* (us in e-ra in- (e ool &i ( (e ,ur,ose 2or &(i)( i (as been 1esi-ne15 FCun) ion an1 2orm* bo ( a1ri2 in ime* )ons an l! in era) G 8%0095 A-ain a -a, be &een 2un) ion an1 2orm (as o be narro&e1 in or1er o ,er2e) (e 2un) ionin- o2 (e ool5 Leroi3Dour(an &ri esB FMos livin- bein-s an1 obJe) s are balan)e1 in a )om,le+ in er,la! be &een 8"9 (e evolu ion o2 ea)( 2un) ion o&ar1 sa is2a) or! 2orms* 8/9 a )om,romise be &een various 2un) ions &(ereb! (e 2orms are main aine1 a a more or less (i-( level o2 a,,ro+ima ion* an1 8%9 su,ers ru) ures in(eri e1 2rom (e biolo-i)al or e (ni) ,as * &(i)( are re2le) e1 in Q1e)ora iveR elemen sG 8%0"95 I2 (e -a, be &een 2orm an1 2un) ion allo&s 2or a )er ain la i u1e o2 in er,re a ion* (e 2i-ura ive elemen as (e F1ialo-ue be &een (e ma'er an1 (e ma erial em,lo!e1G 8%0>9 ,oin s o an a11i ional e22or o a)(ieve sui abili ! in (e ,ro)ess o2 manu2a) urin- ools5 Ci-ura ion* al (ou-( i a,,ears o be (e si-na ure o2 (e e (ni) -rou, mar'e1 on (e ool* never (eless re,resen s (e rela ions(i, be &een (e Fma'erG an1 (is or (er ,ro1u) * &(i)( in1i)a es a s rivin- 2or mas er! in (e in er,la! be &een 2un) ion an1 2orm5 FT(is ri,le as,e) o2 (e aes (e i)s o2 ,ro1u) s o2 (uman in1us r! is o be 2oun1 in all areas o2 e)(nolo-!* bu in var!in- ,ro,or ions (a a))en ua e (e ambivalen na ure o2 2un) ionali !G 8%0#95 Never (eless* minimal )on1i ions 2or a1eKua e 2un) ionali ! are al&a!s observe15 T(ere mus beB 8a9 an i1eal me)(ani)al 2un) ionI 8b9 a 2orm (a ensures 2un) ional a,,ro+ima ionI an1 8)9 a s !le (a 2i-ures

e (ni) )on)e, ions5 Leroi3Dour(an )alle1 (e in ermes(in- o2 (ese (ree as,e) s Fa )!)le*G Kuali2!in- i onl! inso2ar as ea)( o2 i s as,e) s is ei (er 1ominan or subservien B FT(e ,re1ominan elemen o2 (e )!)le 1e,en1s on (e )a e-or! o &(i)( (e ,ro1u) belon-s* bu normall! all (ree elemen s are ,resen G 8%0$95 T(e un1erl!in- ,a ern (a s ru) ures (e in er,re a ion o2 oolma'in- (as &o im,li)a ionsB 8a9 T(e )!)le in er)onne) s (e (ree as,e) s* (us 2ormin- a )ir)ui 5 T(is ma'es 2un) ion* 2orm* an1 2i-ura ion )on inuall! 2ee1 in o one ano (er 2or (e ,ur,ose o2 o, imiAin- (e a1eKua)! o2 (e ool5 T(e 2ee1in- al&a!s o,era es re)ursivel!* enablin- (e ool o evolve o&ar1 i s ne)essar! ,er2e) ion5 T(e )ir)ui un2ol1s (e ri,le as,e) o2 oolma'in- as a ,ro)ess se in mo ion b! (e in er)onne) e1 )om,onen s (a * &(ile 2ee1in- in o one ano (er* are boun1 o be)ome re2ine1* so (a (e ,ro)ess ,ro1u)es (e in1ivi1uali ! o2 (e )om,onen s5 8b9 T(e re-is er in o &(i)(* 2or (e ,ur,ose o2 )om,re(ension* (e manu2a) urin- o2 ools as a se)re ion o2 (an1 an1 brain is ransla e1 is a (i-(l! 2le+ible or-aniAa ion5 T(e se)re ion is a blan' (a )anno be 2ille1 b! an! s rai-( 2or&ar1 asser ion5 Ins ea1* i (as o be a,,roa)(e1 in su)( a &a! (a (e 2rame3 3$:3 &or' brou-( o bear 2or ransla in- i mus o,era e re)ursivel!5 Cun) ion* 2orm* an1 2i-ura ion as )ons i u ive )om,onen s o2 (e re-is er are in (emselves em, ! abs ra) ions an1 (en)e in (eir a) ual o,era ion are )on inuall! e+,ose1 o re)i,ro)al in1ivi1ualiAa ion as mani2es e1 (rou-( (e s,e)i2i)i ! o2 (e sin-le ool5 Obviousl!* (ere is no en1 o (e in1ivi1ualiAa ion o2 (e )om,onen s (a -o in o oolma'in-* an1 i is (rou-( (is unen1in- s,e)i2i)a ion o2 (e )ir)ui be &een 2un) ion* 2orm* an1 2i-ura ion (a (e in an-ible se)re ion is ransla e1 in o erms o2 ,er)e, ion5 "? Some (in- similar is o be observe1 in (e F)ul ure )on)e, G as a1van)e1 b! Deer A* 2or &(om )ul ure* as (e ar i2i)ial (abi a buil in o a va)uum* is a s!mbol s!s em 8#$95 S!mbols are7a))or1in- o a )onsensus ,revailin- amon- e (no-ra,(ers7e+ erioriAa ions o2 (e ima-ina ion 2or (e ,ur,ose o2 or-aniAin- (e na ural environmen o2 (umans* in e-ra in- s,a)e an1 ime in o (e (uman orbi an1 eKuall! (e in1ivi1ual in o (e -rou,* (ereb! )on rollin- &(a (umans (ave been able o es ablis(5 T(ese 1iversi2ie1 as's Kuali2! s!mbols as ,er2orma ives* 2rom &(i)( &e ma! )on)lu1e (a )ul ure i sel2 is a ,er2orman)e* no leas as (e ar i2i)ial (abi a is )on inuousl! bein- ,ro1u)e1 &i (ou ever bein- )om,le e15 S!mbols as Fe+ rinsi)G 8$/9 )ul ural ,ro-rams Fare so im,or an P onl! be)ause (uman be(avior is so loosel! 1e ermine1 b! in rinsi) sour)es o2 in2orma ion5G T(e s!mbol* a))or1in- o Deer A* is mar'e1 b! a 1uali !B FI is a mo1el of Qreali !*RG an1 Fa mo1el for Qreali !5RG FUnli'e -enes* an1 o (er nons!mboli) in2orma ion sour)es* &(i)( are onl! mo1els for, no mo1els of, )ul ure ,a erns (ave an in rinsi) 1ouble as,e) B (e! -ive meanin-* (a is* obJe) ive )on)e, ual 2orm* o so)ial an1 ,s!)(olo-i)al reali ! bo ( b! s(a,in- (emselves o i an1 b! s(a,in- i o (emselvesG 8$%95 T(is 1uali ! ma'es i ,ossible o -ras, (e o,era ional in en o2 (e s!mbol* &(i)( is an abs ra) ion 2rom some (in- 2or (e ,ur,ose o2 s(a,in- some (in-5 Su)( a 1uali ! )an be observe1* 2or ins an)e* in (e o em* &(i)( bears a 1ual ins)ri, ion inso2ar as i is an abs ra) ion 2rom (e animal 'in-1om 2or (e ,ur,ose o2 )rea in- (e i1en i ! o2 a so)ial -rou,5 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO "? I is ,er inen o no e (a Leroi3Dour(an* &(o 1es)ribes (e ,ro)ess o2 (ominiAa ion as a )on inual Qbran)(in-R an1 Qbi2ur)a ion*R never (eless a,,lies a re)ursive ,a ern o2 in er,re a ion &(en i )omes o 1e ailin- s,e)i2i) ins an)es o2 (o& (omini1s (ave )o,e1 &i ( (eir environmen 5 T(is ,a ern ma! be a,,lie1 o (uman e)(nolo-! in -eneral5 One mi-( even be in)line1 o )onsi1er bran)(in- an1 bi2ur)a ion as (e ou )ome o2 in,u s (a (omini1s (ave ma1e in o (eir en ro,i) environmen 5 3$?3 T(e 1ual as,e) o2 (e s!mbol re2le) s (e )(asm (a se,ara es (umans 2rom (e environmen o &(i)( (e! are e+,ose1* an1 i is simul aneousl! an a em, o )ome o

-ri,s &i ( (is )(asm5 T(ere2ore an abs ra) ion 2rom (e so3)alle1 real &orl1 (as o be ma1e* (ou-( no so mu)( in or1er o re,resen i as o ma'e i serve as a ,a ern 2or or-aniAin- )(allen-in- reali ies5 I2 s!mbols are )onsi1ere1 re,resen a ive a all* (eir 1uali ! is a bes in1i)a ive o2 (e )(asm* &(i)( is 2ea ureless an1 (as ei (er o be bri1-e1 or en)om,asse1 b! (e 1ual s ru) ure* (us ma'in- (e s!mbol in o a 2orm o2 a) ion5 T(e ,er2orma ive im,ulse o2 (e s!mbol &oul1 no issue in o an a) ual ,er2orman)e* (o&ever* i2 (e s!mbol 1i1 no o,era e in 2ee1ba)' loo,s5 As a mo1el of, i is a s)(ema iAe1 abs ra) ion 2rom some (in- -ivenI as a mo1el for, i is a em,la e 2or )(ar in- some (inne&5 W(enever (e s)(ema is 2e1 2or&ar1 8in an a em, o brin- or1er ou o2 1isor1er9 an1 2ails o all! &i ( &(a (as been aime1 a * a 2ee1ba)' loo, o))urs (a ma! resul in ei (er a mo1i2i)a ion o2 (e ini ial abs ra) ion or a sear)( 2or o (er areas 2rom &(i)( mo1els )an be ob aine1 2or (e ,ur,ose )on)erne15 Deer A is Kui e e+,li)i abou (e na ure o2 su)( an in errela ions(i,I (e )(ara) eriAes (e s(i2 s be &een mo1els o2 an1 mo1els for as Fin er rans,osabili !*G &(i)( 2or (im is F (e 1is in) ive )(ara) eris i) o2 our men ali !G 8$:95 FIn er rans,osabili !G 1es)ribes (e !,e o2 re)ursion o,era ive in (e s!mbolHs 1ual s ru) ure5 T(e la er ,oin s o (e 2a) (a Fs ru) ure is related o un)er ain !* bu no o (e la)' o2 i * an1 o (ave s ru) ure is o (ave un)er ain !5G T(e 1uali ! o2 (e s!mbol (us )onver s un)er ain ! in o a ma,,in- o2 )ul ure5 <o&ever elabora e (e 1ual s ru) ure urns ou o be* o Fin)rease s ru) ure is also o in)rease un)er ain !*G "> &(i)( means )ul ure is no an over)omin- o2 (e la er bu ra (er a )on inual s,e)i2i)a ion b! means o2 (is ver! un)er ain !5 T(e )(asm se,ara in- or1er 2rom )on in-en)! is en)om,asse1 b! (e 1ual s ru) ure o2 (e s!mbol* &(i)( allo&s i o e+ en1 be!on1 (e )on2ines o2 &(a (as been mas ere1 so 2ar an1 o ,rovi1e -ui1an)e 2or &(a (as o be )o,e1 &i (B (e en ro,i) environmen * (e a,,re(ension o2 (uman e+,erien)e* an1 (e )(allen-e e+er)ise1 b! )ul ural a)(ievemen s o &(i)( (umans are e+,ose15 T(e )(asm urns ou o be an ener-iAin- sour)e 2or )(an-e* an1 )(an-e in urn is un)er ain ! (a 2ee1s in o (e OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO "> See W5 R5 Darner* Uncertainty and Structure as Psycholo%ical Concepts 8Ne& Yor'B Wile!* "$>/9* %%$5 3$>3 1ual s ru) ure o2 (e s!mbols* (us 1iversi2!in- an ever3-ro&in- )ul ural ,a ernin-5
"=

In er,re in- )ul ure as s!mboli) a) ion ,o&ere1 b! (e mu ual rans,osi ion be &een a mo1el o2 an1 a mo1el for reKuires a (i-(l! versa ile re-is er in o &(i)( su)( a )on)e, ion o2 )ul ure is ransla e15 T(e re-is er (a Leroi3Dour(an a1van)e1 2or ransla inoolma'in- in o )on)e, ual lan-ua-e alrea1! s(o&e1 a 2le+ible s ru) ure b! lin'in- (ree 1i22eren as,e) s* &(ose re)i,ro)al in era) ion ma'es i ,ossible o ,in,oin in1ivi1ualiAa ion as (e 1e)isive 2ea ure o2 oolma'in-5 Trans,osin- (e in an-ible rise an1 1evelo,men o2 )ul ure in o an in er,re ive re-is er ,oses (e Kues ion as o &(e (er an! 2a) ors* as,e) s* or even )on)e, s )oul1 be ,os ula e1 2or su)( an in er,re a ion5 <o&ever* 2a) ors* as,e) s* an1 )on)e, s are erms o2 re2eren)e (a * &(en a,,lie1* &oul1 subJe) )ul ure)on)eive1 as a re)ursivel! o,era in- s!mboli) a) ion7 o an alien 2rame&or'5 W(a &e (ave* (en* is less a )o-ni ion o2 )ul ure (an a rea1in- o2 i * as Deer A (as ,ro,ose15 Rea1in- si-ns Fis sor in- ou (e s ru) ure o2 si-ni2i)a ionG 8$9* &(ere (e la er )onsis s o2 F,ile13u, s ru) ures o2 in2eren)e an1 im,li)a ion (rou-( &(i)( an e (no-ra,(er is )on inuall! r!in- o ,i)' (is &a!G 8=95 An1 !e Deer A see's o ,rovi1e Fa rea ise in )ul ural (eor!G 8viii9* &(i)( )alls 2or a )er ain )o(eren)e (a is o be a)(ieve1 b! &(a (e erms F (i)' 1es)ri, ion*G rou-(l! ou line1 as 2ollo&sB FCul ural anal!sis is 8or s(oul1 be9 -uessin- a meanin-s* assessin- (e -uesses* an1 1ra&in- e+,lana or! )on)lusions 2rom (e be er -uesses* no 1is)overin- (e Con inen o2 Meanin- an1 ma,,in- ou i s bo1iless lan1s)a,eG 8/095 Su)( -uessin- an1 assessin- o2 -uesses )anno a,,eal 2or veri2i)a ion o an! -iven 2rame o2 re2eren)e bu (as o ,ro1u)e one 2or i sel2 (rou-( (i)' 1es)ri, ion5 <o& is (is o be 1oneM Ini iall! b! invo'in- a ne-a ive re2eren)e 2rom &(i)( (i)' 1es)ri, ion is o be 1is in-uis(e1B (a is* F (in 1es)ri, ion*G

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO "= Po en iall!* su)( a re)ursive movemen be &een (umans an1 (eir )ul ure &ill never )ome o an en15 T(is a,,lies eKuall! o (e s!mboli) a) ion a))or1in- o &(i)( )ul ure is )(ar e1* an1 as (umans are ,a erne1 b! &(a (e! (ave )(ar e1* (e re)ursive loo,in&ill never a)(ieve a 2inal (omeos asis5 On (e )on rar!* al (ou-( (ere ma! be in ermi en s a es o2 (omeos asis* (e! &ill be unbalan)e1 b! ne& )(allen-es o &(i)( (umans (ave o res,on15 T(is is 1ue o (e 2a) (a )ul ure* as &e 'no& i * is an assembl! o2 (uman res,onses* &(ose variabili ! arises ou o2 &(a Deer A )alle1 (e F-ene i)all! ,ro-ramme1 P res,onse )a,a)i ies5G 8$$9 3$=3 &(i)( is ,rimaril! a rei2i)a ion o2 abs ra) )on)e, s (a are su,erim,ose1 on )ul ure5 <en)e* ins ea1 o2 s&ee,in- abs ra) ions* F (e 1eli)a)! o2 P 1is in) ionsG is (e ,rime )on)ern o2 observa ion 8/?9* no leas as e (no-ra,(i) in er,re a ion mus a'e Fo (er ,eo,lesH s!mbol s!s ems Si5e5* (eir )ul ureTG as Fa) or3orien e1G 8":95 Rea1in- su)( s!mbol s!s ems is a ma er no so mu)( o2 -ras,in- &(a (e! ma! re,resen as brin-inou &(a (e! im,l!5 T(ere is a -a, be &een &(a is mani2es an1 &(a is im,lie15 T(i)' 1es)ri, ion (ere2ore s rives o un2ol1 (e im,li)a ions (a (e mani2es si-n a,,ears o (aveI &(ereas (in 1es)ri, ion amoun s o a a+onomi)al lis in- o2 ,er)eivable ,(enomena* a'in- (e obvious 2or a sel2e+,lana or! 2a) 5 Deer A ,rovi1es a ra (er ellin- e+am,le o2 (o& (i)' 1es)ri, ion is mean o o,era e b! re2errin- o a Bee (oven Kuar e Fas an* a1mi e1l! ra (er s,e)ial bu * 2or (ese ,ur,oses* ni)el! illus ra ive* sam,le o2 )ul ure5G <e )on inuesB No one &oul1* I (in'* i1en i2! i &i ( i s s)ore* &i ( (e s'ills an1 'no&le1-e nee1e1 o ,la! i * &i ( (e un1ers an1in- o2 i ,ossesse1 b! i s ,er2ormers or au1i ors* nor* o a'e )are* en passant, o2 (e re1u) ionis s an1 rei2iers* &i ( a ,ar i)ular ,er2orman)e o2 i or &i ( some m!s erious en i ! rans)en1in- ma erial e+is en)e5 P Bu (a a Bee (oven Kuar e is a em,orall! 1evelo,e1 onal s ru) ure* a )o(eren seKuen)e o2 mo1ele1 soun1 7 in a &or1* musi) 7 an1 no an!bo1!Hs 'no&le1-e o2 or belie2 abou an! (in-* in)lu1in- (o& o ,la! i * is a ,ro,osi ion o &(i)( mos ,eo,le are* u,on re2le) ion* li'el! o assen 5 8""L"/9 W(a ever )om,onen s are o be observe1* (e! (ave o be in errela e1* (us allo&in- us o sense &(a (e! a1umbra eB (e musi)5 Brin-in- o li-( &(a (e observable si-ns a,,ear o in1i)a e ,ro)ee1s b! means o2 a re)i,ro)al in er rans,osabili !5 T(rou-( in er rans,osabili !* si-ns as si-ni2iers are ma1e o rea1 one ano (er5 Rea1insi-ns is a ma er less o2 -ras,in- &(a (e! re,resen (an o2 s,o li-( in- &(a (e! im,l!5 T(ere is al&a!s a -a, be &een &(a is mani2es an1 &(a is im,lie15 T(i)' 1es)ri, ion is (ere2ore 2irs an1 2oremos an un2ol1in- o2 (e im,li)a ions o2 (e mani2es * &(i)( (us be)omes all (e more ri)(l! or)(es ra e15 W(en si-ns are ma1e o rea1 one ano (er* (e! be-in o un2ol1 (eir im,li)a ions* &(i)( boun)e ba)' on &(a (e! ini iall! seeme1 o (ave mani2es e15 T(us (ere be-ins a re)ursive movemen be &een (e mani2es an1 (e im,lie1* ou o2 &(i)( 3$# a )on inuall! sel23re2inin- semio i) &eb evolves as a re-is er in o &(i)( )ul ure as s!mboli) a) ion is ransla e15 Be)ause (ere is no -iven re2eren)e 2or su)( a mu ual rans,osi ion o2 (e mani2es an1 (e im,lie1* re)ursivel! o,era in- in er rans,osabili ! realiAes i sel2 in a )on inual i era ion be &een in,u an1 ou ,u 5 I era ion is al&a!s (e same o,era ion* &(ose re,e i ion* (o&ever* 2ee1s )(an-in- in,u s an1 ou ,u s in o one ano (er* (ereb! 2ine3 unin- (e semio i) &eb (rou-( )on inue1 in era) ion5 In (is res,e) * i era ion 2un) ions as (e re2eren)e 2or re)ursive loo,in-* &(i)( issues in o an ever3e+,an1in- ran-e o2 (i)' 1es)ri, ion5 I is* (o&ever* also an in1i)a ion (a F)ul ural anal!sis is in rinsi)all! in)om,le e5 An1* &orse (an (a * (e more 1ee,l! i -oes (e less )om,le e i isG 8/$95 An1 !e (is ma'es in er rans,osabili ! o,era in- in loo,s no less a1eKua e as a me (o1

2or ransla in- )ul ure* be)ause )ul ure* &(i)( -enera es i s or-aniAa ions as &ell as (e s(i2 s &i (in i s ne &or'* 2in1s i s a,,ro,ria e in er,re a ion (rou-( (e i era ive in er rans,osabili ! o2 (e si-n5

S%ste*ic Recursion
Re)ursive loo,in- as an o,era ional s ra e-! is o2 eKual im,or an)e 2or )(ar in- (e salien 2ea ures o2 )ul ure5 In er,re in- (e la er no lon-er see's o )on rol en ro,! bu se s ou o s(o& (o& )ul ure &or's* an1 (is reKuires a re oolin- o2 in er,re ive ,ro)e1ures5 @us as (e (ermeneu i) )ir)le &as re)on)eive1 2or (e )(an-in- as's i (a1 o ,er2orm* some (in- similar (a,,ens o (e 2ee1ba)' loo, o2 in,u 6ou ,u &(en (e subJe) o be -ras,e1 1i22ers 2rom (a &(i)( (e e (no-ra,(ers are )on)erne1 &i (5 Su)( a ,ara1i-m s&i )( is o be observe1 in &(a (as been )alle1 (e San ia-o s)(ool o2 s!s ems (eor!* o2 &(i)( Cran)is)o Varela is a maJor ,ro,onen 5 Al (ou-( (e s ru) ure o2 2ee1ba)' loo,s (a (e ,ro,oses is no mean as a s ra e-! 2or in er,re in- )ul ure bu serves o elu)i1a e (e ,rin)i,les o2 biolo-!* i never (eless len1s i sel2 o -eneraliAa ions* as Varela (imsel2 su--es s5 <is em,(asis on re)ursion is in ima el! ie1 o &(a is basi) 2or (im* (a is* (e 2a) (a F (e a) o2 1is in) ion lies a (e 2oun1a ion o2 an! 1es)ri, ion5 T(e mos 2un1amen al o,era ion is (a o2 1is in-uis(in- (e Qi R o be s u1ie1 2rom i s ba)'-roun15 A 1is in) ion emer-es ou o2 (e observer3)ommuni ! (a 1e)i1es (e sense in &(i)( a 1is in) ion is ,er2orme15 T(us &e (ave ,(!si)al boun1aries* 2un) ional -rou,in-s* )on)e, ual )a e-oriAa ions* an1 so on* in an in2ini el! varie-a e1 3$$ museum o2 ,ossible 1is in) ions5G "# Be)ause (ese 1is in) ions 1emar)a e boun1aries* (e! be)ome an obJe) o2 observa ion inso2ar as one (as o 2in1 ou &(a is en aile1 i2 (ese boun1aries are )rosse15 4is in) ions allo& us o )on)eive as uni ies &(a (e! (ave se,ara e1* an1 (ese en1 o be)ome re)i,ro)al 2oils 2or one ano (er5 Varela )alls (ese uni ies s!s ems* &(ose in ernal s ru) ure an1 e+ ernal rela ions ,resen (emselves as ar-e s 2or e+,lora ion5 T(is is all (e more e+,e1ien as (e F&orl1 1oes no ,resen i sel2 o us nea l! 1ivi1e1 in o s!s ems* subs!s ems* environmen s* an1 so on5 T(ese are 1ivisions &e ma'e ourselves 2or various ,ur,osesG 8#%95 "$ One o2 VarelaHs )en ral ,ur,oses is o 2in1 ou (o& o (an1le (ese 1is in) ions* an1 (e s ra e-! o2 in er,re a ion (a (e a1o, s is F (e basi) ,(iloso,(! (a anima es )!berne i)s an1 s!s ems (eor!G 8=95 Livin- s!s ems su)( as (e immune s!s em or (e nervous s!s em are VarelaHs ,rin)i,al ,ara1i-ms* &(i)( (e 1es)ribes as au onomous an1 au o,oie i)5 Bu simul aneousl! (e ma'es i Kui e )lear (a F (e au onom! o2 livin- s!s ems is a )ase o2* an1 no s!non!mous &i (* au onom! in -eneralG 8?=9I (is a,,lies eKuall! o so)ial s!s ems 8?#95 /0 We mi-( e+ en1 (is analo-! b! sa!in- (a (e livin- s!s ems o be 1is in-uis(e1 2rom one ano (er &or' o-e (er* (us buil1in- u, (e (uman or-anism* Jus as (e 1i22eren so)ial s!s ems in era) * (us -ivin- rise o more )om,re(ensive s!s ems* su)( as so)ie ! or )ul ure5 /" In ea)( o2 (ese ins an)es boun1aries are )rosse1 an1 1i22eren)es imbri)a e1* an1 re)ursion be)omes a 2un1amen al s ra e-! 2or -ras,in- (ese* Fbe)ause no (in- (a * in our )ul ure* is )onsensuall! a))e, e1 as an e22e) ive ,ro)e1ure (as ever been 2oun1 no o be re1u)ible o a re)ursive 2un) ionG 8?#95 I is ,ar i)ularl! enli-( enin- in (e ,resen )on e+ (a (e subJe) ma er o be in er,re e1 is livin- s!s ems* &(i)( are )a e-ori)all! 1i22eren 2rom (ose I (ave 2o)use1 on (us 2ar5 4is in) ions are alrea1! ,resen in (e in ernal s ru) ure o2 au onomous s!s ems* &(i)( Varela erms OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO "# Cran)is)o @5 Varela* Principles of &iolo%ical utonomy 8Ne& Yor'B Elsevier Nor ( <ollan1* "$=$9* "0=5 T(e sour)es o2 all o (er Kuo a ions 2rom (is volume are -iven in in3 e+ re2eren)es o (e a,,ro,ria e ,a-es5 "$ Cor a s,e)i2i)a ion o2 1is in) ions* see also <umber o R5 Ma urana an1 Cran)is)o @5 Varela* The Tree of 7no'led%e# The &iolo%ical Roots of "uman Understandin%, rans5

/0 /"

Rober Paolu))i* rev5 e15 8Bos onB S(amb(ala* "$$/9* :05 Cor 2ur (er 1e ails* see ibi15* "$%5 Cor )ul ural ,(enomena* see ibi15* "$:L/0"5 3"003

Fau o,oie i) ma)(inesG an1 &(ose basi) 1e2ini ion rea1sB F n autopoietic system is or%ani2ed :defined as a unity= as a net'ork of processes of production :transformation and destruction= of components that produces the components that# :4= throu%h their interactions and transformations continuously re%enerate and reali2e the net'ork of processes :relations= that produced them? and :E= constitute it :the machine= as a concrete unity in the space in 'hich they e!ist by specifyin% the topolo%ical domain of its reali2ation as such a net'ork. 8"%95 Livin- s!s ems are au o,oie i) inso2ar as (e! (ave no essen)e (a (e! )oul1 a,,eal o or 1ra& 2rom in or1er o 2un) ion5 An essen)e &oul1 inevi abl! lie ou si1e an1 (us be s ru) urall! 1i22eren 2rom (e inner &or'in-s o2 (e livins!s em5 Ins ea1* s!s ems o2 (is 'in1 are more or less )om,le+ or-aniAa ions* &i (in &(i)( ransmi al o2 in2orma ion* re)e, ion o2 in2orma ion* an1 eKuall! in erru, ion o2 (ese e+)(an-es a'e ,la)e on all levels5 Su)( a )on)a ena ion o2 )ommuni)a ive in era) ions* &(i)( Varela li'ens o F)onversa ionG 8/>=L/>$9* // ,ro)ee1s re)ursivel! (rou-( a )on inual 2ee1 2or&ar1 an1 2ee1 ba)'&ar1 be &een (e levels o2 (e s!s em5 ConseKuen l!* (e s!s em 1oes no )onsis sim,l! o2 an assembl! o2 )om,onen s bu o,era es as a ,ro)ess (a ,ro1u)es i s o&n )om,onen s* &(i)(* (rou-( (eir re)i,ro)al in er,ene ra ion* brin- 2or ( a 1!nami) ne &or'5 FA ne &or' o2 2ee1ba)' loo,s mu uall! in er)onne) e1 is or-aniAa ionall! )lose1 P* an1 (e re,resen a ion o2 su)( )o(eren)e is -eneraliAe1 o an! 2orm o2 in1e2ini e re)ursion o2 1e2inin- ,ro)esses su)( (a (e! -enera e (e uni ar! )(ara) er o2 (e s!s emG 8?>95 T(is ma'es (e s!s em in o a sel23 re-ula in- or-aniAa ion* &(i)( simul aneousl! reveals (e 1ual as,e) o2 (e 2ee1ba)' loo,B 8a9 T(e re)ursive in era) ions be &een levels* )om,onen s* an1 ,ro)esses o2 (e s!s em resul in a ne &or' o2 Fmu ual in er)onne) e1nessG 8#>9 (a 'ee,s s,e)i2!in- (eir OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO // Varela s,e)i2ies )onversa ion as 2ollo&sB In 2a) * a conversation (as been a basi) ima-e (rou-(ou (is ,resen a ion as a ,ara1i-m 2or in era) ions amon- au onomous s!s ems5 I is a ,ara1i-m as &ell as a ,ar i)ular ins an)e o2 an au onomous s!s em* an1 (ese &o si1es o2 i -o o-e (er5 I s role as e+em,lar! )ase o2 au onomous in era) ion )omes 2rom (e 2a) (a a )onversa ion is direct e+,erien)e* (uman e+,erien)e par e!cellence>'e live an1 brea (e in 1ialo-ue an1 lan-ua-e5 An1 2rom (is 1ire) e+,erien)e &e 'no& (a one )anno 2in1 a 2irm re2eren)e ,oin 2or (e )on en o2 a 1ialo-ue5 8Principles, />#9 FA )onversa ion P embo1ies a 1ire) ,ro o !,e o2 (e &a! in &(i)( au onomous uni s in era) G 8/=095 3"0"3 2un) ion b! ma'in- (em re)i,ro)all! sele) 2rom an1 im,in-e on one ano (er5 T(is &o3 &a! ra22i) ,ro)ee1s as )onversa ion (rou-( &(i)( (e e+)(an-e o2 in2orma ion is )on inuall! 1i22eren ia e15 8b9 Su)( an in)essan in ernal re)ursion ,rovi1es (e )losure o2 (e s!s em* no leas as (ere is no e+ ernal a-en)! (a mi-( 1o i * an1 (us (e s!s emHs Fre)ursivi ! SisT i s )losureG 8/%?95 Moreover* (e Fin1e2ini e re)ursionG is also ins rumen al in -enera in- &(a is absolu el! vi al o (e livin- s!s emB i s sel23 main enan)e5 T(us (e 1ual as,e) o2 (e 2ee1ba)' loo, allo&s us o )on)eive (e servome)(anism (rou-( &(i)( an au onomous s!s em sus ains i sel25 Su)( an in er,re a ion o2 (e livin- s!s emHs basi) s ru) ure )alls 2or 1i22eren ia ion inso2ar as i (as o be 1is in-uis(e1 2rom WienerHs mo1el o2 )!berne i)s5 /% T(ere2ore Varela &ri esB FT(e au o,oie i) ma)(ine (as no in,u s or ou ,u sG 8>#95 <e is 2ull! a&are (a F (is ,oin o2 vie& is alien o (e Wienerian i1ea o2 2ee1ba)' simpliciter. 8?>95 In s,i e o2

(e 2a) (a (e a)'no&le1-es (e brea' (rou-( Wiener a)(ieve1 &i ( (is F2ee1ba)' i1eaG 8">>9* &(i)( re,la)es F)ause3e22e) rela ions(i,sG 8">=9* (e never (eless main ains (a su)( a !,e o2 )!berne i)s remains )ommi e1 F o 2i+e1 re2eren)e ,oin s* or 2ini eness in (e re)ursionG 8">=95 ConseKuen l!* Fin 1ealin- &i ( na ural s!s ems* (e &(ole i1ea o2 in,u 3ou ,u be)omes mu11le15 W(o an1 (o& are &e o sele) a 2i+e1 se o2 in,u an1 ou ,u s,a)esM I is more a))ura e o al' abou environmen al ,er urba ions6)om,ensa ionsG 8">=2595 T(is ma'es (e in,u 6ou ,u )on)e, ion o2 (e 2ee1ba)' loo, in o a s,e)ial )ase o2 re)ursion* as (ere are no F2i+e1 re2eren)e ,oin sG in (e au o,oie i) s!s ems be &een &(i)( su)( an in er)(an-e mi-( a'e ,la)e 2or (e ,ur,ose o2 a)(ievin- )on rol5 Ins ea1* (e in1e2ini e re)ursion* &(i)( or-aniAes (e )onversa ion be &een levels an1 )om,onen s in or1er o -enera e (e s!s emHs sel23 main enan)e* (as o rea) o Fenvironmen al ,er urba ion*G no leas be)ause s!s ems (ave o (er s!s ems as (eir surroun1in-s5 Su)( a ,er urba ion* (o&ever* is no an in,u (a a livin- s!s em mi-( nee1 2or i s sel23main enan)e5 Ins ea1* i ri--ers a )om,ensa in- o,era ion &i (in (e s!s em i sel25 T(is is 1one b! re)ursivel! res(u22lin- (e la erHs or-aniAa ion* be)ause (e ,er urba ion is FnoiseG in (e sense (a i s ran1omness (as no (in- o 1o &i ( (e s!s emHs ar)(i e) ure5 Noise* (o&ever* (as o be ,ro)esse1* an1 (is is e22e) e1 b! OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO /% Cor a similar )ri i)ism o2 (e in,u 6ou ,u mo1el an1 (e ,ara1i-m s&i )( in -eneral s!s ems (eor!* see also Ni'las Lu(mann* So2iale Systeme# (rundriL einer all%emeinen Theorie 8Cran'2ur 6MainB Su(r'am,* "$#:9* /=?L/#/ 3"0/3 no a -oal* as (e livin- s!s em 1oes no (ave a ,ur,ose ou si1e i sel2 bu sus ains i sel2 (rou-( )on inuous in ernal re)ursions5 Sel23main enan)e (ere2ore emer-es in)essan l!* an1 (e 2ee1ba)' loo,s as a-en s o2 emer-en)e 1o no issue in o a 1e2ini e ,ro1u) 5 T(is mar's a 2inal 1i22eren)e be &een (e in,u 6ou ,u mo1el o2 re)ursive loo,in- an1 (e mo1el a1vo)a e1 b! Varela5 T(e 2ormer is ,ur,ose3 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO /: See William R5 Paulson* The 9oise of Culture# Literary Te!ts in a World of Information 8I (a)aB Cornell Universi ! Press* "$##9* >$L=?5 /? <einA von Coers er* FOn Sel23Or-aniAin- S!s ems an1 T(eir Environmen s*G in SelfM 3r%ani2in% Systems, e15 M5 C5 Yovi s an1 S5 Cameron 8Ne& Yor'B Per-amon* "$>09* :%5 /> Dre-or! Ba eson* Steps to an *colo%y of /ind 8Ne& Yor'B Ballan ine* "$=%9* :"05 3"0%3 (e s!s emHs in ernal re)ursion5 W(a (a,,ens in su)( )ases (as been )alle1 b! <enri A lan Fsel23or-aniAa ion 2rom noiseGI /: ,u ano (er &a!* in <einA von Coers erHs more vivi1 me a,(or* Fsel23or-aniAin- s!s ems 1o no onl! 2ee1 u,on or1er* (e! &ill also 2in1 noise on (eir menu5G /? Pro)essin- su)( e+ ernal noise ma!* in urn* )ause in ernal noise as &ell* be)ause (ere are no 2i+e1 raJe) ories alon- &(i)( (e in1e2ini e re)ursion )an ravel insi1e (e s!s em5 On (e )on rar!* (e in ernal 2ee1ba)' loo,s 1o no 2ollo& an! ,res ru) ure1 ,a ernI ins ea1* as Dre-or! Ba eson on)e ,(rase1 i * Fnoise SisT (e onl! ,ossible sour)e o2 ne' ,a erns5G /> T(us re)ursion ,resen s i sel2 as a &o3 iere1 o,era ionB i ,ro1u)es an1 is simul aneousl! 1riven b! in ernal noise* be)ause (e ,ro)essin- o2 noise )rea es or1er* (e a)(ievemen o2 &(i)( reKuires 2ee1ba)' loo,s o )arve ou in er)onne) ions be &een levels in or1er o )oun era) (e ,er urba ions e+,erien)e15 T(ere2ore Varela Kuali2ies s!s emi) re)ursion as in1e2ini e* be)ause (e s!s emHs sel23or-aniAa ion as a ,ro)ess o2 )om,ensa in- 2or ,er urba ions is un,re1i) able5 T(ere are a 2e& )on)lusions o be 1ra&n a (is Jun) ure o2 (e ar-umen 5 Re)ursion as (e in ernall! o,era in- a-en)! o2 livin- s!s ems urns ou o be an in er,re ive s ra e-! (a is able o a))oun 2or (e s!s emHs au o,oiesis5 ConseKuen l!* au o,oiesis an1 re)ursion

are in er)(an-eable )on)e, s 2or 1es)ribin- (o& (e s!s em 2un) ions* &(i)( ma'es re)ursion in o an e+,lana or! ,a ern 2or (e na ure o2 -enera ion5 W(a re)ursion ,ro1u)es is (e i1en i ! an1 sel23main enan)e o2 (e s!s emB Fi s be(avior &ill be su)( (a all ,er urba ions an1 )(an-es &ill be subor1ina e1 o (e main enan)e o2 (e s!s emHs i1en i !G 8?#95 T(e la er is orien e1* 2or (e realiAa ion o2 &(i)( (e raJe) or! is basi)all! linear* no leas as (e overall ,ur,ose o2 (e in,u 6ou ,u rela ions(i, is o a)(ieve )on rol5 T(e un2oreseeable ,ro)esses (a 1evelo, (rou-( in ernal re)ursion &i (in a sel23 re2eren ial s!s em* (o&ever* ma'e i nonlinear5 Sel2or-aniAa ion is no a -oal o be a aine1 bu an on-oin- o,era ion (a ensures (e s!s emHs sel23main enan)e b! )on inuall! balan)in- ou i s (rea ene1 (omeos asis5 Lineari ! (ere2ore &oul1 mean (a (omeos asis* on)e a)(ieve1* &oul1 s a-na e* (ereb! immobiliAin- (e s!s emHs )om,ensa or! )a,abili !5 T(e s!s em &oul1 (en (ave o be sus aine1 2rom a sour)e ou si1e i sel2* &i ( &(i)( i &oul1 in era) a))or1in- o (e in,u 6ou ,u mo1el5 T(e )on ras be &een (e a)(ievemen o2 )on rol an1 (e emer-en)e o2 sel23main enan)e s,o li-( s (e 1i22eren)e be &een (e linear o,era ion o2 in,u 6ou ,u 2ee1ba)' an1 (e nonlinear one o2 s!s emi) re)ursion as an in ernal e+)(an-e o2 in2orma ion5 No& &e mus )onsi1er (e 2a) s!s ems in (eir environmen 5 (a s!s ems 1o no e+is in isola ion bu (ave o (er

Au o,oie i) s!s ems ma! in era) &i ( ea)( o (er un1er )on1i ions (a resul in s ru) ural 8be(avioral9 )ou,lin-5 In (is )ou,lin-* (e au o,oie i) )on1u) o2 an or-anism A be)omes a sour)e o2 1e2orma ion o2 an or-anism B* an1 (e )om,ensa or! be(avior o2 or-anism B a) s* in urn* as a sour)e o2 1e2orma ion o2 or-anism A* &(ose )om,ensa or! be(avior a) s a-ain as a sour)e o2 1e2orma ion o2 B* an1 so on re)ursivel! un il (e )ou,lin- is in erru, e15 In (is manner* a )(ain o2 in erlo)'e1 in era) ions 1evelo,s5 In ea)( in era) ion (e )on1u) o2 ea)( or-anism is )ons i u ivel! in1e,en1en in i s -enera ion o2 (e )on1u) o2 (e o (er* be)ause i is in ernall! 1e ermine1 b! (e s ru) ure o2 (e be(avin- or-anism onl!I bu i is 2or (e o (er or-anism* &(ile (e )(ain las s* a sour)e o2 )om,ensable 1e2orma ions (a )an be 1es)ribe1 as meanin-2ul in (e )on e+ o2 (e )ou,le1 be(avior5 These are communicative interactions, E< 8:#259 T(e e22e) o2 s ru) ural )ou,lin- is &o2ol1 an1 ma! be Kuali2ie1 as in rinsi) an1 e+ rinsi) in rela ion o (e s!s ems (a are lin'e1 u, &i ( one ano (er5 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO /= See also Ma urana an1 Varela* &(o sum u, (is rela ions(i, b! s a in-B FS ru) ural )ou,lin- is al&a!s mu ualI bo ( or-anism an1 environmen un1er-o rans2orma ionsG :Tree of 7no'led%e, "0/95 3"0: I2 (e ,er urba ion e+,erien)e1 b! a s!s em resul s in an in ernal res(u22lin- o2 i s s ru) ure* (en (e la er &ill also )ause a ,er urba ion 2or (e ini ia or o2 (e noise5 W(a 1oes (is mean 2or (e s!s emHs sel2or-aniAa ion* an1 &(! is i able o 2a)e u, o su)( ,ressures &i (ou 2allin- a,ar &(en 1is urbe1 b! some (in- ou si1e i sel2M T(e ans&er lies in (e s!s emHs Fs ru) ural ,las i)i !G 8%%95 /# T(is ,las i)i ! allo&s s,e)i2i)a ions o2 (e s!s emHs be(avioral ,a erns* be)ause &(en )ou,le1 &i ( o (er s!s ems* (e re)i,ro)al ,er urba ion 1oes no )(an-e i s s ru) ure al o-e (er bu )auses a mo1i2i)a ion o2 be(avior in or1er o ensure sel23main enan)e5 T(is in(eren ,las i)i ! ma'es (e )(an-es o2 (e s!s emHs be(avior viable* an1 (is in urn is in1is,ensable 2or environmen al noise o be )onver e1 in o 2un) ional or1er5 I2 (ere &ere no su)( ,las i)i !* livin- s!s ems &oul1 ,eris(* as (e! &oul1 be in)a,able o2 rea) in-5 An1 rea) ion means main ainin- (eir sel23 or-aniAa ion (rou-( (eir abili ! o )om,ensa e 2or (e 1e2orma ions su22ere15 T(e s ru) ural )ou,lin- (a )ons i u es (e versa ili ! o2 (e s!s emHs be(avior* (o&ever* is no a ,urel! 1e2ensive maneuverI simul aneousl! i is a )on inual ,a ernin- o2 (e s!s emHs ,las i)i !* (us in)reasin- (e )om,le+i ! o2 (e s!s emHs be(avior5 T(is ma'es s ru) ural )ou,lin- in o more (an an a))i1en 2or (e s!s ems )on)erne1I i se s in mo ion F (e ,ossible 1iversi ! o2 re)ursive (is oriesG (a * as F,a (&a!s a'en b! sel2or-aniAa ion*G are Fas ronomi)alG 8/%?95 T(ere is no en1 o s,e)i2!in- (e s!s emHs be(avioral ,a erns* an1 (e la er in urn 1evelo, re)ursivel! b! in era) in- &i ( (eir ,revious ,a erns* &(i)(

2ee1 in o one ano (er5 T(is ,ro)ess o2 be(avioral s,e)i2i)a ion (as o (ar' ba)' o earlier &a!s o2 )o,in- &i ( ,er urba ions in or1er o &or' ou re)ursivel! a res,onse o (e ne& )(allen-e5 As (e s!s em (as no essen)e* i mus avail i sel2 o2 (ese ,revious be(avioral ,a erns an1 ,ro)ess ,o en iall! all (e e22or s i (as ma1e o ensure sel23main enan)e* (us -ivin- rise o i s in ernal Fre)ursive (is or!5G I is re)ursive in a 1ual senseB i (as no -oal ou si1e i sel2* an1 so i mus a'e u, &(a i (as alrea1! 1evelo,e1 earlier as -ui1an)e 2or main ainin- sel23or-aniAa ionI in 1oin- so* i )onver s i s s ru) ural ,las i)i ! in o an in)reasin- )om,le+i ! o2 s,e)i2ie1 be(avior5 T(us (e re)ursive (is or! allo&s (e s!s em o rea) iva e i s o&n ,as as Fan in erlo)'e1 (is or! o2 s ru) ural rans2orma ionsG 8%%95 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO /# Cor a more )om,re(ensive 1is)ussion o2 Fs ru) ural ,las i)i !*G see ibi15* ">>225 3"0?3

So 2ar s ru) ural )ou,lin- as an e+,lana or! )on)e, a,,lies o 1elinea in- (e in rinsi) im,a) s!s ems e+,erien)e (rou-( (eir in erlin'in-* &(i)( Varela sums u, b! sa!in-B FCou,lin- arises as a resul o2 (e mu ual mo1i2i)a ions (a in era) in- uni ies un1er-o in (e )ourse o2 (eir in era) ions &i (ou loss o2 i1en i !5G T(ere is* (o&ever* ano (er an1 no 1oub eKuall! im,or an as,e) o s ru) ural )ou,lin-* be)ause in F-eneral P )ou,lin- lea1s also o (e -enera ion o2 a ne& uni ! (a ma! e+is in a different domain in &(i)( (e )om,onen )ou,le1 uni ies re ain (eir i1en i !G 8?095 T(ere2ore s!s ems o2 a (i-(er or1er emer-e 2rom an in erlo)'in- o2 s!s ems5 I2 Fa s!s em is realiAe1 (rou-( (e )ou,lin- o2 au o,oie i) uni ies an1 is 1e2ine1 b! rela ions o2 ,ro1u) ion o2 )om,onen s (a -enera e (ese rela ions an1 )ons i u e i as a uni ! in some s,a)e P (en i is )alle1 an au o,oie i) s!s em o2 hi%her orderG 8?"95 So)ie ! an1 )ul ure are )om,osi e s!s ems* an1 Varela em,(asiAes (a (e! (ave a Funi ! (a is livin-li'eG 8?#9I (e )on inues b! sa!in-B FI 1o &an o ma'e i )lear (a (e i1ea o2 au onom! an1 i s )onseKuen)es are not res ri) e1 o biolo-i)al* na ural s!s ems* bu )an en)om,ass (uman an1 so)ial s!s ems as 'ellG 8?$95 Su)( a )laim arises ou o2 (e assum, ion (a (e Fun1ers an1in- o2 li2e be)omes a mirror o2 our e,is emolo-i)al )(oi)es* &(i)( )arr! over o (uman a) ionsG 8:>95 S ru) ural )ou,lin- o2 au o,oie i) uni ies ,ro)ee1s re)ursivel! inso2ar as (e in erlo)'in- o2 s!s ems (as o )o,e &i ( (e liminal s,a)e* &(i)( is o be ,or e1 over (rou-( )on inue1 in era) ion be &een uni ies (a are se,ara e5 T(ese 2ee1ba)' loo,s urn ou o be a me)(anism (a ma'es F(i-(er3or1er au o,oie i) s!s emsG 8?%9 emer-e5 @us as in ernal re)ursion ensures (e sel23main enan)e o2 (e s!s em* so e+ ernal re)ursion be &een 1i22eren s!s ems -enera es more )om,le+ uni ies5 We onl! (ave o (in' o2 so)ie ! as su)( a (i-(er3or1er s!s em arisin- ou o2 (e in erlo)'in- o2 ,oli i)al* e)onomi)* )ul ural* )ommuni)a ive* le-al* s)ien i2i)* an1 reli-ious s!s ems o re)o-niAe (a a -rea man! o2 (em are alrea1! )om,osi e uni ies (emselves5 /$ In (is res,e) * )ul ure ma! serve as an even more vivi1 illus ra ion5 <i-(* ,o,ular* an1 lo& )ul ure as &ell as (e ar s an1 me1ia are in )on inual )onversa ion &i ( one ano (er* &(i)( more o2 en (an no lea1s o an in er)(an-e o2 )om,onen s be &een (ese uni ies5 Basi)all!* (ere are &o &a!s o2 )on)eivin- (is )onversa ion5 4e,en1in- on (e observer &(o 1es)ribes )ul ure* (e various uni ies )ou,le1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO /$ See Lu(mann* So2iale Systeme, %:?* 2or &(om so)ie ! is (e mos )om,le+ an1 all3 en)om,assin- s!s em5 3"0>3 ma! assume 1i22eren 2un) ions* 2or ins an)e* &(en a'en as allo,oie i) s!s ems* meanin(a (e! onl! ,la! a role &i (in (e )om,osi e s!s em b! re,resen in- an as,e) ne)essar! 2or i o 2un) ion5 T(e )onversa ion* (o&ever* )oul1 also be 1es)ribe1 as )ir)ula ion (rou-( &(i)( (e o,era ional as,e) is ,rivile-e1* ma'in- )ul ure in o

some (in- (a is )on inuall! emer-in- an1 simul aneousl! (i-(li-( s )ir)ula ion as an embo1imen o2 re)ursion5 %0 T(e salien 2ea ures o2 re)ursion (a -ui1e (is ,ara1i-m o2 in er,re a ion no& move in o s(ar,er 2o)usI i ,roves o be a s ra e-! o2 -rea e+,lana or! ,o&er* as i e+er)ises mul i,le* (ou-( in errela e1 2un) ions5 Cirs o2 all* i allo&s us o )on)eive (o& liminal s,a)es bo ( insi1e an1 ou si1e (e s!s ems are )o,e1 &i (5 B! in erlo)'in- in ras!s emi) levels* re)ursion s,o li-( s (o& (e s!s em ,ar i)i,a es in resolvin- 1is urban)es o2 i s (omeos asis5 I (us rans2orms liminal s,a)es in o a )ir)ui o2 in er)onne) ions an1* in 1oin- so* ,rovi1es )losure 2or (e s!s em* 2ea urin- i as an au onomous au o,oie i) uni !5 @us as (e 2ee1ba)' loo,s s ru) ure (e s!s emHs in ernal or-aniAa ion (rou-( a ,ermanen in era) ion amon- levels* )om,onen s* an1 ,ro)esses* (e! also ne-o ia e (e liminal s,a)e be &een s!s ems* (e )ou,lin- o2 &(i)( -ives rise o )om,osi e s!s ems5 T(ere2ore re)ursion a,,ears as a -enera ive 2or)e5 I brin-s abou (e emer-en)e o2 (e s!s emHs sel23main enan)e an1 )om,osi e s!s ems o2 a (i-(er or1er5 B! urnin- in o an e+,lana or! )on)e, 2or emer-en)e* i e+,oses as m! (olo-i)al (e ol1 )on)e, o2 a -enera ive ma ri+ ou o2 &(i)( )rea ive ,ro)esses are ,resume1 o arise5 Simul aneousl! i Kuali2ies su)( emer-en)e as a 1!nami) en i ! o2 'alei1os)o,i)all! )(an-in- 2ea ures* Kui e 1i22eren 2rom a )lear3)u ,ro1u) 5 %" Cur (ermore* re)ursive loo,in-* bo ( in ra3 an1 e+ ras!s emi)all!* o,era es as a )on inual s,e)i2i)a ion an1 1i22eren ia ion* en(an)in- (e OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO %0 T(e s ru) ure o2 su)( a )ir)ula ion 1evelo,s in Fs ran-e loo,s*G &(i)( means (ere is no onl! a ba)'3an132or ( movemen bu also one o2 F an-le1 (ierar)(ies*G o&in- o a FJum,in-G in (is )onversa ion be &een 1i22eren levels5 Cor a 1es)ri, ion o2 Fs ran-e loo,sG an1 (o& (e! )ause F an-le1 (ierar)(ies*G see 4ou-las R5 <o2s a1 er* (Ndel, *scher, &ach# n *ternal (olden &raid 8Ne& Yor'B Vin a-e* "$#$9* =0$25 Ma urana an1 Varela )(ara) eriAe (e nervous s!s em as Fa maAe o2 in er)onne) ionsG involvin- Fan in era) ion o2 (e sensor! an1 mo or elemen s (a are 1is an G :Tree of 7no'led%e, "?/2595 %" Varela* Principles, "0/25* -ives a ver! revealin- a))oun re-ar1in- musi) as an emer-en ,(enomenon5 3"0= s!s emHs )om,le+i ! an1 allo&in- i o )om,ensa e 2or (e ,er urba ions e+,erien)e1 b! res(u22lin- i sel2 in ernall! in res,onse o noise5 ConseKuen l!* re)ursion elu)i1a es (e s!s emHs sel23re,ro1u) ion* in (e )ourse o2 &(i)( even (e in er)onne) ions 1es)ribe1 are -enera e1* revealin- (e s!s emHs s ru) ure as nonlinear5 T(is rene&al un2ol1s as a sele) ive Fre)i,ro)al )onne) ivi !G 8$"9 be &een levels an1 )om,onen s* &(i)( 2un) ion as o,era ors 2or (e s!s emHs sel23or-aniAa ion5 Nonlinear s!s ems main ain (emselves (rou-( re)ursive in era) ions* (e )on)a ena ions o2 &(i)( issue 2or ( in o ,o en iall! limi less s,e)i2i)a ions o2 (eir in ernal ,a ernin-s5 W(a ma'es re)ursion in o su)( an im,or an in er,re ive s ra e-! is (e 2a) (a (e inner &or'in-s o2 (e s!s ems so 2ar 1es)ribe1 are no as an-ible as (e! ma! seem5 Re2eren)e o levels* )om,onen s* an1 ,ro)esses (a 2ee1 in o (e s!s emHs 1!nami) ne &or' is* in (e 2inal anal!sis* a so,(is i)a e1 assum, ion* an1 (is (ol1s rue in ,ar i)ular 2or livin- s!s ems* su)( as (e immune an1 nervous s!s ems* &(i)( are VarelaHs main ,ara1i-ms5 I2 (e im,ression is )onve!e1 (a (e s ru) ural i ems men ione1 are reall! -iven* (is is ,rimaril! 1ue o (e ,ersuasiveness o2 (e 2ee1ba)' loo, as an in er,re ive s ra e-!5 S,ea'in- o2 levels* )om,onen s* ,ro)esses* an1 ne &or's is a bes * a))or1in- o a erm o2 4ou-las <o2s a1 erHs* FJun'in-*G &(i)( means (a su)( 1esi-na ions are in en1e1 2or (e ,ur,ose o2 in er,re a ion &i ( no )er ain ! (a (e! reall! e+is 8/#=95 %/ T(e! ,rovi1e -ui1elines* (o&ever* an1 (e e+,lana or! ,o&er o2 re)ursion a,,ears o )onver (em in o an-ible reali ies5 Cor (is reason* &e mi-( sa! (a re)ursive loo,in- ma'es a))essible &(a is o (er&ise (i11en 2rom vie&I i ,rovi1es insi-( in o (e inner &or'in-s o2 s!s ems (a )anno be seen5

Ma,,in- reali ! in erms o2 re)ursivel! o,era in- s!s ems is ,er inen inso2ar as (ere is no -iven reali ! o (er (an (e one ma1e o a,,ear b! (e s!s ems5 I2 reali ! as a s ru) ure1 or1er &ere o e+is * s!s ems as a mo1e o2 )ons ruin- i &oul1 be re1un1an 5 T(ere2ore Varela s a esB FAll o2 (is boils 1o&n* a) uall!* o a realiAa ion (a al (ou-( (e &orl1 does loo' soli1 an1 re-ular* &(en &e )ome o e+amine i (ere is no 2i+e1 ,oin o2 re2eren)e o &(i)( i )an be ,inne1 1o&nI i is no&(ere subs an ial an1 soli1G 8/=?95 A bes (e &orl1 )an onl! be 1is)lose1 as an emer-in- ,(e3 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO %/ See <o2s a1 er* DY1el* Es)(er* Ba)(* /#=225* an1 also )(a, er ""* FBrains an1 T(ou-( s*G %%=7%>#* in &(i)( (e 1e ails (e 1i22eren !,es o2 FJun'in-G ne)essar! o 1es)ribe (e levels o2 (e brain an1 i s &a!s o2 2un) ionin-5 3"0#3 nomenon* o be 2a (ome1 b! re)ursivel! o,era in- s!s ems5 %% Cor (is reason* &e are boun1 o re2le) on (e re)ursivi ! o2 (ese e+,lana or! )ons ru) ions* an1 (en)e &(a (e )alls (e Fobserver3)ommuni !G be)omes o2 ,aramoun )on)ern5 Varela &ri es (a (e &an s o Fs(o& (o& (e s u1! o2 au onom! an1 s!s emHs 1es)ri, ions in -eneral )anno be 1is in-uis(e1 2rom a s u1! o2 (e 1es)riberHs ,ro,er ies* an1 P (e s!s em an1 observer a,,ear as an inse,arable ,airG 8>%95 T(us (e re-is er* &e mi-( sa!* 2orms an in e-ral ,ar o2 (e subJe) ma er (a is o,ene1 u, b! observa ion* &(i)( is Kui e na ural inso2ar as (e s!s emHs o,era ive 1evi)es* (e )ons ru) ion o2 (e s!s em i sel2* an1 (e ma,,in- o2 reali ! (rou-( (e s ru) ural )ou,lin- o2 s!s ems are all o22s(oo s o2 (e Fobserver3)ommuni !G 8/=>95 T(ere2ore (e F1es)riberG is insi1e (e subJe) ma er o be in er,re e1I in o (er &or1s* (e re-is er i sel2 is a )om,onen ,ar o2 &(a o (er&ise e+is s as livin- s!s ems or au onomous so)ial s!s ems5 T(e ver! 2a) (a (e re-is er ,ene ra es (e subJe) ma er (i-(li-( s &(a <o2s a1 er (as in1i)a e1 b! )allin- (e &(ole in ernal 1es)ri, ion a 2orm o2 FJun'in-*G &(i)( -ains i s ,lausibili ! an1 Jus i2i)a ion (rou-( re)ursion* allo&in- (e observer o a))oun 2or (e o,erabili ! o2 (e s!s em5 In (is res,e) * (e observer 2orms ,ar o2 (e observe15 W(a ,reven s (e re-is er 2rom )olla,sin- in o (e subJe) ma er* (o&ever* is (e 1uali ! ins)ribe1 in o i * &(i)( Varela 1esi-na es as F1es)ri, ive )om,lemen ari !G 8=09 an1 e+,lains as 2ollo&sB FW(a I &ill ar-ue no& is (a an o,era ional e+,lana ion 2or (e livin,(enomenolo-! nee1s a )om,lemen ar! mo1e o2 e+,lana ion o be )om,le e* a mo1e o2 e+,lana ion (a I (ave re2erre1 o as symbolicG 8="95 ConseKuen l!* (e re-is er ,ro,ose1 (as a &o3 iere1 s ru) ure* )onsis in- o2 an o,era ional an1 a s!mboli) 2rame in o &(i)( (e subJe) ma er is o be ransla e15 T(e observer3)ommuni ! (a 1es)ribes (e s!s em o,era ionall! belon-s o (e s!s em inso2ar as i )ons rues (e la erHs 1!nami) s ru) ure* &(i)(* (o&ever* is no a ,ure inven ion be)ause &(a are erme1 livin- an1 so)ial s!s ems (ave a subs ra um5 T(is subs ra um )an onl! be )on)eive1 a))or1in- o (e s ru) ures ,ro,ose1* as Varela em,(asiAes a-ain a (e en1 o2 (is boo' b! sa!in- (a su)( a mo1el is Jus Fan ima-e*G &(i)( &ill (el, us F o )(ar * as an o,era ive ,ro)ess an1 in a 2ormal 2as(ion* (a ,e)uliar rela ions(i, be &een uni ies an1 (eir )o-ni ionG 8/==95 Bu &(! mus an OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO %% Ma urana an1 Varela s a eB FW(a is 'no&n is brou-( 2or (G 8 Tree of 7no'led%e, /??95 3"0$3 o,era ional in er,re a ion be )ou,le1 &i ( a s!mboli) oneM Be)ause Fan o,era ional e+,lana ion P sa!s no (in- abou &(e (er i is co%nitively possible or satisfactoryG 8=:95 %: An1 )o-ni ion is in1is,ensable* as our la)' o2 'no&le1-e re-ar1in- Fall (e ,osi ions an1 momen a o2 all (e ,ar i)les in (e universeG ma'es i im,ossible F o )al)ula e (eir 2u ure raJe) oriesG 8=:95 S!mboli) in er,re a ion is (us 1ual in )(ara) erI i is )ause1 b! -a,s in 'no&le1-e* an1 simul aneousl! i is a a'eover o2 &(a (e o,era ional 1es)ri, ion 2i s in o a 2rame e+ ernal o (e s!s em5

Wi (ou 2ur (er s,e)i2!in- (e )o-ni ive in en * &(a (is 1uali ! o2 o,era ional an1 s!mboli) e+,lana ion reveals is (a (e liminal s,a)e (a e+is s bo ( insi1e an1 be &een livin- an1 so)ial s!s ems ins)ribes i sel2 in o (e ver! re-is er (a is o -ras, (e subJe) ma er5 Al (ou-( s,li u, b! (e liminal s,a)e in o a &o3 iere1 s ru) ure* (e 1is in) )om,onen s o2 (e re-is er are never (eless ma1e o in erlin'* be)ause (e o,era ional in er,re a ion is -ui1e1 o a )er ain 1e-ree b! s!mboli) )onsi1era ions an1 (e 2ormer simul aneousl! (as re,er)ussions on (e la er5 T(us (e liminal s,a)e re)urrin- in (e re-is er ri--ers a re)ursive movemen (a * (o&ever* ravels alon- an in,u 6ou ,u raJe) or!* no leas as (ere is a ,ur,ose o be a)(ieve15 %? Su)( a 2ee1ba)' o,era ion insi1e (e re-is er is a,,osi e 2or (is !,e o2 in er,re a ion* &(i)( )on)eives o2 (e &orl1 as an OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO %: Varela Kuo es Ma urana 2or an illus ra ion o2 &(a (ese &o !,es o2 1es)ri, ion en ail5 T(e si ua ion is as 2ollo&sB A ,ilo is lan1in- &(ile (is 2amil! a&ai s (im5 FW(en (e ,ilo )omes ou o2 (e ,lane* (o&ever* (is &i2e an1 2rien1s embra)e (im &i ( Jo! an1 ell (imB QW(a a &on1er2ul lan1in- !ou ma1eB &e &ere a2rai1 be)ause o2 (e (eav! 2o-5R Bu (e ,ilo ans&ers in sur,riseB QCli-( M Lan1in-M W(a 1o !ou meanM I 1i1 no 2l! or lan1B I onl! mani,ula e1 )er ain in ernal rela ions o2 (e ,lane in or1er o ob ain a ,ar i)ular seKuen)e o2 rea1in-s in a se o2 ins rumen sHG :Principles, /?095 T(e ,ilo Hs 1es)ri, ion &as an o,era ional one* &(ereas (e 2amil! -ave a s!mboli) 1es)ri, ion5 %? Varela elabora es on (is 1uali ! b! sa!in-B A ,re2eren)e 2or o,era ional e+,lana ions seems o be roo e1 in (e un1ers an1in- (a )auses are Fou (ereG an1 re2le) a s a e o2 a22airs in1e,en1en o2 (e 1es)riber5 T(is is* b! (e ver! ar-umen use1 (ere* un enable P An o,era ional 1es)ri, ion is no more an1 no less (an a mo1e o2 a-reemen &i (in an inKuirin- )ommuni !* an1 in no &a! (as an in rinsi)all! su,erior s a us o a s!mboli) e+,lana ion5 P I seems o me (a (ere are remen1ous a1van a-es o main ainin- (is 1uali ! o2 e+,lana ions in 2ull vie&5 8ibi15* ==9 An1 one o2 (e basi) reasons 2or su)( a 1uali ! is (e avoi1an)e Fo2 methodolo%ical monism,. 3""03 assembl! o2 au onomous s!s ems &(ose in ernal au o,oiesis an1 e+ ernal )ou,lin- are a'en 2or ma,s (a ma'e erri ories emer-e5 W(a (e 1uali ! o2 (e re-is er (us es ablis(es is an F epistemolo%y of participationG 8/=>9* as (e observer3)ommuni ! is simul aneousl! insi1e an1 ou si1e (e s!s ems* &(ose o,era ions are )ons rue1 2or (e ,ur,ose o2 )o-ni ion5 T(is ma'es (e re-is er i sel2 in o a re)ursive o,era ion* &(i)( assumes7in )on ra1is in) ion o (e !,es o2 in er,re ive ,ara1i-ms 1is)usse1 so 2ar7a 1!nami) Kuali ! (a is a,,ro,ria e 2or )on)e, ualiAin- (e &orl1 as an assembl! o2 au o,oie i) s!s ems5 Su)( a re-is er is mu)( more )on1i ione1 b! (e subJe) ma er (an in our ,revious ,ara1i-ms* be)ause i is bo ( a )om,onen ,ar o2 (e subJe) ma er an1 a s an)e ou si1e o2 i 5 T(is ,oin s o a 2ur (er as,e) o2 (e F1es)ri, ive )om,lemen ari !G be &een o,era ional an1 s!mboli) observa ionB (e la er is )on)eive1 as an observa ion o2 (e 2ormer* (us brin-in- (e e,is emolo-i)al im,li)a ions o2 su)( a F)om,lemen ar!G o (e 2ore5 An o,era ional 1es)ri, ion ma'es 1is in) ions b! se,ara in- levels* )om,onen s* an1 ne &or's 2rom one ano (er* &i (ou bein- able o see (e 1is in) ions (emselves5 T(e s!mboli) observa ion 2o)uses on (is blin1 s,o * allo&in- (e observer o ,er)eive &(a )anno be seen in (e o,era ional 1es)ri, ion5 ConseKuen l!* observa ion o2 an observa ion be)omes ,er inen in or1er o s,o li-( (e 1is in) ion* %> &(ose 2un) ion as s,e)i2i)a ion an1 1i22eren ia ion o2 s!s emi) re)ursion is (en o be -ras,e15 I is im,or an o bear in min1 (a (e s!mboli) 1es)ri, ion o2 (e &o3 iere1 re-is er is no 7as i ma! seem7a 2i+e1 ,osi ion5 Ins ea1* a 2ee1ba)' loo, also 1evelo,s be &een (e

s!mboli) 1es)ri, ion an1 i s environmen * &(i)( 2ee1s (e ,ur,ose o2 )o-ni ion in o (e 1es)ri, ion* Jus as (e 1es)ri, ion ma! 2ee1 o,era ional 2ea ures ba)' in o (e )on e+ 5 T(is ma'es )o-ni ion in o a )(an-eable 2rame o2 re2eren)e* allo&in- (e observer3 )ommuni ! o move (e )ou,lin- an1 in er,ene ra ion o2 s!s ems in o 'alei1os)o,i)all! s(i2 in- )ons ella ions5 In or1er o illus ra e (o& (is &or's* &e ma! a'e )ul ure as a )ase in ,oin 5 Bein- a )om,osi e s!s em* )ul ure (as lo&er3or1er au onomous s!s ems as i s )om,onen s5 T(rou-( s ru) ural )ou,lin-* (ese are urne1 in o allo,oie i) roles* (us re,resen in2un) ions ne)essar! o (e )om,osi e s!s em5 T(e observer3)ommuni ! is able o ,in,oin (ese lo&er3or1er s!s ems (a * (rou-( (eir )ou,lin-* ma'e )ul ure emer-e as a s!s em o2 a (i-(er or1er5 Su)( a 1es)ri, ion is a bes o,era ional* )on2ininOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO %> See Ni'las Lu(mann* +ie Wissenschaft der (esellschaft 8Cran'2ur 6MainB Su(r'am,* "$$09* 3""" observa ion o (e 1is in) ion o2 2ormal 2ea ures an1 no ou)(in- on Kues ions su)( as &(! an1 (o& (e ou )ome o2 )ou,lin- is o be )on)eive15 W(en su)( Kues ions are a11resse1* a s&i )( o s!mboli) 1es)ri, ion a'es ,la)e* (rou-( &(i)( (e )om,osi e s!s em is rans,ose1 in o a )o-ni ive 2rame o2 re2eren)e5 Su)( a rans,osi ion is ne)essar! 2or several reasons5 Cirs o2 all* (e )om,osi e s!s em7 (avin- emer-e1 ou o2 s ru) ural )ou,lin-7)alls 2or a )on)e, ualiAa ion o2 emer-en)e* &(i)( an o,era ional 1es)ri, ion is unable o 2ormula eI (en)e a )o-ni ive e22or is reKuire15 Su)( an e22or is no in1e,en1en o2 (e environmen o2 (e observer3 )ommuni !5 Co-ni ion o2 (e )om,osi e s!s em is )on1i ione1 b! &(a a,,ears o be relevan 2or (e environmen * an1 simul aneousl! (e )on)e, ualiAa ion o2 (is emer-en ,(enomenon is 2e1 ba)' in o (e environmen 5 T(us )o-ni ion* as (e (allmar' o2 s!mboli) 1es)ri, ion* is se in mo ion b! a loo,in- o2 in,u an1 ou ,u * &(i)( a1Jus s (e &a! emer-en)e is o be )on)eive1 in erms o2 environmen al 1eman1s an1 in o &(i)( (e ou )ome o2 (is emer-en)e is 2e1 ba)'5 T(is basi) in errela ions(i, (as a 2ur (er )onseKuen)e5 I is (e )o-ni ive in en (a 1e)i1es &(i)( o2 (e lo&er3or1er s!s ems are o ,la! allo,oie i) roles %= or e,i omiAe (e salien 2ea ure o2 (e )om,osi e s!s em5 T(ere ma! &ell be an observer3)ommuni ! 2or &(om ,o,ular )ul ure is (e e,i ome o2 )ul ure an1 2or &(om (i-( )ul ure is a 2oil* (us 2un) ionin- in an allo,oie i) role* an1 vi)e versa5 Wi (ou elabora in- on su)( mul i2arious in er)(an-eabili ies* &e ma! sa! (a (e observer3)ommuni ! )auses (ese s(i2 s in ,ers,e) ives* b! means o2 &(i)( o,era ional an1 s!mboli) 1es)ri, ions 2ee1 Jus as ,ermanen l! in o one ano (er as (e s!mboli) 1es)ri, ion 2ee1s in o i s environmen 5 O,era ionall! s,ea'in-* )ul ure a,,ears as )ir)ula ion be &een i s assembl! o2 lo&er3or1er s!s emsI s!mboli)all! s,ea'in-* i a,,ears as an in er)(an-eable ba)'-roun1in- an1 2ore-roun1in- o2 i s )ou,le1 uni ies* ou o2 &(i)( (e 'alei1os)o,i)all! s(i2 in- ,anorama o2 )ul ure emer-es5 %# OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO %= Varela 1e ails (is rela ions(i, as 2ollo&sB An Fobserver )an 1es)ribe an au o,oie i) )om,onen o2 a )om,osi e s!s em as ,la!in- an allopoietic role in (e realiAa ion o2 (e lar-er s!s em (a i )on ribu es o realiAin- (rou-( au o,oiesis5 In o (er &or1s* (e au o,oie i) uni ! 2un) ions in (e )on e+ o2 (e )om,osi e s!s em in a manner (a (e observer &oul1 1es)ribe as allo,oie i)G 8Principles, ?/95 %# Paulson* The 9oise of Culture, "0"L"#?* ,rovi1es a ,ene ra in- anal!sis o2 (o& (e e+ 3rea1er rela ions(i, ma! be )on)eive1 alon- similar lines an1* in ,ar i)ular* o2 (o& li era ure 2un) ions as a s!s em &i (in (e )om,osi e s!s em o2 )ul ure5 3""/3

CHAPTER FI/E
T e Tra,eling Differential' Fran& Rosen&0eig1 T e Star of Rede*#tion 2T e 3irt of t e Ele*ents Out of t e So*$er Foundations of Noug t4 5
In er,re a ion 7as &e (ave seen 7is an a) o2 ransla in- some (in- ei (er verbal or nonverbal in o a re-is er (a is lin-uis i) in na ure5 T(is a,,lies no onl! o (e rans,osi ion o2 a e+ in o ano (er !,e o2 e+ bu also o (e ransla ion o2 a ,as in o a ,resen or a (i11en li2e in o rans,aren)!5 I a,,lies as &ell o (e )on rol o2 en ro,!* (e ,ro)essin- o2 a (eri a-e* all en)oun ers be &een )ul ures* an1 (e eles)o,in- o2 1i22eren )ul ural levels5 T(e various mo1es inves i-a e1 (us 2ar (ave s(o&n (a in er,re a ion as ransla ion is no a ma er o2 one lan-ua-e bein- ren1ere1 in erms o2 ano (er* be)ause rans,osin- a subJe) in o a re-is er 1oes no mean (a (e la er 2i-ures as an eKuivalen 2or (e 2ormer5 Ins ea1* (e re-is er 2un) ions as a means o2 o,enin- u,* ,rovi1in- a))ess* -ras,in-* )on rollin-* an1 also re-ula in- (e observa ion o2 (e subJe) 5 Simul aneousl!* (e na ure o2 (e ma erial o be in er,re e1 (as re,er)ussions no onl! on (e re-is er bu also on (e liminal s,a)e* &(i)( ma! be ne-o ia e1 in mul i,le &a!s* ran-in- 2rom (e ne &or' o2 (e (ermeneu i) )ir)le (rou-( (e nes in- o2 )ir)les* ransa) ional loo,s* re)ursive loo,s* an1 s!s emi) re)ursion5 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO " CranA RosenA&ei-* The Star of Redemption* rans5 William W5 <allo 8No re 4ameB No re 4ame Universi ! Press* "$#?9* "/?5 T(e sour)es o2 all o (er Kuo a ions 2rom (is volume are -iven in in3 e+ re2eren)es o (e a,,ro,ria e ,a-es5 3""% A 1i22eren ,roblem ,oses i sel2 &(en some (in- e+,erien)e1 as immeasurable is o be -ras,e1 (rou-( an a) o2 in er,re a ion5 T(is si ua ion arises &(en seemin-l! in)on rover ible 2a) s 7su)( as (e e+is en)e o2 (e &orl1* o2 (uman'in1* an1 above all 82or believers9 o2 Do1 7(ave o be a,,re(en1e15 Cor (is as'* no universal )onven ions* le alone overar)(in- 2rames o2 re2eren)e* are available (a mi-( re-ula e or even )on rol su)( a rans,osi ion in o erms o2 'no&le1-e5 As in er,re a ion is a )o-ni ive en er,rise* rans,osin- some (in- immeasurable in o )o-ni ion reKuires a 1i22eren o,era ional mo1e 2rom (ose 1is)usse1 (us 2ar5 An! a) o2 in er,re a ion o,ens u, a liminal s,a)e be &een (e subJe) ma er an1 (e re-is er in o &(i)( i is o be rans,ose15 Su)( a s,a)e no onl! resul s 2rom in er,re a ion bu also s ru) ures (e mo1es o2 (e in er,re ive o,era ion5 In (e )ase o2 re)ursive loo,in-* &(en )on rol o2 en ro,! is a issue* (e liminal s,a)e ri--ers a rea) ion be &een in,u an1 ou ,u (rou-( &(i)( (e la er e22e) s rea1Jus men s o2 (e 2ormer5 As a rule* &(a (as been 2e1 2or&ar1 1oes no all! e+a) l! &i ( &(a i (as aime1 a I some (in2amiliar im,in-es on some (in- 2orei-n (a in urn im,rin s i sel2 on (e 2amiliar* -ivinrise o a ne-a ive 2ee1ba)' loo,5 T(is re)ursion realiAes i sel2 (rou-( a ,la! movemen b! s(u lin- ba)' an1 2or ( be &een (e 2amiliar an1 (e 2orei-n5 T(e ,la! movemen is mar'e1 b! a 1uali !* &(i)( mani2es s i sel2 in an on-oin- in er,la! be &een &(a mi-( be erme1 2ree an1 ins rumen al ,la!5 Ins rumen al ,la! se s ou o a)(ieve i s aim in erms o2 (e 2amiliar* &(ereas 2ree ,la! invali1a es (e 2amiliar o a )er ain 1e-ree* (us )orre) in- i an1 (i-(li-( in- &(a s ill a,,ears o be be!on1 )on rol5 T(e re)i,ro)al ins)ri, ion o2 2ree an1 ins rumen al ,la! ma,s ou (e raJe) or! alon- &(i)( re)ursive loo,in- 1evelo,s5 Re)ursion* (en* as a mo1e o2 a)(ievin- )on rol* allo&s us o brinsome (in- 2orei-n* some (in- be!on1 our 'en* &i (in a ran-e &e are 2amiliar &i (5 Re)ursion* (o&ever* ,reven s (e 2amiliar 2rom su,erim,osin- i sel2 on o (e 2orei-n5 Ins ea1* (e 2amiliar is subJe) e1 o )orre) ion an1 )(an-e &(en some (in- (a is ori-inall! be!on1 i s s)o,e is 2e1 ba)' in o i 5

Re)ursive loo,in- as a s ru) ure o2 ransla abili ! reveals (a (e liminal s,a)e be &een (e 2orei-n an1 (e 2amiliar* be &een in,u an1 ou ,u * be &een (e s ru) ural )ou,lin- o2 s!s ems* an1 be &een (e levels o2 au onomous s!s ems* )anno be elimina e1* al (ou-( re)ursivi ! is ,o&ere1 b! (e 1rive o elimina e i 5 ConseKuen l!* (e liminal s,a)e (i-(li-( s a resi1ual un ransla abili !* &(i)( -ives rise o a -ro&in- )om,le+i ! o2 (e ,ro)e1ures o,era ive in in er,re a ion5 Co,in- &i ( (e liminal s,a)e is (ere2ore boun1 o rea)( ne& (ei-( s 3"":3 o2 )om,le+i ! &(en some (in- immeasurable* su)( as Do1* is o be ransla e1 in o erms o2 )o-ni ion5 A ransla ion o2 (is 'in1 )anno subsume Do1 un1er 2rames o2 re2eren)e o2 &(a ever ,ersuasion* an1 (is a,,lies eKuall! o all e+is in- 2orms o2 (eolo-! an1 ,(iloso,(!5 T(e la er are o2 no avail 2or su)( an un1er a'in-* as (e! lie ou si1e &(a (e! are se o 1e ermine* (us )on)e, ualiAin- Do1 a))or1in- o e+is in- belie2s or ,re)on)eive1 no ions5 ConseKuen l!* (e immeasurable mus be un2ol1e1 2rom insi1e i sel2 in or1er o )onve! &(a i ma! be li'e5 T(is is e+a) l! (e as' CranA RosenA&ei- un1er oo' in The Star of Redemption 8"$/"9* &(i)( &ill serve as m! 2inal ,ara1i-m 2or in er,re a ion as ransla abili !5 W(enever &e en)oun er a maJor s(i2 in (e variables o2 in er,re a ion* &e are aler e1 o a ,re1i)amen (a (ro&s u, ne& Kues ions (a )an no lon-er be me b! ol1 ans&ers5 T(e &aninau (ori ! o2 (e )anon -ave bir ( o (e (ermeneu i) )ir)le5 T(e ne)essi ! o )on rol en ro,!* o mana-e o,en3en1e1ness* an1 o )on)eive o2 (e sel23or-aniAa ion o2 au onomous s!s ems mar'e1 (e rise o2 re)ursive loo,in- as an in er,re ive s ra e-!5 W(a )oul1 (ave been (e issue (a seeme1 o (ave ne)essi a e1 a ransla ion o2 some (in- immeasurable* su)( as Do1* (e &orl1* an1 (uman'in1 in o erms o2 'no&le1-eM RosenA&ei- 1es)ribes (is as' as 2ollo&sB FT(eolo-i)al ,roblems s rive o be ransla e1 in o manHs e+is en)e an1 (e la er o be 1riven in o a (eolo-i)al 1imension5G / T(is e+is en ial Kues &as ,ro,elle1 b! RosenA&ei-Hs o&n e+,erien)e5 The Star of Redemption % &as ,ar l! )on)eive1 an1 &ri en in (e ren)(es o2 (e Drea War* as &as ano (er eKuall! revolu ioniAinOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO / CranA RosenA&ei-* F4as neue 4en'enB Eini-e na)( rZ-li)(e Bemer'un-en Aum Qs ern 1er ErlYsun-R 8"$/?9*G in 7leinere Schriften 8BerlinB S)(o)'en* "$%=9* %#$I see also Ders(om S)(olem* FCranA RosenA&ei- un1 sein Bu)( Q4er S ern 1er ErlYsun-*RG in CranA RosenA&ei-* +er Stern der *rlNsun%, Biblio (e' Su(r'am, 8Cran'2ur 6MainB Su(r'am,* "$##9* ?/$225 % Karl LY&i (* FM5 <ei1e--er un1 C5 RosenA&ei-B Ein Na)( ra- XU Sein und Deit*G in S0mtliche Schriften 8S u -ar B Me Aler* "$#:9* main ainsB FI2 <ei1e--er ever (a1 a )on em,orar!* no onl! in (e )(ronolo-i)al* bu in (e rue sense o2 (e &or1* i &as (is Derman @e&* &(ose ,rin)i,le &or' a,,eare1 si+ !ears be2ore &ein% and Time5 T(e )on em,oraneous )onne) ion o2 (is Qne& &a! o2 (in'in-R be &een <ei1e--er an1 RosenA&ei- &as no -enerall! re)o-niAe1 a (e ime* al (ou-( RosenA&ei- &as a&are o2 i G 8#B=/95 S)(olem* FCranA RosenA&ei-*G ?/$* )onsi1ers RosenA&ei-Hs essa! F4as neue 4en'enG one o2 (e mos im,or an ,(iloso,(i)al s a emen s (a RosenA&ei- (as ma1e5 3""? boo'* Wi -ens einHs Tractatus5 I &as (e rauma )ause1 b! (e (is ori) )a as ro,(e o2 (e &ar7&(i)( mar'e1 (e na1ir o2 Wes ern )iviliAa ion7 an1 (e 1a&n o2 an in)on)eivable ne& era : (a le1 RosenA&ei- o urn a&a! 2rom an in elle) ual ,as roo e1 in Derman i1ealism an1 ma1e (im en1eavor o ransla e &(a is -iven in imme1ia e evi1en)e 7 namel!* Do17in o 'no&le1-e5 Su)( an un1er a'in- means no less (an -ras,inevi1en iar! e+,erien)es )o-ni ivel!5

W(a ever is -iven in evi1en)e is be!on1 1oub * al (ou-( more o2 en (an no i ,roves (ar1 o ransla e su)( e+,erien)es in o )o-ni ion5 4oublin- an evi1en iar! e+,erien)e b! a em, in- o 'no& &(a i is ma! run )oun er o (e e)onom! ,rin)i,le o2 our (uman ma'eu,5 W(a is e+,erien)e1 in imme1ia)! is a'en 2or ru (* so (a (ere is no nee1 o )onver su)( e+,erien)es in o 'no&le1-e5 T(ere are* (o&ever* Kui e a 2e& evi1en iar! e+,erien)es in (uman li2e7love* 2or e+am,le7&(i)( a,,ear o elu1e )o-ni ion !e ma'e us )rave o 'no& &(a (e! are* as is borne ou no leas b! li era ure* &(i)( is obsesse1 &i ( a )on inual ena) men o2 su)( evi1en iar! e+,erien)es5 I is in (e na ure o2 su)( e+,erien)es (a &e are so &ra,,e1 u, in (em &(enever (e! o))ur (a &e 2in1 i 1i22i)ul o un an-le ourselves 2rom (em5 An! a em, o -ras, (em ma! ris' 1issolvin(eir na ural s,on anei !5 I ma!* (o&ever* be our ver! involvemen (a ,o&ers (e 1rive o )ome o 'no& &(a &e (ave e+,erien)e15 Cor RosenA&ei-* (e e+is en)e o2 Do1* (e &orl1* an1 (uman'in1 are e+,erien ial reali ies -iven in sel23evi1en)e* an1 !e (e ma'es i Kui e )lear 2rom (e ou se (a (e in en1s no less (an o ob ain 'no&le1-e o2 &(a is o (er&ise onl! available as evi1en iar! e+,erien)e5 Comin- o 'no& &(a is -iven in sel23evi1en)e is a 2un1amen al ,roblem o2 mo1ern imes5 <elmu ( Plessner* 2or e+am,le* s a esB FWe are* bu &e 1o no (ave ourselves5G ? T(ere is no 1oub in our min1s (a &e e+is * al (ou-( &e 1o no (ave 'no&le1-e o2 &(a su)( an in1ubi able e+,erien)e en ails5 Bu &(! are &e 1riven o 'no& &(a is -iven in sel23evi1en)e* an1 &(a a))oun s 2or our relu) an)e o a))e, (e 2a) (a (ere are e+,erien)es (a &e are a&are o2 &i (ou 'no&in- &(a (e! areM OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO : S e,(ane Mosfs* +er *n%el der (eschichte# $ran2 Rosen2'ei%>Walter &en)amin> (ershom Scholem 8Cran'2ur 6MainB Su(r'am,* "$$:9* "#5 ? <elmu ( Plessner* F4ie an (ro,olo-is)(e 4imension 1er Des)(i)( li)('ei *G in So2ialer Wandel# Divilisation und $ortschritt als 7ate%orien der so2iolo%ischen Theorie 5 e15 <ans Pe er 4rei Ael 8Neu&ie1B Lu)( er(an1* "$=/9* ">05 3""> RosenA&ei- a11resses su)( a Kues ion in (e 2irs sen en)e o2 (is boo'* &(i)( ,oin s o a 1ee,er level o2 (e ,re1i)amen o &(i)( (e &ill res,on1 b! 1evelo,in- ano (er variable o2 in er,re a ion* 1i22eren 2rom (ose revie&e1 so 2ar5 T(e sen en)e rea1sB FAll )o-ni ion P ori-ina es 2rom (e 2ear o2 1ea (5G All 'in1s o2 ,ana)eas in en1e1 o allevia e (is 2ear (ave ,rove1 ine22e) ive* es,e)iall! (ose ,ro22ere1 b! ,(iloso,(!* (e ver! 1omain o2 )o-ni ion5 RosenA&ei- main ains* (o&ever* (a i is no so mu)( (e 2ear o2 1ea ( (a (as )rea e1 (e ,re1i)amen * as ,(iloso,(! i sel2* be)ause i (as been unable o 2ul2ill i s ,romise F o bear us over (e -rave &(i)( !a&ns a our 2ee &i ( ever! s e,G 8%95 An1 as (e s ron-(ol1 o2 'no&le1-e an1 )o-ni ion (as )rumble1* (e ensuin- ,re1i)amen )an onl! be me * a))or1in- o RosenA&ei-* b! re,la)in- ,(iloso,(! &i ( an en er,rise 1esi-ne1 o ransla e (e evi1en iar! e+,erien)es o2 Do1* (e &orl1* an1 (uman'in1 in o 'no&abili !5 In (is res,e) * RosenA&ei-Hs ,oin o2 1e,ar ure is almos a o al reversal o2 &(a 4es)ar es )onsi1ere1 (e roo o2 'no&le1-eB i is no (e abili ! o 1oub (a ,rovi1es )er ain ! bu ra (er &(a is be!on1 1oub 5 Al (ou-( (e la er elu1es our -ras,* i (as o be ar-e e1 b! )o-ni ion5 Cor su)( a as'* a variable o2 in er,re a ion (as o be )on)eive1 (a * in RosenA&ei-Hs &or1s* ma'es (e F)ourse o2 'no&le1-eG ,ro)ee1 F o ever more ,ro2oun1 )o-ni ion P as a re3)rea ion in (ou-( o2 (e un)rea e1 Bein-G 8//$95 Su)( an in er,re ive en er,rise im,lies 2irs an1 2oremos a (ei-( ene1 a&areness o2 (e liminal s,a)e* &(i)( ,(iloso,(! no onl! (a1 been unable o )o,e &i ( bu (a1 sim,l! i-nore15 T(ere2ore RosenA&eiembar's on a -roun13)learin- o,era ion b! 1e)ons ru) in- ,(iloso,(! al o-e (er5 I is ,er inen o no e (a &(enever (ere is a 1ras i) re oolin- o2 in er,re ive ,ro)e1ures* a 1isman lin- o2 ,revious a,,roa)(es a,,ears o be in1is,ensable in or1er o (i-(li-( (e im,or an)e o2 &(a is no& o be a1van)e15 T(is &as alrea1! evi1en &(en (ermeneu i)s en ere1 (e s a-eB S)(leierma)(er 1is)ar1e1 (e ra1i ion o2 )ommen ar!* an1 4ro!sen reJe) e1 an! ,re)on)eive1 ,(iloso,(! o2 (is or!5 Some (in- similar o))urre1 &i ( re)ursive loo,in-* &(en Deer A re,la)e1 (in &i ( (i)' 1es)ri, ion* an1 -eneral s!s ems (eor! re,la)e1 (e in,u 6ou ,u ,a ern &i ( s!s emi) re)ursivi !5 O22se in- oneHs o&n ,oin o2

1e,ar ure 2rom a ne-a ivel! )on)eive1 2oil in1i)a es (a in er,re a ion as a e)(ni)al ,ro)e1ure is -ui1e1 b! an o,era ive in en (a -ains salien)e b! &(a i urns a&a! 2rom5 RosenA&ei-Hs 1e)ons ru) ion avant la lettre &as aime1 a ,(iloso,(!B namel!* (a ever! (in- (ere is is 3""=3 en)om,asse1 b! &(a is )alle1 (e All5 Su)( an overri1in- )on)e, ion o2 ever! (in- (ere is (as basi) 2la&s5 I2 (e )on)e, o2 (e All is mean o )oun era) (e 2ear o2 1ea (* i merel! -losses over (e liminal s,a)e (a !a&ns be &een ourselves an1 our en15 T(e All (ere2ore is mean o elimina e (is s,a)e* Jus as (e s(i2 in- au (ori ! in in er,re a ion elimina e1 (e 1i22eren)e be &een (e )anoni)al e+ an1 i s rea1in-5 In ei (er )ase* (e liminal s,a)e is )oloniAe15 Moreover* (e ,roJe) ion o2 an All is no (in- bu an abs ra) ion 2rom ever! (in- (ere is* so (a an! (in- in1ivi1ual is ei (er i-nore1 or rele-a e1 o insi-ni2i)an)e5 P(iloso,(!* RosenA&ei- main ains* 1e)eives (e (uman bein- Fb! &eavin(e blue mis o2 i s i1ea o2 (e All abou (e ear (l!G 8:9* onl! o reveal (e All as a )ons ru) (a in i sel2 is no (in- be)ause i )anno be subs an ia e1* (us ma'in,(iloso,(! la,se in o F)ruel l!in-G 8?9* as i )anno 1eliver &(a i (as ,romise15 I2 ,(iloso,(! )laims o be able o )oun era) (e 2ear o2 1ea ( an1 o mas er (e )on in-en)! o2 (e &orl1 b! ,roJe) in- i s (olis i) no ion o2 (e All be!on1 &(i)( (ere is no (in-* (e ver! ,roJe) ion en ails a s an)e ou si1e (e All o enable i o be ,roJe) e15 As su)( a -ran1s an1 vie& )an never be es ablis(e1* (e umbrella )on)e, is no enable an1 (en)e 2alls a,ar 5 W(a su)( a Q2ra) ure1 o ali !R leaves be(in1 are Do1* &orl1* an1 (uman'in1* &(i)( are immeasurable* or mul i2arious* or ,ar i)ular5 T(e! mar' (e 2allou o2 (e lo-i)al im,ossibili ! in &(i)( ,(iloso,(! (as en ra,,e1 i sel2 (rou-( i s rans)en1en al s an)e ,osi e1 ou si1e ever! (in- (ere is5 An1 su)( an en ra,men urns ,(iloso,(! i sel2 in o no (in-* no leas as ,(iloso,(! main ains (a (ere is no (inbe!on1 (e All5 T(e same im,ulse (a ma1e ,(iloso,(! su,erim,ose (e blan'e )on)e, o2 (e All on ever! (in- (ere is is eKuall! o,era ive in (e )a e-ories (a ,(iloso,(! )on inuall! s,ins ou o2 i sel2* es i2!in- o i s ul ima e in en o ,rovi1e o aliAin- )on)e, ualiAa ions 2or &(a i or-aniAes5 T(ere2ore* &(en )a e-ories are a,,lie1 o Do1* &orl1* an1 (uman'in1* (e! urn ou o be unable o en)om,ass &(a Do1* &orl1* an1 (uman'in1 ma! be li'e* as (ese ou s ri, (e limi a ions im,ose1 on (em (rou-( )a e-oriAa ion5 Ins ea1 o2 beinsubsume1 un1er &(a (as been ,os ula e1 2or (eir )o-ni ion* (e! (emselves 2i-ure as overar)(in- 1imensions* e+)ee1in- (e )lassi2i)a ions a,,lie1 o (em5 Ca e-oriAin- Do1* &orl1* an1 (umans in erms o2 me a,(!si)s* lo-i)* or e (i)s &oul1 ul ima el! remove (eir mul i2ariousness b! eleva in- one )om,onen in o ea)( oneHs res,e) ive be3all an1 en13all5 RosenA&ei- is o,,ose1 no onl! o a s,e)i2i) bran1 o2 ,(iloso,(!7 3""#3 (a is* Derman i1ealism* (e ra1i ion in &(i)( (e &as raine1 > 7bu o (e basi) ene s o2 ,(iloso,(! i sel25 <e )onsi1ers i a ,(iloso,(i)al su,ers i ion o believe (a reason is -eare1 o bein- an1 vi)e versa5 Su)( an assum, ion mar'e1 2or (im (e )on-eni al 1e2e) o2 ,(iloso,(! (a (as ,la-ue1 i ever sin)e5 FP(iloso,(! s ar e1 onl! &(en reasonin&e11e1 i sel2 o bein-5 Bu i is ,re)isel! o ,(iloso,(!* an1 ,re)isel! a (is ,oin * (a &e 1en! our alle-ian)e5 We see' &(a is everlas in-* &(a 1oes no 2irs reKuire reasonin- in or1er o beG 8/095 In 1is,u in- (is in ima e )orrela ion be &een reason an1 bein-* RosenA&ei- 1isman les su)( an in er &inin- on lo-i)al -roun1s* simul aneousl! (i-(li-( in- (o& (e 2ailure o2 ,(iloso,(! 2urnis(es )o-ni ive ,roo2 2or (is o&n en er,rise5 <e ar-ues as 2ollo&sB T(us (e i1en i ! o2 reasonin- an1 bein- ,resu,,oses an inner noni1en i !5 T(ou-( reasonin- re2ers (rou-(ou o bein-* i is a (e same ime a 1iversi ! in i sel2 be)ause i also* a (e same ime* re2ers o i sel25 T(us reasonin-* i sel2 (e uni ! o2 i s o&n inner mul i,li)i !* in a11i ion (e blan'e )on)e, a1van)e1 b!

es ablis(es (e uni ! o2 bein-* an1 (a inso2ar as i is mul i,li)i !* no uni !5 An1 (ere&i ( (e uni ! o2 reasonin-* as )on)erne1 1ire) l! onl! &i ( reasonin-* no &i ( bein-* is e+)lu1e1 2rom (e )osmos o2 bein-3reasonin-5 Wi ( i s in er &inin- o2 (e &o mul i,li)i ies* (is )osmos i sel2 (us (as no& a uni ! en irel! be!on1 i sel25 8"%9 An1 as (e )osmos 7overar)(in- (e alle-e1 i1en i ! o2 reasonin- an1 bein-7is no lon-er (e be3all an1 (e en13all o2 mo1ern (ou-( * (e e+is en)e o2 Do1 as (e Fbe!on1G o2 (e )osmos is (e lo-i)al in2eren)e (a RosenA&ei- is able o es ablis( b! a'in- a,ar ,(iloso,(!Hs basi) ene o2 (in'in-5 Wi ( su)( an ar-umen * RosenA&ei- urns in o nei (er a s'e, i) nor a (eolo-ian in (is a em, o reme1! (e 1e2i)ien)ies o2 ,(iloso,(!5 I2 (e (a1 be)ome a s'e, i)* (e &oul1 s ill (ave remaine1 a ,(iloso,(er o2 a )er ain ra1i ional ,ersuasion5 I2 (e (a1 urne1 (eolo-ian* (e &oul1 (ave (a1 o )ommi (imsel2 o a s,e)i2i) reli-ious 1o) rine5 As nei (er o, ion &as an al erna ive 2or (im* (e (a1 o )ome u, &i ( a solu ion o2 (is o&n* e,i omiAe1 b! (is a em, o ransla e Do1 an1 &(a is 1e,en1en on (im in o )o-ni ion5 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO > See S)(olem* FCranA RosenA&ei-*G ?/=5 3""$3 <avin- (ro&n 1o&n F (e -aun le o (e &(ole (onorable )om,an! o2 ,(iloso,(ers 2rom Iona o @enaG 8"/9* = RosenA&ei- embar's on (is en er,rise* &(i)( sails un1er (e mo oB FOur vo!a-e o2 e+,lora ion a1van)es 2rom (e Nou-( s o2 'no&le1-e o (e Au-( o2 'no&le1-eG 8"$95 T(e ,airin- o2 Nou-( an1 Au-( s ru) ures (e ar-umen o2 (is en ire un1er a'in- an1 ,rovi1es (e )on)e, ual ools 2or ransla in- (e immeasurable in o 'no&in-5 T(e ,air o2 )on)e, s is &ell )(osenB nei (er o2 (em is a loa1e1 erm* an1 (en)e (e! 1o no )arr! mani2ol1 )onno a ions in (eir &a'e* su)( as o2 en mar (e )lari ! o2 )on)e, ual lan-ua-e5 # In or1er o 2in1 ou &(a (ese &or1s ma! mean* &e nee1 o )onsul (e 1i) ionar!* as (e! (ave no as !e soli1i2ie1 in o erminolo-!5 One mi-( even be in)line1 o sa! (a (e &or1s are 1elibera el! no mean o be )on)e, s* be)ause (e! 2un) ion as s(i2 ers* in1i)a in- (e rans2er o2 some (in- in an-ible in o ,er)e, ion5 RosenA&ei-Hs &(ole ar-umen ,ivo s aroun1 (ese erms* i2 one )an )all (em erms a all5 Cor (is reason (e avails (imsel2 o2 almos all (e 1i) ionar! meanin-s (ese &or1s )arr!5 T(e en ries 2or FNou-( G in The merican "erita%e +ictionary are as 2ollo&sB 8a9 no (in-* 8b9 (e s!mbol 0* 8)9 Aero* 819 no in (e leas * 8e9 no more5 Nou-( * (en* is no no (in-ness in (e sense o2 an absolu e No (in-5 An1 as Do1* &orl1* an1 (uman'in1 are -iven in in1is,u able sel23evi1en)e* Nou-( 2or RosenA&ei-7al (ou-( in1i)a in- ini iall! F (e Nou-( s o2 'no&le1-eG 8"$9 7is boun1 o be more )om,le+5 Runnin- (rou-( (e lis o2 1i) ionar! en ries* &e )an alrea1! see (o& (e seman i) OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO = See also Mosfs* *n%el der (eschichte* /#5 # In (e Derman ori-inal* (e ,airin- rea1s FNi)( sG 8Nou-( 9 an1 FE &asG 8Au-( 95 Bu as FNi)( sG is a loa1e1 erm* RosenA&ei- elabora es on &(a is mean b! FNi)( sGB FWo(l-emer' * &ir s,re)(en ni)( &ie 1ie 2rN(ere P(iloso,(ie* 1ie nur 1as All als i(ren De-ens an1 aner'ann e* von einem Ni)( s Nber(au, 5 Wir 'ennen 'ein eines un1 all-emeines Ni)( s* &eil &ir uns 1er Vorausse Aun- 1es einen un1 all-emeinen All en s)(la-en (aben5 Wir 'ennen nur 1as einAelne 81es&e-en aber ni)( e &a bes imm e* son1ern nur bes immun-serAeu-en1e9 Ni)( s 1es einAelnen ProblemsG :Stern der *rlNsun%* /=95 Cor (is reason* RosenA&ei- o))asionall! uses a ,lural 2orm o2 FNi)( s*G &(i)( 1oes no e+is in Derman* &(en (e s,ea's o2 (e FNi)( sen 1es WissensG 8//95 In (is res,e) * (e En-lis( ren1erin- o2 FNi)( sG b! FNou-( G avoi1s all (e erminolo-i)al )onno a ions (a (e Derman )on)e, 1ra-s in i s &a'e5 Even FAu-( G 2or FE &asG brin-s ou more ,oin e1l! (e Kuali ! (a RosenA&ei- &an e1 o )onve! b! FE &as5G 3"/03 ran-e o2 Nou-( )an be ins rumen aliAe1B 8a9 as nothin%* i 1esi-na es (e absen)e o2 some (in-I 8b9 as symbol 0* i in1i)a es blan's an1 -a,s* &(i)( su--es (a (ere is some (in- on ei (er si1e o2 (emI 8)9 as 2ero* i si-ni2ies no (in- an1 mar's (e be-innin-

o2 a series o2 numbersI 819 as not in the least* i ,oin s o e+)lusionsI 8e9 as no more* i (i-(li-( s some (in- (a (as vanis(e15 T(us (e Nou-( o2 'no&le1-e* even &(en i 1esi-na es (e no 3'no&in- o2 (e immeasurable* a,,ears ri-( 2rom (e be-innin- in RosenA&ei-Hs ar-umen as (e o,,or uni ! 2or a mani2ol1 1emar)a ion ra (er (an an ul ima e limi be!on1 &(i)( (ere is no (in-5 Lines o2 1emar)a ion are boun1 o var! a))or1in- o (e s(a1es o2 meanin- (a Nou-( assumes in (e )ourse o2 i s 1i22eren ial em,lo!men 5 T(is )(an-eabili ! ,oin s o (e 2a) (a Nou-( is no o be mis a'en 2or* or even mean o 2un) ion as* a )on)e, I ins ea1* me a,(ori)all! s,ea'in-* i is a )(ameleon (a a'es on (e (ue o2 i s )on1i ional a,,li)a ions* an1 (ese are basi)all! mo1es o2 rans,osi ion5 Some (in- similar a,,lies o (e &or1 (a RosenA&ei- ,airs &i ( Nou-( * ou line1 ri-( a (e be-innin- in a basi) s a emen (a in1i)a es (is in er,re ive (rus B FT(e Nou-( is no No (in-* i is Au-( G 8?95 FAu-( G also )arries a -rea man! meanin-s5 I s 1i) ionar! en ries are as 2ollo&sB 8a9 an! (in- &(a ever* 8b9 a all* 8)9 in an! res,e) * 819 an! (in-* 8e9 no !e * 829 s!mbol 0* 8-9 Aero5 I2 (e Nou-( is no no (in- bu a1umbra es an Au-( * i (i-(li-( s one )onno a ion (a (e &o &or1s (ave in )ommon* namel!* Aero5 I2 Aero mar's (e ,oin o2 in erse) ion* &e mi-( sa! (a Nou-( in1i)a es a s(i2 o&ar1 Aero* &(ereas Au-( in1i)a es an a1van)e 2rom Aero5 T(us (eir in erlin'in- resul s in a sli1in- s)ale* &(i)( urns (e Nou-( in o an o,era ion (a reveals some (in-* a some (in-* (o&ever* (a is s ill (i11en as lon- as (e Nou-( 1omina es* al (ou-( i is )on aine1 in i Jus as an! ne-a ion (arbors a ,o en ial a22irma ion (a mo iva es (e ne-a ion5 <en)e Nou-( is o be ransla e1 in o an Au-( * &(i)( means no less (an (a Nou-( is o2 an enablin- na ure5 A (is Jun) ure o2 (e ar-umen * a 1ual )o1in- o2 Nou-( alrea1! )omes o (e 2ore* &(i)( is bes ,er)eive1 &(en vie&e1 &i (in (e )on e+ 2rom &(i)( i (as arisen5 A))or1in- o RosenA&ei-* as &e (ave seen* ,(iloso,(! is (e Nou-( o2 'no&le1-e* evin)e1 b! (e 2a) (a (e All ,roJe) e1 b! ,(iloso,(! as a blan'e )on)e, ma'es ever! (in- 1issolve in o abs ra) ions5 In (is res,e) * Nou-( 1esi-na es Aero* be)ause (e All as an in)om,re(ensible ,os ula e is no (in-5 Su)( a Nou-( * (o&ever* is 1ouble3e1-e1 inso2ar as i s 1esi-na ion o2 (e All as no (in- resul s in a )an)ella ion o2 (is 3"/"3 overri1in- ,(iloso,(i)al )on)e, an1 (us 2rees (e &(ole ran-e o2 &(a is immeasurable 8Do19* mul i2arious 8&orl19* an1 ,ar i)ular 8(uman'in19* &(i)( in urn are (e FNou-( s o2 'no&le1-eG as 2ar as ,(iloso,(! is )on)erne15 $ Su)( a Nou-( is boun1 o ri--er an Au-( * (ereb! ,ro,ellin- an a1van)e 2rom ,(iloso,(!Hs Nou-( o2 'no&le1-e o an enablin- )om,re(ension o2 Qan! (in- &(a everR an1 (us ransla in- i sel2 in o i s Au-( 5 T(is ,airin- is 2un1amen al o RosenA&ei-Hs ar-umen * in (a i a) iva es a ravelin1i22eren ial be &een (e &o erms (a urns ou o be (e (allmar' o2 (e in er,re ive ,ara1i-m (a (e a1van)es5 <en)e RosenA&ei- a1vo)a es (in'in- in erms o2 rela ions(i,s ins ea1 o2 ,osi ions* ,os ula es* )a e-ories* or even )on)e, s5 T(e erms em,lo!e1 2or (is un1er a'in- are a1eKua e inso2ar as (e! 1o no )arr! (e bur1en o2 an! ra1i ional meanin-s in (eir &a'e5 As erms* (e! are ra (er o,aKue an1 b! no means s ri) l! 1e2ine1* &(i)(* (o&ever* enables (em o un2ol1 more an1 more nuan)es an1 allo&s (em o s,o li-( 1evelo,men s in (e rela ions(i, be &een (em5 T(ere2ore Nou-( an1 Au-( ma! be )on)eive1 2irs an1 2oremos as o,era ors* an1 as su)( (e! ,rove o be a1eKua e 2or (e as' o2 )onver in- in o 'no&le1-e Do1Hs immeasurabili ! an1 &(a (as s,run- 2rom i * (a is* (e &orl1 an1 (umans5 M! as' (ere is o ra)e (e ,a ern o2 in er,re a ion (a s ru) ures RosenA&ei-Hs a em, o ransla e (e immeasurable in o )o-ni ion5 I am no )on)erne1 &i ( (e reli-ious 1imension o2 (is ar-umen * &(i)( issues in o a 2un1amen al e+,osi ion o2 @u1aism5 Ins ea1* I s(all )on2ine m!sel2 o ra)in- (e ar)(i e) oni)s o2 (is ar-umen 5 As I (ave 1one &i ( (e in er,re ive ,ara1i-ms revie&e1 so 2ar* I s(all 2o)us on (e s ru) ure a))or1in- o &(i)( a subJe) ma er is rans,ose1 in o a re-is er an1 on (e e+ en o &(i)( (e la er in ervenes in o (e 2ormer* &i ( a resul an bur-eonin- o2 rami2i)a ions5

Al (ou-( (e mo1es o2 in er,re a ion are al&a!s )on1i ione1 b! (e subJe) ma er (a (e! are in en1e1 o a)'le* (e! are 1e2ini ivel! 1i22eren 2rom &(a (e! are mean o o,en u,5 T(is is ,ar i)ularl! rue in RosenA&ei-Hs )ase* as (e a,,roa)(es a reli-ious Kues ion in erms no so mu)( o2 1o) rinal belie2 as o2 an in ri)a e in er &inin- be &een belie2 an1 'no&le1-eB FWe ma'e belie2 &(oll! (e )on en o2 'no&le1-e* bu o2 a 'no&le1-e &(i)( i sel2 la!s i s 2oun1a ion on a OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO $ RosenA&ei- )on en1sB FO2 man oo &e (ere2ore 'no& no (in-5 An1 (is no (in- oo is bu a be-innin-* is in1ee1 (e be-innin- o2 a be-innin-G :Star of Redemption* >%95 3"// 2un1amen al )on)e, o2 belie25 T(is )an onl! be)ome a,,aren in (e )ourse o2 (e ,ro)e1ure i sel2* 2or (e 2un1amen al )on)e, o2 belie2 )anno be re)o-niAe1 as su)( un il 'no&le1-e (as arrive1 a (e e+,osi ion o2 belie2G 8"0%95 Su)( a 1is in) ion ma'es i ,ossible o se,ara e RosenA&ei-Hs o,era ional mo1e o2 in er,re a ion 2rom (is )ommi men o @u1aism5 Al (ou-( (is is (i-(li-( e1 in The Star of Redemption* (e s ra e-! o2 i s ,resen a ion is no 1erive1 2rom a belie2 s!s em* bu 7as RosenA&ei- (imsel2 )laims72rom ma (ema i)s in (e 2irs boo'* -rammar in (e se)on1* an1 ri ual in (e (ir1 8/$:259* all o2 (em bein- s ru) urall! un2ol1e1 b! a ravelin- 1i22eren ial5 As Nou-( an1 Au-( are (e basi) ,arame ers 2or (is un1er a'in-* (e 2irs ,roJe) is o e+amine (o& (e! 2un) ion an1 &(a ma'es (em 1ove ail5 I is RosenA&ei- (imsel2 &(o 1es)ribes (e mo1e o,era ive be &een (em as a ravelin- 1i22eren ialB T(e 1i22eren ial )ombines in i sel2 (e )(ara) eris i)s o2 (e Nou-( an1 (e Au-( 5 I is a Nou-( &(i)( ,oin s o an Au-( * i s Au-( I a (e same ime i is an Au-( (a s ill slumbers in (e la, o2 (e Nou-( 5 I is on (e one (an1 (e 1imension as (is loses i sel2 in (e immeasurable* an1 (en a-ain i borro&s* as (e Fin2ini esimal*G all (e )(ara) eris i)s o2 2ini e ma-ni u1e &i ( (e sole e+)e, ion o2 2ini e ma-ni u1e i sel25 T(us i 1ra&s i s ,o&er o es ablis( reali ! on (e one (an1 2rom (e 2or)ible ne-a ion &i ( &(i)( i brea's (e la, o2 (e Nou-( * an1 on (e o (er (an1 eKuall! 2rom (e )alm a22irma ion o2 &(a ever bor1ers on (e Nou-( o &(i)(* as i sel2 in2ini esimal* i s ill an1 all remains a a)(e15 T(us i o,ens &o ,a (s 2rom (e Nou-( o (e Au-( 7 (e ,a ( o2 a22irma ion o2 &(a is no Nou-( * an1 (e ,a ( o2 (e ne-a ion o2 (e Nou-( 5 Ma (ema i)s is (e -ui1e 2or (e sa'e o2 (ese &o ,a (s5 I ea)(es us o re)o-niAe (e ori-in o2 (e Au-( in (e Nou-( 5 T(us even i2 Co(en* (e mas er* &oul1 be 2ar 2rom a1mi in- i * &e are )on inuin- o buil1 on (e -rea s)ien i2i) a)(ievemen o2 (is lo-i) o2 ori-ins* (e ne& )on)e, o2 (e Nou-( 5 8/029 No&* be2ore elabora in- on (e o,era ional mo1e o2 (e 1i22eren ial an1 (e &a! in &(i)( RosenA&ei- )on)eive1 o2 i s &or'in-s* le us on)e more )onsi1er (e 1i) ionar! en ries* no leas be)ause RosenA&ei- a-ain availe1 (imsel2 o2 almos all (e 2un) ions e+er)ise1 b! (e 1i22eren ial5 T(is is all (e more ,er inen as RosenA&ei- e+,li)i l! oo' over (e 1i22eren ial as a s ra e-! o2 in er,re a ion 2rom (is ea)(er* <ermann 3"/%3 Co(en* (ou-( (is use o2 i &as no e+a) l! (e same as Co(enHs5 "0 T(e &or1 F1i22eren ialG is 1e2ine1 in (e 1i) ionar! asB 8a9 ,er ainin- o or s(o&in- 1i22eren)e* 8b9 )ons i u in- or ma'in- a 1i22eren)e* 8)9 1e,en1en on or ma'in- use o2 a 1i22eren)e or a 1is in) ion* 819 o2 or ,er ainin- o 1i22eren ia ion* 8e9 an in2ini esimal in)remen in a variable5 In simul aneousl! ma'in- an1 usin- a 1i22eren)e* (e 1i22eren ial o,era es b! )on inuall! 1is in-uis(in- an1 in erlin'in- (e Nou-( as a no3more an1 (e Au-( as a no 3!e 5 I 1ra&s ou in o (e o,en (e a22irma ion (a ea)( ne-a ion (arbors as i s mo iva ion 2or (e ne-a in- a) * (us ma'in- (e ne-a ion sli1e in o i s Au-( * &(i)(* in RosenA&ei-Hs &or1s* is Fslumberin- in (e la, o2 (e Nou-( 5G In an1 o2 i sel2 (e 1i22eren ial is nei (er an en i ! nor a Kuan i ! bu ra (er a Fno3 (in-G 8/"9* Jus as (e Fno3moreG an1 (e Fno 3!e G are in an1 o2 (emselves no3 (in-s5 T(e 1i22eren ial onl! ma,s ou a ,a ( alon- &(i)( (e

Nou-( is ma1e o reveal (e non3Nou-( some (in- s ill o )ome5

(a is )on aine1 &i (in i sel2* 2ea ure1 as

In or1er o -ras, (e o,era ional in en o2 (e 1i22eren ial* &e s(oul1 (ave a loo' a Co(enHs &or'* in &(i)( (e inves i-a e1 (e me (o1 o2 (e in2ini esimal in)remen b! revie&in- i in (e li-( o2 i s (is or!5 "" T(e 1i22eren ial is 2un1amen all! a realiAino,era ion* &(i)( ,roves o be ,ar i)ularl! a, &(en i )omes o )on)eivin- o2 reali !* )on inui !* or even in2ini !5 T(ese )anno be )on)e, ualiAe1 2rom s an)es ou si1e (emselves* as su)( an a) &oul1 im,l! )on2errin- ,re1i)a es on (em &i ( &(i)( (e! )oul1 no be i1en i)al5 T(ere2ore reali ! ma! be no (in- bu (e realiAa ion o2 i s e+is en)e* &(i)(* (o&ever* (as o be FobJe) i2ie1*G as Co(en main ains 8$#9* in or1er o be a,,re(en1e15 T(e 1i22eren ial (ere2ore ,roves o be (e o,era ional mo1e 2or un2ol1inreali ! as realiAa ion5 T(is a,,lies eKuall! o )on inui ! an1 in2ini !5 Ins ea1 o2 1e erminin&(a )on inui ! is or mi-( be* (e 1i22eren ial realiAes )on inui ! inso2ar as i s,li s u, &(a is )on inuous b! mar'in- o22 ever3var!in- s(a,es 2rom one ano (er* &(i)( in (eir res,e) ive s,e)i2i)i ! urn in o 2oils 2or (e 2ollo&in- s(a,e* (us un2ol1in- )on inui ! (rou-( an in1ivi1uall! -ra1ua e1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO "0 RosenA&ei- (as &ri en e+ ensivel! on (e &or' o2 Co(enI see CranA RosenA&ei-* FXum Wer' <ermann Co(ens*G in +er /ensch und sein Werk* Desammel e S)(ri2 en %* e15 Rein(ol1 Ma!er an1 Annamarie Ma!er 84or1re)( B Mar inus NiJ(o22* "$#:9* ">?L/:05 "" <ermann Co(en* +as Prin2ip der InfinitesimalM/ethode und seine (eschichte# *in 7apitel 2ur (rundle%un% der *rkenntniskritik 8"##%I re,rin * Cran'2ur 6MainB Su(r'am,* "$>#95 3"/:3 Co(en* (ou-( (is use o2 i &as no e+a) l! (e same as Co(enHs5 "0 T(e &or1 F1i22eren ialG is 1e2ine1 in (e 1i) ionar! asB 8a9 ,er ainin- o or s(o&in- 1i22eren)e* 8b9 )ons i u in- or ma'in- a 1i22eren)e* 8)9 1e,en1en on or ma'in- use o2 a 1i22eren)e or a 1is in) ion* 819 o2 or ,er ainin- o 1i22eren ia ion* 8e9 an in2ini esimal in)remen in a variable5 In simul aneousl! ma'in- an1 usin- a 1i22eren)e* (e 1i22eren ial o,era es b! )on inuall! 1is in-uis(in- an1 in erlin'in- (e Nou-( as a no3more an1 (e Au-( as a no 3!e 5 I 1ra&s ou in o (e o,en (e a22irma ion (a ea)( ne-a ion (arbors as i s mo iva ion 2or (e ne-a in- a) * (us ma'in- (e ne-a ion sli1e in o i s Au-( * &(i)(* in RosenA&ei-Hs &or1s* is Fslumberin- in (e la, o2 (e Nou-( 5G In an1 o2 i sel2 (e 1i22eren ial is nei (er an en i ! nor a Kuan i ! bu ra (er a Fno3 (in-G 8/"9* Jus as (e Fno3moreG an1 (e Fno 3!e G are in an1 o2 (emselves no3 (in-s5 T(e 1i22eren ial onl! ma,s ou a ,a ( alon- &(i)( (e Nou-( is ma1e o reveal (e non3Nou-( (a is )on aine1 &i (in i sel2* 2ea ure1 as some (in- s ill o )ome5 In or1er o -ras, (e o,era ional in en o2 (e 1i22eren ial* &e s(oul1 (ave a loo' a Co(enHs &or'* in &(i)( (e inves i-a e1 (e me (o1 o2 (e in2ini esimal in)remen b! revie&in- i in (e li-( o2 i s (is or!5 "" T(e 1i22eren ial is 2un1amen all! a realiAino,era ion* &(i)( ,roves o be ,ar i)ularl! a, &(en i )omes o )on)eivin- o2 reali !* )on inui !* or even in2ini !5 T(ese )anno be )on)e, ualiAe1 2rom s an)es ou si1e (emselves* as su)( an a) &oul1 im,l! )on2errin- ,re1i)a es on (em &i ( &(i)( (e! )oul1 no be i1en i)al5 T(ere2ore reali ! ma! be no (in- bu (e realiAa ion o2 i s e+is en)e* &(i)(* (o&ever* (as o be FobJe) i2ie1*G as Co(en main ains 8$#9* in or1er o be a,,re(en1e15 T(e 1i22eren ial (ere2ore ,roves o be (e o,era ional mo1e 2or un2ol1inreali ! as realiAa ion5 T(is a,,lies eKuall! o )on inui ! an1 in2ini !5 Ins ea1 o2 1e erminin&(a )on inui ! is or mi-( be* (e 1i22eren ial realiAes )on inui ! inso2ar as i s,li s u, &(a is )on inuous b! mar'in- o22 ever3var!in- s(a,es 2rom one ano (er* &(i)( in (eir res,e) ive s,e)i2i)i ! urn in o 2oils 2or (e 2ollo&in- s(a,e* (us un2ol1in- )on inui ! (rou-( an in1ivi1uall! -ra1ua e1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO "0 RosenA&ei- (as &ri en e+ ensivel! on (e &or' o2 Co(enI see CranA RosenA&ei-* FXum Wer' <ermann Co(ens*G in +er /ensch und sein Werk* Desammel e S)(ri2 en %* e15 Rein(ol1 Ma!er an1 Annamarie Ma!er 84or1re)( B Mar inus NiJ(o22* "$#:9* ">?L/:05 "" <ermann Co(en* +as Prin2ip der InfinitesimalM/ethode und seine (eschichte# *in

7apitel 2ur (rundle%un% der *rkenntniskritik 8"##%I re,rin * Cran'2ur 6MainB Su(r'am,* "$>#95 3"/:3 i-noran)e inso2ar as i i1en i2ies Do1 &i ( (e Nou-( o2 'no&le1-e* resul in- in (e 2a al )onseKuen)e o2 urnin- an Au-( * in (e sense o2 Fa all*G in o a Nou-( 5 T(ere2ore ano (er line o2 reasonin- (as o be a1o, e1 2or as)er ainin- Do1Hs essen)e5 T(e Nou-( o2 'no&le1-e is o be a'en in i s )onno a ion as Aero* &(i)( ies in &i ( (e same )onno a ion o2 Aero in Au-( I (us (e 1uali ! o2 Aero be)omes a,,aren B namel!* Aero is some (in- no !e 1e2ine1 bu enablin- 1e2inabili !5 Or* in ma (ema i)al erms* Aero is (e number (a allo&s 2or )oun in-* an1 )oun in- is (e 1i22eren ial un2ol1in- o2 &(a numbers are5 Coun in- ,resu,,oses (e 1i22eren ial 7as Co(en (as am,l! 1emons ra e1 7an1 (us )onver s (e number in o i s realiAa ion* &(i)( im,lies no s o,,in- a an! ,oin in (e ,ro)ess o2 )oun in-5 "% As Do1 )anno be no (in-* (e is boun1 o be a non3Nou-( 2rom &(i)( an Au-( * (is Au-( * is o F&ell 2or (G 8/#95 RosenA&ei- (us 1ra&s a 1i22eren lo-i)al )on)lusion 2rom (ose o2 a (eism* m!s i)ism* ne-a ive (eolo-!* an1 ,(iloso,(!* b! un)ou,lin- (eir Nou-( o2 'no&le1-e 2rom (e FimmeasurableG in or1er o ,reven (eir i-noran)e 2rom bein- )on2erre1 on Do1 as (is basi) a ribu e5 ConseKuen l!* (e Nou-( o2 'no&le1-e )anno be ma1e in o Do1Hs )en ral Kuali2i)a ion5 As an ul ima e re2eren)e* (e Nou-( o2 'no&le1-e &oul1 )onver Do1 in o no (in-* (us ,(asin- (im ou o2 e+is en)e al o-e (er* al (ou-( (is ver! e+is en)e is e+,erien)e1 b! (umans as )er ain !5 T(ere2ore (e evi1en iar! e+,erien)e un1er)u s (e Nou-( o2 'no&le1-e an1 simul aneousl! 1eman1s (a &(a is evi1en s(oul1 be -ras,e15 Su)( a s,li is (e 2irs 1i22eren ia ion a))or1in- o &(i)( Do1 is a1umbra e1 in 1i22eren ial erms5 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO "% See Co(en* +as Prin2ip, ;<f5 Mosfs* *n%el der (eschichte* =/25* Kuo es ,or ions o2 a le er (a RosenA&ei- (a1 &ri en on Ma! "06""* "$"#* o <ans E(renber-* a a ime &(en (e &as alrea1! &or'in- on The Star of Redemption5 In (e le er (e elabora es on (e 1is in) ion be &een irra ional an1 ra ional numbers5 Cor (e ra ional numbers* in2ini ! mar's an unrea)(able limi o&in- o (eir linear ,ro-ression* &(ereas (e irra ional numbers )rea e a s,a ial* nonlinear all3embra)in- &(ole5 RosenA&ei- e+,an1s (is s a emen b! sa!in-B FIn2ini ! is* as an in2ini esimal number* (e (i11en 1rive o2 (e ra ional numbers* &(i)( un2ol1 reali ! in o an-ibili !5 T(rou-( irra ional numbers in2ini ! be)omes a,,aren P an1 !e remains 2orever alien5G W(a a,,ears as a -ro,ins,e)ula ion a (is Jun) ure o2 RosenA&ei-Hs (in'in- is la er on )on)eive1 as a s,e)ial o,era ion o2 (e 1i22eren ial (a * as a -eome ri) ,oin * un2ol1s realiAa ion o2 in2ini ! b! means o2 )onversion* (us allo&in- us o )on)eive o2 (e 1i22eren ial as a nonlinear movemen 5 3"/>3 T(e 1i22eren ial* as RosenA&ei- (as no e1* Floses i sel2 in (e immeasurableGI (o&ever* in 1oin- so* i inva1es (e immeasurable* (us ma'in- i in o (e subJe) ma er o2 in er,re a ion5 FLosin- i sel2G is a 1eli)a e e+,ression 2or (e ,ene ra ion o2 &(a (e re-is er is mean o ma'e available* an1 i also reveals (a (e 1i22eren ial o,era ion ries o o,en u, (e immeasurable 2or )o-ni ion 2rom insi1e i sel25 T(e 2irs s e, 2or su)( an un1er a'in- is (e 1is in) ion be &een FYeaG an1 FNa!*G &(i)( 2ea ure as Froo &or1sG 8"/>259 2or Do1Hs 1i22eren ial un2ol1in- 8/#95 T(e Na! is Jus as ori-inal as (e Yea5 P T(e ori-inal Na! ,resu,,oses no (in- bu (e Nou-( 5 I is (e Na! o2 Nou-( 5 No& o2 )ourse i is rue (a i burs s 2or ( 1ire) l! 2rom (e Nou-( * burs s 2or (* (a is* as i s ne-a ion* an1 no Yea ,re)e1es i I bu an a22irma ion 1oes ,re)e1e i 5 In o (er &or1sB &(ile i ,resu,,oses onl! (e Nou-( * (e Nou-( i ,resu,,oses is a Nou-( 2rom &(i)( (e Yea (a1 o &ell 2or (* no a Nou-( &i ( &(i)( i )oul1 (ave le (e ma er res 5 P T(ere2ore (e

a22irma ion o2 (e non3Nou-( )ir)ums)ribes as inner limi (e in2ini ! o2 all (a is no Nou-( 5 An in2ini ! is a22irme1B Do1Hs in2ini e essen)e5 8/#* />259 T(e in2ini e essen)e is 1is)lose1 as a Yea* &(i)( arises ou o2 (e Na! o2 Nou-( * an1 (us ma'es (e Na! an1 (e Yea )oeval* no leas be)ause Do1Hs essen)e )oul1 no be (e one or (e o (er5 <o&ever* (e 1ove ailin- o2 Na! an1 Yea none (eless es ablis(es a 1is in) ion* an1 (is ,roli2era es in o in2ini e 1i22eren ia ions* in (e sense on)e 1e aile1 b! Dre-or! Ba eson* &(o s a e1 in ano (er )on e+ (a Fi is (e 1i22eren)e (a ma'es a 1i22eren)e5G ": As sel231i22eren ia ion* Do1Hs essen)e is ransla e1 in o F(is in2ini e a) uali !* (is P(!sisG 8/=9* &(i)( mani2es s i sel2 b! issuin- in o an arra! o2 mul i2arious ,ossibili ies5 T(e 1i22eren ial o,era ive be &een (e Na! an1 (e Yea 'ee,s Do1 )lear 2rom an! ,ar i)ular (uman ,roJe) ion an1 allo&s us o un2ol1 (is in2ini ! as realiAa ion5 T(e la er be)omes an-ible (rou-( (e o,era ive 1rive o2 (e 1i22eren ial* &(i)( Floses i sel2 in (e immeasurableG an1 simul aneousl! Fborro&s as (e in2ini esimal all (e )(ara) eris i)s o2 2ini e ma-ni u1e &i ( (e sole e+)e, ion o2 2ini e ma-ni u1e i sel2G 8/095 Ever! ,ossibili ! emer-in- 2rom (e Fin2ini e a) uali !G o2 Do1Hs P(!sis a,,ears OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO ": Dre-or! Ba eson* Steps to an *colo%y of /ind 8Ne& Yor'B Ballan ine* "$=/9* %"?5 3"/=3 o be 1e ermina e an1 2ini e* an1 !e (e in2ini ! is o,era ive in (e ,o en iall! en1less 1i22eren ia ion5 T(us (e 1i22eren ial ,ermi s us o ,er)eive (o& Do1Hs Far)(3na! P no& emer-es ane& no lon-er as Na! bu as Yea*G 2or FDo1 )an (ave no a ribu es a all ,rior o (is emer-en)e 2rom (imsel2G 8""%95 In or1er o -ras, (is emer-en)e* lan-ua-e is o2 ,aramoun im,or an)e 2or RosenA&ei-* as (ou-( an1 lan-ua-e are in ima el! &e11e15 T(ere2ore (e ma'es i Kui e )lear (a )o-ni ion o2 (e immeasurable )an onl! be a)(ieve1 (rou-( F (e real em,lo!men o2 lan-ua-e S&(i)( isT (e )en er3,ie)e as i &ere o2 (is en ire boo'G 8"=:95 "? Do1 &oul1 never (ave be)ome an e+,erien ial reali ! 2or (umans i2 (e (a1 no a22irme1 (is non3Nou-( * (a is* (is no bein- no (in-5 T(ere2ore (e a22irma ion o2 no bein- no (inis (e 2irs 1i22eren ia ion a))or1in- o &(i)( Do1Hs immeasurabili ! is a1umbra e1 in 1i22eren ial erms5 <o&ever* (e non3Nou-( reKuires an a) in or1er o be)ome a,,aren 5 Su)( an a) is o be )on)eive1 as Do1Hs 2ree1om* be)ause (e a22irma ion o2 (is no beinno (in- ma1e (im aban1on (is )on)ealmen 5 S ill* (e Kues ion remains &(! (e 1i1 i 5 S e,,in- ou o2 (is (i11enness )an onl! be Kuali2ie1 as Do1Hs Fin2ini e )a,ri)eG 8%095 FCor (ere is )a,ri)e* no in (e )rea orHs a) o2 )rea ion* bu ,rior o i in (e sel23)on2i-ura ion o2 Do1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO "? On lan-ua-e* RosenA&ei- &ri esB FT(ou-( lan-ua-e is roo e1 in (e sub erranean 2oun1a ions o2 bein- &i ( (e ar)(3&or1s* i alrea1! s(oo s u,&ar1 in o (e li-( o2 (e erres rial li2e in (ese roo 3&or1s* an1 in (is li-( i blossoms 2or ( in o )olor2ul mul i,li)i !5 P Ye i is 1is in-uis(e1 2rom (is li2e ,re)isel! be)ause i 1oes no move )a,ri)iousl! over (e sur2a)e* bu ra (er sin's roo s in o (e 1ar' 2oun1a ions benea ( li2eG 8":?2595 Cor RosenA&ei-Hs )on)e, ion o2 lan-ua-e* see Klaus Rei)(er * FQI Is TimeRB T(e Buber3RosenA&ei- Bible Transla ion in Con e+ *G in The Translatability of Cultures# $i%urations of the Space &et'een* e15 San2or1 Bu1i)' an1 Wol2-an- Iser 8S an2or1B S an2or1 Universi ! Press* "$$>9* ">$L"#?5 Rei)(er ,la)es bo ( BuberHs an1 RosenA&ei-Hs lan-ua-e in (e )ul ural environmen o2 (e &en ies an1 )on)lu1es b! )(ara) eriAin- (eir Bible ransla ion as 2ollo&sB FT(e ,ara1o+ remains P o inven a lan-ua-e (a is a one an1 (e same ime (orou-(l! <ebre& an1 (e embo1imen o2 a Derman (a never e+is e1* bu mi-( )ome in o e+is en)e* be reveale1* in (e a) o2 )rea ion5 A veri able u o,ian 1esi-nB o be a @e& and a Derman* sel2 an1 o (er* &i (ou a,,ro,ria ionG 8"#?95 See also LY&i (* FM5 <ei1e--er un1 C5 RosenA&ei-*G <Of,, &(ere (e au (or elabora es on (e im,or an)e o2 lan-ua-e* &(i)( RosenA&ei- s(ares &i ( <ei1e--erI bo ( o2 (em ,ra) i)e in (eir ,rin)i,al &or's a F-ramma i)al (in'in-5G

3"/#3 &(i)( ,re)e1es (is a) o2 )rea ionG 8""?95 In erms o2 a 1i22eren ial in er,re a ion* )a,ri)e is (e ori-inar! even * &(i)( resis s ransla abili ! bu se s (e 1i22eren ial in mo ion5 I2 (e ori-inar! 1i22eren ia ion is un2a (omable* i never (eless )onver s i s un ransla abili ! in o an un)easin- 1rive (a ,ro1u)es mul i2arious ransla ions5 Do1Hs aban1onmen o2 (is (i11enness (rou-( (e e+er)ise o2 (is 2ree1om urns (e ne-a ion o2 (is )on)ealmen in o a revela ion o2 (is essen)e (rou-( &(i)( (is sel23 ne-a in- Nou-( issues 2or ( in o an Au-( o2 in2ini e )on2i-ura ions5 FT(a &(i)( (a1 s ru--le1 o (e sur2a)e ou o2 Do1Hs QNou-( R as sel23ne-a ion o2 (is Nou-( * re3emer-e1 2rom i s immersion in Do1Hs livin- QAu-( *R no lon-er as sel23ne-a ion* bu ra (er as &orl13 a22irma ionG 8"?=95 T(us Do1Hs Au-( ,resen s i sel2 as emer-en)e* ar i)ula e1 b! an en1lessl! ,roli2era in- seKuen)e o2 ever3ne& ,ro2iles o2 (is essen)e (rou-( &(i)( (e )on)eale1 Do1* b! aban1onin- (is (i11enness* unveils (e Fvi ali !G o2 (is P(!sis 8"?=95 T(e la er be)omes mani2es in (e )rea ion5 ConseKuen l!* (e )rea ion is no an un2a (omable 2ia bu is Do1Hs ransmu a ion o2 (is (i11enness in o (is Fin2ini e a) uali !G b! ma'in- (is sel23ne-a in- Nou-( s,a&n (is Au-( as limi less ,ossibili ies5 T(e 1i22eren ial ma! 2a)ili a e su)( a ransla ion o2 Do1Hs essen)e in o (is P(!sis* as mani2es e1 in (e un2oreseeable 1iversi ! o2 (e )rea ion* an1 (us enables (e ini ial ,(ase o2 (is realiAa ion o be )on)eive15 I is (e basi) o,era ive 1rive o2 (e 1i22eren ial F o lose i sel2 in (e immeasurableG an1 b! ma'in- inroa1s )onver (e immeasurable in o (e -ras,able i1ea o2 Do1Hs sel23ne-a in- Nou-( 5 In 1oin- so* i simul aneousl! Fborro&s as an in2ini esimall! o,era in- variable all (e )(ara) eris i)s o2 2ini e ma-ni u1e*G (us se-men in- Do1Hs immeasurable essen)e in o in2ini esimal in)remen s o2 ever3var!ins(a,es* &(i)( )an be -ras,e1* al (ou-( none o2 (em is re,resen a ive o2 (e )rea ion an1 ea)( o2 (em remains eni-ma i) in i s sin-ulari !5 T(ere2ore ever! ,ossibili ! (a un2ol1s (e in2ini e a) uali ! o2 Do1Hs P(!sis is 1e ermina e an1 2ini e* an1 !e in2ini ! is o,era ive in (e ,o en iall! limi less 1i22eren ia ion o2 &(a (as be)ome mani2es 5 T(us (e 1i22eren ial 1ra&s ou Do1Hs essen)e in o a sli1in- s)ale* allo&in- us o as)er ain (o& (is sel23ne-a in- o2 no bein- no (in-7(is nonNou-( 7s(i2 s in o (is bein- Fa allGB (is Au-( 5 Onl! su)( an unen1in- seKuen)e ,ermi s Do1 o be ransla e1 in o ,er)e, ion* &(i)( means* as RosenA&ei- ,u s i * F-in-erl! Sma'in-T our &a! alon- (e i-( ro,e o2 (e )ons)iousness o2 )o-ni ionG 8##95 As (e 1i22eren ial is onl! a mo1e o2 ransla ion* i mus no be mis a'en 2or an on olo-i)al Kuali2i)a ion o2 Do1Hs essen)eI ins ea1* as an o,era ina-en i is mean o -ive ,resen)e o 3"/$ essen)e5 In or1er o a)(ieve su)( )on)eivabili !* (e Au-( (a F&ells 2or (G 2rom (e non3 Nou-( (as o be ,resen e1 in erms o2 ,er2orman)e5 Onl! &(en (e Au-( is ,er2orme1 is i no 1e ermine1 b! an! (in- ou si1e i sel2I ra (er* i -ains ,resen)e as realiAa ion o2 i sel25 Cor (is reason* (e ravelin- 1i22eren ial is no (in- bu a s(i2 er 2or se in- su)( realiAa ion in mo ionI as an in2ini esimal in)remen i is no an en i ! bu onl! 2un) ions as (e un2ol1in- o,era or (a urns (e Au-( in o ,er2orman)e5 In (is res,e) * RosenA&ei- is in (armon! &i ( <ermann Co(en* &(o Kuali2ie1 (e 1i22eren ial 7in s,i e o2 (e 2a) (a i is )alle1 an in2ini esimal in)remen 7no as a uni bu as Fa ,rin)i,le o2 movemen G (a * b! )on inuall! 1isse) in- &(a i un2urls* ,ro)ee1s as a F1elimi in- movemen 5G "> T(us 2ar (e 1i22eren ial as an in er,re ive mo1e ,ermi s us o ransla e Do1Hs essen)e in o a realiAin- ,er2orman)e* bu (is 1oes no as !e in1i)a e (e mo1e o2 o,era ion a))or1ino &(i)( (e realiAa ion 1evelo,s5 In a11ressin- (is ,roblem* RosenA&ei- in ro1u)es a )on)e, ion o2 (e 1i22eren ial (a * as (e sa!s earlier on* mi-( no (ave me &i ( (e Fmas erHsG a,,roval5 T(e 1i22eren ial is no& 2ur (er 1e aile1 as (e ,oin o2 )onversion :Umkehr in (e Derman ori-inal9 be &een (e )on)eale1 an1 (e reveale1 Do15 I is (e F-eome ri) ,oin P o2 (e &o se-men s o2 (e 1ivine Nou-( * (e ar)(3!ea* an1 (e ar)(3 na!I an1 (e )onversion )an onl! be )om,re(en1e1 as (e reversal o2 (e 1ire) ions*

&(i)(* (en* )onver-e1 in (e one )ase an1 1iver-e1 in (e o (erG 8"?=95 T(is a11i ional Kuali2i)a ion o2 (e 1i22eren ial as a -eome ri) ,oin s ill 2un) ions as a F,rin)i,le o2 movemen G (a * (o&ever* assumes i s s,e)i2i)i ! b! se,ara in- F (e &o se-men s o2 (e 1ivine Nou-( G an1 simul aneousl! 2ee1in- (em in o one ano (er5 T(e 1uali ! o2 1i22eren ia in- an1 in er &inin- ma'es (e -eome ri) ,oin loo' Fli'e (e ,oin 8+ !9 &i (in a s!s em o2 )o3or1ina es* P &(i)( is 1e2ine1 onl! as (e ,oin o2 1e,ar ure o2 1ire) ions*G &(ereas i Fis no 1e2ine1G as F (e en1 ,oin 8o9 o2 a s!s em o2 )o3or1ina esG 8"?=2595 In o (er &or1s* i is 1e ermina e (rou-( i s se,ara ion o2 (e &o se-men s bu in1e ermina e as re-ar1s (e ou )ome o2 i s in er &inin-5 No& RosenA&ei-Hs s,e)i2i)a ion o2 (e 1i22eren ial be)omes a,,aren 5 As (e F,rin)i,le o2 movemen G 8Co(en9* (e 1i22eren ial 1oes no ,ro)ee1 in a linear 1ire) ionI i s s,e)i2i)a ion as a -eome ri) ,oin urns i in o a )oun ervailin- movemen b! in erlin'in- &(a i (as se,ara e15 T(us (e ,rin)i,le o2 movemen o,era es as a ,rin)i,le o2 )onversionB T(e Na! )onver s (rou-( OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO "> Co(en* +as Prin2ip* =#25 3"%03 i s ne-a ion in o Do1Hs non3Nou-( * an1 (e Yea )onver s (rou-( i s a22irma ion in o Do1Hs aban1onin- (is )on)ealmen 5 W(a 1oes su)( a -eome ri) ,oin allo& us o ,er)eive in erms o2 )o-ni ionM Na! an1 Yea &ill no s a! (e same &(enever su)( a )onversion o))urs5 RosenA&ei- )on en1sB FT(is )onversion* (o&ever* la)'s a nameI i is no more (an* as i &ere* (e -eome ri) ,oin ou o2 &(i)( (e emer-en)e a'es ,la)eG 8"?=95 Emer-en)e is (e 1e)isive &or1* be)ause i in1i)a es (a some (in- is al&a!s brou-( abou &(enever 1i22eren s!s ems are )ou,le1 &i ( one ano (er* as is (e )ase &i ( (e Yea an1 Na!5 T(us (e 1i22eren ial un2ol1in- o2 Do1Hs essen)e ,ro)ee1s as (is realiAa ion bu simul aneousl! s ru) ures (e la er as a )on inual Umkehr o2 (ose s!s ems (a i (as mar'e1 o22 2rom one ano (er5 Su)( a )onversion is ne)essar!* be)ause &(a ever (e 1i22eren ial un2ol1s o2 Do1Hs essen)e bears (e ins)ri, ion o2 2ini e ma-ni u1e* &(ose in(eren limi a ions )all 2or reversals5 As a ,rin)i,le o2 movemen * (e in2ini esimal in)remen 2un) ions as a 1elimi in- o,era ion* allo&in- RosenA&ei- o ransla e Do1Hs essen)e in o a sel23,er2ormin- realiAa ion5 As a -eome ri) ,oin * i mar's (e in ers i)e be &een se-men s* &(i)( i )onver s bo ( in o (eir reverse si1e an1 in o one ano (er* (us allo&in- RosenA&ei- o s,ell ou realiAa ion as boun1less emer-en)e5 W(a (e 1i22eren ial as a ,rin)i,le o2 movemen ,ro)ee1in- as a ,rin)i,le o2 )onversion (i-(li-( s is a 1i22eren ia ion o2 (e 1i22eren ial i sel25 T(e basi) reason 2or (is is (a (e immeasurable )anno be Kuali2ie1 in erms o2 ,re1i)a es* &(i)( &oul1 (ave o be )on2erre1 2rom (e ou si1e5 "= T(us (e 1i22eren ial urns ou o be (e )oun er)on)e, o ,re1i)a ion &(en (e immeasurable is o be brou-( &i (in )om,re(ension5 Emer-en)e reKuires s,e)i2i)a ion* i2 (e realiAa ion o2 Do1Hs P(!sis is o be ma1e an-ible5 T(ere2ore (e 1i22eren ial mus a-ain be 1i22eren ia e1 in or1er o ,ermi (e ransla ion o2 Do1Hs in2ini e a) uali ! in o )o-ni ive erms5 T(e ne)essar! s(i2 in (e 1i22eren ial o))urs &(en (e &orl1 7Jus as Fin)ommensurableG as Do1 an1 man 8%$#9 7(as o be ma1e )om,re(ensible in erms o2 i s 1i22eren ial realiAa ion5 W(a RosenA&ei- )alls (e bein- o2 (e &orl1 is i s FEver!&(ere an1 EverG 8:%9* an1 &e as (umans are in (e &orl1 Jus as (e &orl1 is &i (in us5 W(a ,reven s (e FEver!&(ere an1 EverG 2rom bein- lo)'e1 u, in F (e no) urnal ,rison o2 (e Nou-( G is F (e ,leni u1e o2 visions5G FBu (e emer-en)e o2 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO "= RosenA&ei- (ere2ore main ainsB FDo1 )an (ave no a ribu es a all ,rior o (is emer-en)e 2rom (imsel2G 8""%95 3"%"3

,leni u1e 2rom Nou-( is (ere a-ain some (in- 1i22eren 2rom (e ,revious emer-en)e o2 (e &orl13lo-os*G &(i)( issue1 2rom Do1 as an a) uali ! o2 (is P(!sis5 ConseKuen l!* (e &all o2 (is ,rison is )on inuall! ,ene ra e1 b! (e 2a) (a ever! (in- ne& is a ne& ne-a ion o2 (e Nou-( * a never3be2ore* a ne& s ar un o i sel2* some (in- un(ear1 o2* some (in- Fne& un1er (e sun5G <ere (e 2or)e o2 (e ne-a ion o2 Nou-( is in2ini e* bu ever! in1ivi1ual e22e) o2 (is 2or)e is 2ini eI (e 2ulness is in2ini e* (e vision 2ini e5 T(e in1ivi1ual ,(enomena emer-e 2rom (e ni-( * baseless an1 aimless5 W(en)e (e! are )omin- or &(i (er -oin- (as no been ins)ribe1 on (eir 2ore(ea1sB (e! sim,l! e+is 5 Bu in e+is in- (e! are in1ivi1ual* ea)( a one a-ains all o (ers* ea)( 1is in-uis(e1 2rom all o (ers* F,ar i)ular*G Fno 3o (er&ise5G 8:?9 W(a is i (a ma'es (e FEver!&(ere an1 EverG )on inuall! un2ol1 an1 emer-e &i ( a ne& 1is in) iveness o2 (is an1 no o (er&iseM I is (e lo-os (a 1emons ra es Fa ne& si1e o2 (e e22e) iveness o2 (e ori-inal YeaG 8::9 as i s a,,li)a ion o (e &orl1 )onver s (e 2ea urelessness o2 (e FEver!&(ere an1 EverG in o s,e)i2i)i !5 T(us (e a,,li)a ion o2 (e lo-os -ives bir ( o (e &orl1Hs ,leni u1e (a Fburs s 2or ( in i s in1ivi1ual resul as a (orou-(-oin- mira)le* &i ( (e over&(elmin- 2or)e o2 (e un,re1i) e1* (e un,re1i) ableG 8:$95 Su)( an o,era ion in urn ransla es (e lo-os in o a vivi1 ,er)e, ion* allo&in- us o -ras, i s seminal )(ara) er* &(i)( is in1i)a ive o2 Do1Hs P(!sis as mani2es e1 in (e )rea ion5 Cur (ermore* Do1Hs in2ini e a) uali ! (us ransla es in o (e sel23s,e)i2i)a ion o2 (e &orl1* &(i)( (ere2ore 2ea ures (e FEver!&(ere an1 EverG in i s un2oreseeabl! emer-in- in1ivi1uali !5 T(is 1i22eren ial sel23s,e)i2i)a ion o2 (e &orl1 is a 2ur (er s e, o&ar1 ma'in- ,er)eivable (e o (er&ise abs ra) )(ara) er o2 Do1Hs essen)e as realiAa ion5 Su)( ,er)e, ion in urn is in1is,ensable inso2ar as -ras,in- Do1 in )o-ni ive erms ,ro(ibi s an! )on2erral o2 ,re1i)a es on (im5 ConseKuen l!* RosenA&ei- even re2rains 2rom eKua in- Do1 &i ( ru ( 8%$09* &(i)(* as a ,re1i)a ion* ,resu,,oses an overar)(in- vie& (a is boun1 o be be!on1 (is a ribu ion5 Do1Hs essen)e )an onl! be )on)eive1 as a -ra1ua e1 seKuen)e o2 ever3ne& s(a,es o2 i s realiAa ion* 1ra&n ou (rou-( (e &orl1 in o erms o2 a )om,re(ensible sel231i22eren ia ion5 T(ere2ore RosenA&ei- &ri es o2 (e &orl1B FDo1Hs essen)e (as vanis(e1 in (is 1ee1* a 1ee1 &(oll! in3essen ial* &(oll! real* &(oll! ,ro+ima e* in (is love5 An1 (is (is &(oll! mani2es a) o2 lovin- no& en ers 3"%/3 s,a)e* 2ree1 as (a is 2rom (e ri-i1i ! o2 essen)e* an1 2ills i 8%$09 o ever! 2ar (es )orner5G

A-ain (e 2un) ion o2 (e 1i22eren ial )(an-es &(en man is move1 in o 2o)us5 FO2 man oo*G RosenA&ei- )on en1s* F&e P 'no& no (in-5 An1 (is no (in- oo is bu a be-innin-* is in1ee1 bu (e be-innin- o2 a be-innin-5 In (im oo (e ,rimeval &or1s a&a'enI (e Yea o2 (e )rea ion* (e Na! o2 -enera ion* an1 (e An1 o2 )on2i-ura ionG 8>%95 T(e e+is en)e o2 man vis3W3vis Do1 an1 (e &orl1 is* a))or1in- o RosenA&ei-* e,(emeral* &(i)( (e illus ra es b! a Kuo a ion 2rom Doe (eB FW(a 1is in-uis(es -o1s 2rom menM T(a man! &aves &al' be2ore (e 2ormer7us (e &ave li2 s* (e &ave s&allo&s* an1 &e sin' a&a!G 8>%95 T(is urns e,(emerali ! in o (e (allmar' o2 man* &(i)(* (o&ever* as (e An1 be &een (e Yea an1 (e Na!* lin's (im u, &i ( &(a (e is 1is in-uis(e1 2rom* an1 (is in erme1ia e ,osi ion be &een Na! an1 Yea a'es (im in o en1less )on2i-ura ions o2 (imsel25 Bein- e,(emeral mar's (uman e+is en)e as one o2 o al isola ion* an1 (e essen)e o2 (umans )an onl! be un2ol1e1 b! ne-a in- (is e,(emerali !7Jus as Do1 ne-a e1 (is essen)e o2 bein- (i11en7 an1 su)( a sel23ne-a in- Nou-( mani2es s i sel2 as voli ion (rou-( &(i)( (umans e+er)ise (eir 2ree1om5 T(e la er* (o&ever* is limi e1B F<uman 2ree1om in )on ras o 1ivine 2ree1om is 1enie1 )a,abili ! in i s ver! ori-in* bu i s voli ion is as un)on1i ional* as boun1less* as (e )a,a)i ! o2 Do1G 8>>95 W(a 1ire) ion is a'en b! (is boun1less an1 un)on1i ional voli ion (a (as s,run- 2rom (e non3Nou-( o2 (uman essen)eM I s main (rus is 1e2ian)e o2 i s o&n ,ar i)ulari !5 In (is res,e) * i is mar'e1 b! a 1uali ! inso2ar as i rea)(es ou o&ar1 an o (erness bu simul aneousl! remains ine+ ri)abl! ie1 o i s isola e1 in1ivi1uali !* &(i)( )an never be le2 be(in15

T(e 1i22eren ial (as o ,resen (uman essen)e as i s realiAa ion* an1 so i be-ins o ravel as (e 1elimi in- movemen be &een Fa no moreG an1 Fa no !e *G (us (i-(li-( in- i s a,,aren 1es ina ion* &(i)( is ever! (uman bein-Hs aimB o be)ome F(is sel2G 8>#95 <o&ever* (e sel2 never )onsoli1a es in o an i1en i2iable* le alone ul ima e* s(a,e5 Ins ea1* i ,asses (rou-( en1less )on2i-ura ions o2 i sel25 None o2 F (em be)omes i s ,ro,er !5 Even &(a is i s ver! o&n* i s )(ara) er* i s ,e)uliari !* i re ains in name onl!5 In ru ( no re)o-niAable ,or ion o2 i remains o i in i s ,assa-e (rou-( (e )on2i-ura ionsG 8=$95 T(us (e FQsel2i)a ionR o2 (is sel2G 8=#9* as RosenA&ei- )alls i * ,roli2era es in o a )on inual re)on2i-ura ion5 Ea)( in1ivi1ual mani2es a ion o2 su)( an un2ol1in- seKuen)e o2 Qsel2in-R is no (in- bu a ransi ion* lea1in- o ano (er s(a,e o2 (e sel2 3"%%3 (a QmanR is se o be)ome5 Be)ause ea)( in1ivi1ual s(a,e o2 (ese )on2i-ura ions remains ransien * (e non3Nou-( o2 manHs essen)e is 1ra&n ou in o ever3ne& )on2i-ura ions5 T(is )ourse on &(i)( QmanR (as laun)(e1 (imsel2 urns (im* -ramma i)all! s,ea'in-* in o (e Q)o,ulaR (a in erlin's (e Na! an1 (e YeaI b! ma'in- (em s(a1e in o one ano (er* (e sel2 is (i-(li-( e1 as 2orever 1is,ersin- in o a 1i22eren ial o2 i sel25 Su)( a 1i22eren ial ma'es an-ible (e sense (a man &as )rea e1 in Do1Hs ima-e 8"??95

Proliferating Translata$ilit%
T(e 1i22eren ial o,era ions 1emons ra e1 (us 2ar allo& us o ,er)eive (o& in)ommensurabili ies are ransla e1 in o )o-ni ive erms5 Do1Hs P(!sis be)ame a,,aren (rou-( (e 1i22eren ial as a -eome ri) ,oin * &(i)( )onver e1 (e Ar)(3Na! in o a ne-a ion o2 (e non3Nou-( * an1 (e Ar)(3Yea in o an a22irma ion o2 aban1onin)on)ealmen 5 T(us (e 1i22eren ial un2ol1s (e in(eren 1uali ! o2 (e roo &or1s as an emer-en)e o2 Do1Hs P(!sis in in2ini e a) uali !* &(i)( i ar i)ula es as realiAa ion in erms o2 ,er2orman)e5 Ini iall!* (e 1i22eren ial is )on)eive1 as an a1umbra ion o2 an Au-( in a Nou-( * (us o,enin- u, an in er,la! be &een &(a i simul aneousl! se,ara es5 As an o,era ive a-en i is boun1 o be)ome 1i22eren ia e1 i sel2 &(en (e s&i )( is ma1e 2rom (e 1i22eren ial un2ol1in- o2 Do1Hs essen)e o (ose o2 &orl1 an1 man* no leas as (e 1i22eren ial is 1e,en1en on &(a i se,ara es an1 in erlin's5 I2 Do1Hs essen)e is 1i22eren ia e1 in o (is in2ini e a) uali !* su)( a sel21i22eren ia ion ransla es in o a )on inual sel23s,e)i2i)a ion o2 (e &orl1Hs 1is in) ness (a * in i s in1ivi1uali ! o2 (is an1 no o (er&ise* un2urls 2ini e 1is in) ness in o ever3ne& varia ions5 T(is ,ro)ess is en1less5 <en)e (e 1i22eren ial realiAa ion o2 (e &orl1Hs essen)e allo&s us o )on)eive in2ini ! as s,a&nin- un2oreseeable s,e)i2i)a ions o2 i sel25 On)e a-ain* (e 1i22eren ial is ma1e o o,era e 1i22eren l! in (e un2ol1in- o2 (uman essen)e* &(ose realiAa ion a,,ears as an unen1in- seKuen)e o2 ransien )on2i-ura ions* none o2 &(i)( )an ever be i1en i2ie1 &i ( (e sel2* be)ause (e s(i2 in- s(a,es Fonl! lea1 1ee,er in o (e silen)e o2 (e in eriorG 8#095 T(is -ra1ua e1 1i22eren ia ion o2 (e 1i22eren ial is in i sel2 no (in- bu an o,era ional mo1e (a * (o&ever* a,,ears o be (e onl! mo1e available &(en i )omes o ransla inimmeasurabili ! in o )o-ni ion5 Ran-in- 2rom Do1Hs in2ini e a) uali ! (rou-( (e &orl1Hs 1is in) ness o (e ransien )on2i-ura ions o2 (e (uman sel2* (e 1i22eren ial* in 3"%:3 1isse) in- essen)e* )onver s i in o a series o2 1is)re e ,ro2iles5 T(ese ,ro2iles* (o&ever* are )on inuall! eles)o,e1 in o one ano (er* no leas as none o2 (em )an be i1en i)al o &(a (e! se-men 5 T(e eles)o,in- an1 (e se-men in- are simul aneous* &(i)( ma'es (e 1i22eren ial o,era e as a )on inuousl! 1elimi in- movemen 5 T(e in2ini esimal in)remen is (ere2ore no a Kuan i ! bu an a-en o2 mo ion* a mo ion* (o&ever* (a 1ra&s i s im,e us 2rom (e lin'in- o2 &(a i (as se,ara e1* (ereb! )easelessl! s(a1in- one s)ission in o ano (er5 Do1Hs essen)e is (us -iven ,resen)e as (e realiAa ion o2 i sel2I (is sel23 realiAa ion ransla es in o (e )on inual sel23s,e)i2i)a ion o2 (e &orl1 an1 eKuall! in o (e s(i2 in- )on2i-ura ions o2 (e (uman sel25

Su)( an in errela ions(i,* (o&ever* ,oses a ne& ,roblem 2or a 1i22eren ial un2ol1in- o2 Do1Hs essen)e5 So 2ar* Do1* &orl1* an1 (uman'in1 a,,ear o be onl! elemen s o2 a ,ro)ess5 FNo man alone bu Do1 oo an1 so oo (e &orl1 are ea)( o2 (em a soli ar! sel2* ea)( s arin- 2i+e1l! in o i sel2 an1 'no&in- o2 no Wi (ou G 8#:95 A 2irs -lan)e* i seems as i2 RosenA&ei- is )on ra1i) in- (imsel2 in vie& o2 (e ar-umen a1van)e1 in (e 2irs boo' o2 The Star of Redemption5 A2 er all* Do1Hs P(!sis as in2ini e a) uali ! (as mani2es e1 i sel2 in (e )rea ion* o2 &(i)( &orl1 an1 (uman'in1 ,rovi1e (e mos an-ible e+,erien)e5 T(ere is s ill a ,revailin- en1en)! o a'e (e (ree elemen s as F (ree W(oles*G bu (is urns ou o be una))e, able* as F (ree Alls are un (in'able5 An1 so (e Kues ion o2 (eir rela ions(i, mus be as'e1 a2 er allG 8#:95 In so 1oin-* Fi is ne)essar! o )ure (ose elemen s o2 (eir sub erranean 2ra-men a ion* o ar i)ula e (em* o rans,or (em ou o2 (eir mu ual e+)lusiveness in o a 2ree32lo&in- in errela ions(i,* o Qemer-eR u,&ar1 on)e more ins ea1 o2 Qsubmer-in-R in (e ni-( o2 ,osi ivismG 8#=95 <o& is one o )on)eive su)( an emer-en)e* &(i)( overar)(es (e elemen s (a (ave be)ome an-ible in (e a) o2 )rea ionM As &e (ave seen* )rea ion arose ou o2 (e nonNou-( o2 Do1Hs essen)e* &(i)(* as Do1Hs P(!sis* is in2ini e a) uali !* bu as su)( i is no& (ere5 I2 a'en in isola ion* (e )rea ion is an even o2 (e ,as * &(i)( &oul1 mean* FDo1 (rea ene1 o lose (imsel2 a-ain be(in1 (e in2ini ! o2 )rea ion5 <e a,,eare1 o be)ome mere Qori-inR o2 )rea ion an1 (ere&i ( on)e more (e )on)eale1 Do1 a2 er all* Jus &(a (e )ease1 o be b! vir ue o2 (e )rea ionG 8">095 T(is mi-( even be )orrobora e1 b! an Fear (l! analo-!*G as 1ea ( is F (e )a,s one o2 )rea ionG (a Fs am,s ever! )rea e1 (in- &i ( (e inera1i)able s am, o2 )rea ureliness* (e &or1 Q(as beenRG 8"?>95 I2 i &ere o s a! (is &a!* )rea ion &oul1 urn in o a ,re1i)a e )on2erre1 on Do1 (e Crea or* &(o (as vanis(e1 be(in1 (is &or' an1 (us is no lon-er ,resen as an emer-in- realiAa ion o2 (imsel25 3"%?3 A bes (e &oul1 (ave o be Kuali2ie1 as deus absconditus* &(i)( a-ain ,oin s o an assume1 s an)e ou si1e Do1 2or (e ,ur,ose o2 1e2inin- (im5 In or1er o )o-niAe )rea ion as a an-ible s a-e in (e ,ro)ess o2 realiAin- Do1Hs essen)e* )rea ion i sel2 (as o be ma1e )on)eivable in 1i22eren ial erms5 T(ere2ore RosenA&ei- )on en1sB FT(e )rea e1 1ea ( o2 (e )rea ure ,or en1s (e revela ion o2 a li2e &(i)( is above (e )rea urel! level5 Cor ea)( )rea e1 (in-* 1ea ( is (e ver! )onsumma or o2 i s en ire ma eriali !5 I removes )rea ion im,er)e, ibl! in o (e ,as * an1 (us urns i in o (e a)i * ,ermanen ,re1i) ion o2 (e mira)le o2 i s rene&alG 8"??95 An1 RosenA&ei- 1e ails (e mira)le a-ain in 1i22eren ial erms b! sa!in-B FPre1i) ion* (e e+,e) a ion o2 a mira)le* al&a!s remains (e a) ual )ons i u ive 2a) or* &(ile (e mira)le i sel2 is bu (e 2a) or o2 realiAa ionG 8$>95 In o (er &or1s* (e Fmira)le o2 rene&alG mar's ou (e s,a)e be &een Fa no moreG an1 Fa no !e *G &(i)( un2ol1s (e )rea ion as ,ro,(e)!* (us urnin- i in o a )on inual ,resen)e o2 Do1* as Do1 (e Crea or realiAes (imsel2 as Do1 (e Revealer 8">?95 FIn i s -roun1less ,resen ness* revela ion mus no& ,ermanen l! ou)( (e -roun15 T(is -roun1 lies be!on1 i s ,resen ness* (a is* in (e ,as * bu revela ion i sel2 ren1ers i visible onl! 2rom ou (e ,resen ness o2 e+,erien)e5 P T(e )rea ion &(i)( be)omes visible in revela ion is )rea ion o2 (e revela ionG 8"#/2595 B! bein- -roun1e1 in a ,as * (e ,resen ness o2 revela ion -ains i s an-ible reali !5 Crea ion i sel2 is no& o be un2ol1e1 (rou-( a -eome ri) ,oin * &(i)(* as I (ave in1i)a e1* o,era es b! &a! o2 )onversionB (e 1ea ( o2 )rea ureliness )onver s in o a ,re1i) ion o2 &(a is o )ome* an1 i s ,as ness in o a -roun1 2or revela ion5 RosenA&ei- -oes o -rea len- (s in or1er o 1e ail (e emer-en)e o2 revela ion ou o2 )rea ion* &(i)( ,ro)ee1s b! ever3ne& ransla ions o2 Do1Hs ,resen)e in o (uman e+,erien)e* es,e)iall! (rou-( love5 FI is love &(i)( mee s all (e 1eman1s (ere ma1e on (e )on)e, o2 (e revealer* (e love o2 (e lover* no (a o2 (e belove15 Onl! (e love o2 (e lover is su)( a )on inuall! rene&e1 sel23sa)ri2i)eI i is onl! (e &(o -ives (imsel2 a&a! in loveG 8">/95 Su)( a s a emen is un1eniabl! a theolo%oumenon5 <o&ever* RosenA&ei- 1oes no ,osi i as a reli-ious )onvi) ion bu e+ ra,ola es i 2rom Do1Hs ini ial Na! o2 (is non3Nou-( * &(i)( in (uman erms )an onl! be -ras,e1 as Fa )on inuall! rene&e1 sel23sa)ri2i)eG (rou-( &(i)( Do1Hs F)a,ri)eG 7in i sel2 an in)ommensurable a) o2 1ivine 2ree1om 7is ransla e1 in o (e (uman orbi 5 Su)( a ransla ion in urn (as re,er)ussions on (e (uman si ua ion5 In bein- love1* (e Fsoul a&a'esG an1 Fma'es a)'no&le1-emen be2ore Do1Hs )oun enan)e an1 (ereb! a)'no&le1-es an1 a es s Do1Hs bein-I (ere&i ( Do1 oo* (e

3"%>3 mani2es Do1* 2irs a ains bein-G 8"#/95 I2 revela ion* in (e 2irs ins an)e* s,ran- 2rom a )onversion o2 )rea ionHs ,as ness in o an ever3rene&e1 1i22eren ia ion o2 (e &orl1Hs in1ivi1uali ! an1 eKuall! in o an ever3s(i2 in- )on2i-ura ion o2 (e sel2* i no& -ains i s e+,erien ial reali ! (rou-( (e a)'no&le1-men o2 Do1Hs sel23sa)ri2i)e* &(i)(* in urn* )ause1 (e FsoulG o emer-e F2rom (e se)lusion o2 (e sel2 in o (e o,enG 8/0>95 Revela ion (us assumes a (ree2ol1 Kuali2i)a ionB I is (e ne-a ion o2 Do1Hs )on)ealmen * &(i)(* as a sel23sa)ri2i)e* )an onl! be an a) o2 love (rou-( &(i)( Do1 a ains reali ! 2or (e (uman soul5 Revela ion is a-ain un2ol1e1 (rou-( (e 1i22eren ial o,era in- in erms o2 -eome ri) ,oin s (a )onver &(a (e! (ave se,ara e1 in o (eir reverse si1eB Do1Hs )on)ealmen in o sel23sa)ri2i)e* (e (uman sel2 in o (e a&a'enin- o2 (e soul* an1 Do1Hs sel23im,ose1 )on2inemen (rou-( (e assum, ion o2 (is P(!sis 8"=#9 in o an e+,erien ial reali ! 2or (e soul5 I2 )rea ion &as an o))urren)e o2 (e ,as an1 revela ion is (e mani2es a ion o2 Do1Hs ,resen)e* (en re1em, ion &ill be Do1Hs 2u ure5 @us as revela ion emer-e1 ou o2 )rea ion b! )onver in- 1ea ( in o rene&al* re1em, ion &ill emer-e ou o2 revela ion5 FDo1 is a Re1eemer in a mu)( -raver sense (an (e is Crea or or Revealer5 Cor (e is no onl! (e one &(o re1eems* bu also (e one &(o is re1eeme15 In (e re1em, ion o2 (e &orl1 b! man* o2 man b! means o2 (e &orl1* Do1 re1eems (imsel25 Man an1 &orl1 1isa,,ear in (e re1em, ion* bu Do1 ,er2e) s (imsel25 Onl! in re1em, ion* Do1 be)omes (e One an1 AllG 8/%#95 Re1em, ion )onver s revela ion in o i s reverse si1e inso2ar as revela ion mani2es s Do1Hs ,resen)e in erms o2 evi1en iar! e+,erien)e* &(ereas re1em, ion )on2i-ures Do1Hs reali ! as ,leni u1e5 No& RosenA&ei-Hs ,olemi)s a-ains ,(iloso,(! )omes 2ull )ir)le5 T(e All as ,leni u1e emer-es a (e en1 an1 )oul1 never (ave been ,resen ami1 (e &orl1Hs 1iversi !5 On (e )on rar!* (e 1iversi2i)a ion o2 &(a (ere is* &(i)( (e ,(iloso,(i)all! ,os ula e1 All &as su,,ose1 o en)om,ass* (a1 o be re1eeme1 o2 i s sin-ulari ! b! ma'in- i 1isa,,ear in o ,leni u1e5 RosenA&ei- )on)eive1 o2 (e seKuen)e o2 )rea ion 7revela ion 7 re1em, ion as F &ahn*G (us ,oin in- ou bo ( (eir 1is in) ion an1 (eir in erlin'a-e5 T(e En-lis( ransla ion o2 (e Derman &ahn is F)ourse*G bu (is erm s)reens o22 im,or an )onno a ions (a are ,er inen 2or RosenA&ei-Hs 1i22eren ial ar i)ula ion o2 Do15 &ahn 1oes no mean F)ourseG in (e sense o2 F)ursus5G As su)(* i &oul1 in1i)a e some (in- (a runs 2ull )ir)le* &(i)( &oul1 im,l! a (i11en elos5 Ins ea1* i (i-(li-( s an un2ol1in- (a 1oes no (ea1 in a s,e)i2i) 1ire) ion5 Al (ou-( 3"%= )rea ion* revela ion* an1 re1em, ion ,rovi1e Do1 &i ( a s(i2 in- salien)e* Do1 (imsel2 1oes no run a )ourseI &ahn is ra (er a 1i22eren ial ar i)ula ion o2 &(a (e immeasurable (as al&a!s been bu (a (as o be ransla e1 in o )on)eivable erms5 &ahn is i sel2 a ransla ion inso2ar as i ,rovi1es a )on)re iAa ion o2 &(a (e immeasurable7&(i)( is onl! o be ,er)eive1 in erms o2 i s realiAa ion7ma! en ail5 Do1 is ,leni u1eI (o&ever* (e s(eer ,os ula ion o2 (is is un-ras,able* so (a onl! a 1i22eren ial un2ol1in- o22ers a))ess o i 5 T(e seKuen)e o2 )rea ion* revela ion* an1 re1em, ion ransla es ,leni u1e as i s realiAa ion in o (uman erms5 T(ere2ore re1em, ion* as an a) (rou-( &(i)( Do1 re1eems (imsel2* is a re urn in o (is be-innin-* (rou-( &(i)( (e 1i22eren ial also ar i)ula es re1em, ion as a -eome ri) ,oin 5 I2 (e )on)e, o2 &ahn is mean o 1ra& ou ,leni u1e in o a seKuen)e o2 s a-es* &(i)( inevi abl! rans,ose Do1 in o erms o2 em,orali !* (en ea)( o2 (ese s a-es mus i sel2 be mar'e1 b! )onversion 8Umkehr9* o (er&ise Do1 &oul1 assume (e )(ara) eris i)s o2 a 1evelo,in<e-elian S,iri 5 T(ere2ore (e 1i22eren ial as -eome ri) ,oin 1isse) s ea)( o2 (ese s a-es in o a )oun ervailin- movemen 5 I2 &ahn ini iall! su--es s a )ourse* as (e En-lis( ren1erin- (as i * (en a <e-elian Kuali2i)a ion o2 Do1 en1s o be)ome ,rominen * &(ereas &ahn ,resen s i sel2 in all i s s ran-eness as an un2ol1in- (a ,ro)ee1s in reversals5 T(ese

reversals (i-(li-( (e 2a) (a ,leni u1e )anno be )on)eive1 as em,oral 1evelo,men bu (as o be ins)ribe1 in o su)( a seKuen)e b! an in(eren )onversion (a is o,era ive a ea)( s a-e5 T(us (e 1i22eren ial as a ,rin)i,le o2 movemen e+er)ises a 1ual 2un) ionB i un2ol1s Do1Hs essen)e as i s realiAa ion an1 simul aneousl! un2ol1s ea)( o2 (ese s a-es as sel2)onversion* (us erasin- (eir a,,aren em,orali ! an1 -ivin- ,leni u1e i s e+,erien ial ,resen)e5 I2 (e All a,,ears o be)ome ,resen a (e en1* (is seemin-l! em,oral Kuali2i)a ion o2 i s o))urren)e bears &i ness o (e 2a) (a Do1 )oul1 no be i1en i2ie1 &i ( i s realiAa ion* &(i)(* as a 1i22eren ial un2ol1in-* is onl! a mo1e o2 ransla ion an1 no a ,re1i)a e5 Pleni u1e is ever ,resen * an1 1a in- i s (a,,enin- mar's (e 2inal 1i22eren)e be &een (e immeasurable an1 i s )on)eivabili ! in (uman erms5 In o (er &or1s* i in1i)a es (e resi1ual un ransla abili ! o2 RosenA&ei-Hs e22or o ransla e Do1 in o )o-ni ion5 <ere as else&(ere un ransla abili ! ,o&ers (e 1rive o over)ome i * even i2 (is )an onl! be 1one s!mboli)all!* as e+,resse1 in RosenA&ei-Hs un1ers an1in- o2 (e S ar o2 4avi15 T(e &o rian-les o2 (e s ar ma'e (e raJe) or! ma,,e1 ou so 2ar in erse) B 3"%#3 SI2T (e 2irs (ree ,oin s )orres,on1 o (e elemen s Do1* &orl1* man* (en (e (ree ne& ,oin s &oul1 (ave o s an1 2or (e raJe) ories )rea ion* revela ion* re1em, ion* an1 (e rian-le &(i)( (e! 2orme1 &oul1 (ave o be so si ua e1 as no o en1 u, &i ( (e 2irs rian-le5 P T(e )onne) ion 2rom one ,oin o (e o (er &o mus )ross in i s o&n urn (e line o2 (e ori-inal rian-le so (a (e &o rian-les in erse) P T(us (ere arises a s ru) ure in (e 2orm o2 a s ar &(i)( no& re roa) ivel! rans2orms (e -eome ri) elemen s o2 &(i)( i is )ons i u e1 in o )on2i-ura ions as &ell5 8/?>9 T(e S ar o2 4avi1 (us be)omes an embo1imen o2 mani2ol1 2un) ions5 Cirs o2 all* (e s ar is (e s!mboli) 1ia-ram o2 (e re-is er (a is o o,en u, a))ess o Do1 an1 ransla e (im in o )o-ni ion5 I is s!mboli)all! )on)eive1 inso2ar as no ,ra-ma i) 1e)ision -ui1es (e in er,re a ion o2 Do1Hs essen)eI ins ea1* i (as o be -iven ,resen)e as realiAa ion5 T(ere2ore (e &o s ru) ures em,lo!e1 2or su)( an en er,rise (ave o be )ou,le1* no leas as (e one se,ara es (e immeasurable in o i s elemen s* &(i)( (e o (er (as o in erlin'5 Bo (* (o&ever* o,era e b! 1isse) in- a ,o en ial in or1er o be able o 2ea ure i as realiAa ion5 W(a is (us un2ol1e1 (as o be 2ol1e1 ba)' on i sel2* &i (ou un1oin- (e 2un) ion e+er)ise1 b! (e ravelin- 1i22eren ial5 T(is ma'es (e F2i-ures*G as RosenA&ei- )on en1s* in o a F)on2i-ura ion*G an1 (e la er )an no lon-er be ,resen e1 in erms o2 F-eome ri) elemen sG bu is boun1 o be)ome a F1ema (ema iAe1 )on2i-ura ionG 8/?>95 T(e )on2i-ura ion* (o&ever* )an onl! be s!mboli)all! ren1ere1 in or1er o assume an-ibili !5 Moreover* (e s!mboli) Kuali ! o2 (e re-is er mar's a 2inal s an1 a-ains (e ransla ion o2 Do1Hs essen)e in o )o-ni ion5 T(us (e liminal s,a)e be &een Do1 an1 )o-ni ion o2 (im 7)ause1 b! (e e22or o2 in er,re a ion7ins)ribes i sel2 in o (e re-is er b! rans2ormin- i in o a s!mbol (a * in (e 2inal anal!sis* in1i)a es i s insurmoun able se,ara ion 2rom &(a i a,,ears o ma'e ,resen 5 As a )on2i-ura ion* (e S ar o2 4avi1 embo1ies (e in er,re ive re-is er as a means o2 a))ess o Do1Hs essen)e an1 simul aneousl! rans,oses (a essen)e in o (uman erms5 I )om,rises (e mul i2arious levels o2 ransla abili !* &(ose ,roli2era ions in1i)a e (a (ere is no )on)eivable en1 o (e ransmu a ion o2 (e ma er in (an15 T(ere2ore RosenA&eis a esB FT(e ,ro o)osmos )on aine1 onl! (e mu e elemen s o2 &(i)( (e )ourse o2 (e S ar &as buil 5 T(e )ourse i sel2 &as a reali ! bu a no momen o be seen b! (e e!es5 Cor (e S ar &(i)( runs (is )ourse never s an1s s ill even 2or (e ba in- o2 an e!e5 Onl! &(a en1ures more (an one ba in3"%$ )an be seen b! (e e!es* an1 onl! (a momen &(i)( (as been arres e1 b! i s e ernaliAa ion ,ermi s (e e!es o ,er)eive (e s ru) ure in i 5 S ru) ure is (us more (an elemen al* more (an realI i is 1ire) l! subJe) o ,er)e, ionG 8/$?95 T(us (e 1uali ! o2 (e s ar as a re,resen a ion o2 (e in er,re ive re-is er be)omes a,,aren 5 S ru) ure

im,lies (e nee1 o )o,e &i ( un)er ain !* an1 so an! in er,re ive re-is er is boun1 o (ave s ru) ure5 W(a )on)erns us (ere is o2 a (ei-( ene1 1!nami)s* &(i)( ma'es bo ( elemen s an1 )ourse a,,ear as ,roli2era in- sel23s,e)i2i)a ions on &(i)( (e e!e )an never res 5 W(a (e e!e is -iven o ,er)eive is (e s ru) ure o2 (is raJe) or!* (o&ever* (rou-( &(i)( (e ravelin- 1i22eren ial ma'es (e se-men s i (as se,ara e1 )onver in o one ano (er5 T(us (e 1i22eren ial as (e o,era in- s ru) ure (a un2ol1s bo ( (e elemen s an1 (e )ourse as &ell as (eir in er)onne) ion ren1ers essen)e as i s realiAa ion ,er)e, ible o (e (uman e!e5 T(e s!mboli) subs an)e o2 (e S ar runs as an all3,erva1in- 2ea ure (rou-( RosenA&ei-Hs in er,re ive ,ara1i-m* s,e)i2!in- an1 rami2!in- (e ransla ion o2 Do1 in o an ever3 e+,an1in- mul i2ormi ! o2 (uman )o-ni ion5 As men ione1 earlier* ea)( o2 (e (ree boo's o2 The Star of Redemption ,rivile-es a s,e)ial mo1e o2 ransla ion5 Ma (ema i)s ,rovi1es (e level 2or rans,osin- (e elemen s* -rammar 2or rans,osin- (e )ourse* an1 li ur-! 2or rans,osin- (e ,resen)e o2 ,leni u1e in o )o-ni ive erms5 T(e elemen s are 1is,la!e1 as an ever3in)reasin- in1ivi1ua ionI (e )ourse as ,er,e ual ransla abili !I an1 ,leni u1e as illimi able 1i22eren ia ion5 On ea)( o2 (ese levels* (e res,e) ive ransla ion is 2ine3 une1* (us ma'in- (e mo1es (emselves ,roli2era e in o rami2ie1 s,e)i2i)a ions o2 &(a (e! allo& us o -ras,5 Su)( a mul i2arious ransla abili ! issues in o a )on inual 1i22eren ia ion o2 (e re-is er* so (a one mi-( be in)line1 o s,ea' o2 several re-is ers* &(ose mul i,li)i ! is mean o 1ra& ou in o )on)eivabili ! &(a (e ,revious ransla ion 1i1 no allo& us o see5 Su)( ,er,e ual ransla abili ! is revealin- in &o res,e) s5 Cirs * an in er,re ive re-is er is boun1 o in)rease i s s ru) ural 1iversi ! in ,ro,or ion o (e )om,le+i ! o2 (e subJe) ma er o be in er,re e15 I2 i is 1esi-ne1 o o,en a))ess o some (in- immeasurable* (e la er &ill )ause a nuan)e1 so,(is i)a ion o2 (ose erms in o &(i)( i is o be ransla e15 T(us a ravelin- 1i22eren ial be)omes o,era ive insi1e (e re-is er i sel2* ransla in- (e realiAa ion o2 essen)e in o a )on inual sel23s,e)i2i)a ion o2 se-men s brou-( o bear 2or )o-ni ion5 Se)on1* (rou-( su)( a ,ro)ess* )o-ni ion )an no lon-er be )on)eive1 in erms o2 uni2!in- )on)e, ualiAa ions (a are su,erim,ose1 on &(a (as o be )o-niAe15 T(ere2ore ,resu,,osi ions* )a e-ories* or ,os ula es* le alone en)om,assin- i1eas su)( 3":03 as (e All* as monis i) ,rin)i,les are im,li)i l! e+,ose1 2or &(a (e! areB namel!* ,ra-ma i)all! orien e1 in en ions (a are in (emselves si ua ionall! an1 (is ori)all! )on1i ione15 Co-ni ion (as o be)ome mul i2orm i2 i is o be su))ess2ul vis3W3vis a subJe) ma er (a )anno be subsume1 un1er &(a (as been ,osi e1 2or i s )om,re(ension5 Transla in- Do1 in o )o-ni ion is (us boun1 o rans2orm )o-ni ion in o a )on inuall! in)reasin- assembl! o2 vie&,oin s* ea)( o2 &(i)( mus -ive &a! o ano (er be)ause o2 i s in(eren limi a ions5 In (e 2inal anal!sis* RosenA&ei-Hs 1is)ourse i sel2 is ,ermea e1 &i ( (is a&areness5 Commi e1 (ou-( (e is o 1emons ra in- (o& (e 1i22eren ial as a ,rin)i,le o2 movemen enables us o )on)eive o2 (e immeasurable as i s realiAa ion* (e never (eless a,,ears o be un1er (e inelu) able obli-a ion o ,rovi1e )orrobora ive evi1en)e 2or &(a (e ravelin1i22eren ial ma'es rans,aren 5 T(is is &(! The Star of Redemption is ,ermea e1 b! (is ori)al e+am,les* mainl! a'en 2rom (e -rea &orl1 reli-ions* m! (olo-!* an1 i1ealis i) ,(iloso,(!* in or1er o s,o li-( &(a (a,,ens &(en (e 1i22eren ial un2ol1in- o2 Do1Hs essen)e 1oes no ori-ina e 2rom (e Na! o2 (is non3Nou-( an1 (e Yea o2 aban1onin- (is )on)ealmen 5 Bra(ma* Nirvana* or Tao* as (e 1is in-uis(in- ,rime )ons i uen s in Asian reli-ions* F)ome o a (al in (e 2ore)our s o2 Yea an1 Na!G 8?=95 T(e Fveil o2 Ma!a P allo&e1 onl! (e Qsel2R o )oun an1 1issolve1 (is sel2 in urn in (e soli u1e o2 (e Bra(minG 8?=2595 In F (e 1o) rine o2 Bu11(a P (e en ire &orl1 -enera e1 b! P )o-ni ion an1 voli ion* in)lu1in- i s -o1s an1 i s essen)e* is a las sus,en1e1 in o (e Nou-( 5 T(e Nou-( M No* (ere oo &e ,re2er o avoi1 a erm &(i)( !e )on ains a resi1uum o2 ,osi ivism* an1 o s,ea' ins ea1 o2 a realm be!on1 )o-ni ion an1 non)o-ni ion5 A-ain &e (ave rea)(e1 a ,oin Jus s(or o2 (e limi o2 (e Nou-( an1 &i (al 2ar o (e rear o2 (e in2ini e universali ! o2 )o-ni ion* &(i)( ne-a es (e Nou-( an1 (us in2ini el! a22irms i sel2G 8?#95 An1 FLao3 Au rea)(e1

be(in1 (e all3 oo3visible* all3 oo3bus!* all3 ooin1us rious* all3 oo3re-ula e1 &orl1 o2 Con2u)ius an1* &i (ou 1en!in- i s essen ial reali !* see's (e roo an1 sour)e o2 all (is (ea1lon- in1us r!5 All (e 2ullness o2 a) ion s,rin-s 2rom (is sour)e o2 in3a) ionG 8?$95 T(ese 2un1amen al )on)e, s o2 (e -rea Asian reli-ions (ave one 2ea ure in )ommon in (a all o2 (em 1esi-na e a realm (a lies be!on1 Do1* &(o is (us 1&ar2e1 b! &(a (ese ,rime )ons i uen s (ave rei2ie15 T(e &orl17an1 &(a else e+is s 7is ei (er ma1e o ,ale in o no (in-ness or is -enera e1 ou o2 an in)on)eivable em, iness5 A,ar 2rom (e realms ,os ula e1 b! ea)( o2 (ese reli-ions as (e be3all an1 en13all (a e+is s 3":"3 be!on1 Do1* )o-ni ion o2 (ese 2un1amen als is u erl! im,ossible* no leas as )o-ni ion is ei (er one o2 (e mun1ane 2ea ures o be 1issolve1 or a (el,less -es ure in (e a em, o -ras, (e elusive em, iness5 T(is in urn es i2ies o (e -rea im,or an)e RosenA&eia a)(es o )o-ni ion as an e22or (a allo&s (umans o )on)eive o2 (e immeasurable* be)ause &(a is be!on1 )on)eivabili ! ma! ei (er 2a1e in o insi-ni2i)an)e or lea1 o an (!,os a iAa ion o2 (e ini ial Nou-( o2 'no&le1-e in o an a ribu e o2 Do1* (us s(i2 in(im ou o2 (e orbi o2 (uman )on)erns al o-e (er5 Cur (ermore* &(a (e Asian reli-ions are unable o s,e)i2! is (o& sel2 an1 &orl1 1&in1le in o 1issolu ion or no (in-ness or (o& em, iness ransla es i sel2 in o a) ion5 In o (er &or1s* RosenA&ei-Hs ,rime )on)ern 8i5e5* (o& Do1Hs ransla ion in o (e &orl1 an1 (uman'in1 an1 on)e a-ain in o a 1i22eren ial un2ol1in- o2 )rea ion3revela ion3re1em, ion "# )an be ma1e -ras,able9 is bra)'e e1 or a bes remains )on)eale15 On (e ver! same -roun1 (e )(allen-es (e Dree' ,(iloso,(ers5 FWi (in (e &orl1 P Pla o (imsel2 as &ell as Aris o le ea)( no emana or! rela ion* no a) ive rela ion a all* be &een i1ea an1 ,(enomenon* be &een )on)e, an1 (in-* be &een )a e-or! an1 in1ivi1ual or &(a ever erms ma! )a, ure (e )on ras 5 Ra (er &e (ave (ere (e o11 i1ea (a (in-s Qimi a eR (e i1ea* (a (e! Qloo' ou R 2or i * Q!earnR 2or i * Q1evelo,R in o or o&ar1 i * (ou-( i is Q,ur,oseR no )auseG 8?%95 T(e -rea man! ne-a ive e+am,les (a ,ermea e RosenA&ei-Hs 1is)ourse are mean o reveal (e reverse si1e o2 (is o&n in er,re ive en er,rise5 In (e various reli-ions an1 1i22eren bran1s o2 ,(iloso,(! (e 1is)usses* a s,e)i2i) rei2i)a ion o))urs* &(i)( is eleva e1 o an overar)(in- ,rin)i,le5 In Dree' reli-ion* 2or ins an)e* (e -o1s are no (in- bu an (!,os a iAa ion o2 (umans* &(ose Kuali ies are mirrore1 b! (e Ol!m,ians5 I is some&(a 1i22eren in IslamB FMo(amme1Hs )rea or is Q&eal (! &i (ou an! &orl15R P <e ,roves (is ,o&er* li'e an Orien al 1es,o * no b! )rea in- &(a is ne)essar!* P bu in (is 2ree1om 2or (e )a,ri)ious a) G 8""=9* (us (!,os a iAin-* a))or1in- o RosenA&ei-* one o2 Do1Hs 2ea ures (a is res,onsible 2or se in- (e 1i22eren ial s(i2 be &een Na! an1 Yea in mo ion5 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO "# RosenA&ei- 1es)ribes (is rela ions(i, as 2ollo&sB FIn reali ! )rea ion* revela ion* an1 re1em, ion are no )a e-ories5 Ca e-ories never 2orm a seKuen)e amon- (emselves5 A mos (e! )an la! (e 2oun1a ions on &(i)( su)( a seKuen)e )an be 2orme1 in reali !5 As (e seKuen)e )rea ion3revela ionre1em, ion* (o&ever* )rea ion* revela ion* an1 re1em, ion are (emselves a reali !* an1 i is a )on)ession o (e i1ealis i) mo1e o2 (in'in- i2 &e ,la)e )ommas be &een (em ins ea1 o2 (!,(ensG 8"#$95 3":/3 Wi (ou -oin- in o 2ur (er 1e ails* (!,os a iAa ions 7irres,e) ive o2 &(e (er (e! o))ur in reli-ions* (eolo-ies* or ,(iloso,(ies 7re,la)e Do1 as (e be3all an1 en13all an1 move (eir res,e) ive* universall! )ons i u ive ,rin)i,les be!on1 )om,re(ension5 ConseKuen l!* (!,os a iAa ion in1i)a es &(ere in er,re a ion )eases5 A (e same ime* i a,,ears o be im,ossible o a))oun 2or (ese mul i2arious (!,os a iAa ions* al (ou-( (e! seem o be 2irs an1 2oremos rei2i)a ions o2 (uman ur-es* 1esires* e+,erien)es* i1eas* an1 as,e) s or vie&,oin s eleva e1 o (e s a us o2 a o aliAin- e+,lana ion5 T(is* (o&ever* leaves (e reason 2or (e -enera ion o2 (ese sel23,ro1u)e1 (!,os a iAa ions ine+,li)able* an1 (en)e

(e Kues ion remainsB &(! 1o (umans )rea e an un2a (omableness o &(i)( (e! subor1ina e (emselvesM Su)( an an (ro,olo-i)al Kues ion is no lon-er RosenA&ei-Hs )on)ernI ins ea1* (e ne-a ive e+am,les* &(i)( in (e 2inal anal!sis in)lu1e C(ris iani ! as &ell as (e ar s* serve (im as analo-ies 2or (is o&n en er,rise5 T(e reason 2or invo'in- (em is &o2ol1B Cirs * in s,i e o2 (eir 1iversi !* all o2 (em are mar'e1 b! (e rei2i)a ion o2 ,rin)i,les* i1eas* as,e) s* or ,os ula es* an1 (us 2ea ure as )oun er)on)e, s o (e ravelin- 1i22eren ial5 Rei2i)a ion moves (e in)ommensurable be!on1 )om,re(ension* &(ereas (e 1i22eren ial allo&s us o un2ol1 i as i s realiAa ion5 Rei2i)a ions brin- (e ravelin- 1i22eren ial o a s an1s ill an1 in 1oin- so mar' (e ,oin a &(i)( (e un2ol1in- o2 (e in)ommensurable (as been arres e15 Se)on1* su)( a 1e)isive )on ras urns all (e s,e)i2ie1 rei2i)a ions in o ne-a ive 2oils in or1er o s,o li-( (o& (e 1i22eren ial as a ,rin)i,le o2 movemen * o,era in- as a nonlinear movemen o2 )onversions* ransla es (e immeasurable in o erms o2 )o-ni ion5 In ne-o ia in- (e )(asm (a !a&ns be &een (e immeasurable an1 )o-ni ion* (e ravelin1i22eren ial is no overar)(e1 b! an! (ir1 1imension5 La)'in- su)( a re2eren ial s a us* (e s rin- o2 rei2i)a ions (a ,ermea es RosenA&ei-Hs e+,osi ion 2rom be-innin- o en1 2un) ions as a Frou e o2 re2eren)eG "$ mean o illumina e &(a a 1i22eren ial in er,re a ion is able o a)(ieve &(en i )omes o -ras,in- (e immeasurable5 Cor (is reason* rei2i)a ions a))om,an! (e unen1in- ransla ion e22e) e1 b! (e 1i22eren ial* no leas as (e! mar'* in ea)( in1ivi1ual )ase invo'e1* &(! an1 (o& (e movemen o2 (e in2ini esimal in)remen (as been s alle15 T(e 'in1s o2 rei2i)a ions in &(i)( (e OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO "$ FRou es o2 re2eren)eG is a )on)e, a1van)e1 b! Nelson Doo1man* 3f /ind and 3ther /atters 8Cambri1-eB <arvar1 Universi ! Press* "$#:9* %>* ??L="* "%>25* in or1er o in1i)a e (e 2un) ion o2 re2eren ial )ri eria an1 (e in er)(an-e amon- (eir 2un) ions5 3":%3 essen)e o2 Do1* &orl1* an1 (umans (as been im,risone1 (en be)omes a,,aren * as all o2 (em are ,re1i)a ions )on2erre1 on (e immeasurable 2rom s an)es ou si1e i 5 T(ere2ore RosenA&ei- o, s 2or an1 1evelo,s a 1i22eren ial mo1e o2 in er,re a ion* be)ause (e 1i22eren ial is never ou si1e &(a i 1i22eren ia es* is never a s an)e 2rom &(i)( ,re1i)a ions are ma1e* an1 is never a )a e-or! o be su,erim,ose1 on &(a is o be -ras,e15 As (e 1i22eren ial ravels be &een Fa no moreG an1 Fa no !e *G i belon-s o nei (er o2 i s )ons i uen s an1 (ere2ore is able o urn (em in o o,era ors 2or un2ol1in- (e immeasurable &i (ou )on)e, ualiAin- i 5 Ma'in- (e immeasurable sli1e in o a 1a&nin)om,re(ension 2ea ures i as an ever3e+,an1in- )on)a ena ion o2 a) s* (us ransla in- (e immeasurable in o a sel23s,e)i2i)a ion o2 )o-ni ion5 In or1er o ,romo e su)( a ,ro)ess* (e various rei2i)a ions no onl! s(e1 li-( on (o& (e 1i22eren ial )onver s Do1 in o 'no&le1-e bu are simul aneousl! 1e)ons ru) e1 as )on)e, ualiAa ions (a (ave been su,erim,ose1 on &(a (e! &ere mean o ma'e a))essible5 T(is 1uali ! ma'es RosenA&ei-Hs 1is)ourse i sel2 in o a 1i22eren ial (a runs (rou-( (e mar'e1 rei2i)a ions* s,li in- (em u, in o ne-a ive re2eren)es as &ell as in o ar-e s 2or 1e)ons ru) ion5 Su)( an e22or is -ui1e1 b! (e ne)essi ! o s(o& &(a (!,os a iAa ions ei (er veil* )on)eal* or 2all s(or o2 &(en i )omes o rans,osin- (eir 2oun1in- ,rin)i,les in o )om,re(ension5 T(e main reason* (o&ever* (a RosenA&ei-Hs 1is)ourse i sel2 1evelo,s as a ravelin- 1i22eren ial is (e 2a) (a ransla abili ! 1oes no (ave (e )(ara) er o2 an obJe) (a is o be -ras,e15 Ins ea1* i )an onl! be)ome ,al,able (rou-( i s mul i2ormi !* &(i)( is realiAe1 b! )(an-in- levels o2 rans,osi ion* b! (eir enmes(in-* an1 b! (e in)on)lusiveness o2 all a em, s a ransla ion* &(i)( (i-(li-( s (e ul ima e 1i22eren)e be &een (e immeasurable an1 i s )o-ni ion5 T(is ul ima e 1i22eren)e ,reserves (e immeasurable an1 !e ma'es i 'no&able (rou-( a ,roli2era in- ransla abili ! brou-( abou b! a 1is)ourse (a i sel2 2un) ions as a 1i22eren ial5 3"::3

CHAPTER SI6
Configurations of Inter#retation' An E#ilogue
To sum u,* I &ill (i-(li-( (e main ,oin s (a (is 1is)ussion o2 in er,re a ion (as !iel1e15 In er,re a ion is an a) o2 ransla ion* (e e+e)u ion o2 &(i)( 1e,en1s on (e subJe) ma er o be in er,re e1 as &ell as on (e )on e+ &i (in &(i)( (e a) ivi ! a'es ,la)e5 ConseKuen l!* (ere are onl! variables o2 in er,re a ion* )on)eive1 as i era ions o2 ransla abili !* an1 (ere )an never be su)( a (in- as the in er,re a ion5 T(e maJor s(i2 s in (e variables o2 in er,re a ion e+amine1 are )on e+ 3boun1B a5 Au (ori ! &as o2 ,aramoun )on)ern &(en (ol! e+ s (a1 o be ransla e1 in o (e li2e o2 (e )ommuni ! or &(en )anoniAe1 au (ors &ere invo'e1 as -ui1elines 2or bo ( (e ,ro1u) ion an1 re)e, ion o2 li era ure5 b5 T(e (ermeneu i) )ir)le as a s ra e-! o2 in er,re a ion en ere1 (e s a-e &(en (e sin-ular au (ori ! o2 (e )anon )oul1 no lon-er be main aine1 in (e 2a)e o2 i s man! 1i22eren rea1in-s* &(i)( more o2 en (an no subJe) e1 (e au (ori ! o2 (e e+ o si ua ionall! )on1i ione1 mani,ula ions* in )onseKuen)e o2 &(i)( (e )anon be)ame a ma er o2 1is,u e or even los mu)( o2 i s ers &(ile orien a ion5 )5 T(e re)ursive loo, be)ame ,rominen &(en en ro,! (a1 o be )on rolle1* or reali ! &as o be )on)eive1 in erms o2 au onomous s!s ems* or )om,osi e s!s ems emer-e1 ou o2 a s ru) ural )ou,lin- o2 s!s ems* or en)oun ers be &een )ul ures or levels o2 )ul ure ma1e i 3":?3 ne)essar! o ne-o ia e be &een (e 2amiliar an1 (e alien* no leas as &(a is ini iall! be!on1 rea)( &ill res,on1 o an in erven ion 2rom a s an1,oin ou si1e i sel25 T(e ravelin- 1i22eren ial 7 al (ou-( i (a1 a s,e)ial (is or! o2 i s o&n7be)ame a 1e)isive mo1e o2 in er,re a ion &(en (olis i) )on)e, ualiAa ions* as a1van)e1 b! ,(iloso,(! an1 even (eolo-!* ,rove1 in)a,able o2 )onver in- in)ommensurabili ies in o )o-ni ion5

15

In ea)( o2 (ese ins an)es* an overall )on e+ )ause1 a s(i2 in (e ,ro)e1ures o2 in er,re a ion5 I &as no onl! (e )(an-e in )on e+ * (o&ever* (a ne)essi a e1 (is re oolin- o2 in er,re ive ,ro)e1uresI (e ,rime )ause &as (e subJe) ma er o be )o,e1 &i (5 I mus be borne in min1 (a 2or (e sa'e o2 anal!sis I (ave em,(asiAe1 1is in) ions amon- (ermeneu i)s* )!berne i)s* an1 1i22eren ial realiAa ions as !,es o2 in er,re a ion5 T(e 1i22eren)es be &een (eir o,era ional mo1es* (o&ever* are b! no means as ri-i1* an1 in1ee1 (e (ermeneu i) )ir)le* (e re)ursive loo,* an1 (e ravelin- 1i22eren ial a) uall! s(a1e in o one ano (er &(enever in er,re a ion o))urs5 More o2 en (an no * (ou-(* one o2 (e ,ro)e1ures ou line1 is 1ominan 5 T(ere is an elemen o2 loo,in- in (e (ermeneu i) )ir)le* )om,risin- (e o3an132ro movemen be &een (e e+ an1 i s un1ers an1in-* a,,li)a ion* or 1e)i,(erin-5 A 1i22eren ial also o,era es &i (in (e )ir)le* un2ol1in- (e ,o en ial o2 a e+ b! realiAin- i as a seKuen)e o2 -ra1ua e1 ,ro2iles5 Cur (ermore* (ere is a )ir)ular mo ion in re)ursive loo,in-* in1i)a e1 b! (e 2ee1 2or&ar1 an1 (e 2ee1 ba)'&ar1* Jus as (ere is a 1i22eren ial o,era in- in (e )on inual remol1in- o2 in,u an1 ou ,u * s,o li-( e1 b! (e 1i22eren)e be &een a Fno lon-erG an1 a Fno !e 5G Cinall!* (e ravelin- 1i22eren ial )on ains an elemen o2 re)ursion* be)ause (e -ra1ua e1 ,ro2iles in o &(i)( i 2ans ou (e ,o en ial o be in er,re e1 are ma1e o 2ol1 ba)' on (e ,o en ial* (us allo&in- us o -ras, i 5 T(e rela ive 1ominan)e or subservien)e o2 (ese in er,re ive a) ivi ies &ill 1e,en1 on (e ,ur,ose o be realiAe1 &(enever in er,re a ion o))urs5 W(a ma'es (is in er,la! amon- )ir)ulari !* re)ursion* an1 (e 1i22eren ial so im,or an 2or in er,re a ionM As 1emons ra e1* ea)( in er,re a ion is an a) o2 ransla ion (a o,ens u, a s,a)e be &een (e subJe) ma er o be in er,re e1 an1 &(a (e subJe) ma er is rans,ose1 in o5 T(e s,a)e is o a )er ain e+ en in1e,en1en o2 &(a is ransla e1 an1 o2 &(a i is ransla e1 in o5 Cor (is reason* I (ave Kuali2ie1 i as liminal s,a)e* be)ause i

mar's o22 (e subJe) ma er 2rom (e re-is er an1 (ere2ore 1oes no belon- o ei (er5 In ano (er )on e+ * E)o on)e use1 (e 3":>3 erm Fs,a)e*G " )on)eive1 as an in erval in ime* in &(i)( a -rea man! sele) ions a'e ,la)e 8///95 Al (ou-( E)o (a1 a 1i22eren !,e o2 rela ions(i, in min1* (is observa ion never (eless a,,lies o in er,re a ion as &ell5 T(ese sele) ions 1e)i1e no onl! (o& (e rans,osi ion o2 an! in er,re ive a) is e+e)u e1 bu also (o& (e subJe) ma er o be rans,ose1 &ill be slan e1 or )ons i u e1 2or a,,re(ension5 In vie& o2 (e man! sele) ions (a (ave o a'e ,la)e* mo1es o2 )o,in- &i ( (e liminal s,a)e are o2 ,rime im,or an)e5 T(e )ir)le or-aniAes rial runs be &een (e 2ea ures ,rivile-e1 in or1er o a ain un1ers an1in- or o a,,l! &(a (as been un1ers oo15 T(e re)ursion 2ee1s (e ini ial s(or 2all ba)' in o (e in,u * (us ini ia in- 2ine3 unin- o2 2ur (er assum, ions (a are ne)essar! 2or a)(ievin- )on rol5 T(e 1i22eren ial* (avin- 1isse) e1 (e subJe) ma er in o a seKuen)e o2 everne& s)issions* )on inuall! ma'es (em 2ol1 ba)' on one ano (er* (us allo&in- us o )on)eive &(a ini iall! elu1es )o-ni ion5 Cir)le* re)ursion* an1 1i22eren ial s(i2 (e subJe) ma er in o some (in- else* or-aniAe (is s(i2 as a mo1e o2 rans2er* an1 e+er)ise a )er ain 1e-ree o2 )on rol &(en )o-ni ive erms are su,erim,ose1 on (e subJe) ma er 1urin- (e ,ro)ess o2 in er,re a ion5 A (e same ime* (ese mo1ali ies ,oin o &(a resis s ransla ion5 Be)ause (e liminal s,a)e is )rea e1 b! (e a) o2 in er,re a ion* i )anno be elimina e1 in i s en ire !5 T(e resi1ual un ransla abili !* (o&ever* rans2orms i sel2 in o (e ,o&er (a 1rives (e (ermeneu i) )ir)le* (e re)ursive loo,* an1 (e ravelin- 1i22eren ial5 T(e abili ! o2 (ese (ree basi) o,era ors o )o,e &i ( (e liminal s,a)e is 1erive1 2rom (e 1uali ! ins)ribe1 in o ea)( o2 (em5 T(e )ir)le me1ia es be &een (e -iven an1 i s un1ers an1in-* (e re)ursion e22e) s a s&i )( 2rom a s an)e o en ro,! an1 o,en3 en1e1ness* an1 (e 1i22eren ial enables an unboun1e1 ,o en ial o a)(ieve )on)eivabili !5 Ea)( o2 (e o,era ors 2ul2ills i s as' (rou-( (ese 1ual re2eren)es* inso2ar as (e subJe) ma er an1 (e erms in o &(i)( i is rans,ose1 (ave o be en)om,asse1 in ea)( a) o2 in er,re a ion5 T(us (e ,o en iall! mani2ol1 )ombina ions o2 (e o,era ional mo1es s ru) ure (e liminal s,a)e o,ene1 u, b! an! in er,re a ion5 Al (ou-( (is s,a)e is s ru) ure1 b! &(a i 1emar)a es* i a,,ears o (ave a 1!nami)s o2 i s o&n5 <o& ma! &e a))oun 2or su)( a 1!nami)sM A2 er all* (e liminal s,a)e is em, !* an1 !e some (in- seems o arise ou OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO " Umber o E)o* I Limiti dell1 Interpreta2ione 8MilanB Bom,iani* "$$09* //=5 3":=3 o2 i 5 Cir)le* loo,* an1 1i22eren ial7ea)( &i ( i s o&n ,ar i)ular mo1e o2 o,era ion7 r! o )o,e &i ( (e s,a)e be &een subJe) ma er an1 re-is er b! es ablis(in- ever more re2ine1* 1iversi2ie1* an1 )om,le+ )onne) ions an1 rela ions(i,s5 T(is brin-s abou a 1ual e22e) B &(ile )ir)le* loo,* an1 1i22eren ial are mean o e+er)ise )on rol in (e 2irs ins an)e* (e! su))ee1 o (e 1e-ree in &(i)( (e! )ombine (rou-( a mu ual in er,la!5 Pla! is (e in er2a)e o2 (e mo1es (rou-( &(i)( (e liminal s,a)e is ne-o ia e15 In (is res,e) * (e o,era ional mo1es (emselves en1o& (e em, ! s,a)e &i ( a )er ain 1!nami) Kuali ! (a (ails 2rom (eir in er,la!5 Su)( ,la! is &i (ou rules* al (ou-( i is -ui1e1 b! (e man! sele) ions ma1e b! (e in er,re er* &(i)( E)o allu1e1 o &(en 1es)ribin- (e s,a)e as an in erval in ime5 T(ese sele) ions are res,onsible 2or &(a is )ombine1 &i ( &(a an1 even 2or &(a is 1ominan &i (in (e in er,la! o2 )ir)le* loo,* an1 1i22eren ial5 T(e! are ma1e sub)ons)iousl!* (o&ever* Jus as Q,assive s!n (esesR are* &(i)(* a))or1in- o <usserl* are ne)essar! o,era ions 2or es ablis(in- Q-oo1 )on inua ion5R / Cur (ermore* i2 &e a'e in o a))oun (a )ir)le* loo,* an1 even 1i22eren ial are no onl! in (emselves 1i22eren ia e1 bu also assume a -ro&in- 1iversi2i)a ion in rela ion o (e as' o be ,er2orme1* (en (e in er,la! amon- (em* -ui1e1 b! sub)ons)ious sele) ions un1erl!in- (eir )ombina ions*

ma'es (e liminal s,a)e in o a vor e+5 W(en )ombine1* (e o,era ional mo1es s ru--le &i ( one ano (er* es in- &(i)( o2 (em mi-( be more )a,able o2 ne-o ia in- (e liminal s,a)eI in 1oin- so* (eir re)i,ro)al ins)ri, ion urns (e )ir)le in o a loo,in- movemen * (e loo, in o a 1i22eren ial sel23)orre) ion* an1 (e 1i22eren ial in o a )ir)ular re)ombina ion o2 &(a i (as se,ara e15 T(is illus ra ion b! no means e+(aus s (e ,o en iall! un2oreseeable moves o2 su)( an in er,la!* bu i a leas in1i)a es (o& a varie ! o2 ,ro)esses ma! be an-le1 u, in a sin-le vor e+5 T(e liminal s,a)e* (en* is )(ar-e1 &i ( a 1!namism (a s rives o 1is)(ar-e i sel2 in o some (in-5 T(e o,era ional mo1es are mean o e+er)ise )on rol an1 in 1oin- so 2in1 (emselves in ,la! &i ( one ano (erI (e sele) ions ma1e 2or -ui1in- (e ,la! are o2 a sub)ons)ious na ure an1 (en)e no in 2ull )omman1 o2 &(a (e! ri--er* ma'in- (em ,o en iall! subJe) o mo1i2i)a ion5 T(us (e liminal s,a)e i sel2 is no e+a) l! OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO / See E1mun1 <usserl* nalysen 2ur Passiven Synthesis, Desammel e Wer'e ""* e15 Mar-o Cleis)(er 8T(e <a-ueB Mar inus NiJ(o22* "$>>9I an1 Aron Dur&i s)(* The $ield of Consciousness 8Pi sbur-(B 4uKuesne Universi ! Press* "$>:9* "? 0225 3":#3 au o,oie i) bu assumes su)( a Kuali ! b! 1ra&in- i s 1!namism 2rom &(a is inser e1 in o i 2rom ou si1e5 W(en (e mo1es be-in o ne-o ia e (e liminal s,a)e b! ,la!in- &i ( one ano (er* (eir in errela ion ma! be one o2 re)i,ro)al eles)o,in-* or mu ual ins)ribin-* or in er)(an-in1ominan)e an1 subservien)e5 Su)( ,la! is* a))or1in- o Vi) or Turner* F (e )a e-ori)all! un)a e-oriAable*G no leas as i is Fessen iall! in ers i ial* be &i+ 3an13be &een all s an1ar1 a+onomi)al no1es5G % Ne-o ia in- b! ,la!in- (ere2ore en ails 1is,ensin- even &i ( (e limi e1 1e-rees o2 re2eren)e (a ea)( o2 (e o,era ional mo1es ,ossesses5 Moreover* (e sele) ions (a s ru) ure (e ,la!in- o))ur belo& (e in er,re erHs (res(ol1 o2 )ons)iousness* (us ri--erin- Fa 'in1 o2 S ran-e Loo,G be &een (e in er,la! o2 (e mo1es an1 (e sub)ons)ious 1e)ision ma'in-5 A s ran-e loo, is* a))or1in- o 4ou-las <o2s a1 er* Fan in era) ion be &een levels in &(i)( (e o, level rea)(es ba)' 1o&n o&ar1s (e bo om level an1 in2luen)es i * &(ile a (e same ime bein- i sel2 1e ermine1 b! (e bo om level*G : (us )rea in- F an-le1 (ierar)(iesG 8>#:225* es,5 =0$95 ConseKuen l!* (e liminal s,a)e a,,ears* (rou-( i s 'alei1os)o,i)all! s(i2 in- 2orms o2 s ran-e loo,s* as i2 i &ere or-aniAin- i sel25 A,ar 2rom i s o&n in(eren 1!namism* (e liminal s,a)e 1ra&s bo ( in2orma ion an1 ener-! 2rom &(a (e subJe) ma er is li'e an1 2rom &(a (e re-is er is mean o a)(ieve5 T(e in2orma ion 8subJe) ma er9 an1 (e -ui1elines 8re-is er9* (o&ever* are subJe) e1 o ,ro)essin- &(en in erlin'e1 in (e liminal s,a)e (a ini iall! (as se,ara e1 (em 2rom one ano (er5 O&in- o (e in er,la! be &een (e o,era ional mo1es* (eir s ran-e loo,s* an1 (e in er,re erHs sub)ons)ious sele) ions* (is ,ro)essin- 1oes no 1evelo, solel! a))or1in- o &(a (e subJe) ma er is li'e an1 &(a (e re-is er &an s i o be bu also a))or1in- o a 2or)e (a -a (ers in (e liminal s,a)e i sel2* ,o&ere1 b! &(a (e in er,la! amon- )ir)le* loo,* an1 1i22eren ial (ave se in mo ion5 T(is 2or)e is in1e2inable an1 len1s i sel2 o 1es)ri, ion onl! inso2ar as (e ransmu a ion o2 in2orma ion an1 -ui1elines )onver s (e liminal s,a)e in o a nonlinear s!s em5 FCor)eG &oul1 (en 1esi-na e (e nonlineari ! o2 (e ,ro)essin- (a o))urs in (e liminal s,a)e5 T(e la er (us 2un) ions as a )a al!s (a is in1is,ensable 2or rans,osin- a subJe) OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO % Vi) or Turner* The nthropolo%y of Performance 8Ne& Yor'B PA@* "$##9* "=5 : 4ou-las R5 <o2s a1 er* (Ndel, *scher, &ach# n *ternal (olden &raid 8Ne& Yor'B Vin a-e* "$#$9* =0$5 3":$3

ma er in o a re-is er5 As a )a al!s i e22e) s &(a is )a e-ori)all! 1is in-uis(e1* (ereb! slan in- (e subJe) ma er an1 1i22eren ia in- (e re-is er5 Simul aneousl!* nonlinear or-aniAa ions are 1is in-uis(e1 b! (e 2a) (a (e! also -enera e a )er ain un)on rollabili !* as evin)e1 b! (e un2oreseeable ,la! movemen s o2 (e mo1es5 Un)on rollabili !* (o&ever* 1oes no mean (a (in-s are al&a!s liable o -e ou o2 (an1I ins ea1* in (e 2inal anal!sis* i ,roves o be (e sel23-enera e1 2uel 2or (e 1!nami)s (a ma'e (e liminal s,a)e in o a sel23or-aniAin- s!s em (rou-( &(i)( (e )om,le+ s ru) ure o2 (e liminal s,a)e is able o or-aniAe i sel25 I2 linear s!s ems (ave a )er ain elos* (e realiAa ion o2 &(i)( is in en1e1 b! (e &or'in-s o2 (e s!s ems )on)erne1* nonlinear s!s ems* (rou-( (e s ran-e loo,s amon- (eir 2a) ors* levels* an1 &(a ever else is 2e1 in o (em 2rom ou si1e* are a sour)e o2 emer-en ,(enomena5 T(us nonlineari ! be)omes (e &ells,rin- o2 emer-en)e5 T(e 2or)e (a -a (ers in (e liminal s,a)e (as a ,oe i) Kuali !* as i brin-s some (inabou (a (i (er o 1i1 no e+is 5 Con)eivin- o2 (is Kuali ! brin-s o min1 (e ,oe i) ,(iloso,(! o2 Diamba is a Vi)o an1 (is Ne& Science in en1e1 o )(ar (e &orl1 ane&5 <is or!* Vi)o main ains* is a ,ro)ess o2 ever3ne& be-innin-s* as i a,,ears o be bo ( linear an1 )!)li)al* an1 su)( a )oun ervailin- movemen is in er &ine1 b! &(a (e )alls (e ricorso, I2 (e la er 2orms (e in2ras ru) ure o2 (is ne& ma, o2 (e &orl1* (o& 1oes i o,era eM Diuse,,e MaAo a (as re)en l! -iven a brillian e+,osi ion o2 i s &or'in-s* &(i)( su))in) l! ,in,oin (e ,oe i) Kuali ! -enera e1 b! (e vor e+ o2 (e liminal s,a)e5 B! i s in er&eavin- o2 )ir)le an1 line* &(i)( ,ro1u)es (e s,iral* (e ricorso, (us* is (e simul aneous 2i-ura ion o2 )losure an1 o,enness o2 a )ir)le (a re,ea s i sel2 &i ( a 1i22eren)e* is al&a!s ou o2 ,la)e an1 is e))en ri) o (e o (er )ir)les in (e series5 P To-e (er &i ( (e ricorso, (e cursus su--es s Vi)oHs s,iral s !le o2 &ri in- an1 s,iral s !le o2 (in'in-* (e ,oe i) ar o2 )onne) in- even s or &or1s remo e 2rom one ano (er5 P I is a lan-ua-e (a lea,s over )onven ional )onne) ions* (a sli1es* li'e a )ursor* ba)'&ar1 an1 2or&ar1* ,ursues seemin-l! ran1om bu ri-orousl! elli, i)al orbi s in a series* an1 )rea es a s,e)ial ,la)e 2or a 1is)ourse &(ereb! a ne&* all3en)om,assin- )on2i-ura ion o2 (e ,as * ,resen * an1 2u ure )an a,,ear be2ore our e!es5 ? OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO ? Diuse,,e MaAo a* The 9e' /ap of the World# The Poetic Philosophy of (iambattista Cico 8Prin)e onB Prin)e on Universi ! Press* "$$$9* //#5 3"?03 T(us (e ricorso is a )lose3u, allo&in- us o ,er)eive (e en-en1erin- o2 ,oe i) Kuali ies (a -ive rise o emer-en ,(enomena in (e a) o2 in er,re a ion5 Be2ore 1e ailin- (ese ,(enomena* a )avea seems o be ne)essar! re-ar1in- (e elimina ion o2 (e liminal s,a)e b! )er ain !,es o2 in er,re a ion5 W(enever (e ,resu,,osi ions o2 (e re-is er are su,erim,ose1 on (e subJe) ma er* (e liminal s,a)e is )oloniAe1 b! (e )on)e, s brou-( o bear5 Su)( a )oloniAa ion )onver s in er,re a ion in o an a) (a 1e ermines (e in en1e1 meanin- o2 (e subJe) ma er5 W(en (is (a,,ens* in er,re a ion )eases5 T(e )oloniAa ion o2 (e liminal s,a)e (ere2ore sa)ri2i)es ransla abili ! an1 &i ( i (e )(an)e o embra)e more (an &as ,ossible be2ore (e su,erim,osi ion5 W(enever ,resu,,osi ions are ,re1ominan * in er,re a ion resul s in a ,re1i)a ion o2 (e subJe) ma er )on)erne15 B! )on ras * (e in er,la! o2 (e mo1es an1 (eir s ran-e loo,s* &i ( (e sub)ons)ious sele) ions (rou-( &(i)( in2orma ion an1 -ui1elines are ,ro)esse1* ma'es (e liminal s,a)e in o a nonlinear or-aniAa ion* (us un2ol1in- in er,re a ion as ,ro1u) ion5 Un1ers oo1 (is &a!* in er,re a ion ,ro1u)es emer-en ,(enomena or )ons i u es a sour)e o2 emer-en)e5 W(enever in er,re a ion o))urs* some (in- emer-es* an1 (is some (in- is i1en i)al nei (er &i ( (e subJe) ma er nor &i ( (e re-is er in o &(i)( (e subJe) ma er is o be rans,ose15 Be2ore e+aminin- &(a emer-es in (e ,ara1i-ms ou line1* a en ion (as o be 1ra&n o a 2inal )on1i ion (a is res,onsible 2or ever! 'in1 o2 emer-en)e in (e a) o2 in er,re a ion5 T(e re-is er brou-( o bear in su)( an a) is mar'e1 b! a basi) 1uali !B 8a9 i is mean o ,rovi1e a means o2 a))ess o &(a is in er,re e1* bu 8b9 i is also (e

2rame&or' in o &(i)( (e subJe) ma er is ransla e15 T(ese &o 2un) ions o2 (e re-is er are in er1e,en1en * an1 (is (ol1s rue 7a leas u, o ,oin 7even i2 (e re-is er is more or less su,erim,ose1 on (e subJe) ma er5 In (is )ase* (e 2rame&or' never (eless 2un) ions as a means o2 a))ess5 As a rule* (o&ever* (ere is a sli1in- s)ale be &een e+ remes* mar'e1* on (e one (an1* b! ma'in- (e subJe) ma er subservien o (e re-is er* an1* on (e o (er* b! 1i22eren ia in- (e re-is er &(en (e subJe) ma er is mean o be ,er)eive1 in all i s )om,le+i !5 W(a ever (e ,osi ion on (a sli1in- s)ale* (ere is al&a!s a s ru) ural )ou,lin- be &een subJe) ma er an1 re-is er5 T(rou-( (is s ru) ural )ou,lin-* (e re-is er7b! o,enin- a))ess 7is boun1 o ma'e inroa1s in o (e subJe) ma er* as i is ,ur,ose3-overne1 an1 (en)e (rou-( i s ver! in erven ion o))asions 1is urban)es5 T(ese are an inevi able )onseKuen)e o2 an! s ru) ural )ou,lin- an1 mani2es (emselves as &(a (e (eoris s o2 sel23 3"?"3 or-aniAin- s!s ems* su)( as <einA von Coers er an1 <enri A lan* )all Fnoise*G &(i)( means (a some (in- un)on rollable (as emer-e15 > In rela ion o (e ,ara1i-ms 1is)usse1* (e noise ma! be Kuali2ie1 in a (ermeneu i)all! )on)eive1 re-is er as misun1ers an1in-I in a )!berne i)all! )on)eive1 one as un)on rollabili ! o27or even 1ama-e o 7 (e s!s ems )ou,le1I an1 in a 1i22eren iall! )on)eive1 one as un-ras,abili ! o2 (e immeasurable5 T(e mul i2ormi ! o2 noise (a overs(a1o&s (e in en o2 (e re-is er (as o be ,ro)esse1* an1 (e ou )ome o2 (is is boun1 o be 1i22eren 2rom bo ( subJe) ma er an1 re-is er* be)ause (e re-is er 2un) ions onl! as an o,era ional ool* an1 (e subJe) ma er is no i1en i)al o (e an-le 2rom &(i)( i is a,,roa)(e15 T(us &e -e a )(ain rea) ionB (e s ru) ural )ou,lin- o2 subJe) ma er an1 re-is er )auses 1is urban)es (a ,ro1u)e noise* (e ,ro)essin- o2 &(i)( ma'es some (in- emer-e (a is 1i22eren 2rom &(a (as been )ou,le15 No& &e (ave rea)(e1 a ,oin a &(i)( &e )an 2ull! a,,re)ia e (e liminal s,a)e as a vor e+ (a is )a al! i) inso2ar as i rans2orms* b! means o2 s ran-e loo,s* (e mul i,li)i ! o2 o,era ional mo1es an1 (e sub)ons)ious sele) ion o2 (eir em,lo!men in o emer-en ,(enomena5 Le us no& urn o (e ,ara1i-ms in or1er o ,in,oin &(a (as a) uall! emer-e1 in (e )ases 1is)usse15 In (e -enre o2 in er,re a ion re,resen e1 b! (e )ommen ar!* i is %uidance 2or (e )ommuni !5 In (e -enre o2 in er,re a ion re,resen e1 b! (ermeneu i)s* i is understandin% an1 application o2 &(a (as been un1ers oo1* or (e emer-en)e o2 history ou o2 ,un) ure1 2a) s* or (e cure o2 (e ,a ien 5 In (e -enre o2 in er,re a ion re,resen e1 b! )!berne i)s* i is control or composition o2 s!s ems o2 se)on1ar! an1 er iar! or1er5 An1 in (e -enre o2 in er,re a ion re,resen e1 b! (e 1i22eren ial* i is reali2ation o2 (e immeasurable5 Emer-en ,(enomena o2 (is 'in1 also (ave re,er)ussions on (e re-is er5 Bearin- in min1 (e 1uali ! o2 (e re-is er* (e si1e3e22e) s o2 a))ess* mani2es as noise* issue in o a 1i22eren ia ion o2 (e 2rame&or'5 T(is is o be observe1 in all (e ,ara1i-ms 1is)usse15 T(ere is an in)reasin- so,(is i)a ion o2 (e (ermeneu i) )ir)le* )ause1 b! (e subJe) ma er* &(i)( is ei (er -iven* or (as o be )ons i u e1* or (as o be 2erre e1 ou o2 i s (i11enness5 ConseKuen l!* (e )ir)le* &(i)( o,era es in S)(leierma)(erHs )ase as a ,la! s ru) ure o2 oin- an1 2roin-* )(an-es in o a nes in- o2 )ir)les OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO > Cor (is ,ar i)ular issue* see William R5 Paulson* The 9oise of Culture# Literary Te!ts in a World of In formation 8I (a)aB Cornell Universi ! Press* "$ >>L"005 3"?/3

in 4ro!senHs a em, o )ons rue (is or! an1 in o ransa) ional loo,s in a ,s!)(oanal! i)al re-is er5 T(is a,,lies eKuall! o (e )!berne i) ,ara1i-m5 T(i)' 1es)ri, ion in Deer AHs )ase is mar'e1 b! an e+,an1in-* )oun ervailin- or-aniAa ion o2 -uesses an1 assessmen o2 -uesses5 Su)( 1ual )oun erin- s rives 2or a )on inual re2inemen o2 (e re-is er (rou-( sel23)orre) ion5 Sel23)orre) ion also remains basi) 2or (e in er,re a ion o2 (e sel23 main enan)e o2 au onomous s!s ems* in &(i)( re)ursion is )on)eive1 as (e in2ras ru) ure o2 an on-oin- au o,oiesis5 In RosenA&ei-Hs ,ara1i-m* (e 1i22eren ial )(an-es in o ever3 ne& varian s* so (a in (e 2inal anal!sis (is 1is)ourse i sel2 urns ou o be 1i22eren ial5 T(us emer-en ,(enomena are no onl! ,ro1u)e1 b! (e )ou,lin- o2 subJe) ma er an1 re-is er* bu (e )ou,lin- also )auses a )on inuall! emer-in- sel23s,e)i2i)a ion o2 (e re-is er5 A basi) reason 2or (e 1i22eren ia ion o2 (e re-is er is (e resi1ual un ransla abili ! (a 7 as &e (ave seen 7is no a 2ea ure o2 (e subJe) ma er o be in er,re e1 bu is ,ro1u)e1 b! in er,re a ion i sel25 T(is sel2,ro1u)e1 un ransla abili !* (o&ever* 2un) ions as a ,ro,ellan 2or a )on inual 2ine3 unin- o,era ion o2 (e mo1es brou-( o bear b! (e re-is er5 I ma! also )ause a )(an-e in (e mo1es a,,lie1* &(en a -ro&in- re2inemen &ill no lon-er su22i)e5 T(is is mos s ri'in- in (e ,s!)(oanal! i) ,ara1i-m* in &(i)( (e ransa) ional loo, emer-es ou o2 (e )ir)le as a ne& mo1e o2 o,era ion5 Cor (is reason* &e mi-( Kuali2! (e sel23,ro1u)e1 resi1ual un ransla abili ! as au o,oie i)* be)ause i is (e sour)e o2 8a9 (e -ro&in- )om,le+i ! o2 (e re-is er* 8b9 (e )(an-e o2 (e re-is er* an1 8)9 (e emer-en)e o2 1i22eren l! or-aniAe1 re-is ers5 T(us in er,re a ion is basi)all! ,er2orma ive in )(ara) er5 I ma'es some (in- (a,,en* an1 &(a arises ou o2 (is ,er2orman)e are emer-en ,(enomena5 T(e ,er2orma ive na ure o2 in er,re a ion is brou-( ou b! (e 2a) (a i -enera es i s o&n ,o&er* (a is* (e ineliminable resi1ual un ransla abili ! 1rives (e ,er2orman)e5 T(is em,(asis on (e e)(ni)al as,e) o2 in er,re a ion (ro&s u, a 2inal Kues ionB W(! are &e as (uman bein-s so in)essan l! en-a-e1 in ransla in- some (in- in o some (in- elseM T(e e)(niKues 2o)use1 on (us 2ar le us onl! see &(a (a,,ens in in er,re a ion* &i (ou * (o&ever* a))oun in- 2or i s mul i,li)i ! or (e en1lessl! on-oin- a) ivi ! o2 in er,re a ion i sel25 T(e Kues ion raise1 ,oin s o mani2ol1 im,li)a ions un1erl!in- (is a) ivi !5 One o2 (e mos obvious reasons 2or (e variables o2 in er,re a ion is (e 2a) (a more o2 en (an no (ere are ,ra-ma i) issues an1 obJe) ives involve1 (a are onl! solve1 ,ra-ma i)all!5 I2 in er,re a ion* (o&ever* &ere onl! )on)erne1 &i ( a)(ievin- ,ra-ma i) en1s 7im,or an as (e! 3"?% ma! be7 (en &(a ever i )ame u, &i ( &oul1 en1 (is a) ivi !* &(ereas in 2a) i never en1s5 In er,re a ion* as &e (ave seen* al&a!s ma'es some (in- emer-e* so (a &e mi-( be Jus i2ie1 in sa!in- (a emer-en)e is i s (allmar'5 T(is a,,lies eKuall! o (e solu ion (a arises ou o2 an! ,ra-ma i) in er,re ive a) 5 T(e ,ra-ma i) in en is an obJe) ive* (o&ever* an1 no (e ma ri+ o2 emer-en)e5 T(ere are &o si1es o emer-en)e as (e (allmar' o2 in er,re a ionB 8a9 i in1i)a es (e ever3&i1enin- rami2i)a ion o2 a em, s o brin- (in-s abou I an1 8b9 &(a ever )omes abou is a )(ar in- o2 (e reali ! &e live in5 As &e )anno en)om,ass (is reali !* &e ma, i ou in o a ,lurali ! o2 &orl1s* 2or &(i)( in er,re a ion as emer-en)e is a )en ral a) ivi !5 T(is en1eavor a,,ears o be an an (ro,olo-i)al ne)essi ! an1 is ,er(a,s as )lose as one )an -e o ans&erin- (e 2inal Kues ion ini iall! raise15 Be2ore a11ressin- i * a 2ur (er )onsi1era ion is ,er inen 5 As ransla abili !* in er,re a ion is basi)all! a &o3 iere1 o,era ion (a enables an! -iven subJe) ma er o 2un) ion5 W(a ever (ere is &oul1 lie 2orever 1orman i2 i &ere no ma1e 2un) ional* an1 (is ma'in- 2un) ional is e22e) e1 b! (e s ru) ure o2 (e &o3 iere1 in er,re a ion5 Transla in- some (in- in o some (in- else is (us an a) ivi ! (a allo&s us o rans2orm an! (in- -iven in o i s 2un) ionali !5 Emer-en ,(enomena are (e ou )ome

o2 (is o,era ion* an1 (e! ,oin o enable (in-s o 2un) ion5

o (e 2a)

(a in er,re a ion is basi)all! an a) in en1e1

In (is res,e) * i is in eres in- o no e (a (e 2un) ionin- o2 (e -ene i) )o1e )an be 1es)ribe1 in similar erms5 F4NA usuall! )omes in 1ouble s ran1s7 (a is* &o sin-le s ran1s &(i)( are ,aire1 u,5G = T(e 1ual s ran1s (ave o be )ou,le1* Jus li'e (e subJe) ma er an1 (e re-is er5 T(e similari ! o2 (e 1es)ri, ive erms )on inues &(en (e 2un) ionin- o2 (e -ene i) )o1e is 1e aile1B FT(e ,ro)ess b! &(i)( (e 4NA -e s )o,ie1 on o mrna insi1e (e nu)leus is )alle1 transcription. 8?"=95 # Crom F rans)ri, ionG &e OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO = <o2s a1 er* (Ndel, *scher, &ach, ?":5 # <o2s a1 er )ommen s on mRNA as 2ollo&sB mRNA s ran1s P )ons i u e a 'in1 o2 4NA Ra,i1 Transi Servi)eI b! (is is mean no (a mrna ,(!si)all! )arries 4NA an!&(ere* bu ra (er (a i serves o )arr! (e in2orma ion* or messa-e* s ore1 in (e 4NA in i s nu)lear )(amber* ou o (e ribosomes in (e )! o,lasm5 <o& is (is 1oneM T(e i1ea is eas!B a s,e)ial 'in1 o2 enA!me insi1e (e nu)leus 2ai (2ull! )o,ies lon- s re )(es o2 (e 4NAHS base seKuen)e on o a ne& s ran1 7a s ran1 o2 messen-er RNA5 T(is mRNA (en 1e,ar s 2rom (e nu)leus an1 &an1ers ou in o (e )! o,lasm* &(ere i runs in o man! ribosomes &(i)( be-in 1oin- (eir enA!me3)rea in- &or' on i 5 8?"=9 3"?: no& ,ass o ransla ionB FSin)e (e 4NA )on ains all (e in2orma ion 2or )ons ru) ion o2 ,ro eins* &(i)( are (e a) ive a-en s o2 (e )ell* 4NA )an be vie&e1 as a pro%ram &ri en in a (i-(er3level lan-ua-e* &(i)( is subseKuen l! ransla e1 8or in er,re e19 in o (e Qma)(ine lan-ua-eR o2 (e )ell 8,ro eins9G 8?:=95 No onl! is (is &o3 iere1 rela ions(i, basi) 2or (e 2un) ionin- o2 (e -ene i) )o1e* bu (ere is also a -rea 1eal o2 ransla ion -oin- on as a ,rereKuisi e 2or i s 2un) ionali !5 T(ere2ore <o2s a1 er uses erms su)( as F rans)ri, ion*G F ransla ion*G an1 Fin er,re erG 7 (ou-( mos l! in i ali)s 7in or1er o in1i)a e (o& (e o,era ion o2 (e -ene i) )o1e is o be )on)eive15 In (e ima-inar! 1ialo-ues (a in ro1u)e ea)( o2 (e )(a, ers in <o2s a1 erHs boo'* (e ma'es A)(illes sa! o Tor oiseB FMole)ular biolo-! is 2ille1 &i ( ,e)uliar )onvolu e1 loo,s &(i)( I )anH Kui e un1ers an1* su)( as (e &a! (a 2ol1e1 ,ro eins* &(i)( are )o1e1 2or (e 1na* )an loo, ba)' an1 mani,ula e (e 1na* &(i)( (e! )ame 2romG 8/%"95 A mul i,le ransla abili ! a,,ears o be -oin- on in (uman F(ar1&are*G &(i)( &e )an -au-e b! &(a i brin-s abou in (e Fso2 &are5G T(e lan-ua-e o2 ransla abili ! a,,ears o len1 i sel2 o (ese ,ro)esses5 I am no su--es in-* (o&ever* (a 4NA is an analo-ue 2or &(a (a,,ens in in er,re a ion5 I2 ransla abili ! enables (in-s o 2un) ion* i is sim,l! &or ( no in- (a (e 2un) ionin- o2 4NA is 1es)ribe1 in erms (a e,i omiAe in er,re a ion5 Crom (is &e ma! )on)lu1e (a (e na ure o2 in er,re a ion is o ma'e 2un) ional &(a ever is -iven* an1 (is vie& is su,,or e1 b! (e me a,(or use1 o e+,lain (e o,era ion o2 (e -ene i) )o1e5 T(is basi) 2ea ure o2 in er,re a ion lea1s us ba)' o (e Kues ion o2 &(! &e are )ons an l! in er,re in-5 Su)( a Kues ion is all (e more ,er inen as 2orms an1 even -enres o2 in er,re a ion (ave bur-eone1 enormousl! in (e las )ou,le o2 )en uries5 We (ave o as' ourselves &(! (is (as (a,,ene1 an1 &(! (ere is a -ro&in- in eres in (e s ru) ure an1 a)(ievemen s o2 in er,re a ion5 <uman bein-s* a leas in our )en ur!* are in)reasin-l! 2a)e1 b! &(a is unavailable o (em5 T&o maJor ,roblems ,ose (emselvesB Cirs * (e -roun1 2rom &(i)( (uman bein-s (ave s,run- is un2a (omable an1 (us a,,ears o be &i ((el1 2rom (em5 $ Se)on1* (uman bein-s (ave also OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO $ T(is si ua ion (as been ver! a, l! anal!Ae1 b! 4ie er <enri)(* FSelbs be&u[ seinB Kri is)(e Einlei un- in eine T(eorie*G in "ermeneutik und +ialektik, Ces s)(ri2 Da1amer 8TNbin-enB Mo(r6Siebe)'* "$=09* /?=L/#:5 <enri)( (as elabora e1 on (is ini ial

e+,lora ion in (e 2ollo&in- &or'sB Selbstverh0ltnisse 8S u -ar B Re)lam* "$#/9* #%L "%0I $luchtlinien# Philosophische *ssays 8Cran'2ur 6MainB Su(r'am,* "$#/9* $$L"=#I an1 (is la es essa! FSubJe' ivi Z als PrinAi,*G +eutsche Deitschrift fHr Philosophie :> 8"$$#9B %"L::5 3"?? be)ome unavailable o (emselvesI &e are bu 1o no 'no& &(a i is o be5 "0 In vie& o2 (ese &o basi) blan's7i2 one ma! )all (ese unavailabili ies blan's7(uman bein-s (ave o lea1 )ons)ious lives* &(i)(* (o&ever* are ,ermea e1 b! (e a&areness (a (e 2un1amen als are un,lumbable5 T(e unen1in- a) ivi ! o2 in er,re a ion as (e ,ro1u) ion o2 emer-en ,(enomena )oul1 be )on)eive1 as a res,onse o (ese basi) unavailabili ies5 T(ere2ore &e mi-( sa! (a (uman bein-s see' o a)(ieve un1ers an1in-* sel23 un1ers an1in-* )on rol* s!s em buil1in-* an1 1i22eren ia ion o2 1i22eren)e as a means o2 rea)(in- (e unrea)(able5 W(a (us emer-es are onl! ma,s* &(i)( )(ar erri ories5 Ma,,in- is no e+a) l! a )om,ensa ion 2or &(a is unavailable o (uman bein-s* be)ause su)( an a) ivi ! 1oes no aim o -ain -roun1 or o a ain sel23,resen)e5 A bes * i 1ra&s i s vi-or 2rom &(a is 2orever unavailable* &i (ou (e in en ion o2 ever ,ossessin- i 5 T(is ma'es ma,,in- in o a ,er2orma ive a) ivi ! b! reversin- (e ma,6 erri or! rela ions(i,5 "" Ins ea1 o2 1eno in- a erri or!* (e ma, enables (e )on ours o2 a erri or! o emer-e* &(i)( &ill )oin)i1e &i ( (e ma, be)ause i (as no e+is en)e ou si1e (is 1esi-na ion5 T(ere2ore (e ma, a1umbra es (e )on1i ions un1er &(i)( (e no 3!e 3e+is in- ma! be )on)eive15 In (is res,e) * i ma! be sai1 (a (e basi) unavailabili ies ,o&er (e 1rive o2 F&orl1ma'in-5G T(is ies in &i ( one o2 Doo1manHs remar's* (a (ere is no (in- Fs oli1 un1ernea (G in our &a!s o2 F&orl1ma'in-5G "/ T(ere2ore in er,re a ion (i-(li-( s (e 2a) (a (uman bein-s live b! &(a (e! ,ro1u)e* &(i)( ,oin s o an im,or an 2a)e o2 (e (uman )on1i ionB (umans a,,ear o be an unen1in- ,er2orman)e o2 (emselves5 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO "0 See <elmu ( Plessner* F4ie an (ro,olo-is)(e 4imension 1er Des)(i)( li)('ei *G in So2ialer Wandel# Divilisation und $ortschritt als 7ate%orien der so2iolo%ischen Theorie, e15 <ans Pe er 4rei Ael 8Neu&ie1B Lu)( er(an1* "$=/9* ">0I bu es,e)iall! (e ,ene ra in- s u1! b! Dabriele S)(&ab* Sub)ects Without Selves# Transitional Te!ts in /odern $iction 8Cambri1-eB <arvar1 Universi ! Press* "$$:95 "" I (ave elabora e1 on (e ma,6 erri or! rela ions(i, in )onne) ion &i ( ,la! (eor! in The $ictive and the Ima%inary# Chartin% Literary nthropolo%y 8Bal imoreB @o(ns <o,'ins Universi ! Press* "$$%9* /:=L/?0* &(ere I (ave e+ en1e1 &(a Dre-or! Ba eson* Steps to an *colo%y of /ind 8Ne& Yor'B Ballan ine* "$=/9* "#0* (a1 1evelo,e1 b! a'in- u, (e ,airin- ma,6 erri or! 2rom A5 KorA!bs'i5 "/ Nelson Doo1man* Ways of Worldmakin% 8<asso)'sB <arves er* "$=#9* > an1 $>5 3"?>3 In (e 2inal anal!sis* (o&ever* in er,re a ion as an a) ivi ! o ma'e ,(enomena emer-e remains in)on)lusive5 T(is in)on)lusiveness ma! be vie&e1 in 1i22eren &a!s5 I seems o be res,onsible 2or (e 2a) (a (ere is no en1 o (e in er,re ive a) ivi ! o2 ma,,in-5 Ma,,in- in urn is ne)essar!* be)ause &e are al&a!s in (e mi1s o2 li2e an1 !e )on inuall! see' o li2 ourselves ou o2 our en an-lemen * &(i)( a))oun s 2or (e illusor! Kuali ! in(eren in our ma,s5 Su)( sel23li2 in- ma! be one o2 (e reasons (a in er,re a ion7 (ou-( basi)all! a technF > en1s o be)ome rans2orme1 in o a ,(iloso,(!5 T(us &e (ave a (ermeneu i)all! base1 ,(iloso,(! in &(i)( un1ers an1in-* or (e a,,li)a ion o2 i * is mean o en(an)e our sel23un1ers an1in-5 "% Some (in- similar )an be observe1 in -eneral s!s ems (eor! as e,i omiAe1 b! The Tree of 7no'led%e, &(i)( ries F o ar i)ula eG F8"9 (e nee1 2or a nonre,resen a ionis vie& o2 'no&le1-e base1 on (e sense3ma'in- )a,a)i ! o2 an au onomous livin- s!s em an1 8/9 (e nee1 o )lose (e )ir)le be &een &(a is vali1 as a me)(anism 2or animals an1 ma)(ines an1 &(a ,er ains o our e+,erien)e* in)lu1in- 1oin- s)ien)e5G ": Provi1in- )losure a,,ears o be (e )ommon 1enomina or 2or bo ( a (ermeneu i)all! an1 a s)ien i2i)all! orien e1 ,(iloso,(! (a * in (e 2inal anal!sis* are also res,onses o (e in)on)lusiveness in(eren in in er,re a ion5 Su)( an a em, is ,lausible inso2ar as in)on)lusiveness )alls 2or a more )om,re(ensive )on e+ &i (in &(i)( le2 over ,roblems mi-( be resolve15 A resolu ion o2 (is 'in1* (o&ever* im,lies (a in er,re ive e)(niKues are eleva e1 o rans)en1en al van a-e ,oin s* (us

ma'in- )ir)ulari ! an1 re)ursion in o umbrella )on)e, s5 T(e la er )ease o be ve(i)les o2 ma,,in- an1 be)ome (e in2ras ru) ure o2 (e ,(iloso,(ies )on)erne15 An1 !e * in s,i e o2 (e )losure a em, e1* (e ,o en ial o,en3en1e1ness o2 in er,re a ion be-ins o loom lar-e a-ain* as (ere is no 1e2ini ive en1 o sel23un1ers an1in-* an1 (e F kno'led%e of OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO "% See <ans3Deor- Da1amer* Truth and /ethod, /1 e15* rans5 rev5 b! @oel Weins(eimer an1 4onal1 D5 Mars(all 8Ne& Yor'B Crossroa1* "$#$9I @ean Dreis)(* "ermeneutik und /etaphysik# *ine Problem%eschichte 8Muni)(B Cin'* "$$%9* "??L//%I <ar mu Ra-use* +er Raum des Te!tes# *lemente einer transdis2iplin0ren theolo%ischen "ermeneutik 8S u -ar B Ko(l(ammer* "$$:9I Deral1 L5 Bruns* "ermeneutics ncient and /odern 8Ne& <avenB Yale Universi ! Press* "$$/9* /"%L/>>I an1 Dianni Va imo* 3ltre l1interpreta2ione# Il si%nificato dell1ermeneutica per la filosofia 8RomeB La erAa* "$$:95 ": <umber o R5 Ma urana an1 Cran)is)o @5 Varela* The Tree of 7no'led%e# The &iolo%ical Roots of "uman Understandin%, rans5 Rober Paolu))i* rev5 e15 8Bos onB S(amb(ala* "$$/9* /?:5 3"?=3 kno'led%e compels P us o a1o, an a i u1e o2 ,ermanen vi-ilan)e a-ains (e em, a ion o2 )er ain !G 8/:?9 be)ause F'e have only the 'orld that 'e brin% forth 'ith others. 8/:#95 A)'no&le1-in- (e o,en3en1e1ness o2 all in er,re a ion ma! allo& us o urn our Kues ion aroun1* an1 b! 1elibera el! 1e2!in- an! em, a ion o&ar1 )losure* &e ma! a)(ieve a ,osi ion (a &ill enable us o )on)eive (o& 2ar basi) (uman unavailabili ies ransla e in o a ,ro1u) ive ma,,in- o2 ever3ne& erri ories5 W(a (us emer-es 2rom in er,re a ion is an insi-( in o (e un2oreseeable mul i2ariousness o2 (uman bein-sH res,onses o (eir )ons i u ive blan's5 Vie&e1 2rom (is an-le* in er,re a ion in1i)a es &(a i mi-( mean o lea1 a )ons)ious li2e (a is ,ermea e1 b! a&areness o2 (e un2a (omableness ou o2 &(i)( i arises5 Su)( a vie& en1s o ,reven us 2rom la,sin- in o ano (er mas er narra ive o2 (e (uman )on1i ion* be)ause unen1in- in er,re a ion un2ol1s in 2lee in- 2i-ura ions* 1urin(e )ourse o2 &(i)( ea)( is ei (er mo1i2ie1 or )an)ele1 b! &(a is o 2ollo&5 T(is seKuen)e (i-(li-( s 2i-ura ion as a ma,,in- a) ivi !* &(i)( eKuall! assembles an1 1isman les erri ories* (us invali1a in- an! no ion (a )laims o re,resen (uman li2e5 Li2e )anno be 2roAen in o a (!,os a iAa ion o2 an! o2 i s as,e) s* 2or i is basi)all! unre,resen able an1 )an (ere2ore onl! be )on)eive1 in erms o2 (e ransien 2i-ura ions o2 in er,re a ion5 3"?#3

APPENDI6
T e E*ergence of a Cross+Cultural Discourse' T o*as Carl%le7s Sartor Resartus
T(e ou line o2 a )ross3)ul ural 1is)ourse as a1van)e1 in Carl!leHs Sartor Resartus is a ,ara1i-m bu b! no means a blue,rin o2 (e eles)o,in- o2 1i22eren )ul ures5 I 1oes* (o&ever* ,rovi1e -ui1elines as o (o& su)( a eles)o,in- mi-( be )on)eive15 I is ,ara1i-ma i) inso2ar as a )ross3)ul ural 1is)ourse )anno be se u, as a rans)en1en al s an)e un1er &(i)( (e rela ions(i,s be &een 1i22eren )ul ures are subsume15 Ins ea1 o2 an overar)(in- (ir1 1imension* (e 1is)ourse )on)erne1 )an onl! 2un) ion as an in erlin'in- ne &or' an1 &ill assume a s(a,e &(ose -eneri) 2ea ures )anno be eKua e1 &i ( an! o2 (e e+is in- -enres5

HISTORICAL PRELI!INARIES
W(! (as (e ransla abili ! o2 )ul ures be)ome an issueM As lon- as (e in er)onne) ion o2 ra1i ions 7 &(e (er in erms o2 re)eivin- an in(eri an)e or o2 re)as in- a (eri a-e7&as a'en 2or -ran e1* (e rela ions(i, o2 )ul ures 1i1 no ,ose a ,roblem5 Tra1i ion &as ei (er

rein er,re e1 or a,,ro,ria e1 in a))or1an)e &i ( ,revailin- s an1ar1s or nee1s5 T(is (ol1s rue u, o (e ei-( een ( )en ur! an1 is borne ou * 2or ins an)e* in (e 2amous )ri i)ism Nie As)(e levele1 a S(a'es,eare* (a in (e Roman ,la!s S(a'es,eare 1e,i) e1 (is ,ro a-onis s no as Romans bu as Renaissan)e (eroes5 T(e FVuerelle 1es An)iens e 1es Mo1ernes*G 3"?$3 (o&ever* is (e s ri'in- e+)e, ion o (is )ommonl! a))e, e1 rela ions(i,5 I &as (e ,er)e, ion o2 a 2un1amen al 1i22eren)e be &een (e antiPui an1 (e moderni (a brou-( abou an a&areness o2 1is an)e be &een (e )ul ures o2 an iKui ! an1 (ose o2 (e mo1ern a-e5 " T(e ba le &as ri--ere1 b! (e Kues ion o2 (o& o a)(ieve ,er2e) ion* an aim (a bo ( (e mo1erns an1 (e an)ien s s(are15 Cor (e la er* ,er2e) ion &as a)(ieve1 b! imi a in- na ure* &(ereas 2or (e 2ormer (e an)ien mo1els &ere no lon-er o be imi a e1 bu (a1 o be sur,asse15 Su)( a s(i2 &as lar-el! 1ue o (e 2a) (a (e mo1erns 2oun1 (emselves )on2ron e1 &i ( an ever3e+,an1in-* o,en3en1e1 &orl1* in )on ra1is in) ion o (e an)ien s* &(o en er aine1 (e i1ea o2 a )lose1 )osmos5 ConseKuen l!* ,ro-ress be)ame (e -ui1in- li-( 2or (e mo1erns* &(o (us urne1 (e in(eri e1 &orl1 or1er )om,le el! aroun1 b! )on)eivin- i as an irreversible a1van)e in o a 2u ure5 T(e )!)li)al movemen o2 1a! an1 ni-( an1 (e seasons* in1i)a ive o2 an or1ere1 )osmos* &as re,la)e1 b! a linear as)en 5 Per2e) ion (ere2ore &as no lon-er a -iven (a reKuire1 )on em,la ion* as e+em,li2ie1 b! (e Dree' theoria? ins ea1* i &as no& some (in- o be a)(ieve1* an1 as a as' o be ,er2orme1 i )oul1 no lon-er be an a) o2 imi a ion5 In (is ParallQle des nciens et des /odernes :4O;;R5<=, C(arles Perraul lis e1 (e e+is in1i22eren)es be &een (e &o )ul ures5 / T(is lis * (o&ever* &as mean o ,rove (e su,eriori ! o2 (e mo1erns* &(o (a1 e+)ee1e1 &(a (e an)ien s (a1 a)(ieve15 In or1er o subs an ia e su)( a )laim* (e ,assin- o2 ime be)ame a 2rame o2 re2eren)e 2or bo ( )olla in- an1 assessin- (e 1i22eren)es* in (e )ourse o2 &(i)( a (is or! be-an o un2ol1 i sel2B b! 1is)overin- 1i22eren)e as (e 1ivi1in- line be &een )ul ures* (is or! as a )ross3 )ul ural 1is)ourse emer-e15 T(e mo1erns &ere no& no lon-er 1&ar2s s an1in- on (e s(oul1ers o2 (e -ian s* as @o(n o2 Salisbur! (a1 i I (e! &ere 1i22eren 5 An1 as (e an)ien )ul ure )oul1 no be 1is,ense1 &i (7no leas as i (a1 o ,rovi1e a ,oin o2 )om,arison 2or (e a)(ievemen s o2 (e mo1erns 7(is or! as a 2orm o2 )ross3)ul ural OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO " Cor 1e ails* see <ans Rober @au[* Fgs (e is)(e Normen un1 -es)(i)( li)(e Re2le+ion in 1er Suerelle des nciens et des /odernes,. in C(arles Perraul * ParallQle des nciens et des /odernes en ce Pui re%arde les rts et les Sciences, e15 <ans Rober @au[* T(eorie un1 Des)(i)( e 1er Li era ur un1 1er S)(Ynen KNns e / 8Muni)(B Ei1os* "$>:9* #L=$5 / See es,e)iall! C(arles Perraul * ParallQle des nciens et des /odernes en ce Pui re%arde les rts et les Sciences, e15 <ans Rober @au[* T(eorie un1 Des)(i)( e 1er Li era ur un1 1er S)(Ynen KNns e / 8Muni)(B Ei1os* "$>:9* "0%L">:5 3">03 in errela ions(i, bears (e ins)ri, ion o2 a 1ual )o1in-5 On (e one (an1* (e 1i22eren)e be &een (e &o )ul ures (as o be over)ome b! a 1evelo,in- seKuen)e* an1* on (e o (er* (is ver! 1i22eren)e (as o be main aine1 in or1er o -au-e (e su,eriori ! a)(ieve15 T(is 1uali ! &as o remain an in)on rover ible s ru) ure o2 all )ross3)ul ural 1is)ourse (en)e2or (5 T(e Vuerelle* (o&ever* remaine1 a FBa le o2 Boo's5G Vues ions o2 (o& o a ain ,er2e) ion or ,er2e) ibili !* o2 (o& o imi a e na ure or in(eri e1 mo1els* or o2 (o& na ure as a -ui1in- norm is o be re,la)e1 b! as e % an1 o2 (o& (e la er7no lon-er o be rela e1 o na ure 7is o be )on)eive1 urne1 ou o be (e overri1in- )on)ern o2 (e Vuerelle* &(i)( (us )on2ine1 i sel2 o ma ers o2 ar in (e broa1es sense o2 (e erm5 Moreover* (e mo1erns ,rove1 o be ra (er sel23asser ive in (is ,ro)ess o2 1i22eren ia ion* (ereb! en1o&in- (eir 1is)ourse o2 (is or! &i ( a eleolo-i)al 1ire) ion5

W(a * (o&ever* (a,,ens &(en su)( o, imism &anesM T(is s a-e &as rea)(e1 some 2i2 ! !ears a2 er Perraul * &(en Rousseau res,on1e1 o (e ,riAe )om,e i ion o2 (e A)a1emie 1e 4iJon in "=?0 b! s a in- (a (e ar s an1 s)ien)es (a1 no * in a) ual 2a) * im,rove1 morals bu (a1 )orru, e1 (em5 Su)( a 1evas a in- s a emen mar'e1 (e be-innin- o2 &(a (as sin)e )ome o be 'no&n as )ul ural )ri iKue* s,ar'e1 o22 b! a )risis o2 )ul ure (a (a1 no been in (e orbi o2 (ose &(o (a1 ,lea1e1 (e su,eriori ! o2 (eir o&n )ul ure over (e an)ien s5R T(e e+,erien)e o2 )risis s,li s )ul ure i sel2 a,ar * an1 (is ,ro)ess be-an o 1ee,en an1 a))elera e &i ( (e 1a&n o2 (e In1us rial Revolu ion5 Cun1amen al 1i22eren)es o,ene1 u, in in1ivi1ual )ul ures* no leas (rou-( (e e+,erien)e o2 an all3,erva1in- ri2 (a 1ivi1e1 )ul ure in o an ina))essible ,as an1 a (el,lessl! s ri)'en ,resen 5 A ,as )u o22 2rom (e ,resen is ,us(e1 ba)' in o an irre1eemable ,as ness* (us inver in- (e ver! rela ions(i, (i-(li-( e1 in (e evolvin- 1is)ourse o2 (is or! as i (a1 -ro&n ou o2 (e Vuerelle5 Cur (ermore* (e In1us rial Revolu ion 1ivi1e1 (e ver! na ion in o &o na ionsB one (a ,ar i)i,a e1 in (e -ro&in- &eal ( an1 ano (er (a (a1 o bear (e (ar1s(i,s5 Crisis as a &anin- belie2 in a se o2 values 7a belie2 in1is,ensable 2or (e s abili ! o2 a )ul ure7mean a s,li &i (in (e na ion (a even uall! resolve1 i sel2 in o a na ion o2 &o )ul ures5 T(omas Carl!le &as one o2 (e 2irs &(o no onl! (a1 2orebo1in-s o2 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO % See @au[* Fgs (e is)(e Normen*G :=5 3">"3 su)( a si ua ion bu -ave e+,ression o (is 2ears in or1er o reme1! &(a (e )risis (a1 lai1 bare5 : T(e ri2 s (a (a1 o,ene1 u, in &(a one (a1 been le1 o believe &as a (omo-eneous )ul ure )oul1 no lon-er be )lose1 b! (e 1is)ourse o2 (is or!* 2or i s in(eren o, imism re-ar1in- ,er2e) ion b! ,ro-ress (a1 been s(a ere15 ConseKuen l!* a rene-o ia ion be &een ,as an1 ,resen be)ame an issue 2or Carl!le* &(i)( (e rie1 o solve b! ransla in- (e ,as in o (e ,resen an1 also b! rans,osin- 1i22eren )ul ures in o (is o&n5 Pro-ress &as no& ,la)a e1 as a -lossin-3over o2 1i22eren)e* &(ereas ransla inmain aine1 (e a&areness o2 1i22eren)e b! simul aneousl! in errela in- &(a &as (is ori)all! 1ivi1e1* be i (e s,li be &een oneHs o&n )ul ural ,as an1 ,resen or be &een oneHs o&n )ul ure an1 (e alien ones o be en)oun ere1 (rou-( a -loball! -ro&in)on2ron a ion o2 )ul ures5 I2 oneHs o&n )ul ural ,as * as e+em,li2ie1 in Carl!leHs Past and Present 8"#:%9* is o all! aliena e1 2rom (e ,resen * ? ransla abili ! en ails (e e22or o revi aliAe su)( an am,u a e1 ,as > b! urnin- i in o a mirror in &(i)( (e ,resen is re2ra) e15 As nei (er (e ,as nor (e ,resen b! i sel2 is able o brin- abou su)( a mu ual mirrorin-* a !,e o2 1is)ourse (as o be )ons rue1 (a allo&s 2or mu ual in er,ene ra ion5 Su)( a mu uali ! im,lies (a (e 1i22eren)e be &een ,as an1 ,resen or be &een )ul ures )an never be elimina e1* 2or (e ,as )an never be)ome a ,resen a-ain an1 one )ul ure )an never be o all! en)om,asse1 b! ano (er5 ConseKuen l!* &(enever 1i22eren)e is elimina e1* (e en)oun er be &een )ul ures urns in o a sele) ive assimila ion* -ui1e1 b! &(a is relevan 2or (e )ul ure )on)erne15 In su)( ins an)es* no in era) ion be &een )ul ures o))urs* an1 (e in)or,ora ion o2 alien 2ea ures is a bes ,ra-ma i)all! Jus i2ie15 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO : T(is ma! be one o2 (e reasons (a Carl!le is be-innin- o a ra) in eres a-ain5 D5 B5 Tenn!son s ar e1 ou a le) ure o (e Carl!le So)ie ! b! sa!in-* FI a'e some )om2or in re,or in- (a in (e s)(olarl! mar'e Carl!le is no& a-ain on (e u,s&in-G :Carlyle and the /odern World, T(e Carl!le So)ie !* O))asional Pa,ers : SE1inbur-(B Carl!le So)ie !* "$="T* %95 ? See Ian Cam,bell* Thomas Carlyle 8Lon1onB <amis( <amil on* "$=:9* "0$L""05 > D5 Rober S an-e* FRe2ra) ions o2 Past and Present,. in Carlyle, Past and Present# Collection of 9e' *ssays 8Lon1onB Vision* "$=>0* $=* -ives a brie2 ou line o2 (o& Carl!le

)on)eive1 o2 (e rela ions(i, be &een ,as an1 ,resen 5 @o(n 45 Rosenber-* Carlyle and the &urden of "istory 8O+2or1B O+2or1 Universi ! Press* Claren1on* "$#?9* "/"* ,oin s ou (e F)ir)ui ous &a!G (a -overns (e lin'u, be &een ,as an1 ,resen * &(i)( )learl! reveals nas)en (ermeneu i) 2ea ures un)ons)iousl! em,lo!e1 b! Carl!le5 3">/ T(ere2ore (e Kues ion arises as o (e mo iva ion un1erl!in- (e ransla abili ! o2 )ul ures5 I2 (e e+,erien)e o2 )rises* issuin- in o a )ri iKue o2 oneHs o&n )ul ure* is mean o balan)e ou (e 1e2i)ien)ies 1ia-nose1* re)ourse o o (er )ul ures ,roves o be a means o2 (era,! 2or a -ro&in- a&areness o2 )ul ural ,a (olo-!5 T(e la er )an be )oun era) e1 no Jus b! a'in- over 2ea ures an1 a i u1es 2rom 1i22eren )ul ures bu 2irs an1 2oremos b! ins illin- a sel23re2le) ion in o (e s ri)'en )ul ure* (us ,rovi1in- s)o,e 2or sel23moni orin-5 Transla abili ! is mo iva e1 b! (e nee1 o )o,e &i ( a )risis (a )an no lon-er be allevia e1 b! (e mere assimila ion or a,,ro,ria ion o2 o (er )ul ures5 A su)( a (is ori) Jun) ure* a )ross3)ul ural 1is)ourse be-ins o emer-e5 A 1is)ourse o2 (is 'in1 is no o be mis a'en 2or a ransla ion* as ransla abili ! is o be )on)eive1 as a se o2 )on1i ions able o brin- abou a mu ual mirrorin- o2 )ul ures5 I is (ere2ore a ,er inen 2ea ure o2 su)( a 1is)ourse (a i es ablis(es a ne &or' o2 in er,ene ra in- rela ions(i,s5 T(ese in urn allo& 2or a mu ual im,a) in- o2 )ul ures on one ano (er5 Su)( a ransla abili ! is no mo iva e1 b! assimila ion* a,,ro,ria ion* or even un1ers an1in- an1 )ommuni)a ion* as ea)( o2 (ese ,roves o be onl! a ,ra-ma i) e+i-en)! an1 (en)e ,oin s o an ul erior ,ur,ose5 In ea)( o2 (ese ins an)es* a s,e)i2i) in erlin'in- &i (in (e ne &or' is ,rivile-e1* an1 (is narro&s 1o&n (e ver! 1i22eren ia ion o,ene1 u, b! (e ne &or' o2 (e )ross3)ul ural 1is)ourse5 T(ese ins an)es es i2! o a ,revailin- nee1* &(i)( ma'es (em subJe) o evalua ion5 T(e ne &or' i sel2 is a &eb o2 mobile s ru) ures* 2un) ionin- as an in er2a)e be &een 1i22eren )ul ures5 I is a )learins a ion in &(i)( )ul ural 1i22eren)es are Ju+ a,ose1 an1 sor e1 ou 5

GENERIC FEAT.RES
Carl!leHs Sartor Resartus 8"#%>9 is one o2 (e 2irs a em, s a )ons ruin- su)( a )ross3 )ul ural 1is)ourse5 T(e )on)e, 3orien e1 ,(iloso,(i)al )ul ure o2 Derman i1ealism is rans,ose1 in o (e e+,erien)e3orien e1 )ul ure o2 Bri is( em,iri)ism5 T(e 1is)ourse 1evise1 2or su)( an un1er a'in- (as o remain subservien o (e rans,osi ion o2 )ul ures* an1 su)( a subservien)e is boun1 o (ave re,er)ussions on (e 2orm o2 (e 1is)ourse* no leas be)ause 2orm e+er)ises )on rol an1 brin-s abou 1e ermina ion5 ConseKuen l!* su)( a 1is)ourse (as o be ,ermea e1 b! a sel23re2le) ion* mani2es in- i sel2 in (e ver! subversion o2 i s 2orm5 T(e )onseKuen)es o2 (is un1er)u in- are (i-(li-( e1 b! (e -eneri) 3">%3 2ea ures o2 Sartor Resartus, Al (ou-( 1ealin- &i ( a ,(iloso,(i)al s!s em* i is no )as as a rea ise5 Ins ea1* &e (ave an FEn-lis( E1i orG re)eivin- 2rom Derman! several ba-s o2 no es an1 2ra-men s 2rom &(i)( (e -e s a ra (er 1isor1erl! -lim,se o2 a (i-(l! s,e)ula ive &or'* F4ie Klei1er* i(r Wer1en un1 Wir'en*G = &ri en b! 4io-enes Teu2els1rY)'(5 T(is ver! in ro1u) ion serves as a ,oin o2 1e,ar ure 2or e+2olia in- (e 1ensi ! o2 a s!s em in narra ive erms (a ma'e Sartor Resartus almos a,,ear o be a novel5 # T(e narra ion* (o&ever* is )ons an l! ,un) ure1 b! s!s ema i) e+,osi ions o2 (is rans)en1en al ,(iloso,(!* &(i)( in(ibi (e narra ive 2rom un2ol1in-5 Wi ( (e 2orm o2 (e rea ise sus,en1e1 an1 (e narra ive (&ar e1 b! ar-umen s o2 ,(iloso,(i)al 1isKuisi ions* Sartor Resartus ,ivo s aroun1 an em, ! s,a)e (a ma'es narra in- an1 ar-uin- )ons an l! in er)(an-e5 T(e narra ive 2un) ions as a 2orm o2 )ommuni)a ion (a s rives o en1o& ,(iloso,(i)al s,e)ula ion &i ( ,lausibili !* &(ereas (e abs ra) ions (a 1isru, (e narra ive reveal rans)en1en alism as a mo1e o2 e+)ee1in- (e 2amiliar5 T(us a Bri is( a i u1e ,ermea es a s!s ema i) ,(iloso,(!* Jus as Derman rans)en1en alism ins)ribes

i sel2 in o a Bri is( 1is,osi ion5 Divin- ,rominen)e o (e em, ! s,a)e aroun1 &(i)( narra in- an1 ar-uin- revolve* Carl!le e,i omiAes in Sartor Resartus (e eles)o,in- o2 rans)en1en alism an1 em,iri)ism5 In 1oin- so* (e ries o ma'e ,ala able o Bri is( rea1ers (e Derman im,or (a in urn is boun1 o brin- ou some (in- in (e Bri is( rea1ers o2 &(i)( (e! (ave (i (er o no been a&are5 T(e em, ! s,a)e as a -eneri) 2ea ure o2 Sartor Resartus is 2ur (er elabora e1 b! an au obio-ra,(i)al a))oun o2 Teu2els1rY)'(Hs s,iri ual -ro& (* $ o &(i)( one o2 (e (ree boo's is 1evo e15 Ye Sartor Resartus is no an au obio-ra,(! ei (er5 T(e basi) 2a) s o2 Teu2els1rY)'(Hs 1evelo,men are -rou,e1 aroun1 (is li2e3en1an-erin- )risis* &(i)( (e even uall! OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO = T(omas Carl!le* Sartor Resartus# The Life and 3pinions of "err TeufelsdrNckh, vol5 " o2 (e Cen enar! E1i ion o2 (e Wor's 8Lon1onB C(a,man an1 <all* "#$=9* ?5 Unless o (er&ise s,e)i2ie1* ,a-e re2eren)es o Sartor Resartus are (erea2 er -iven ,aren (e i)all! in (e e+ 5 # Deo22re! <5 <ar man )onsi1ers (e F-enre o2 (e boo' P a on)e )ommen ar! an1 2i) ionG :Criticism in the Wilderness# The Study of Literature Today SNe& <avenB Yale Universi ! Press* "$#0T* :#95 Carlisle Moore Kuo es 2rom Carl!leHs )orres,on1en)e :Letters of Thomas Carlyle# "#/>L"##$* e15 C5 E5 Nor on SLon1onB Ma)millan* "##$T* %>?9 (a (e boo' &as o be F,u o-e (er in (e 2as(ion o2 a 'in1 o2 4i1a) i) NovelI bu in1ee1 ,ro,er ! like no (in- !e e+ an G :-Sartor Resartus an1 (e Problem o2 Carl!leHs QConversion*RG PMLA =0 S"$??TB >>=95 $ Deor-e Levine 2in1s i (ar1 o ,in,oin (e -eneri) 2ea ures o2 Sartor Resartus# FI ,re2er* (ere2ore* in or1er o avoi1 (e )on2usion (a (e &or1 QnovelR P inevi abl! brin-s &i ( i * o )onsi1er Sartor as a 2i) ion belon-in- o (e )om,le+ )lass o2 Q)on2ession3ana om!3 roman)eQG 8FSartor Resartus an1 (e Balan)e o2 Ci) ion S"$>#T*G in Thomas Carlyle, e15 <arol1 Bloom SNe& Yor'B C(elsea <ouse* "$#>T* ?>2595 3">:3 solves b! 1evisin- (is P(iloso,(! o2 Clo (es5 T(ere is an in ima e )ommer)e be &een (e 2a) s o2 li2e an1 (e ever3)(an-in- -armen s (a e,i omiAe Teu2els1rY)'(Hs ,(iloso,(!5 T(e more li2e elu1es (is -ras,* (e more )on)re el! (e P(iloso,(! o2 Clo (es a'es s(a,e5 T(us (e ers &(ile sel23ins,e) in- au obio-ra,(er urns in)reasin-l! in o a ailor* &(o 1esi-ns ne& )lo (es or re2as(ions -armen s in(eri e1 2rom (e ,as in or1er o be able o )a, ure (imsel25 Clo (in-* (o&ever* is unable o elimina e (e -a, be &een a li2e live1 an1 (e a em, o 2a (om &(a (a li2e isI ins ea1* ever! -armen urns in o a ,ro,ellan 2or an en1less ,ro1u) ion o2 )lo (es* &(ose ailorin- an1 re ailorin- are mean o narro& 1o&n (e 1is an)e be &een Qbein- an1 (avin- onesel25R T(us Sartor Resartus is nei (er an au obio-ra,(! nor an e+,osi ion o2 a ,(iloso,(i)al s!s em* al (ou-( bo ( 2orm basi) )ons i uen s o2 (e &or'5 T(e li2e narra e1 1eman1s a ,(iloso,(! in or1er o )o,e &i ( i s )risis* an1 (e ,(iloso,(! (a a11resses (e )risis is more (an Jus a reme1!I i 'ee,s )(an-in- (a ver! li2e i sel2 &i (ou * (o&ever* )a, urin- i in i s o ali !5 T(e s,a)e be &een urns ou o be a )a al!s * evin)e1 b! (e 2a) (a Teu2els1rY)'( 2ee1s (is li2e in o a ,(iloso,(! (a in urn 2ee1s i sel2 ba)' in o (a li2e b! )(an-in- i 5 T(is is (e reason &(! Sartor Resartus un2ol1s as an unen1in,roli2era ion o2 me a,(ors* &(i)( ma'e bo ( (e li2e an1 (e P(iloso,(! o2 Clo (es 1is,erse in o a &el er o2 ra (er 1i22eren 1esi-na ions5 In su)( a 1is,ersal* (e )a al! i) e22e) o2 (e s,a)e be &een be)omes mani2es * urnin- Sartor Resartus in o a sel23 rans2ormin- ,ie)e o2 &ri in- (a on (is mi)rolevel alrea1! e,i omiAes (e &a! in &(i)( a )ross3)ul ural 1is)ourse is mean o 2un) ion5 T(ere are &o )onseKuen)es o be 1ra&n 2rom (is in er,ene ra ion5 Cirs * as (e 1ensi ! an1 a))umula ion o2 me a,(ors a))rue in o a )ri i)al mass* (e me a,(or in1i)a es (a i )an never 2inall! verbaliAe &(a i aims a * an1 )onseKuen l! i a))en ua es (e 1i22eren)e be &een i sel2 an1 &(a i is 1esi-ne1 o re,resen 5 I is (is ver! 1i22eren)e* (o&ever* (a ri--ers (e e+uberan ,roli2era ion o2 me a,(ors (a no onl! un2ol1s (is 1i22eren)e in o a mul i2ariousness o2 as,e) s bu simul aneousl! in1i)a es (a re,resen a ion mus 2orever be se,ara e1 2rom &(a i re,resen s5

3">?3 Se)on1* (e ,ro2usion o2 me a,(ors 1e)ons ru) s (e re)eive1 no ion o2 re,resen a ion* no leas be)ause re,resen a ion en ails -ivin- ,resen)e o &(a is 1i22eren in erms o2 &(a seems o be 2amiliar5 In (is res,e) * (e e+)essivel! ,roli2era in- me a,(ors 1elinea e (e s,a)e be &een as a Fbla)' bo+G "0 b! ma'in- i s ver! ine+,li)abili ! e+,lo1e in o a sel23 rans2ormin- &el er o2 as,e) s* b! means o2 &(i)( a li2e is ransla e1 in o a mains,rin- o2 ,(iloso,(! an1 (e emer-in- ,(iloso,(! in o a s ru) ure o2 li2e5 W(a is e,i omiAe1 (ere in a nu s(ell (ol1s eKuall! rue 2or (e )ross)ul ural 1is)ourse as a1van)e1 in Sartor Resartus, A 2orm o2 &ri in- (a )ons an l! 1is,erses i sel2 reveals an in(eren )on ra1i) ion5 T(e rial runs o2 (e me a,(ors are mar'e1 b! a 1uali !5 On (e one (an1* (e! s rive o )a, ure some (in-* an1* on (e o (er* (eir 1ensi ! an1 1is,ersal )an)el ou (e ver! re,resen a iveness (e! a,,ear o (ave a)(ieve15 T(e )oun ervailinmovemen si-nals (a (e )ross3)ul ural 1is)ourse is no a (ir1 1imension un1er &(i)( (e 1i22eren )ul ures are o be subsume15 T(is &oul1 onl! be (e )ase i2 (e me a,(ors &ere a))or1e1 (e Kuali ! o2 a1eKua e re,resen a ion* (ereb! es ablis(in- (e )ross3 )ul ural 1is)ourse as a rans)en1en al s an)e5 T(e simul aneous un1erminin- o2 &(a (e 1is)ourse in en1s o a)(ieve* (o&ever* imbues Sartor Resartus &i ( a sense o2 )ome1!* &(ose ambivalen)e is no resolve1 b! e+,osin- Derman rans)en1en alism o ri1i)ule bu is mean o ma'e (e Bri is( rea1ers see (emselves in (e mirror o2 su)( ri1i)ule5 T(e )ome1! is (us urne1 in o a me1ium 2or (e mu ual rans,osi ion o2 )ul ures5T(is 1uali ! ma'es i ne)essar! 2or (e En-lis( E1i or o in ervene5 <is in erven ion* (o&ever* is no mean o ,rovi1e a solu ion5 "" Ins ea1* (e E1i or re ailors (e s!s ema i) e+,osi ion o2 Derman rans)en1en alism in su)( a manner (a i )an be )onve!e1 o a Bri is( ,ubli)5 A (e be-innin- Teu2els1rY)'( is ,raise1 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO "0 I use (e erm Fbla)' bo+G as 1e2ine1 b! Dre-or! Ba eson in Steps to an *colo%y of /ind 8Ne& Yor'B Ballan ine* "$=/9B FA Qbla)' bo+R is a )onven ional a-reemen be &een s)ien is s o s o, r!in- o e+,lain (in-s a a )er ain ,oin 5 P So (e Qbla)' bo+R is a label 2or &(a a bun)( o2 (in-s are su,,ose1 o 1o5 P Bu i Hs no an e+,lana ion o2 ho' (e bun)( &or's P T(ereHs no e+,lana ion o2 an e+,lana or! ,rin)i,le5 I Hs li'e a bla)' bo+G 8%$2595 "" Con)ernin- (e various 2un) ions o2 (e En-lis( E1i or* see L5 M5 Cin1la!* FPaul 1e Man* T(omas Carl!le* an1 QT(e R(e ori) o2 Tem,orali !*RG +alhousie Revie' >? 8"$#?9B "=/I @err! A5 4ibble* FS ra e-ies o2 (e Men al WarB Carl!le an1 <e-el an1 (e R(e ori) o2 I1ealism*G &ulletin of the 9e' Tork Public Library #0 8"$=>9B "00I an1 Rosenber-* Carlyle and the &urden of "istory, "05 3">> 2or a11in- a ne& name F o (e 2irs ran's o2 P(iloso,(!* in our Derman Tem,le o2 <onourG 8?9* &(i)( )auses (e E1i or o remar'B -/Nchte es 8 (is remar'able Trea ise9 auch im &rittischen &oden %edeihenU. 8>9 T(e 2amous rea ise* (o&ever* &as ,ublis(e1 in -Weissnicht'o. b! -Stillsch'ei%en und Co. 8?9 an1 seems o be Fa ver! Sea o2 T(ou-( G 8>95 In s,i e o2 (e E1i orHs in en ion o rans,lan (is Fremar'able Trea iseG in o Bri is( soil* (e never (eless re,or s a 2e& 2a) s )on)ernin- (is s ran-e ,(iloso,(! (a ma'e Teu2els1rY)'( a,,ear a 4on Vui+o e redivivus, T(us a Bri is( ,ers,e) ive 1omina es5 A2 er a s(or &(ile* (o&ever* (is seemin-l! ri1i)ulous ,(iloso,(er* &(ose loKua)iousness &as ,ublis(e1 b! S ills)(&ei-en an1 Co* urns ou o be F ein echter SpassM und (al%enMvo%el. 8""9 (imsel25 T(is a leas im,lies (a (ere is no imme1ia e nee1 2or (e En-lis( E1i or o ,o'e 2un a Derman rans)en1en al ,(iloso,(!* as Teu2els1rY)'( (imsel2 mani2es s a sense o2 su,eriori ! b! ironiAin- (imsel25 T(e lu1i)rous 4on Vui+o e urns une+,e) e1l! in o a Tris ram S(an1!I (is is also borne ou b! (is &or'* &(i)( is o2 a Flab!rin (i) )ombina ion* ea)( Par overla,s* an1 in1en s* an1 in1ee1 runs Kui e (rou-( (e o (erG 8/>L/=95 @us as S erne ma1e Tris ram S(an1! 1e)ons ru) (e (is or! o2 (is o&n li2e in or1er o libera e li2e 2rom (e ver! )on2inemen s im,ose1 on i b! 2orm* Carl!le ma'es Teu2els1rY)'( -amble a&a! all e+is in- 2orms o2 &ri in- in or1er o brin- ou (e 2an as i) mul i2ariousness o2 (is P(iloso,(! o2 Clo (es5

T(us Teu2els1rY)'( ,resen s (imsel2 in a 1ual rea1in-* "/ never )oin)i1in- o all! &i ( ei (er a 4on Vui+o e or a Tris ram S(an1!5 W(enever one rea1in- a,,ears o be)ome 1ominan * (e o (er* lur'in- in (e ba)'-roun1* -ra1uall! asser s i sel25 T(is ver! asser ion* (o&ever* &(i)( mi-( 1o a&a! &i ( (e eKuivo)alness* is a-ain il e1* an1 (e salien)e o2 (e 1is,la)e1 2i-ure be-ins on)e more o loom lar-e5 Til in- be &een OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO "/ Lore Me A-er en1s o )on2ine Teu2els1rY)'(Hs Funeas! eKuilibrium be &een (e &o (alves o2 (is na ureG o (e an a-onism o2 Caus an1 Me,(is o,(eles* &(i)( ma'es (im al erna e be &een F1ivine ins,ira ion o2 1ivinel! be-o en man an1 i s e ernal ne-a ion in (e 1evil an1 (e bo1!Hs 1rossG 8FSartor Resartus# A Vi) orian Caus *G Comparative Literature "% S"$>"TB %"=95 Ye s(e also ,oin s ou essen ial 1i22eren)es (rou-( &(i)( Carl!le 1iver-e1 2rom Doe (e 8see es,5 %/?7%%>95 C(arles C5 <arrol1* Carlyle and (erman Thou%ht# "#"$7"#%:* Yale S u1ies in En-lis( #/ 8Ne& <avenB Yale Universi ! Press* "$%:9* ?L>* )onsi1ers Teu2els1rY)'( a 1ire) o22s,rin- o2 @ean PaulHs (umorous )(ara) ers5 See also 4ennis 4ou-las* FCarl!le an1 (e @a)obin Un1er)urren in Derman Trans)en1en alism*G &ulletin of the 9e' Tork Public Library #0 8"$=>9B "0#5 3">=3 in)om,a ibles rans2orms Teu2els1rY)'( in o an o,era or o2 (e s&i )(es ne)essar! &(en )ul ures (ave o be eles)o,e1 2or (e ,ur,ose o2 (eir mu ual ransmi an)e an1 re)e, ion5 W(a ini iall! a,,eare1 as an em, ! s,a)e mani2es in- i sel2 in (e )ons an in er)(an-e be &een narra in- an1 ar-uin-* an1 (en as a s,a)e be &een a li2e live1 an1 a ,(iloso,(! )a, urin- (a li2e* no& rea,,ears as a )ons an il in- be &een mu uall! e+)lusive rea1in-s o2 (e ,ro a-onis * (us se in- )ross3)ul ural o,era ions in mo ion5 T(is il in- -ame en1o&s (e sense o2 )ome1! (a ,ermea es Sartor Resartus &i ( a )oun ervailin- en1en)!5 Teu2els1rY)'( is as mu)( a ar-e o2 )ome1! as (e ar-e s &(a (as o be e+,ose15 In (is res,e) (e bla)' bo+ be &een )ul ures assumes a 1i22eren s(a,e 2rom (ose ou line1 so 2ar in (a i ma'es (e ambivalen)e o2 )ome1! urn ba)' on i sel25 Teu2els1rY)'( is no onl! a (umoris bu also sallies 2or ( in o iron!5 T(is iron! is in1i)a ive o2 (is (avin- ,ier)e1 (rou-( (e nahve e* (e i-noran)e* (e su,er2i)iali !* an1 (e 1elusion 1omina in- (e &orl1 (e &an s o revolu ioniAe b! (e ,(iloso,(! (e ,u s 2or&ar15 As a (umoris * (o&ever* (e 'no&s (a (e si ua ion (e 2in1s (imsel2 in is mar'e1 b! an inelu) able 1uali ! (a ma'es (is abs ra) ions loo' absur1* al (ou-( (e! are (e reme1! 2or (e so)ial ills o2 (e ver! &orl1 (a (as ma1e (im a lau-(in-s o)'5 Iron! an1 (umor* (o&ever* eKuall! measure ou (e 1is an)e be &een a )on)e, 3orien e1 )ul ure an1 an em,iri)all! orien e1 one* (i-(li-( in- Teu2els1rY)'(Hs (el,less su,eriori ! an1 (e &orl1Hs in(eren blin1ness* &(i)( (is abs ra) ions &ere mean o )ure5 As 2ar as (e E1i or is )on)erne1* ,o'in- 2un a Derman rans)en1en alism im,li)i l! asser s a Bri is( a i u1e (a allo&s rans)en1en alism o be )(annele1 in o em,iri)ism5 In (e mirror o2 an e+,erien)e3base1 a i u1e* (e P(iloso,(! o2 Clo (es is re2le) e1 as )onvolu e1 )raAiness* an1 (ere2ore (e E1i or a,,eals o FE+,erien)eG as F (e -ran1 s,iri ual 4o) orG 8":?95 To res(u22le (e abs ra) ions o2 rans)en1en alism in erms o2 e+,erien)e* (o&ever* is no an eas! as'5 "% Al (ou-( (e E1i or )anno OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO "% T(is is eKuall! re2le) e1 in Carl!le )ri i)ism* &(i)( ,rivile-es ei (er (e i1ealis or (e em,iri)is )om,onen o2 (is )ross3)ul ural rela ions(i,5 Tom Llo!1* FTo&ar1s Na ural Su,erna uralismB Carl!le an1 4ual Vision*G Philolo%ical Suarterly >? 8"$#>9B :=$L:$:* -ives a balan)e1 vie& o2 (is si ua ion5 See also Llo!1Hs essa! FMa1ame Rolan1 an1 S)(illerHs esthetics# Carl!leHs QT(e Cren)( Revolu ion*RG Prose Studies % 8"$#>9B %$L?%5 4ibble in1i)a es &(! (e &o )om,onen s o2 Carl!leHs (ou-( are so in ima el! in erlin'e1B FT(e )on2li) be &een QEn-lis(R realism an1 QDermanR i1ealism P be-ins in earnes &i ( Kan Hs 2irs CritiPue, an1 i is (ere one sees mos rea1il! (e r(e ori)al 1ilemma ou o2 &(i)( Sartor Resartus )ameG 8FS ra e-ies o2 (e Men al War*G $095 3">#

(in' o2 a F&or' nobler (an rans,lan in- 2orei-n T(ou-( in o (e barren 1omes i) soil*G (e (as o ,ull u, F (e 4ili-en)e an1 2eeble (in'in- Ca)ul ! o2 an En-lis( E1i or* en1eavourin- o evolve ,rin e1 Crea ion ou o2 a Derman ,rin e1 an1 &ri en C(aos* &(erein* as (e s(oo s o an1 2ro in i * -a (erin-* )lu )(in-* ,ier)in- (e W(! o (e 2ar3 1is an W(ere2ore* (is &(ole Ca)ul ! an1 Sel2 are li'e o be s&allo&e1 u,G 8>%95 T(e 1an-er o2 bein- s&allo&e1 u, in su)( an un1er a'in- reKuires some 'in1 o2 ,ro e) ion* an1* in (is res,e) * (e sense o2 (umor71ee,l! in-raine1 in (e Bri is( a i u1e an1 brou-( o bear b! (e E1i or7s,ells ou (e (o,e 2or survival5 T(is ver! (o,e* (o&ever* a-ain ma'es (e )ome1! levele1 a (a -ibberis( o2 abs ra) ions ambivalen 5 T(e seemin-l! )(ao i) )raAiness is no mean o )ri i)iAe (e o (er )ul ure bu serves o ,ro e) oneHs o&n (abi ual a i u1es* so (a su)( a )ri i)ism sa!s some (in- no onl! abou (e 2orei-nness o2 (e o (er )ul ure bu also abou (e na ure o2 oneHs o&n 1is,osi ion5 In (is res,e) * (e 2orei-nness urns in o a sel23mirrorin- o2 (ose &(o en)oun er (e alien )ul ure5 Cinall!* (e )omi) vein runnin- (rou-(ou Sartor Resartus is in i sel2 ambi-uous5 ": No onl! is Teu2els1rY)'( a (umoris * bu a -rea man! o2 (is s a emen s are ,un) ure1 b! iron!* an1 more o2 en (an no (e (in-s (e sa!s are on-ue3in3)(ee'5 T(e En-lis( E1i or is 2ull! a&are o2 (e Derman ,(iloso,(erHs mo1e o2 &ri in-* summin- i u, in (e ,i (! observa ionB FNo (in- bu innuen1oes* 2i-ura ive )ro )(e sB (e !,i)al S(a1o&* 2i 2ull! &averin-* ,ro,(e i)o3sa iri)I no )lear lo-i)al Pi) ureG 8":#95 I2 (is )onvolu e1 rans)en1en alism is ,ermea e1 b! s rea's o2 sa ire (a (e au (or (imsel2 in ers,erses in (is o&n &ri in-s* (en a sa iri) or ironi) rea men o2 Teu2els1rY)'(Hs en1eavors as en er aine1 b! (e En-lis( E1i or is on (e ver-e o2 be)omin- ,oin less5 W(! ,o'e 2un a a (umoris M Well* (e E1i or* &(o is s!m,a (e i)all! 1is,ose1 o&ar1 Derman rans)en1en alism* an i)i,a es an en ren)(e1 Bri is( aversion o&ar1 (ese seemin-l! in an-ible abs ra) ions5 Ri1i)ulin- (ese in elle) ual a)roba i)s* (o&ever* im,lies (a one is in )omman1 o2 (e ,ro,er solu ions (a Teu2els1rY)'( is -ro,in- 2or in vain5 Bu be)ause (e (umoris is no as naive as (is seemin-l! lu1i)rous e22or s OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO ": <arol1 Bloom sees Carl!le Fin (e ra1i ion o2 Rabelais* Vol aire* an1 S&i2 * so 2ar as (is -enre 8or non3-enre9 )an be 1e ermine1* bu (e is less a sa iris (an (e seer o2 a -ro esKue ,(an asma-oriaG 8in ro1u) ion o Thomas Carlyle, e15 <arol1 Bloom SNe& Yor'B C(elsea <ouse "$#>T* "%95 Tenn!son main ainsB FAs al&a!s* Carl!leHs me (o1 is* b! e+a--era ion an1 )ari)a ure* o )all a en ion o (e ru (G :Carlyle and the /odern World, //95 3">$ a,,ear o be* (e sense o2 )ome1!* as ,ra) i)e1 b! (e E1i or* is o2 a &o2ol1 na ure5 On (e one (an1* i serves as a )(annel o2 )ommuni)a ion (rou-( &(i)( Derman i1ealism )an be ransmi e1 in o Bri is( em,iri)ism5 On (e o (er* (o&ever* i ma'es (e assume1 su,eriori ! o2 sa ire an1 iron! )olla,se in vie& o2 (e 2a) (a (e (umoris 1oes no s an1 in nee1 o2 bein- ei (er unmas'e1 or brou-( 1o&n o ear ( a-ain5 To 2rus ra e an almos na ural rea) ion o2 one )ul ure &(en )on2ron e1 &i ( ano (er ,roves o be a s ra e-! on Carl!leHs ,ar o o,en (e -a e 2or (e o (er )ul ure o en er5 T(is is (e e+a) o,,osi e o2 )ommon )ross3)ul ural rela ions(i,s* &(ose o,era ions are 2irs an1 2oremos -ui1e1 b! ,roJe) in- oneHs o&n 2rame o2 re2eren)e on o (e alien )ul ure5 B! ma'in- (e sense o2 )ome1! mili a e a-ains i sel2* Carl!le sus,en1s (e na ural ur-e 2or ,roJe) ions o,era ive in )ross3)ul ural rela ions5 T(is en1en)! is en1orse1 b! &(a -ra1uall! (a,,ens o (e E1i or5 <e (a1 )onsi1ere1 i (is )ommi men F o -ui1e our Bri is( Crien1s in o (e ne& Dol13)oun r!* an1 s(o& (em (e minesI no&ise o 1i-3ou an1 e+(aus i s &eal (* &(i)( in1ee1 remains 2or all ime ine+(aus ible5 On)e (ere* le ea)( 1i- 2or (is o&n be(oo2* an1 enri)( (imsel2G 8">>95 Ye (is in en ion o ,rovi1e -ui1an)e o (e Bri is( rea1er ma'es (e E1i or )ross (e boun1ar! o (e FDol13)oun r!G (imsel2* in (e )ourse o2 &(i)( (e be)omes a ,rosel! e* (ereb! la,sin- in o a me a,(ori)al s !le o2 &ri in- F&i ( &(i)( mo1e o2 u eran)e

Teu2els1rY)'( un(a,,il! (as some&(a in2e) e1 us5G T(ere2ore i is no F(i11en 2rom (e E1i or (a man! a Bri is( Rea1er si s rea1in- Kui e be&il1ere1 in (ea1* an1 a22li) e1 ra (er (an ins ru) e1 b! (e ,resen Wor'5 P Yes* lon- a-o (as man! a Bri is( Rea1er been* as no&* 1eman1in- &i ( some (in- li'e a snarlB W(ere o 1oes all (is lea1I or &(a use is in i MG 8/"?95 Al (ou-( (e E1i or (as a,,aren l! been su)'e1 in o Teu2els1rY)'(Hs manner o2 &ri in-* (ereb! losin- Fmu)( o2 (is o&n En-lis( ,uri !G 8/%:9* (e never (eless raises (e Kues ion as o (e ,ur,ose o2 (e )ross3)ul ural 1is)ourse (a (e mean o la! bare5

PHILOSOPH8 OF CLOTHES
In (is res,e) i is &or ( no in- (a Sartor Resartus is ,rimaril! a ,ara1i-m o2 ransla abili ! ra (er (an an a) ual ransla ion o2 one )ul ure in o ano (er5 I s ,ara1i-ma i) Kuali ! (as (e a1van a-e o2 e+(ibi in- (e &or'in-s o2 mu ual rans,osi ions o2 )ul ures in (a (e! are no as !e -ui1e1* le alone 1e ermine1* b! a ,ra-ma i) ,ur,ose (a &oul1 ma'e (e ransla abili ! subservien o a ,ar i)ular en1* as e+em,li2ie1 in Carl!leHs la er &or' Past and Present, 3"=0 T(e P(iloso,(! o2 Clo (es as ,u 2or&ar1 b! Teu2els1rY)'( is o be )on)eive1 as an ana om! o2 re,resen a ion5 As re,resen a ion ,resu,,oses a -iven o2 sor s* one )an 1is in-uis( 1i22eren mo1es o2 re,resen a ion5 Imitation is )er ainl! (e mos ime3(onore1* even (ou-( some (in- is boun1 o (a,,en o (e ,re-iven &(en re,resen e15 Some (insimilar o))urs i2 re,resen a ion is )on)eive1 in erms of depiction, W(a is ,re-iven &ill (ave o be 2as(ione15 Bu in bo ( (ese ins an)es re,resen a ion is o be )onsi1ere1 ra (er as a mo1ali !* &(ose ran-e o2 mol1in- is limi e1 b! a se o2 Kuali ies (e ,re-iven a,,ears o (ave ,rior o i s bein- re,resen e15 In (is res,e) (e P(iloso,(! o2 Clo (es )an be )on2ine1 nei (er o imi a ion nor o 1e,i) ion5 "? Ins ea1* i ana omiAes (e ,ro)ess o2 ransla abili ! i sel2* &(i)(* more o2 en (an no * is -losse1 over &(en imi a ion or 1e,i) ion is (e overri1in- )on)ern o2 re,resen a ion5 Transla abili ! is in i sel2 some (in- in an-ibleI i 1oes no (ave (e na ure o2 a ,re-iven obJe) an1 (en)e )an be a)'le1 onl! b! me a,(ors* as evin)e1 in (e P(iloso,(! o2 Clo (es5 Clo (in- some (in- is (ere2ore nei (er a mo1e o2 imi a ion nor one o2 1e,i) ion5 Al (ou-( i seems (a &(a is o be )lo (e1 mus some(o& ,ree+is * (is ,ree+is en)e is never o be as)er aine1 in1e,en1en l! o2 i s bein- )lo (e15 T(is is &(! Carl!le ma'es i Kui e e+,li)i (a Teu2els1rY)'( is no a Fne& A1ami eG 8:?9I ins ea1* (e ,romul-a esB FWi (ou Clo (es* &i (ou bi or sa11le* &(a (a1s (ou beenI &(a (a1 (! 2lee Kua1ru,e1 beenM7Na ure is -oo1* bu s(e is no (e bes B (ere rul! &as (e vi) or! o2 Ar over Na ureG 8:>95 I2 )lo (es )anno be )onsi1ere1 2orms o2 re,resen a ion in (e re)eive1 sense o2 (e erm* as (ere is no one3&a! in)line 2rom some (in- ,ree+is in- o i s mo1es o2 )on)eivabili !* i &oul1 seem ne)essar! o re)as re,resen a ion almos en irel!5 Ri-( 2rom (e ou se Carl!le 'ee,s Fre-ar1in- Clo (es as a ,ro,er !* no an a))i1en * as Kui e na ural an1 s,on aneous* li'e (e leaves o2 rees* li'e (e ,luma-e o2 bir1sG 8/95 No 1oub su)( a s a emen )lears Teu2els1rY)'( 2rom a ,ossible )(ar-e o2 A1ami ism5 An1 !e i remains 1ouble3e1-e1* be)ause (uman bein-s 1o no en er (e &orl1 &i ( a F,luma-eG as animals 1o5 Ins ea1* as Teu2els1rY)'( )on2essesB OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO "? I is eKuall! (ar1 o ra)e (e P(iloso,(! o2 Clo (es ba)' o S&e1enbor-* as en a ivel! su--es e1 b! @ames C5 Malin* FCarl!leHs P(iloso,(! o2 Clo (es an1 S&e1enbor-Hs*G in Scandinavian Studies %% 8"$>"9B "??L>#5 4ou-las is )er ainl! ri-( in s a in- (a in (is res,e) Carl!leHs Fbasi) orien a ion is Kan ianG 8FCarl!le an1 (e @a)obin Un1er)urren *G "0=95 3"="3

FW(ile I 7-oo1 <eavenU 7(ave (a )(e1 m!sel2 over &i ( (e 1ea1 2lee)es o2 s(ee,* (e bar' o2 ve-e ables* (e en rails o2 &orms* (e (i1es o2 o+en or seals* (e 2el o2 2urre1 beas sI an1 &al' abroa1 a movin- Ra-s)reen* over(ea,e1 &i ( s(re1s an1 a ers ra'e1 2rom (e C(arnel3(ouse o2 Na ure* &(ere (e! &oul1 (ave ro e1* o ro on me more slo&l!UG 8::9 T(us (e a,,aren na uralness o2 &earin- )lo (es is never (eless a ,ro1u) o2 (uman ailorin- an1 (ere2ore 1e2ini el! no some (in- (a )omes na urall!5 W(a is na ural in (e 'in-1om o2 animals 1oes no a,,l! o (uman bein-s* al (ou-( (uman bein-s 1o no e+is a,ar 2rom (e )lo (es (e! &ear5 Obviousl! (ere is bo ( i1en i ! an1 1i22eren)e be &een )lo (es an1 (uman bein-s5 W(! s ress 1i22eren)e* &(en i is ma1e o )olla,se in o an inse,arable uni !M Re,resen a ion as )on)eive1 b! Teu2els1rY)'(Hs P(iloso,(! o2 Clo (es (as a 1ouble raJe) or!B FCor in1ee1* as Wal er S(an1! o2 en insis e1* (ere is mu)(* na! almos all* in Names5 T(e Name is (e earlies Darmen !ou &ra, roun1 (e ear (3visi in- meI o &(i)( i (en)e2or ( )leaves* more ena)iousl! 82or (ere are Names (a (ave las e1 ni-( (ir ! )en uries9 (an (e ver! s'in5 An1 no& 2rom &i (ou * &(a m!s i) in2luen)es 1oes i no sen1 in&ar1s* even o (e )en reI es,e)iall! in (ose ,las i) 2irs 3 imes* &(en (e &(ole soul is !e in2an ine* so2 * an1 (e invisible see1-rain &ill -ro& o be an all overs(a1o&inreeUG 8>$9 Darmen s* (ou-( (e! are a me a,(or 2or some (in- ,ree+is in-* simul aneousl! ,a ern &(a (e! are mean o re,resen 5 T(is is (e ,las i)i ! o2 (uman na ure* &(i)(* as su)(* no onl! remains in an-ible bu a,,ears o o22er i sel2 o beins(a,e1 an1 mol1e1 in o 'alei1os)o,i)all! )(an-in- 2orms5 In (is res,e) * ea)( -armen is a F,luma-e*G al (ou-( (e ver! ,las i)i ! allo&s (e ,luma-e o be )(an-e1 &(enever ne)essi ! arises5 O2 )ourse* su)( a ,a ernin- bears i s o&n ris's ei (er b! im,risonin- (e (uman bein- in one o2 (e -armen s in &(i)( i (as )lo (e1 i sel2 or b! 1elibera el! rei2!in(e )lo (es o &(i)( i (as be)ome en1eare1* as ,ra) i)e1 b! (e F +andiacal &odyUG 8//$95 T(e P(iloso,(! o2 Clo (es is a 'in1 o2 s(or (an1 2or (e ,a ernin- an1 re,a ernin- o2 (uman ,las i)i !5 I is ini iall! )on)eive1 as a me a,(or* be)ause (uman ,las i)i ! is no a))essible in i sel25 Ye (e me a,(or urns in o a ,a ernin- an1 (us 2un) ions me on!mi)all!I o (er&ise* (uman bein-s &oul1 elu1e -ras,in-5 A me on!mi)all! 2un) ionin- me a,(or bears (e ins)ri, ion (a &(a ever is* is )ons i u e15 T(us (e P(iloso,(! o2 Clo (es )eases o be re,resen a ion in (e re)eive1 sense* as a mere s(i2 ino2 a ,re-iven in o ,er)eivabili ! is no lon-er (e issue5 Ins ea1* )lo (in- i sel2 ransla es (e ,las i) (uman bein- in o a 3"=/3 1e2ini ive ,a ern in or1er o 2a (om &(a o (er&ise remains elusive5 T(e me on!m! (ere2ore (i-(li-( s (e -armen as a subs i u e (a )an be )(an-e1 &(en &orn ou * no leas in or1er o bo1! 2or ( as,e) s o2 (uman ,las i)i ! (i (er o un (in'able5 T(e me on!mi) use o2 me a,(ors enables (e P(iloso,(! o2 Clo (es o main ain (e 1i22eren)e be &een (e ,a erne1 an1 (e ,a ernin-s* (us allo&in- 2or (e variabili ! o2 ,a ernin-s ou o2 &(i)( (uman )iviliAa ion arises5 Simul aneousl! all 2orms o2 )iviliAa ion are e+,ose1 o )(an-e as all (e ,a ernin-s (a ma'e u, so)ie ! )an be re,a erne15 FW(a soever sensibl! e+is s* &(a soever re,resen s S,iri o S,iri * is ,ro,erl! a Clo (in-* a sui o2 Raimen * ,u on 2or a season* an1 o be lai1 o225 T(us in (is one ,re-nan subJe) o2 )lo (es* ri-( l! un1ers oo1* is in)lu1e1 all (a men (ave (ou-( * 1reame1* 1one* an1 beenB (e &(ole E+ ernal Universe an1 &(a i (ol1s is bu Clo (in-I an1 (e essen)e o2 all S)ien)e lies in (e ,(iloso,(! o2 )lo (esG 8?#95 T(us (e -armen urns ou o be a s!mbol o2 a s,e)ial 'in1 (a ,resen s i sel2 as a re,resen a ive o2 some (in- in an-ible an1 simul aneousl! s(a,es (a ver! in an-ibili !* 2or &(i)( i is onl! a subs i u e5 "> In Teu2els1rY)'(Hs o&n &or1sB FIn a S!mbol (ere is )on)ealmen an1 !e revela ionB (ere (ere2ore* b! Silen)e an1 b! S,ee)( a) in- o-e (er* )omes a 1ouble si-ni2i)an)eG 8"=?95 As 2ar as (e s!mbol )on)eals* i in1i)a es (rou-( i s visibili ! (a F (e (in- Ima-ine1* (e (in- in an! &a! )on)eive1 as Visible* &(a is i bu a Darmen * a Clo (in- o2 (e (i-(er* )eles ial Invisible* Qunima-inable* 2ormless* 1ar' &i ( e+)ess o2 bri-( RG 8?/95 An1 as 2ar as (e s!mbol s,ea's* i in1i)a es (a (is 2ormless uns,ea'abili ! )an be ransla e1 in o mul i2arious as,e) s b! im,osin- ever)(an-in-

,a ernin-s on i 5 Ou o2 (is inelu) able 1uali ! arises (e P(iloso,(! o2 Clo (es* &(i)( is an a em, a 2a (omin- (e un,lumbable b! ransla in- i in o a &el er o2 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO "> Cor (e in ima e rela ions(i, be &een s!mbol an1 silen)e* see Camille R5 La Bossiere* FO2 Silen)e* 4oub * an1 Ima-ina ionB Carl!leHs Conversa ion &i ( Mon ai-ne*G *n%lish Studies in Canada "0 8"$#:9B >%L>:* =/5 T(is essa! a,,ears o be one o2 (e rare o))asions in Carl!le )ri i)ism (a 1ra&s a en ion o (e )ir)ulari ! o2 Carl!leHs in er,re ive ,ro)e1ureB FT(e (ou-( o2 Sartor Resartus an1 i s )om,le+ o2 )ore ima-es a'e (e rea1er on a )ir)ular o1!sse!* (e )(ar o2 &(i)( ,lo s (e ,ro-ress o2 (e Carl!lean ima-ina ionG 8>=95 T(ere is s ill a 1i22eren)e be &een )ir)ulari ! an1 loo,in-* (o&ever5 Cor 2ur (er evalua ion o2 (o& Carl!le uses s!mbols in or1er o -ive voi)e o (e uns,ea'able* see Cin1la!* FPaul 1e Man* T(omas Carl!le*G "=>L"==* "=$5 3"=% ,er)eivable s!mbols &(ose ver! limi a ions e+,ose (em o )(an-e5 C(an-es are all (e more ne)essar! be)ause no ,ar i)ular !,e o2 -armen )an ever be eKua e1 &i ( (e ina))essibili ! i ries o )a, ure5 An1 (ere2ore ever! -armen is subJe) o )ri i)al ins,e) ion in or1er o 2in1 ou (e ul erior mo iva ion o,era ive in (e ,a ernin- o2 (e Finvisible an1 uns,ea'able5G T(e reason 2or (is 1uali ! o2 (e s!mbol as subs i u e an1 ,a ernin- is (a (e Fse)re o2 ManHs Bein- is s ill li'e (e S,(in+Hs se)re G 8:/95 Su)( a )on)ealmen * (o&ever* is no some (in- o be ,ene ra e1 or even a)'le1* be)ause (e un2a (omableness o2 (e (uman bein- resul s 2rom a basi) i-noran)e o2 (uman'in1B Was Man &i ( (is E+,erien)e ,resen a (e Crea ion* (en* o see (o& i all &en onM <ave an! 1ee,es s)ien i2i) in1ivi1uals !e 1ive1 1o&n o (e 2oun1a ions o2 (e Universe* an1 -au-e1 ever! (in- (ereM 4i1 (e Ma'er a'e (em in o <is )ounselI (a (e! rea1 <is -roun1 ,lan o2 (e in)om,re(ensible AllI an1 )an sa!* T(is s an1s mar'e1 (erein* an1 no more (an (isM Alas* no in an!&iseU T(ese s)ien i2i) in1ivi1uals (ave been no&(ere bu &(ere &e also areI (ave seen some (an1brea1 (s 1ee,er (an &e see in o (e 4ee, (a is in2ini e* &i (ou bo om as &i (ou s(ore5 8/0:9 Su)( an im,ene rableness ransla es i sel2 in o a P(iloso,(! o2 Clo (es* be)ause (uman bein-s (ave o live* o in era) * o es ablis( or-aniAa ions* so)ie ies* an1 reli-ions* &(i)( ob ain (eir s abili ! b! a 1i22eren ia e1 s!s em o2 )lo (es5 T(ere2ore )lo (in- i sel2 F(as more (an a )ommon meanin-* bu (as &o meanin-sG 8?/95 On (e one (an1* i )an )on)eal (e -roun1lessness 2rom vie&* &(i)( resul s in a rei2i)a ion o2 (e -armen I on (e o (er* i )an (ei-( en (e a&areness (a * as a subs i u e* i is a ,a ernin- o2 (e un2a (omable* -ui1e1 or even )ause1 b! ,ra-ma i) e+i-en)ies5 T(us (e -roun1lessness ins)ribes i sel2 as 1uali ! in o (e -armen 5 T(is ma! (ave been one o2 (e reasons (a (e E1i or* &(en 2irs en)oun erinTeu2els1rY)'(* oo' (im o be a 'in1 o2 ,(iloso,(er* &(o* i2 (e &ere o ,ublis( an! (in- a all* &oul1 )ome ou &i ( Fa re2u a ion o2 <e-elG 8"095 T(e E1i or an i)i,a e1 )orre) l! (a a P(iloso,(! o2 I1en i ! &oul1 be ana (ema o someone a1vo)a in- a P(iloso,(! o2 4i22eren)e5 "= Ins ea1 o2 i1en i2!in- (e FS,iri G &i ( i s mani2es a ions* (e OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO "= Cor a 1i22eren vie& o2 (e assume1 ,arallels be &een Carl!le an1 <e-el* es,e)iall! be &een Sartor Resartus an1 The Phenomenolo%y of /ind, see 4ibble* FS ra e-ies o2 (e Men al War*G $=L"0/5 3"=:3 ,er)eivable s!mbols &(ose ver! limi a ions e+,ose (em o )(an-e5 C(an-es are all (e more ne)essar! be)ause no ,ar i)ular !,e o2 -armen )an ever be eKua e1 &i ( (e ina))essibili ! i ries o )a, ure5 An1 (ere2ore ever! -armen is subJe) o )ri i)al ins,e) ion in or1er o 2in1 ou (e ul erior mo iva ion o,era ive in (e ,a ernin- o2 (e Finvisible an1 uns,ea'able5G

T(e reason 2or (is 1uali ! o2 (e s!mbol as subs i u e an1 ,a ernin- is (a (e Fse)re o2 ManHs Bein- is s ill li'e (e S,(in+Hs se)re G 8:/95 Su)( a )on)ealmen * (o&ever* is no some (in- o be ,ene ra e1 or even a)'le1* be)ause (e un2a (omableness o2 (e (uman bein- resul s 2rom a basi) i-noran)e o2 (uman'in1B Was Man &i ( (is E+,erien)e ,resen a (e Crea ion* (en* o see (o& i all &en onM <ave an! 1ee,es s)ien i2i) in1ivi1uals !e 1ive1 1o&n o (e 2oun1a ions o2 (e Universe* an1 -au-e1 ever! (in- (ereM 4i1 (e Ma'er a'e (em in o <is )ounselI (a (e! rea1 <is -roun1 ,lan o2 (e in)om,re(ensible AllI an1 )an sa!* T(is s an1s mar'e1 (erein* an1 no more (an (isM Alas* no in an!&iseU T(ese s)ien i2i) in1ivi1uals (ave been no&(ere bu &(ere &e also areI (ave seen some (an1brea1 (s 1ee,er (an &e see in o (e 4ee, (a is in2ini e* &i (ou bo om as &i (ou s(ore5 8/0:9 Su)( an im,ene rableness ransla es i sel2 in o a P(iloso,(! o2 Clo (es* be)ause (uman bein-s (ave o live* o in era) * o es ablis( or-aniAa ions* so)ie ies* an1 reli-ions* &(i)( ob ain (eir s abili ! b! a 1i22eren ia e1 s!s em o2 )lo (es5 T(ere2ore )lo (in- i sel2 F(as more (an a )ommon meanin-* bu (as &o meanin-sG 8?/95 On (e one (an1* i )an )on)eal (e -roun1lessness 2rom vie&* &(i)( resul s in a rei2i)a ion o2 (e -armen I on (e o (er* i )an (ei-( en (e a&areness (a * as a subs i u e* i is a ,a ernin- o2 (e un2a (omable* -ui1e1 or even )ause1 b! ,ra-ma i) e+i-en)ies5 T(us (e -roun1lessness ins)ribes i sel2 as 1uali ! in o (e -armen 5 T(is ma! (ave been one o2 (e reasons (a (e E1i or* &(en 2irs en)oun erinTeu2els1rY)'(* oo' (im o be a 'in1 o2 ,(iloso,(er* &(o* i2 (e &ere o ,ublis( an! (in- a all* &oul1 )ome ou &i ( Fa re2u a ion o2 <e-elG 8"095 T(e E1i or an i)i,a e1 )orre) l! (a a P(iloso,(! o2 I1en i ! &oul1 be ana (ema o someone a1vo)a in- a P(iloso,(! o2 4i22eren)e5 "= Ins ea1 o2 i1en i2!in- (e FS,iri G &i ( i s mani2es a ions* (e OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO "= Cor a 1i22eren vie& o2 (e assume1 ,arallels be &een Carl!le an1 <e-el* es,e)iall! be &een Sartor Resartus an1 The Phenomenolo%y of /ind, see 4ibble* FS ra e-ies o2 (e Men al War*G $=L"0/5 3"=:3 <e a)'les i basi)all! b! ransla in- (e )onvolu ions o2 rans)en1en alism in erms o2 (e ,(iloso,(erHs o&n li2e* in or1er o 1emons ra e (a (e 1i1 no Jus )on)o) (ese seeminabsur1i ies ou o2 no (in-I ins ea1* (e! arose ou o2 ,ersonal e+,erien)e5 T(is allo&s rans)en1en al s,e)ula ions o be vali1a e1 b! &(a (a,,ene1 o (eir au (orB FBu in1ee1 Convi) ion* &ere i never so e+)ellen * is &or (less ill i )onver i sel2 in o Con1u) 5 Na! ,ro,erl! Convi) ion is no ,ossible ill (enI inasmu)( as all S,e)ula ion is b! na ure en1less* 2ormless* a vor e+ ami1 vor i)esB onl! b! a 2el in1ubi able )er ain ! o2 E+,erien)e 1oes i 2in1 an! )en re o revolve roun1* an1 so 2as(ion i sel2 in o a s!s emG 8"?>95 Su)( a lin'u,* (o&ever* ,rovi1es a 1i22eren re2eren 2or rans)en1en alismI i is no lon-er )onsi1ere1 a (olis i) s!s em bu )on)eive1 as an im,a) able o urn oneHs &(ole li2e aroun15 T(e ,ossibili ! o2 e+,erien)in- &(a a,,ears o be s,e)ula ive an1 o2 ,er)eivin(e invisible are 2rames o2 re2eren)e 1i22eren 2rom &(a ma! be )onsi1ere1 (e basi) ,remises o2 Derman rans)en1en alism5 T(e em,(asis on e+,erien)e ma'es i obvious (a Derman rans)en1en alism* &(en rans,ose1 in o Bri is( em,iri)ism* (as o be e+e)u e1 in erms (e Bri is( rea1er is 2amiliar &i (5 Ye simul aneousl! Carl!le re2le) s on (is 2amiliari ! &(en )as i-a in- &(a (e )alls Fa 1ea1 Iron Balan)e 2or &ei-(in- Pains an1 Pleasures onG 8"=>9 as 1ee,l! in-raine1 in (e Bri is( 1is,osi ion5 Mu)( as an em,iri)all! orien e1 a i u1e ,revails in or1er o ma'e (is )ons an ra1in- in abs ra) ions )on)eivable* i2 no ,ala able* o an En-lis( au1ien)e* Carl!le never (eless ba les a-ains su)( an a i u1e* be)ause i en1s o )on-eal in o a )us om* an1 as F&e 1o ever! (in- b! Cus om* even Believe b! i *G (e )on inues Kuo in- 2rom (e &or' o2 (is (eroB FNa!* &(a is P(iloso,(! (rou-(ou bu a )on inual ba le a-ains Cus omI an ever3rene&e1 e22or o transcend (e s,(ere o2 blin1 Cus om* an1 so be)ome Trans)en1en alMG 8/0>95 Su)( a rans)en1en alism is a) uall! mean o moni or &(a (uman bein-s are 1oin-* an1* (ou-( e+,erien)e3orien e1* (e! s(oul1 never (eless be able o 1is an)e (emselves 2rom &(a (e! are involve1 in* in or1er o be able o ,ro)ess e+,erien)e i sel25

Teu2els1rY)'(Hs li2e illus ra es (is overri1in- aim* be)ause &(a (a,,ens o an in1ivi1ual )arries mu)( more )onvi) ion (an (e mere e+,osi ion o2 a ,(iloso,(i)al s!s em5 Teu2els1rY)'( (imsel2* al (ou-( (e en-ineer o2 (e P(iloso,(! o2 Clo (es* never (eless (as reserva ions abou abs ra) ions (a are in no &a! ie1 o (e mas er! o2 li2e5 I2 beinrans)en1en al im,lies moni orin- onesel2* (en Derman rans)en1en alism is urne1 in o an ins rumen 2or ,ro)essin- e+,erien)e as e+em,li2ie1 b! 3"=>3 Teu2els1rY)'(Hs li2e5 Su)( a li2e be)omes an e,i ome o2 (o& 1i22eren )ul ures ma! be ransla e1 in o one ano (er5 <i-(li-( in- su)( a ,ro)ess in erms o2 an in1ivi1ual li2e is an o22s(oo o2 roman i)ism* &(i)( eleva e1 (e sel2 in o a be3all an1 en13all5 W(a ri--ers (e ne)essi ! o2 ransla in)ul ures in o one ano (er is a-ain (e momen o2 )risis (a Teu2els1rY)'( e+,erien)es b! movin- 2rom (e s a-e o2 (e -*verlastin% NoG (rou-( (e -Centre of Indifference. o (e -*verlastin% Tea. 8i ali)s mine95 A (e ou se F (e universeG &as 2or (im Fas a mi-( ! S,(in+3ri11le*G o2 &(i)( (e 'ne& Fso li le P* !e mus re1e or be 1evoure15G An1 (e )on inuesB FIn re1 s rea's o2 uns,ea'able -ran1eur* !e also in (e bla)'ness o2 1ar'ness* &as Li2e* o m! oo3un2urnis(e1 T(ou-( * un2ol1in- i sel25 A s ran-e )on ra1i) ion la! in meI an1 I as !e 'ne& no (e solu ion o2 i G 8"0/95 T(is si ua ion ,lun-es Teu2els1rY)'( in o a )risis* an1* lon- be2ore Plessner an1 La)an 1es)ribe1 (e 1e)en ere1 ,osi ion o2 (e (uman bein-* "# (e ma1e (e ,i (! remar' F&e are 7 &e 'no& no &(a G 8:%95 Su)( a s,li be &een bein- an1 no 'no&in- &(a i is o be is a (e bo om o2 Teu2els1rY)'(Hs )risis* &(i)( 1evelo,s in o an almos unmana-eable 1uali !B FI is be)ause (ere is an In2ini e in (im* &(i)( &i ( all (is )unnin- (e )anno Kui e bur! un1er (e Cini eG 8"?"L "?/95 T(is -ro&in- a&areness (a (e is also (e o (er o2 (imsel2 ri--ers (e ne)essi ! o resolve (e 1uali ! b! ransla in- (e 1e)en ere1 ,osi ions in o one ano (er5 Ou o2 (is e22or arises (e P(iloso,(! o2 Clo (es* &(ose main (rus is no ,(iloso,(i)al s,e)ula ion bu an a em, o 1eal &i ( F (eir Wirken, or In2luen)esG 8:095 T(is 2o)us on (e im,a) (a (e P(iloso,(! o2 Clo (es is mean o e+er)ise arises 2rom Teu2els1rY)'(Hs e+,erien)e (a (is o&n li2e a,,ears o (im im,ene rable* as mani2es e1 in (is )risis* an1 )onseKuen l! (as nei (er o be e+,laine1 nor o be un1ers oo1 bu o be mas ere15 Su)( a mas erin- (as a 1ual re2eren)e5 On (e one (an1* (e -armen ,a erns &(a i )lo (es* an1* on (e o (er* (e -armen e+er)ises an im,a) on (e so)ial )on1i ions in &(i)( i is 1is,la!e15 In a FSo)ie ! P o be as -oo1 as e+ in) *G in &(i)( F (e C<URC< S(asT 2allen s,ee)(less* 2rom obesi ! an1 a,o,le+!I (e STATE s(run'en in o a Poli)e3O22i)e* s rai ene1 o -e i s ,a!UG 8"#:L"#?9* (e P(iloso,(! o2 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO "# See <elmu ( Plessner* F4ie an (ro,olo-is)(e 4imension 1er Des)(i)( li)('ei *G in So2ialer Wandel# Divilisation und $ortschritt in der so2iolo%ischen Theorie, e15 <ans Pe er 4rei Ael 8Neu&ie1B Lu)( er(an1* "$=/9* ">0I an1 @a)Kues La)an* Vcrits 8ParisB \1i ions 1u Seul* "$>>9* $%L$:* $=5 3"==3 Clo (es is* a))or1in- o (e E1i or* mean o e+)i e Fus o sel23a) ivi !* &(i)( is (e bes e22e) o2 an! boo'G 8/"95 In)i in- sel23a) ivi ! means )(an-in- &orn3ou )lo (es* an1 (e subseKuen 1ives in- o2 so)ie ! is simul aneousl! a re1ressin- o2 i s ills* be)ause -armen s ,a ern &(a is o (er&ise im,ene rable an1 (ere2ore )an be e+)(an-e1 2or a more a1eKua e ,a ernin-5 Teu2els1rY)'(Hs li2e serves as (e livin- emblem 2or su)( a ,er,e ual reJuvena ion5 T(e Centre of Indifference is (e bla)' bo+ o2 (is o&n li2e* a -ul2 (a !a&ns be &een (is beinalive an1 no 'no&in- &(a i means o live5 T(is un,lumbable Centre (a 1ivi1es (im 2rom (imsel2 1e2ies )o-ni ion an1 (us ransla es i sel2 in o a) ivi !* 2ee1in- (e No in o a nas)en Tea, &(ose 2ee1ba)' ma'es (e No vanis(I (is eva,ora ion in urn 2ee1s (e s ren- ( o2 )onvi) ion in o (e Tea, Teu2els1rY)'(Hs li2e ,rovi1es a vivi1 illus ra ion o2 (e

2a) (a even an in1ivi1ual li2e is mar'e1 b! a bla)' bo+ (a ma! be )as as an em, ! s,a)e* a s,a)e be &een* or a Centre of Indifference* &(ose im,ene rableness -ives rise o re)ursive loo,s o2 (uman sel232as(ionin-5 T(us (uman li2e mirrors (e ver! s ru) ure ou o2 &(i)( )ul ure arises5 Ye Carl!le le2 no 1oub (a (e eleva e1 sel2 in(eri e1 2rom roman i)ism (a1 o be rans2orme1 in o a (ero &(o es i2ies (a onl! an ou s an1inin1ivi1ual is able o en1ure (e )risis b! ransla in- i in o a mas er! o2 li2e5 T(e e+,erien)e o2 )risis -ives rise o (e P(iloso,(! o2 Clo (es in or1er o ,ro)ess (uman li2e* &(ose -roun1 is seale1 o22 2rom )o-ni ive ,ene ra ion5 @us as li2e is un2a (omable* so is )ul ure* &(i)( in (e 2inal anal!sis mani2es s i sel2 as a mas er! o2 li2e5 In ,ro,or ion o a -ro&in- a&areness (a (e assume1 2un1amen als o2 li2e an1 )ul ure are e+,ose1 o erosion* re,air be)omes ne)essar!* an1 (is )an no lon-er mean e+)(an-in- one se o2 2un1amen als 2or ano (er5 Ins ea1* li2e an1 )ul ure (ave o be res(u22le1B in Teu2els1rY)'(Hs )ase* b! )omin- u, &i ( (e P(iloso,(! o2 Clo (esI in Carl!leHs )ase* b! 1esi-nin- (e )ross3)ul ural 1is)ourse o2 Sartor Resartus5 As lon- as (ere is an overri1in- )onvi) ion (a a )ul ure res s on a 2irm 2oun1a ion* (e ne)essi ! 2or a )ross3)ul ural 1is)ourse 1oes no arise5 Cor su)( a sel23un1ers an1in- o2 )ul ure* a )ross3)ul ural 1is)ourse )an onl! mean a 2orei-n in rusion5 T(e ver! 2a) * (o&ever* (a a mu ual assimila ion* in)or,ora ion* or a,,ro,ria ion o2 )ul ures is al&a!s -oin- on bears &i ness o e+i-en)ies (a (ave o be me 5 T(is mu ual )ommer)e* (o&ever* is a bes a ,a )(in-3u, o2 &(a (as been ero1e1 or los * an1 i 1oes no subs an ivel! )on ribu e o a revi aliAa ion o2 &(a (as be)ome 1e2un) 5 3"=# A )ross3)ul ural 1is)ourse 1is in-uis(es i sel2 2rom assimila ion* in)or,ora ion* an1 a,,ro,ria ion* as i or-aniAes an in er)(an-e be &een )ul ures in &(i)( (e )ul ures )on)erne1 &ill no s a! (e same5 A 2orei-n )ul ure is no Jus rans,ose1 in o a 2amiliar oneI ins ea1* as in (e P(iloso,(! o2 Clo (es* a mu ual ,a ernin- an1 re,a ernin- is e22e) e1 b! (e 1is)ourse5 Cirs o2 all* (e 2orei-n )ul ure is mo1ele1 on )on1i ions se b! (e re)eivin- one an1 (us be)omes 1e2amiliariAe15 T(is 1e2amiliariAa ion is 1ue o (e erms im,ose1 on o (erness 2or i s re)e, ion* as Derman rans)en1en alism is mean o resus)i a e (e 1!in- )ul ure o2 laisseA2aire5 T(a is (e servi)e o be ren1ere1 in 2a)e o2 (e )risis (a emer-e1 in an a-rarian so)ie ! ,lun-e1 in o in1us rial ,ro1u) ion5 In su)( a a'eover o2 Derman rans)en1en alism* i s ver! abs ra) ions are re)as 5 T(e! no lon-er 2i-ure an1 1elinea e (e mani2es a ions o2 (e S,iri on i s &a! o be)omin- )ons)ious o2 i sel2 bu are rans2orme1 in o ools 2or ,ro)essin- a )risis3ri11en )ul ure no lon-er able o )o,e &i ( (e si ua ion on i s o&n erms5 Trans)en1en alism (ere2ore is nei (er assimila e1 nor a,,ro,ria e1 bu F)lo (e1G in su)( a manner (a i s re,a ernin- )an serve (e sel23re-enera ion o2 an em,iri)all! orien e1 )ul ure5 To a))ommo1a e rans)en1en alism 2or su)( a ,ur,ose* some 'in1 o2 2as(ionin- is ne)essar! in or1er o ma'e i s ransmi an)e 2easible5 T(ere2ore (e E1i or ,o'es 2un a (e )onvolu e1 abs ra) ions o2 (is F&ri en C(aos5G T(e sense o2 )ome1! (a ,erva1es Sartor Resartus s ran-el! loses i s im,a) &(enever i (i s i s ar-e * (o&ever* (us invali1a in- (abi ual rea) ions o (e absur1 musin-s o2 Derman ,(iloso,(!5 T(e 2rus ra e1 )ome1! urns in o a raJe) or! alon- &(i)( (e o (er&ise un,ala able abs ra) ions are able o ravel5 T(e o,era ions o2 su)( a )ross3)ul ural 1is)ourse are realiAe1 in loo,sI b! e)li,sin- (e )onven ion3boun1 2ea ures o2 (e )ul ures )on)erne1* (e! 2ee1 (e )risis o2 a 1e2un) so)ie ! in o rans)en1en alism* an1 b! 2ee1ba)' (e! loo, sel23a) ivi ! in o em,iri)ism5 T(ese loo,s &or' )(ias i)all!* (us )onver in- (e bla)' bo+ be &een )ul ures in o a 1!namism* e+,osin- ea)( one o i s o (erness* (e mas er! o2 &(i)( resul s in )(an-e5 In (is res,e) * (e )ross3)ul ural 1is)ourse is a means o2 mu uall! su,,or ive sel23 re-enera ion o2 )ul ures an1 ,rovi1es an o,,or uni ! o e+ en1 (eir li2e s,an5 As a ,ro,ellan 2or )(an-e* (e 1is)ourse bears &i ness o (e 2a) (a no )ul ure is 2oun1e1 on i sel2* &(i)( is evin)e1 no leas b! (e arra! o2 m! (olo-ies invo'e1 &(en (e assume1 2oun1a ion o2 a )ul ure (as o be subs an ia e15

T(e in erlin'in- o2 )ul ures brou-( abou b! a )ross3)ul ural 1is)ourse ena) s one )ul ure in erms o2 (e o (er5 Derman rans)en1en alism is 3"=$3 s a-e1 in erms o2 Bri is( em,iri)ism an1 vi)e versa5 Su)( a s a-in- ,reven s one )ul ure 2rom 1omina in- (e o (er* an1 su)( a mu ual ena) in- simul aneousl! im,lies a sus,ension o2 (e 2rames o2 re2eren)e ,er ainin- o (e )ul ures eles)o,e15 I2 em,iri)al )ri eria -ui1e (e a'eover o2 Derman rans)en1en alism* an alien se o2 re2eren)es is a,,lie1 (a bo ( 1&ar2s an1 enlar-es 2ea ures o2 rans)en1en alism5 Some (in- similar (a,,ens o em,iri)ism &(en rans)en1en alism ,rovi1es (e )ri eria5 T(is mu uali ! (as re,er)ussions 2or (e )ross3)ul ural 1is)ourse5 Wi ( ra1i ional re2eren)es sus,en1e1* ne& ones (ave o be es ablis(e1* &(i)( is all (e more 1i22i)ul as (e mu ual ena) in- o2 )ul ures e+,oses (em o )(an-e5 T(e )(an-e a,,ears o be ne)essar!* as (e ol1 orien a ion o2 (e res,e) ive )ul ure (as )rumble1 an1 )an no lon-er serve as a -ui1eline 2or )o,in- &i ( (e )risis5 T(e P(iloso,(! o2 Clo (es -ives a ver! vivi1 im,ression o2 su)( a si ua ion5 Teu2els1rY)'( &ri esB FT(e si-( rea)(es 2or ( in o (e voi1 4ee,* an1 !ou are alone &i ( (e Universe* an1 silen l! )ommune &i ( i * as one m!s erious Presen)e &i ( ano (er5 W(o am II &(a is (is MEM A Voi)e* a Mo ion* an A,,earan)eI7 some embo1ie1* visualise1 I1ea in (e E ernal Min1M Co%ito, er%o sum5 Alas* ,oor Co-i a or* (is a'es us bu a li le &a!G 8:"95 W(en (e in(eri e1 2rame&or's are invali1a e1* (e )ross3)ul ural 1is)ourse (as o es ablis( i s o&n -ui1elines* an1 (is en1eavor is ,ara1i-ma i) 2or )ross3)ul ural 1is)ourse in -eneral5 I )anno e+)(an-e one 2rame o2 re2eren)e 2or ano (erI ins ea1* i (as o es ablis( mul i,le re2eren)es in or1er o ,rovi1e su22i)ien orien a ion 2or bo ( (e reme1! o2 )risis an1 (e )on rol o2 )(an-e5 T(ere2ore rou es o2 re2eren)e (ave o be e+,lore1 an1 lin'e1 u, in )(ains o2 'alei1os)o,i)all! )(an-in- mo1es o2 re2eren)e5 "$ Teu2els1rY)'(Hs P(iloso,(! o2 Clo (es is ini iall! mean o 1esi-na e Derman rans)en1en alism5 T(is ver! 1esi-na ion* (o&ever* is use1 o e+em,li2! (o& (uman ,las i)i ! is o be s(a,e15 T(e s(i2 in- o2 re2eren)es )on inues &(en (is ,ar i)ular e+em,li2i)a ion serves as an e+,ression o2 (o& a )risis is o be a)'le15 4esi-na ion* e+em,li2i)a ion* an1 e+,ression are no lon-er ie1 o a ,re-iven 2rame o2 re2eren)e &i (in &(i)( (e! e+er)ise (eir 2un) ion5 Ins ea1* (e! are ma1e o subs i u e 2or one ano (er* an1 (e ensuin- in er)(an-e o2 (eir re2eren ial mo1es ,ro1u)es (e ver! -ui1elines alon&(i)( (e )ross3)ul ural 1is)ourse OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO "$ Con)ernin- (e no ion an1 2un) ion o2 rou es or )(ains o2 re2eren)e* see Nelson Doo1man* 3f /ind and 3ther /atters 8Cambri1-eB <arvar1 Universi ! Press* "$#:9* ?:L ="5 3"#0 un2ol1s i s o,era ions5 ConseKuen l!* one )ul ure 1esi-na es some (in- in ano (er in or1er o e+em,li2! &(a )anno be seen b! (e )ul ure )on)erne1* an1 (us i ma! urn in o an e+,ression o2 &(a (e )ul ure is li'e an1 &(!7in vie& o2 &(a i is7i is liable o la,se5 4esi-na ion o2 a )risis )oul1 (en also urn in o an e+em,li2i)a ion o2 (e reme1!* &(i)( in urn ma! -ive e+,ression o (e o (er )ul ure invo'e15 An1 in 1oin- so* i 1esi-na es some (in- in (a )ul ure o &(i)( (e )ul ure i sel2 a,,ears o be blin15 A )ross3)ul ural 1is)ourse (as (us o brin- abou i s o&n re2eren iali !* &(i)( is in1is,ensable* as su)( a 1is)ourse )an onl! o,era e &i (in bu no be!on1 re2eren)e5 T(e onl! )on rol o be e+er)ise1 over (e es ablis(men o2 i s o&n re2eren iali ! is (e mu ual mirrorin- o2 (e )ul ures )on)erne1* an1 (is ma'es (e )ross3)ul ural 1is)ourse in o a s a-e on &(i)( 1i22eren )ul ures are ena) e1 un1er mu uall! alien )on1i ions5 A 1is)ourse (a libera es i s re2eren ial )on rol 2rom an! ,re-iven 2rame o2 re2eren)e in or1er o -enera e i s o&n )on rol b! )ons an l! s(i2 in- mo1es o2 re2eren)e assumes aes (e i) 2ea ures5 W(a 'ee,s i * (o&ever* 2rom urnin- in o an ar &or' is i s am,(iboli) na ure* as

mani2es e1 b! i s in(eren 1uali !5 I s a-es a mu ual mirrorin- o2 )ul ures an1 1isa,,ears &(en i (as &rou-( (e rans2orma ion o2 (e )ul ures )on)erne15 T(is (i-(li-( s i s Kuali ! as a )a al!s * em,(asiAe1 a (e en1 o2 Sartor ResartusB FPro2essor Teu2els1rY)'(* be i 'no&n* is no lon-er visibl! ,resen a Weissni)( &o* bu a-ain o all a,,earan)e los in s,a)eUG T(e onl! ra)e le2 is (is las sa!in-B F *s %eht an 8I is be-innin-9G 8/%>95 /0

Enfoldings in Paterian Discourse' !odes of Translata$ilit%

No&a1a!s Wal er Pa erHs &ri in-s are no lon-er a'en 2or F (e 1is)over! o2 a -os,el* o2 a ne& &a! o2 livin-*G /" as Lo-an Pearsall Smi ( oo' (em o be5 Voi)es li'e (a o2 Yea s* &(o main aine1 2or (imsel2 an1 (is 2rien1s (a F&e loo'e1 )ons)iousl! o Pa er 2or our ,(iloso,(!*G // (ave 2allen OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO /0 Moore s resses Carl!leHs )ommi men o a) ionB FA) ion no onl! removes reli-ious 1oub * i )rea es 2ai ( an1 (a,,iness an1* in (e 2orm o2 &or'* )rea es or1er an1 belie2 in a 1!nami) so)ie !G 8FCarl!leHs QConversion*RG >=:95 /" Lo-an Pearsall Smi (* Reperusals and Recollections 8Lon1onB Cons able* "$%>9* >=5 // Vuo e1 in E1mun1 Wilson* !el1s Castle# Study in the Ima%inative Literature o2 "#=07 "$%0 8Lon1onB Collins* "$>"9* %:5 3"#"3 silen 5 /arius the *picurean, &(i)( Deor-e Moore avo&e1 o be F (e boo' o &(i)( I o&e (e las em,le in m! soul*G /% no lon-er ,rovi1es (e s,iri ual a&a'enin- (e believe1 (e (a1 e+,erien)e15 An1 i is even more (an 1oub 2ul &(e (er (e s a emen ma1e b! (e An-li)an )ler-!man @5 A5 <u on in "$0> )oul1 s ill )laim an! vali1i !B FT(ere is a s a-e* an1 in our 1a! amon-s e1u)a e1 ,eo,le i (as )ome o be almos a ne)essar! s a-e* a &(i)( (e &ri in-s o2 Pa er are able o 1e2ine our roubles o ourselves* an1* in a &a!* o 1eal &i ( (em as no &ri er &(om I 'no& )an &i ( eKual 1is)ernmen 5G /: Cor a 2e& 1e)a1es a2 er (is 1ea ( Pa er enJo!e1 a some&(a mi+e1 re)e, ion in rela ion o (e -ui1an)e (e ,rovi1e1 2or livin- in a &orl1 in &(i)( F&e are all un1er sen en)e o2 1ea ( bu &i ( a sor o2 in1e2ini e re,rieve*G /? as &ell as 2or moni orin- (e sel2 (a (a1 F o burn al&a!s &i ( (is (ar1* -emli'e 2lameG 8/%>95 In)reasin- 1is an)e ma1e (is a)(ievemen s s(rin'* as ,in,oin e1 b! C(es er on* &(o s ill main aine1 &i ( some s!m,a (! (a FPa er ma! &ell s an1 2or a subs an ial summar! o2 (e aes (e es5G /> I &as e+a) l! su)( a Fsummar!G (a T5 S5 Elio bo ( )on es e1 an1 1o&n-ra1e1B T(e ri-( ,ra) i)e o2 Far 2or ar Hs sa'eG &as (e 1evo ion o2 Clauber or <enr! @amesI Pa er is no &i ( (ese men* bu ra (er &i ( Carl!le an1 Rus'in an1 Arnol1* i2 some 1is an)e belo& (em5 /arius is si-ni2i)an )(ie2l! as a remin1er (a (e reli-ion o2 Carl!le or (a o2 Rus'in or (a o2 Arnol1 or (a o2 Tenn!son or (a o2 Bro&nin-* is no enou-(5 I re,resen s* an1 Pa er re,resen s more ,osi ivel! (an Coleri1-e o2 &(om (e &ro e (e &or1s* F (a ine+(aus ible 1is)on en * lan-uor* an1 (omesi)'ness P (e )(or1s o2 &(i)( rin- (rou-( all our mo1ern li era ure5G /= OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO /% Deor-e Moore* Confessions of a Toun% /an 8Lon1onB <einemann* "$?/9* "%$5 /: @5 A5 <u on* Pil%rims in the Reli%ion of $aith 8E1inbur-(B Oli,(an * An1erson* an1 Cerrier* "$0>9* >>25 /? Wal er Pa er* The Renaissance# Studies in rt and Poetry 8Lon1onB Ma)millan* "$"$9* /%#5 /> D5 K5 C(es er on* The Cictorian %e in Literature 8Lon1onB O+2or1 Universi ! Press* "$>>9* /#5 /= T5 S5 Elio * Selected *ssays 8Lon1onB Caber an1 Caber* "$?"9* ::%5

3"#/ Pa erHs &ri in-s are no lon-er o be vie&e1 as a -os,el* an1 &(a use1 o be a -ui1in,(iloso,(! (as 2a1e1 in o (e &eariness o2 una ainable lon-in-s5 Su)( a 'alei1os)o,i)all! s(i2 in- re)e, ion ,oin s o (e 2a) (a Pa er &as ,rimaril! vie&e1 as a re,resen a ive ei (er o2 (e aes (e i)ism (e a1vo)a e1 or o2 (e se)ular reli-ion (e 2aile1 o a)(ieve5 T(is a,,roa)( o Pa er (as inevi abl! rele-a e1 (im o (e ,as * ma'in- (im a bes in o an e,i ome o2 )on)erns no lon-er relevan 5 Mean&(ile* (o&ever* (ese ver! assessmen s (ave (emselves be)ome (is ori)al* no leas as (e! (ave so e+)lusivel! 2o)use1 on &(a Pa er s oo1 2or5 Privile-in- (e i1ea o2 re,resen a ion is s!m, oma i) o2 (e 2a) (a (e re)e, ion o2 a ,as is 1omina e1 b! a 1esire o )lassi2!* bu su)( 1ominan)e s)reens o22 all (e 1e ails (a 1e2! in e-ra ion in o (e or-aniAin- ,a erns5 ConseKuen l!* (ese 1e ails are boun1 o emer-e a-ain &(en (e (oriAon o2 e+,e) a ion )(an-es5 We ma! no lon-er be in eres e1 in &(a Pa er re,resen e1 bu ra (er in &(a (e mi-( (ave an i)i,a e15 4i1 (e (ro& li-( on some (in- &e are ,reo))u,ie1 &i (* an1* i2 so* o &(a e+ en 1i1 (e a11ress issues (a are no& )urren M To&ar1 (e en1 o2 (is )areer* Pa er re2le) e1 bo ( on (e mo1es an1 on (e -eneri) 2ea ures o2 (e various !,es o2 1is)ourse (e (a1 ei (er ,ra) i)e1 or o,,ose15 In Plato and Platonism &e rea1B T(e ,oem* (e rea ise* (e essa!B !ou see alrea1! (a (ese (ree me (o1s o2 &ri in- are no mere li erar! a))i1en s* 1e,en1en on (e ,ersonal )(oi)e o2 (is or (a ,ar i)ular &ri er* bu ne)essi ies o2 li erar! 2orm* 1e ermine1 1ire) l! b! ma er* as )orres,on1in- o (ree essen iall! 1i22eren &a!s in &(i)( (e (uman min1 rela es i sel2 o ru (5 I2 ora)ular verse* s imulan bu eni-ma i)* is (e ,ro,er ve(i)le o2 en (usias i) in ui ionsI i2 (e rea ise* &i ( i s ambi ious arra! o2 ,remiss an1 )on)lusion* is (e na ural ou 3,u o2 s)(olas i) all3su22i)ien)!I so* (e 2orm o2 (e essa! SisT (e li erar! 2orm ne)essar! o a min1 2or &(i)( ru ( i sel2 is bu a ,ossibili !* realisable no as -eneral )on)lusion* bu ra (er as (e elusive e22e) o2 a ,ar i)ular ,ersonal e+,erien)eI o a min1 &(i)(* no in2ai (2ull! (ose ran1om li-( s (a mee i b! (e &a!* mus nee1s )on en i sel2 &i ( sus,ension o2 Ju1-men * a (e en1 o2 (e in elle) ual Journe!* o (e ver! las as'in-B Sue scaisM)eW /# OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO /# Wal er Pa er* Plato and Platonism# ?25

Series of Lectures 8Lon1onB Ma)millan* "$/09* "= 3"#%3

Su)( a re2le) ion (i-(li-( s an a&areness o2 (o& (e ver! mo1ali ! o2 1is)ourse ,re1e ermines (e &a! in &(i)( subJe) ma er is )a, ure15 I2 (e (uman min1Hs rela ion o ru ( is 1e,en1en on (e 2orm o2 1is)ourse )(osen* (en Pa er o,ene1 u, an issue (a (as be)ome ,rominen in our o&n 2in 1e sif)le* namel!* &(a a) uall! (a,,ens in in er,re a ion5 Pa er ,rovi1e1* almos in a nu s(ell* an ana om! o2 in er,re a ion* an1* even more im,or an * (e 2e1 (is insi-( s ba)' in o (is o&n &ri in-s* (us s,li in- (em u, in o a 1iversi ! o2 1i22eren l! o,era in- 1is)ourses5 <avin- ma1e in er,re a ion i sel2 in o an obJe) o2 s)ru in! an1 (avin- re oole1 (e me)(ani)s o2 1is)ourse -ives Pa er an un,re)e1en e1 ,resen)e one (un1re1 !ears a2 er (is 1ea (5 W(! (as in er,re a ion be)ome su)( an overri1in- )on)ern* an1 o &(a e+ en 1o (e !,es o2 Pa erian 1is)ourse e,i omiAe basi) s ru) ures o2 in er,re a ion o &(i)( &e (ave onl! no& be)ome aler M Ea)( in er,re a ion* &e (ave o remin1 ourselves* ransla es some (in- in o a 1i22eren re-is er5 Or* as Pa er ,(rase1 i B FWellU all lan-ua-e involves ransla ion 2rom in&ar1 o ou &ar15G /$ I2 (a is so* (en &e s(oul1 s(i2 our 2o)us a&a! 2rom un1erl!in- ,resu,,osi ions o (e s,a)e (a is o,ene1 u, &(en some (in- is ransla e1 in o some (in- else5 As ea)( a) o2 in er,re a ion )rea es su)( a s,a)e* i s in en &ill realiAe i sel2 in (e &a! in &(i)( (is s,a)e is ne-o ia e15 I2 in er,re a ion is ,rimaril! a 2orm o2 ransla ion* )learl! i is 1e,en1en on &(a is ransla e1* an1 Pa er &as

&ell a&are o2 (is &(en (e s a e1 (a Fme (o1s o2 &ri in- are P 1e ermine1 1ire) l! b! ma er5G %0 <o& Pa er ,ra) i)e1 in er,re a ion as mo1es o2 ransla abili ! is reveale1 b! (is 1i22eren Fme (o1s o2 &ri in-*G &(i)( in urn are mar'e1 o22 2rom one ano (er a))or1in- o (e &a! in &(i)( (a in3be &een s,a)e is )o,e1 &i (5 W(a ma'es (im e+em,lar! 2or )urren )on)erns is (is reJe) ion o2 a+ioms an1 1e2ini ions as s ar in- ,oin s o2 in er,re a ionI ins ea1* (e ,re2ers o measure (e 1is an)e )ause1 b! an! rans,osi ion o2 some (in- in o some (in- else an1 o in)or,ora e (a 1is an)e in o (is o&n 1is)ourse5 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO /$ Wal er Pa er* ppreciations, 'ith an *ssay on Style 8Lon1onB Ma)millan* "$/09* %:5 In (is boo' Plato and Platonism, Pa er alrea1! voi)e1 (is )ri i)ism a-ains a !,e o2 in er,re a ion (a lai1 )laim o a mono,ol! b! s a in-B FT(e rea ise as (e ins rumen o2 1o-ma i) ,(iloso,(! be-ins &i ( an a+iom or a 1e2ini ionG an1 is boun1 o en1 in Fa s!s em o2 ,ro,osi ionsG 8"##95 %0 Pa er* Plato and Platonism, "=?5 3"#:3 T(is is mos s ri'in-l! o be observe1 in one o2 (is las &or's* Plato and Platonism, &(i)( Pa er )onsi1ere1 (e bes o2 all (is &ri in-s5 %" T(e 2airl! s!s ema i) e+,osi ion o2 Pla oHs ,(iloso,(! an1 i s an e)e1en s is )as in a 2orm (a s ran-el! 1evia es 2rom an! ,(iloso,(i)al Fme (o1s o2 &ri in-*G su)( as (e rea ise* on &(i)( Pa er e+,ressl! re2le) e1 in (is ,resen a ion o2 Pla oHs ,(iloso,(!5 <e )onsi1ere1 (e ,(iloso,(i)al armor! o2 &ri inina1eKua e 2or (is un1er a'in-* no leas as in F (e (is or! o2 ,(iloso,(! (ere are no absolu e be-innin-s*G an1 &(a ever ma! be a'en 2or su)( a be-innin- ei (er sli1es ba)' in o F2ore (ou-( sG or urns ou o be no (in- bu an abs ra) )on)e, (a is i1en i2ie1 &i ( a su,,ose1 ori-in5 %/ I2 ori-ins are un,lumbable* all our umbrella )on)e, s su)( as For-anism an1 environmen * or ,ro o,lasm ,er(a,s* or evolu ion* or (e Deit%eist an1 i s 1oin-s* ma!* in (eir urn* )ome o seem Kui e as li2eless an1 unen1urableG 8"?:95 Wi ( no overri1in- 2rame o2 re2eren)e available* no a+ioms an1 1e2ini ions o be-in &i (* Pa erHs in er,re a ion o2 Pla o is )on2ron e1 &i ( (e 1is an)e be &een no& an1 (en* be &een 2ra-men ar!* m! (olo-i)al ,(iloso,(iAin- an1 s!s ema i) )on)e, ualiAa ion* an1 also be &een Pla oHs e+ s an1 (e o (er re-is er in o &(i)( Pa er in en1e1 o rans,ose (em5 Cor Pa er* moreover* (e s,a)e o,ene1 u, b! in er,re a ion be &een (e subJe) ma er an1 (e re-is er in o &(i)( i is ransla e1 )oul1 no lon-er be -losse1 over b! an! abs ra) no ions or ,resu,,osi ions* &(ose )laim o reali ! Pa er never es,ouse15 ConseKuen l!* (e s,a)e be &een ,rove1 o be inera1i)able* no leas as all ransla ions ,ro1u)e a resi1ual un ransla abili ! (a )an onl! be narro&e1 1o&n in (e a) o2 in er,re a ion5 Bein- a&are (a (e s,a)e o,ene1 u, b! in er,re a ion i sel2 )oul1 never be elimina e1* Pa er in)or,ora e1 (a s,a)e in o (is o&n 1is)ourse5 FPla o is o be e+,laine1* as &e sa!* or in er,re e1* ,ar l! (rou-( (is ,re1e)essors* an1 (is )on em,orariesI bu in ,ar also b! (is 2ollo&ers* b! (e li-( (is la er men al 'insmen (ro& ba)' on (e )ons)ious or un)ons)ious 1ri2 o2 (is ea)(in-G 8"$%95 T(us Pla o is vie&e1 2rom a mobile arra! o2 s an1,oin s* none o2 &(i)( is eKua e1 &i ( (is ,(iloso,(!* as ea)( o2 (em is 1i22eren 2rom &(a (e! are mean o 2o)us on5 Su)( mobili ! o2 s(i2 in- an-les ,oin s o (e 2a) (a (ere is no bir1Hs3e!e vie& 2or in er,re in- Pla o* &(o is )on)eive1 nei (er as a resul o2 a <e-elian OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO %" See A5 C5 Benson* Walter Pater, En-lis( Men o2 Le ers ?$ 8Lon1onB Ma)millan* "$0>9* ">/5 %/ Pa er* Plato and Platonism, ?5 3"#? evolu ion nor as a 2o)al ,oin 2or un2oreseeable (is ori)al 1issemina ions5 Ins ea1* Pa er ins)ribes in o (is o&n 1is)ourse (e mul i,le 1i22eren)es (a 1is in-uis( Pla o bo ( 2rom (ose o &(om (e rea) e1 an1 2rom (e ,ro)essin- o2 Pla oni) i1eas in (is or!5

Overar)(in- ,resu,,osi ions are re,la)e1 b! (e in1i)a ion o2 1i22eren)es* &(i)( are en2ol1e1 in o in er,re a ion i sel25 T(e various 1i22eren)es (i-(li-( e1 are in1ivi1ual mani2es a ions o2 (is en2ol1in-* in )onseKuen)e o2 &(i)( Pa erHs in er,re a ion o2 Pla o 1evelo,s as a 1is)ourse o2 man! la!ers5 A la!ere1 1is)ourse is no s ru) ure1 b! a -ui1in,rin)i,le* i ra (er Fin er2usesG 7 o use a 2avouri e &or1 o2 Pa erHs 7i s seemin-l! in1e,en1en s ran1s5 Su)( an in er2usion in urn is in no &a! 1e ermina eI i leaves (e su--es e1 in er,ene ra ion o2 (e various la!ers o,en3en1e15 Ri-( a (e be-innin- of Plato and Platonism, Pa er e,i omiAes su)( a ,ro)e1ure* &(i)( 2orms (e -ui1eline 2or (is e+,osi ion o2 Pla oHs ,(iloso,(!5 I is (ar1l! an e+a--era ion o sa! (a in Pla o* in s,i e o2 (is &on1er2ul savour o2 li erar! 2res(ness* (ere is no (in- absolu el! ne&B or ra (er* as in man! o (er ver! ori-inal ,ro1u) s o2 (uman -enius* (e seemin-l! ne& is also ol1* a ,alim,ses * a a,es r! o2 &(i)( (e a) ual (rea1s (ave serve1 be2ore5 P No (in- bu (e li2e3-ivin- ,rin)i,le o2 )o(esion is ne&I (e ne& ,ers,e) ive* (e resul an )om,le+ion* (e e+,ressiveness &(i)( 2amiliar (ou-( s a ain b! novel Ju+ a,osi ion5 In o (er &or1s* (e form is ne&5 Bu (en* in (e )rea ion o2 ,(iloso,(i)al li era ure P form, in (e 2ull si-ni2i)an)e o2 (a &or1* is ever! (in-* an1 (e mere ma er is no (in-5 8#9 T(e ,alim,ses (i-(li-( s (e la!ere1 s ru) ure in erms o2 1i22eren)e an1 in er,ene ra ion5 I also )rea es a 2ol1 in bo ( senses o2 (e 1i) ionar! en r!B Fla!in- o-e (er* so as o overla,G an1 F (e s,a)e or (ollo& a (e Jun) ion o2 &o 2ol1e1 ,ar s5G T(us (e 2ol1 bears a 1ual ins)ri, ionB i simul aneousl! mar's an overla,,in- an1 an em, ! s,a)e5 Pa er ma1e (is in(eren 1uali ! o,era ive in (is in er,re a ion o2 Pla o (rou-( a )on inuous in er2ol1in- o2 (e la!ers5 Su)( an in er2ol1in- is no )on2ine1 o a Ju+ a,osi ion o2 (is ori)al s ran1s as ini iall! in1i)a e15 Ins ea1* Pa er 1evelo,s ever3ne& varia ions o2 (e &a! in &(i)( (is mul ila!ere1 1is)ourse eles)o,es obviousl! 1is,ara e re2eren)es5 Pre3So)ra i) ,(iloso,(! is en2ol1e1 in o (e 1o) rine o2 Pla o inso2ar as Pla o rea) e1 o (e 1o) rines o2 mo ion* res * an1 number5 W(a (is ,re1e)essors (a1 (ou-( is ,resen as a la!er in Pla oHs o&n (in'in- an1 (us 3"#>3 )on1i ions (e &a! in &(i)( (e ou s ri,,e1 (em5 C(allen-e an1 res,onse ma'e u, Pa erHs 2ormula 2or )a, urin- su)( a rela ions(i,* &(i)( (ee1s no onl! (e 1i22eren)e be &een Pla o an1 (e Pre3So)ra i)s bu also (e s,a)e o,ene1 u, b! rans,osin- Pla o in o Pa erHs o&n erms o2 un1ers an1in-5 I2 Pla o is 1e,en1en on &(a (e res,on1s o* (en (e various Fin2luen)esG o &(i)( (e &as subJe) e1 Fma1e (im* in)urabl! 8s(all &e sa!M9 a 1ualis G 8:>95 T(us 1uali ! be)omes (e (allmar' o2 Pla o 2or Pa er* &(o 7in r!in- o -ras, &(a su)( a 1uali ! mi-( en ail 7e+,lores i s 'alei1os)o,i)all! s(i2 inmani2es a ions5 FT(e e ernal Bein-* o2 Parmeni1es* one an1 in1ivisible* (as been 1i22use1* 1ivi1e1* resolve1* re2ra) e1* 1i22eren ia e1* in o (e e ernal I1eas5 P I &as li'e a re)ru1es)en)e o2 ,ol! (eism in (a abs ra) &orl1I a re urn o2 (e man! -o1s o2 <omer* veile1 no& as abs ra) no ions* Love* Cear* Con2i1en)e* an1 (e li'e S (a T &oul1 ran' (e Pla oni) (eor! as bu a 2orm o2 &(a (e )alls QanimismRG 8">#2595 W(a use1 o be (e abs ra) no ion o2 Bein- is ransla e1 in o an arra! o2 1i22eren i1eas (a in urn 2a1e in o a reemer-in- animism* (us ransla in- (e on olo-i)al 1i22eren)e in o erms o2 ,er)e, ion an1 e+,erien)e5 Some (in- similar (a,,ens o F (e So)ra i) Quniversals*R (e no ions o2 @us i)e an1 (e li'eS* &(i)(T be)ome* 2irs * (in-s in (emselves7 (e real (in-sI an1 se)on1l!* ,ersons* o be 'no&n as ,ersons mus beG 8">>95 T(is -ra1ual sli1in- o2 lo2 ! universals in o )or,oreal s(a,es 1oes no 1o a&a! &i ( (e on olo-i)al 1i22eren)e bu rans,oses i (rou-( an imbri)a ion o2 (e invisible an1 (e visible in o an-ibili !5 In ea)( o2 (ese ins an)es* 1uali ! is main aine1* (ou-( (e em, ! s,a)e be &een abs ra) ions an1 reali ies as &ell as (a be &een )on)e, s an1 ,ersoni2i)a ions are 2as(ione1 in 1i22eren manners5 I is a -ra1ua e1 rans,osi ion in (e 2irs )ase an1 a ransmo-ri2i)a ion in (e se)on15

T(is ver! 1uali !* &(i)( mar's Pla oHs ,(iloso,(iAin- as 2ores(a1o&e1 in So)ra es* 2in1s i s )oun er,ar in (e 1u,li)i ! o2 (e So,(is s5 I2 So)ra es F&i ( all (is sin-leness o2 ,ur,ose* (a1 been P b! na ural )ons i u ion a &o2ol1 ,o&er* an embo1ie1 ,ara1o+G 8#=9* (e So,(is s Fare ,ar l! (e )auseG an1 Fs ill more (e e22e) o2 (e so)ial environmen G 8"0=9 in (e ,ursui o2 (eir (i-(l! ambivalen ,ur,oses5 To be (e e22e) o2 oneHs o&n )ause ma'es (e 1uali ! )(ias i)* an1 o su)( a mani2es a ion Pla o* (e 1ualis * &as o,,ose15 Cor Pa er* (o&ever* (is 1u,li)i ! serves as a 2oil 2or narro&in- 1o&n (e s(a1es o2 1uali ! (a (e believe1 )ons i u e1 Pla oHs (in'in-5 4uali ! versus 1u,li)i ! (i-(li-( s (e )oun ervailin- en1en)! o,era ive in Pla oHs 1ouble3si1e1ness* &(i)( is no o be )on2ine1 o a s,li * a 1ivi1e1ness* a -ra1ua e1 in erlin'in-* a s(a1in- o2 o,,osi es in o one ano (er* or a eles)o,in- o2 &(a is mu uall! e+)lusive5 3"#=3 Ins ea1* ea)( o2 (ese mani2es a ions es i2ies o (e 2a) (a Pla oni) 1uali ! 1e2ies )on)e, ualiAa ion5 No overri1in- no ion 2or (e mul i,le en2ol1in-s o2 Fan e)e1en an1 )on em,orar! movemen s o2 Dree' s,e)ula ionG 8""9 is ra)eable in Pla oni) 1is)ourse* &(i)( is 1o e1 &i ( Q(ollo&R s,a)es (a mar' (e Jun) ion o2 2ol1e1 ,ar s5 T(e 2ol1 is an in1i)a ion 2or Pa er (a Pla o (imsel2 1i1 no -loss over (e s,a)e (a se,ara e1 (im 2rom (is ,re1e)essors an1 )on em,oraries &(en7in rela in- o (em7(e &as 2ormula in- (is 1o) rine5 Pla o 7as Pa er )on en1s 7ins)ribe1 (is s,a)e in o (is o&n 1is)ourse* an1 onl! b! (i-(li-( in- (a ,ro)e1ure )an F (e ,ro,er aim o2 (e (is ori)* (a is o sa!* o2 (e reall! )ri i)al s u1! o2G Pla o be a)(ieve1 8""95 One mi-( be em, e1 o sa! (a Pa er oo' (e )ue 2or (is o&n 1is)ourse 2rom &(a (e believe1 o be (e s ru) ure o2 (e Pla oni) 1o) rine5 B! (ol1in- (e mirror o2 (is or! u, o Pla oni) ,(iloso,(!* (is in er,re a ion seems o 1u,li)a e (e ,resume1 ,reo))u,a ions o2 Pla o (imsel25 In (is &a! Pla o be)ame bo ( an an e)e1en an1 a )on em,orar! o2 &(a )ame a2 er (im* Jus as (e (imsel2 envelo,e1 (e Pre3So)ra i)s* So)ra es* an1 (e So,(is s5 T(e (is ori)al re2eren)es ,ermea in- Pa erHs 1is)ourse a-ain bear a 1ual ins)ri, ion b! simul aneousl! (i-(li-( in- an1 bri1-in- (e 1i22eren)es be &een Pla o an1 subseKuen (is ori)al even s5 En2ol1in- Pla o in &(a &as (is ori)all! be!on1 (is ,ale an1 eKuall! en2ol1in- subseKuen (is or! in o (e Pla oni) 1o) rine )onver (e s,a)e be &een in o a )on inuous os)illa ion o2 (e seemin-l! in)om,a ible5 T(is os)illa ion ,ro1u)es )(an-in- 2ea ures5 Some imes i assumes a ,a ern o2 2i-ure an1 -roun1 in or1er o o22se as,e) s o2 Pla o 2rom (ose o2 (is or! an1 vi)e versa5 Some imes i assumes a rela ion be &een (eme an1 (oriAon b! re2ra) in- Pla o in (e mirror o2 (is or!* in &(i)( )ase Pla o be)omes (e (eme5 Or i ,oin s u, (e e+ en o &(i)( Pla oni) i1eas (ave been 1is or e1* in &(i)( )ase (is or! be)omes (e (eme5 T(is s&i )(in- be &een (eme an1 (oriAon allo&s (e emer-en)e o2 (e reverse si1e* %% be i (rou-( a 2a)e o2 Pla oHs 1o) rine or (rou-( a rela e1 (is ori)al in)i1en 5 An1 (is reverse si1e )an be ei (er a 1is)losure o2 some (in- (a (as remaine1 (i11en or a rans2orma ion o2 (e 2amiliar &(en i is overs(a1o&e1 b! &(a (a1 ,reviousl! been e)li,se15 A -oo1 e+am,le o2 (o& ,(enomena be)ame in ensi2ie1 is Pa erHs Ju+ a,osi ion o2 (e Pla oni) an1 (e 4an eesKue sensibili ies o li-( an1 )olorB OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO %% FT(emeG an1 F(oriAonG as a ,air o2 erms re-ula in- (e )(an-e o2 2o)us &ere )oine1 an1 elabora e1 b! Al2re1 S)(N A* +as Problem der Relevan2, rans5 A5 von Bae!er 8Cran'2ur 6MainB Su(r'am,* "$="9* %025* "0:225 3"##3 A ma er o2 ver! livel! an1 ,resen able 2orm an1 )olour* as i2 ma'in- (e invisible s(o& (rou-(* (is oo ,lease1 (e e+ remel! visual 2an)! o2 Pla oI as &e ma! see* in man! ,la)es o2 (e Phaedo, (e Phaedrus* (e Timaeus, an1 mos )ons,i)uousl! in (e en ( boo' o2 The Republic, &(ere (e rela es (e vision o2 Er7&(a (e sa& o2 (e o (er &orl1 1urin- a 'in1 o2 em,orar! 1ea (5 <ell* Pur-a or!* Para1ise* are brie2l! 1e,i) e1 in i I Para1ise es,e)iall! &i ( a Kui e 4an esKue sensibili ! o )oloure1 li-( 7

,(!si)al li-( or s,iri ual* !ou )an (ar1l! ell &(i)(* so ,er2e) l! is (e in&ar1 sense blen &i ( i s visible )oun er3,ar * remin1in- one 2or)ibl! o2 (e +ivine Comedy, o2 &(i)( (ose )losin- ,a-es o2 The Republic su--es an earl! ou line5 %: T(is mu ual s,o li-( in- rans2i-ures (e Republic, Jus as i su22uses (e +ivine Comedy &i ( an A,ollonian luminosi !5 I2 (eme an1 (oriAon 2orm a 2airl! s able ,a ern* in s,i e o2 (e il in- (a o))urs be &een (em* eles)o,in- an1 overla,,in-7&(e (er o2 ,a-an an1 C(ris ian s ran1s or o2 Pla oni) an1 subseKuen ,(iloso,(iAin-7)ons i u e a less )on rolle1 os)illa ion o2 (e s,a)e be &een Pla o an1 (is or!5 T(e 1iminis(in- )on rol o2 &(a is o be e,i omiAe1 b! (e eles)o,in- an1 overla,,in- o2 in)i1en s (a are &orl1s a,ar * (o&ever* brin-s 2or ( ra)es o2 (e ine+,ressible an1 a (e same ime -ives voi)e o su)( ine+,ressibili !5 Tra)es o2 (is 'in1 (ave a 1e2ini e aes (e i) Kuali !* no leas as (e! en-a-e (e re)i,ien 5 Pla o (imsel2 a,,ears o (ave en1orse1 su)( a vie&* as 2or (im 8a))or1in- o Pa er9* (e i1eal ar is in)reases F(is ,o&er b! reserveG (a is F o e+,ress more (an (e seems a) uall! o sa!G 8/#"95 An1 (e im,li)a ion o2 su)( a FreserveG Pa er 2in1s e,i omiAe1 in Pin1arHs ar * &(i)( reveals F(o& mu)( (e leaves 2or a &ell31rille1 in elli-en)e o su,,l! in (e &a! o2 )onne) in- (ou-( G 8/#%95 On vir uall! (e las ,a-e o2 (is le) ure series* (e im,li)a ions un1erl!in- Pa erHs o&n in er,re a ion o2 Plato and Platonism )ome 2ull! in o (e o,en5 T(e mul i,le 2ol1s (a mar' (is 1is)ourse are 1uall! )o1e15 On (e one (an1* (e! es i2! o (e 2a) (a ea)( in er,re a ion o,ens u, a s,a)e be &een (e subJe) ma er an1 (e re-is er in o &(i)( (e subJe) ma er is ransla e15 On (e o (er* Pa er 2ol1s (is s,a)e ba)' in o (is o&n 1is)ourse* &(i)( (us be)omes one o2 mul i,le 2ol1s* (i-(li-( in- (e em, ! s,a)es be &een (e 2ol1e1 ,ar s ou o2 &(i)( Pla oHs 1o) rine arose an1 also be &een Pa erHs o&n en2ol1in-s o2 Pla o in o subseKuen (is or!5 Ea)( o2 (ese 2ol1s e+,resses more (an i sa!s* as (e Jun) ion o2 2ol1e1 ,ar s OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO %: Pa er* Plato and Platonism* >$ 3"#$3 invi es F)onne) in- (ou-( sG 2or (e (ollo& s,a)e o be 2ille15 In er,re a ion (ere2ore is no lon-er a )o-ni ive e+,lana ion bu a -ui1e1 )on)eivabili !5 T(is a))oun s 2or (e 2a) (a Pa er &as o,,ose1 o a+ioms an1 1e2ini ions* 2rom &(i)( (e rea ise as a 2orm o2 ,(iloso,(i)al in er,re a ion is boun1 o s ar ou 5 Ins ea1 o2 su,erim,osin- ,resu,,osi ions on (e ma er o be in er,re e17 (ereb! )oloniAin- (e s,a)e o,ene1 u, b! an! in er,re a ion as an a) o2 ransla ion7Pa er ne-o ia e1 (a s,a)e b! ins)ribin- i in erms o2 mul i,le 2ol1in-s in o (is o&n 1is)ourse5 Su)( a ,ro)e1ure allo&s (e re)i,ien o ,ar i)i,a e in &or'in- ou &(a is ransla e1 in an! in er,re a ion5 T(e 2ol1* &e mi-( sa!* is a )oun er)on)e, o all (e overar)(in2rames o2 re2eren)e o (er&ise so 2reKuen l! o,era ive in in er,re a ion5 I 2ur (er in1i)a es (a an! (ir1 1imension in in er,re a ion )an onl! ,re1e ermine &(a in a) ual 2a) (as o be e+,lore1 in (e 2irs ins an)e5 An1* 2inall!* i brin-s ou in o (e o,en (e resi1ual un ransla abili ! ,ro1u)e1 b! (e ver! a) o2 in er,re a ion5 T(is resi1ual un ransla abili !* (o&ever* ener-iAes (e 1rive o over)ome &(a resis s rans,osi ion in o a 1i22eren re-is er* as reveale1 b! (e varie-a e1 s(a,es assume1 b! (e 2ol1s in Pa erian 1is)ourse5 T(e e+ en o &(i)( Pa er &as a&are o2 (is in errela ions(i, )an be -au-e1 2rom (is 1e2ini ion o2 (is ,osi ion as an in er,re er &(en (e s a es (a (is Fo&n s an1 as o (is ma er SisT some&(ere be &een (e realis an1 (e )on)e, ualis G 8"?"95 T(e (allmar' o2 Pa erHs 1is)ourse is (e 2a) (a (e inera1i)able s,a)e )ause1 b! an! in er,re a ion is 2ol1e1 ba)' in o (e 1is)ourse i sel25 In Plato and Platonism Pa er also re2le) s on a 2orm o2 &ri in- (a &as mos )on-enial o (imB (e essa!5 <e )onsi1ers i F (e li erar! 2orm ne)essar! o a min1 2or &(i)( ru ( i sel2 is bu a ,ossibili !G 8"=?9* be)ause (e essa! F1oes in ru ( li le more (an )lear (e -roun1* as &e sa!* or (e a mos,(ere* or (e men al able * (a one ma! (ave a 2air )(an)e o2 'no&in-* or seein-* ,er(a,sG 8"##95 W(a (a ma! en ail is bes 1is)erne1 in (e boo' (rou-( &(i)( Pa er es ablis(e1 (is 2ameB The Renaissance5 As a )olle) ion o2 essa!s* i -ains i s )o(eren)e (rou-( (e s ru) ure (a ea)( o2 (e in1ivi1ual essa!s varies in i s o&n &a!5 I2 Plato and Platonism un2ol1s (e 1o) rine o2 Pla o in erms o2 mul i,le en2ol1in-s* The Renaissance (i-(li-( s (e in erval* &(i)( as a ,ause mar's a

ransi ion5 T(e in erval is i1en i)al nei (er &i ( &(a (as -one be2ore nor &i ( &(a is o 2ollo&5 Al (ou-( i se,ara es a ,as 2rom a 2u ure* i 1oes no ma'e (e ,as vanis( or (e 2u ure be)ome ,resen 5 Ar i)ula in- (e in erval means -ivin- voi)e o &(a is basi)all! silen an1 -ivin- 2orm o &(a is basi)all! 2ea ureless5 Su)( an ar i)ula ion is Pa erHs a)(ievemen in (is loosel! )onne) e1 series o2 essa!s 1e,i) in- a (is ori)al s(i2 5 3"$03 Ri-( a (e be-innin-* Pa er reJe) s all abs ra) 1e2ini ions as s ar in- ,oin s 2or su)( an un1er a'in-* be)ause (ere )an be no Funiversal 2ormulaGI %? ins ea1* (e main ains (a su)( an e+,lora ion reKuires 2or (e mos ,ar F1i22eren s ar in-3,oin sG an1 (as o ,ro)ee1 Fb! un)onne) e1 roa1sG 8+iii9* 2or &(i)(* &e ma! no e* (e essa! ,roves o be (e a,,ro,ria e 2orm5 T(e essa!7as <u-o Crie1ri)( on)e 1es)ribe1 i * e+,li)i l! re2errin- o Pa er 7 Fis (e me1ium 2or a mo1e o2 &ri in- (a see's o be no a resul bu a ,ro)ess5 P I 1es)ribes* narra es* ar i)ula es* an1 (us es i2ies o i s )a,abili ! o2 ,oin in- o&ar1s ru ( more a1eKua el! an1 less im,osin-l! (an an! 1is)ursive anal!sis is able o a)(ieve5G
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W(a runs li'e a (rea1 (rou-( all (ese essa!s on (e Renaissan)e is a sense o2 Fan inomianismG %= &(i)( 1oes no )all ou 2or an! 1e)isions bu e+er)ises a ,e)uliar a ra) ion5 FT(eories*G Pa er main ains in (is 2irs essa!* F&(i)( brin- in o )onne+ion &i ( ea)( o (er mo1es o2 (ou-( an1 2eelin-* ,erio1s o2 as e* 2orms o2 ar an1 ,oe r!* &(i)( (e narro&ness o2 menHs min1s )ons an l! en1s o o,,ose o ea)( o (er* (ave a -rea s imulus 2or (e in elle) * an1 are almos al&a!s &or ( un1ers an1in-G 8%95 To )a, ure su)( a si ua ion in &ri in- reKuires an o,en3en1e1 2orm* all T(e ombs in (e sa)ris ! o2 San Loren2o are memorials P o2 Diuliano* an1 LorenAo (e !oun-er* no i)eable )(ie2l! 2or (eir some&(a earl! 1ea (5 I is mere (uman na ure (ere2ore &(i)( (as ,rom, e1 (e sen imen (ere5 T(e i les assi-ne1 ra1i ionall! o (e 2our s!mboli) 2i-ures* 9i%ht an1 +ay, The T'ili%ht an1 The +a'n, are 2ar oo 1e2ini e 2or (emI 2or (ese 2i-ures )ome mu)( nearer o (e min1 an1 s,iri o2 (eir au (or* an1 are a more 1ire) e+,ression o2 (is (ou-( s* (an an! merel! s!mboli)al )on)e, ions )oul1 ,ossibl! (ave been5 T(e! )on)en ra e an1 e+,ress* less b! &a! o2 1e2ini e )on)e, ions (an b! (e ou)(es* (e ,rom, in-s o2 a ,ie)e o2 musi)* all (ose va-ue 2an)ies* mis-ivin-s* ,resen imen s* &(i)( s(i2 an1 mi+ an1 are 1e2ine1 an1 2a1e a-ain* &(enever (e (ou-( s r! o 2i+ (emselves &i ( sin)eri ! on (e )on1i ions an1 surroun1in-s o2 (e 1isembo1ie1 s,iri 5 I su,,ose no one &oul1 )ome o (e sa)ris ! o2 San LorenAo 2or )onsola ionI 2or seriousness* 2or solemni !* 2or 1i-ni ! o2 im,ression* ,er(a,s* bu no 2or )onsola ion5 I is a ,la)e nei (er o2 )onsolin- nor o2 errible (ou-( s* bu o2 va-ue an1 &is 2ul s,e)ula ion5 %$ All (e basi) )ons i uen s o2 (e Pa erian essa! are 1is)ernible (ereB (e ,olari iesI (e s,a)e be &een &(i)( (e! a1umbra eI (e in ensi2ie1 in er2usions (e! seem o ri--er5 T(e F ou)(esG an1 (e F,rom, in-s*G (e Fmis-ivin-sG an1 (e F,resen imen sG s(i2 * mi+* 2a1e* an1 2inall! eva,ora e in o F&is 2ul s,e)ula ions*G so (a * in s,i e o2 (e mul i2arious in er,ene ra ions o2 o,,osi es* no resolu ion emer-es5 T(e s,a)e be &een is (us i sel2 (i-(li-( e1* an1 ins ea1 o2 vanis(in- in o a 1e2ini e )ombina ion o2 (e o,,osi es* i ma'es all (e overla,,in-s an1 eles)o,in-s run ou o2 )on rol* ,lun-in- even F errible (ou-( sG in o va-ueness5 A similar ,ro)e1ure is o be observe1 in Pa erHs essa! FLeonar1o 1a Vin)i5G A,ar 2rom (e ,ur,le ,a )( on Mona Lisa* :0 Pa er minu el! 1elinea es &(a (a,,ens &(en F&omanl! beau !G is rans,ose1 in o ,ain in-B 4au-( ers o2 <ero1ias* &i ( (eir 2an as i) (ea131resses 'no e1 an1 2ol1e1 so s ran-el! o leave (e 1ain ! oval o2 (e 2a)e 1isen-a-e1* (e! are no o2 (e C(ris ian 2amil!* or o2 Ra,(aelHs5 T(e! are (e )lairvo!an s* OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO %$ Pa er* The Renaissance, $:25 :0 I rie1 o anal!Ae Pa erHs vision o2 Mona Lisa in m! boo' Walter Pater# The

esthetic

/oment, rans5 4avi1 <5 Wilson 8Cambri1-eB Cambri1-e Universi ! Press* "$#=9* :%L:>5 3"$%3 o&in- (e ,o en ial re)i,ien o ,rovi1e (e )losure ne)essar! 2or un1ers an1in-5 T(e essa! 2ul2ills (ese )on1i ions* no leas be)ause b! sus,en1in- Ju1-men * i reKuires (e re)i,ien o )oo,era e in arrivin- a an insi-( in o &(a (a,,ens &(en o,,osi es mee 5 T(e Fun)er ain &ili-( G 8>9 o2 (e so3)alle1 renaissan)e o2 (e &el2 ( )en ur! arouses a F)urious in eres o2 (e +oppel%0n%er. 8$9* as evin)e1 in (e s or! o2 Amis an1 Amile* an1 mani2es s i sel2 a-ain in (e Fmi+ ure o2 sim,li)i ! an1 re2inemen G 8"#9 in (e s or! o2 Au)assin an1 Ni)ole e* in &(i)( F (e no e o2 1e2ian)e* o2 (e o,,osi ion o2 one s!s em o ano (er* is some imes (ars(G 8/=95 In (e 2i2 een ( )en ur! &e en)oun er Pi)o 1ella Miran1ola* &(o Ju--les &i ( F (e 1ouble meanin-s o2 &or1sG &(en r!in- o e+,lain (e rela ion be &een Pla o an1 Moses 8:?95 W(a F4an e s)orns as un&or (! ali'e o2 (eaven an1 (ell* Bo i)elli a))e, s* (a mi11le &orl1 in &(i)( men a'e no si1e in -rea )on2li) s* an1 1e)i1e no -rea )auses* an1 ma'e -rea re2usalsG 8??9* an1 Pa er )on inues in (e same veinB Bo i)elli F,ain s (e s or! o2 (e -o11ess o2 ,leasure in o (er e,iso1es besi1es (a o2 (er bir ( 2rom (e sea* bu never &i (ou some OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO %? Pa er* The Renaissance* vii5 %> <u-o Crie1ri)(* /ontai%ne 8BerneB Cran'e* "$:$9* :%0I see also ::%5 %= Pa er* The Renaissance, /:5 3"$"3 s(a1o& o2 1ea ( in (e -re! 2les( an1 &an 2lo&ers5 <e ,ain s Ma1onnas* bu (e! s(rin' 2rom (e ,ressure o2 (e 1ivine )(il1* an1 ,lea1 in unmis a'able un1er ones 2or a &armer* lo&er (umani !G 8>095 One )oul1 )on inue o 2an ou (e mul i,li)i ! o2 o,,osin- en1en)ies* )las(es* mu ual 1is,la)emen s* in er2usions o2 e+ remes on &(i)( almos all (e essa!s in (is volume ,ivo &i (ou ne)essaril! 2ine3 unin- &(a ever else (a a-e o2 ransi ion mi-( s ill reveal5 W(a (e remar's on Bo i)elli in1i)a e* (o&ever* is a no i)eable s(i2 in ,ers,e) ive a&a! 2rom (e mul i2arious mani2es a ions o2 (a all3,erva1in- Fan inomianismG o&ar1 (e Fmi11le &orl1*G as Pa er erme1 i * (a is be &een (e o,,osi es5 Su)( an in3be &eenness ma! some imes mar' a ,oin o2 in erse) ion* some imes an in erval in ime* an1 -ains i s subs an)e onl! (rou-( a mee in- o2 o,,osi es5 I is no& ,ossible o ,in,oin (e )ons i u ive 2ea ures o2 (e essa! as a 1is)ursive ,ra) i)e b! means o2 &(i)( Pa er ries o )a, ure (is a-e o2 ransi ion5 T(e )om,onen ,ar s o2 (e essa! are ma1e u, o2 )oun ervailin- ren1s* &(i)( )ause a blan' &(enever (e! )olli1e5 T(is blan' is as im,or an o (e essa! as (e o,,osin- en1en)ies b! &(i)( i is )ause15 FO,,osin-*G (o&ever* 1oes no mean (a binarism is (e basi) )ons i uen * be)ause (e essa! is a 2orm o2 1is)ourse in &(i)( Fman! ,ersons* so o s,ea'* &ill ne)essaril! a'e ,ar I so man! ,ersons as (ere are ,ossible )on ras s or s(a1es in (e a,,re(ension o2 some )om,le+ subJe) 5G %# ConseKuen l!* (e blan's &ill in)rease ,ro,or iona el! o (e )on2li) in- en1en)ies (a (e essa! is mean o a))ommo1a e5 In er,re in- an a-e o2 ransi ion7as un1er a'en in The Renaissance7 im,lies ransla insome (in- in an-ible in o erms o2 a,,re(ension5 Cor su)( a rans,osi ion (e Pa erian essa! is a sui able 2orm* as i in)or,ora es in o i sel2 no onl! (e in an-ible elemen o2 ransi ion bu also (e s,a)e o,ene1 u, b! in er,re in- an a-e o2 ransi ion in erms o2 i s )ons i u ive blan'5 Su)( a blan' (as man! s(a1esB i )orres,on1s o (e subJe) ma er o be 1e,i) e1I i re ains (e inera1i)able s,a)e be &een (e subJe) ma er an1 (e re-is er in o &(i)( i is o be ransla e1I an1 as (e ,oin &(ere &(a a,,ears o be mu uall! e+)lusive in erse) s* i invi es an1 allo&s 2or un2oreseeable )ombina ions5 T(is )an bes be illus ra e1 b! a ,assa-e 2rom Pa erHs essa! FT(e Poe r! o2 Mi)(elan-elo*G in &(i)( (e ries o )a, ure Mi)(elan-eloHs a)(ievemen in (e sa)ris ! o2 San LorenAo5

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO %# Pa er* Plato and Platonism, 3"$/ T(e ombs in (e sa)ris ! o2 San Loren2o are memorials P o2 Diuliano* an1 LorenAo (e !oun-er* no i)eable )(ie2l! 2or (eir some&(a earl! 1ea (5 I is mere (uman na ure (ere2ore &(i)( (as ,rom, e1 (e sen imen (ere5 T(e i les assi-ne1 ra1i ionall! o (e 2our s!mboli) 2i-ures* 9i%ht an1 +ay, The T'ili%ht an1 The +a'n, are 2ar oo 1e2ini e 2or (emI 2or (ese 2i-ures )ome mu)( nearer o (e min1 an1 s,iri o2 (eir au (or* an1 are a more 1ire) e+,ression o2 (is (ou-( s* (an an! merel! s!mboli)al )on)e, ions )oul1 ,ossibl! (ave been5 T(e! )on)en ra e an1 e+,ress* less b! &a! o2 1e2ini e )on)e, ions (an b! (e ou)(es* (e ,rom, in-s o2 a ,ie)e o2 musi)* all (ose va-ue 2an)ies* mis-ivin-s* ,resen imen s* &(i)( s(i2 an1 mi+ an1 are 1e2ine1 an1 2a1e a-ain* &(enever (e (ou-( s r! o 2i+ (emselves &i ( sin)eri ! on (e )on1i ions an1 surroun1in-s o2 (e 1isembo1ie1 s,iri 5 I su,,ose no one &oul1 )ome o (e sa)ris ! o2 San LorenAo 2or )onsola ionI 2or seriousness* 2or solemni !* 2or 1i-ni ! o2 im,ression* ,er(a,s* bu no 2or )onsola ion5 I is a ,la)e nei (er o2 )onsolin- nor o2 errible (ou-( s* bu o2 va-ue an1 &is 2ul s,e)ula ion5 %$ All (e basi) )ons i uen s o2 (e Pa erian essa! are 1is)ernible (ereB (e ,olari iesI (e s,a)e be &een &(i)( (e! a1umbra eI (e in ensi2ie1 in er2usions (e! seem o ri--er5 T(e F ou)(esG an1 (e F,rom, in-s*G (e Fmis-ivin-sG an1 (e F,resen imen sG s(i2 * mi+* 2a1e* an1 2inall! eva,ora e in o F&is 2ul s,e)ula ions*G so (a * in s,i e o2 (e mul i2arious in er,ene ra ions o2 o,,osi es* no resolu ion emer-es5 T(e s,a)e be &een is (us i sel2 (i-(li-( e1* an1 ins ea1 o2 vanis(in- in o a 1e2ini e )ombina ion o2 (e o,,osi es* i ma'es all (e overla,,in-s an1 eles)o,in-s run ou o2 )on rol* ,lun-in- even F errible (ou-( sG in o va-ueness5 A similar ,ro)e1ure is o be observe1 in Pa erHs essa! FLeonar1o 1a Vin)i5G A,ar 2rom (e ,ur,le ,a )( on Mona Lisa* :0 Pa er minu el! 1elinea es &(a (a,,ens &(en F&omanl! beau !G is rans,ose1 in o ,ain in-B 4au-( ers o2 <ero1ias* &i ( (eir 2an as i) (ea131resses 'no e1 an1 2ol1e1 so s ran-el! o leave (e 1ain ! oval o2 (e 2a)e 1isen-a-e1* (e! are no o2 (e C(ris ian 2amil!* or o2 Ra,(aelHs5 T(e! are (e )lairvo!an s* OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO %$ Pa er* The Renaissance, $:25 :0 I rie1 o anal!Ae Pa erHs vision o2 Mona Lisa in m! boo' Walter Pater# The esthetic /oment, rans5 4avi1 <5 Wilson 8Cambri1-eB Cambri1-e Universi ! Press* "$#=9* :%L:>5 3"$%3 (rou-( &(om* as (rou-( 1eli)a e ins rumen s* one be)omes a&are o2 (e sub ler 2or)es o2 na ure* an1 (e mo1es o2 (eir a) ion* all (a is ma-ne i) in i * all (ose 2iner )on1i ions &(erein ma erial (in-s rise o (a sub le ! o2 o,era ion &(i)( )ons i u es (em s,iri ual* &(ere onl! (e 2inal nerve an1 (e 'eener ou)( )an 2ollo&5 I is as i2 in )er ain si-ni2i)an e+am,les &e a) uall! sa& (ose 2or)es a (eir &or' on (uman 2les(5 Nervous* ele) ri)* 2ain al&a!s &i ( some ine+,li)able 2ain ness* (ese ,eo,le seem o be subJe) o e+)e, ional )on1i ions* o 2eel ,o&ers a &or' in (e )ommon air un2el b! o (ers* o be)ome* as i &ere* (e re)e, a)le o2 (em* an1 ,ass (em on o us in a )(ain o2 se)re in2luen)es5 :" W(a F&omanl! beau !G re,resen s is no (e (rus o2 (e 1es)ri, ion (ere bu &(a (e be(ol1er o2 (e ,ain in- is -iven o e+,erien)e5 Su)( an e+,erien)e* (o&ever* )an (ar1l! be ,ro)esse1* as (e man! )oun ervailin- im,ressions a,,ear o )las( an1 be-in o rans2orm one ano (er* so (a all emer-in- ,oin s o2 re2eren)e 'ee, vanis(in-5 We are )on2ron e1 b! a &(irl,ool o2 'ine i) ener-!I ,er)e, ion is eKuall! 1is,erse1 an1 enri)(e1 &i (ou 2in1in- (e su--es e1 -ui1an)e5 T(is ma'es Pa erHs 1es)ri, ion in o a sub le 2orm

o2 ransla ion as (e see's o )onve! in )o-ni ive erms (o& Leonar1o rans,ose1 F&omanl! beau !G in o an ar is i) me1ium an1 (o& (a rans,osi ion in urn is ransla e1 in o erms o2 e+,erien)e 2or (e be(ol1er5 T(is e22or is ,ermea e1 b! an a&areness (a (e s,a)e be &een (e subJe) ma er an1 i s ren1erin- )anno be &i,e1 ou bu (as o be ins)ribe1 in o (e ver! lan-ua-e (a e22e) s (e ransla ion5 T(us Pa erHs 1es)ri, ion is ,un) ure1 b! 1is)onne) ions or even blan's (a no onl! s,ur (e be(ol1er in o a) ion bu also mani2es (e s,a)e (a is o,ene1 u, in an! a) o2 in er,re a ion5 Su)( a s,a)e 1ra&s bo ( i s in2orma ion an1 i s ener-! 2rom (e ,olari ies (a ini iall! (ave mar'e1 i ou 5 T(e in2orma ion* (o&ever* seems o be sele) e1 an1 even ,ro)esse1 a))or1in- no o &(a (e ,olari ies re,resen bu o an ine+,li)able 1rive (a &ells u, in (e s,a)e i sel25 T(is a))oun s 2or (e elemen o2 un)on rollabili ! o be observe1 in (e 'alei1os)o,i)all! s(i2 in- in er,ene ra ions* a ,ro)ess (a Pa er ries o -ras, &i (ou ever brin-in- i o a s an1s ill5 An1 Pa er is ri-( o re2rain 2rom 1oin- so* as o (er&ise (e s,a)e &oul1 be )oloniAe1 b! (e ,resu,,osi ions brou-( o bear5 Main ainin- (e s,a)e )rea e1 b! ,olari ies ma'es (e essa! i sel2 in o a ,ro)ess in &(i)( Ju1-men is sus,en1e1* in &(i)( -ui1elines OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO :" Pa er* The Renaissance, 3"$: ,rovi1e no 1e2ini e orien a ion* an1 in &(i)( (e on-oin- in er,la! o2 &(a is 1i22eren allo&s )on inuous ne& e+,lora ions5 FI is (e mis a'e*G Pa er (ere2ore )on en1s* Fo2 mu)( ,o,ular )ri i)ism o re-ar1 ,oe r!* musi)* an1 ,ain in- P as bu ransla ions in o 1i22eren lan-ua-es P as ar a11resses no ,ure sense* s ill less (e ,ure in elle) * bu (e Qima-ina ive reasonRG an1 (as Fi s o&n ,e)uliar an1 un ransla able sensuous )(armG 8"%095 T(e essa! un)overs some (in- o2 (a un ransla abili !* no leas as i remains a )o-ni ive a em, o rans,ose (e Fsensuous )(armG o2 ar in o 2orms o2 a,,re(ension5 T(ere2ore (e s,a)e be &een (e ar &or' an1 i s un1ers an1in- )rea e1 b! an! in er,re a ion )on ains a resi1ual un ransla abili ! (a * (o&ever* ,o&ers (e 1rive o over)ome i * &i (ou ever bein- able o 1o so5 Su)( a s,a)e7&(i)( )an be Kuali2ie1 in erms nei (er o2 subJe) ma er o be in er,re e1 nor o2 (e re-is er in o &(i)( (e subJe) ma er is o be ransla e17 urns ou o be au o,oie i) in na ure5 T(e s,a)e is au o,oie i) be)ause i ,ro1u)es i s o&n s(i2 in- 2orms o2 or-aniAa ion* as evin)e1 b! (e Kuo a ion 2rom (e Mi)(elan-elo essa!5 O&in- o (is sel23or-aniAa ion* (e s,a)e ma! e+,lo1e in o un2oreseeable i era ions o2 (e 2ea ures (a (ave a1umbra e1 i an1 &(ose res,e) ive )oun er,osi ion i (as absorbe15 T(e e+ en o &(i)( Pa er (as ma1e (e au o,oie i) s,a)e )ons i u ive 2or (is o&n mo1e o2 &ri in- )an be in2erre1 2rom (e &a! (e 2o)uses on su)( sel23or-aniAin- s,a)es in (e ar &or's un1er )onsi1era ion5 Cor (im (ese &or's are mo1els (a (e ries o emula e5 Dior-ione ,ro1u)e1 Fe+Kuisi e ,auses in ime* in &(i)(* arres e1 (us* &e seem o be s,e) a ors o2 all (e 2ullness o2 e+is en)eG 8"?095 :/ In ano (er ,ain in- o2 (e OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO :/ In (e in ro1u) or! se) ion o2 (is essa! FT(e S)(ool o2 Dior-ione*G Pa er em,(asiAes (a (e F,i) orial Kuali !G o2 ,ain in- resi1es nei (er in (e Fmere e)(ni)al a)Kuiremen in 1elinea ion or ou)(* &or'in- (rou-( an1 a11ressin- i sel2 o (e in elli-en)eG nor in F&(a ma! be )alle1 li erar! in eres * a11resse1 also o (e ,ure in elli-en)eG bu in F (a P &(i)( lies be &eenG 8"%"2595 T(is is a 2ur (er Kuali2i)a ion o2 &(a (e Fe+Kuisi e ,auses in imeG en ail5 T(e! are no Jus -a,s bu are au o,oie i) b! na ure* brin-inabou on (eir o&n ra (er im,ene rable erms an in er2usion o2 &(a is se,ara e5 Li'e&ise (e F,i) orial Kuali !G o2 ,ain in- )anno be )a, ure1 in ei (er 2ormalis i) or )o-ni ive erms bu emer-es as some (in- (a si s in be &een an1 )an (us onl! mani2es i sel2 in a )on inual 1is,ersal o2 ,er)e, ual an1 )on)e, ual 1es)ri, ion* as Pa er (as so su))ess2ull! ,ra) i)e1 in (is essa!s5 W(a ma'es (e F,i) orial Kuali !G elu1e )o-ni ive -ras, is i s aes (e i) na ure* &(i)( )an a bes be 1e2ine1 as in3be &eenness5 T(is aes (e i) na ure is li'e&ise ,re,on1eran in (e Fe+Kuisi e ,auses in imeG as evi1en)e1 b! (e sel2or-aniAa ion (a (e au o,oie i) in ervals -enera e5 3"$?3

s)(ool o2 Dior-ione (ese Fe+Kuisi e ,auses in imeG urn in o an Fair! s,a)e* as (e e!e ,asses 2rom level o level* (rou-( (e lon-31ra&n valle! in &(i)( @a)ob embra)es Ra)(el amon- (e 2lo)'sUG 8"?%95 Su)( s,a)es or in ervals -enera e a 2ullness o2 vision* an1 (e! are au o,oie i) inso2ar as (e! !iel1 some (in- (a ma! &ell -o be!on1 F (e in en ion o2 (e )om,oserG 8"%%95 Simul aneousl!* (e sel23or-aniAin- o,era ions o2 (e au o,oie i) s,a)e -ui1e (e -aAe o2 (e be(ol1er an1 (ereb! ma'e (im or (er ,ar i)i,a e in &or'inou &(a ever ma! be su--es e1 b! (a un)on rollable ,ro)ess5 T(e au o,oie i) s,a)e is no em, ! be)ause i 2ee1s on (e ,osi ions (a (ave )arve1 i ou * al (ou-( none o2 (ese )an e+er)ise )on rol over (e &a! (e sele) e1 2ea ures are reor-aniAe1 (rou-( s(i2 in- )ombina ions5 I is in eres in- o no e (e e+ en o &(i)( Pa erHs 'een a&areness o2 (e s,a)e o,ene1 u, b! an! a) o2 in er,re a ion also ,erva1es (is 2i) ional &ri in-s* o2 &(i)( (aston de Latour is a revealin- e+am,le5 T(e main 2o)us o2 (is novel* &(i)( &as never )om,le e1* is i1en i)al o Pa erHs basi) )on)ern* as C5 L5 S(a1&ell remar's in (is ,re2a)e o (e 2ra-men e1i e1 un1er (is su,ervision5 I 1eals &i ( Fano (er a-e o2 ransi ion* &(en (e ol1 2abri) o2 belie2 &as brea'in- u,* an1 &(en (e ,roblem o2 manHs 1es in! an1 (is rela ions o (e unseen &as un1er-oin- a ne& solu ion5G T(is solu ion* (o&ever* &as ,re)arious 2or someone li'e Das on* &(o &as F)a,able o2 'een enJo!men in (e ,leasures o2 (e senses an1 o2 (e in elle) * bu 1es ine1 o 2in1 i s )om,le e sa is2a) ion in (a &(i)( rans)en1s bo (5G :% Bein- 2o)use1 on (e FunseenG an1 simul aneousl! rans)en1in- F (e ,leasures o2 (e senses an1 o2 (e in elle) G ma'es Das on (an- be &een &(a (e (as aban1one1 an1 &(a (e is s rivin- 2or5 T(e novel is (ere2ore 1o e1 &i ( o,,osi es an1 1uali ies* ran-in2rom Das onHs (ome* &(i)( is a C(i eau o2 4eu+3manoirs* (rou-( F (e &in s,ires o2 C(ar res*G :: un1er &(ose s(a1o& Das on be)omes a )ler' in or1ers* &(ere F(uman e+,erien)e P in i s s ran-e mi+ ure o2 beau ! an1 evilG 8%#9 1a&ns on (im* (rou-( (e F &o rival )laiman s u,on (im* o2 &o i1ealsG 8="9 (a (e 2eels in (is en)oun er &i ( Ronsar1* o (e 2inal amaAemen (e e+,erien)es vis3W3vis BrunoHs F2amous a+iom o2 Qin1i22eren)e*R o2 Q (e )oin)i1en)e o2 )on rariesRG 8":%95 W(a ever move in li2e (e ma'es* OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO :% C(arles L5 S(a1&ell* ,re2a)e o Wal er Pa er* (aston de Latour, e15 C(arles L5 S(a1&ell 8Lon1onB Ma)millan* "$/09* vi5 :: Wal er Pa er* (aston de Latour, e15 C(arles L5 S(a1&ell 8Lon1onB Ma)millan* "$/09* "$5 3"$>3 Das on 2in1s (imsel2 unavoi1abl! ,lun-e1 in o a s,a)e be &een 1uali ies5 T(is ma'es (im in o a ve(i)le 2or measurin- ou (a s,a)e* &(i)( Pa er in (is )ri i)al &ri in-s en2ol1e1 in o (is 1is)ourse5 One mi-( be in)line1 o assume (a Pa er s&i )(e1 o 2i) ion in or1er o e+,lore (e ,ossible &a!s 2or (is s,a)e o be over)ome5 T(e Kuan1ar! in &(i)( Das on 2in1s (imsel2 ma! be a ,oin er o su)( an in en ionB FT&o &orl1s* &o an a-onis i) i1eals* &ere in evi1en)e be2ore (im5 Coul1 a (ir1 )on1i ion su,ervene* o men1 (eir 1is)or1* or onl! ve+ (im ,er(a,s* 2rom ime o ime* &i ( e22or s o&ar1s an im,ossible a1Jus men MG 8%#2595 Obviousl!* (ere is no (ir1 1imension (a mi-( elimina e (is in3be &een s a e* &(i)( 2or Das on is im,ossible o en1ure5 Bu (o& )an (e unen1urable be en1ure1M T(ere are momen s in Das onHs li2e &(en (e seems o be able o rans)en1 (e 1uali ies be &een &(i)( (e 2eels (imsel2 so irrevo)abl! &e1-e15 W(en (e )limbs (e o&er o2 @ean 1e Beau)e* a vas ,anorama o,ens u, o (imB A ea)( as)en1in- s ore!* as (e 2li-( o2 (e bir1s* (e s)en o2 (e 2iel1s* s&e, ,as (im* ill (e s oo1 a las ami1 (e unim,e1e1 li-( an1 air o2 (e &a )(3)(amber above (e -rea bells* some )oil o2 ,er,le+i !* o2 unassimilable (ou-( or 2a) * 2ell a&a! 2rom (im5 <e sa& (e 1is an ,a (s* an1 seeme1 o (ear (e breeAe ,i,in- su11enl! u,on (em un1er (e )lou1less s'!* on i s unseen* )a,ri)ious &a! (rou-( (ose vas rea)(es o2 a mos,(ere5 A (is (ei-( * (e lo& rin- o2 blue (ills &as visible* &i ( su--es ions o2 (a sou (3&es )oun r! o2 ,ea)(3blossom an1 &ine

&(i)( (a1 some imes 1e)o!e1 (is (ou-( s o&ar1s (e sea* an1 be!on1 i o F (a ne& &orl1 o2 (e In1ies*G &(i)( &as (el1 o e+,lain a )er ain so2 ness in (e air 2rom (a Kuar er* even in (e mos ve(emen &ea (er5 Ami1 (ose va-ran s(a1o&s an1 s(a2 s o2 li-( mus be 4eu+3manoirs* (e 1eser e1 rooms* (e -ar1ens* (e -raves5 In mi131is an)e* even (en a 2uneral ,ro)ession &as on i s &a! (umbl! o one o2 (e villa-e )(ur)(!ar1s5 <e seeme1 almos o (ear (e &or1s a)ross (e s illness5 8:"259 I is as i2 Das on &ere li2 e1 ou o2 (e narro& )on2ines o2 (is li2e in C(ar res5 T(e (i-(er (e )limbs* (e 2reer (e 2eels* un il 2inall! (e F)oil o2 ,er,le+i !G 2alls a&a!* an1 (e irre)on)ilabili ! o2 (is environmen &i ( (is lon-in- 1isa,,ears as (e -aAes on (e ever3 e+,an1in- lan1s)a,e5 <ere is some (in- (a seems o embra)e all o,,osi es5 No even (e blue (ills on (e (oriAon )an )lose o22 (is vie& bu in1ee1* ,ara1o+i)all!* seem o o,en i &i1er s ill5 T(e &orl1 s re )(in- in 2ron o2 (im ,oin s o ano (er &orl1* 1is an an1 unseen* bu ima-inable5 3"$=3 Pa er em,lo!s a e)(niKue o2 Ju+ a,osi ion in 1e,i) in- Das onHs (ei-( ene1 e+,erien)e o2 (is lan1s)a,e5 T(e (oriAon is Das onHs eKua or* simul aneousl! en)losin- (e ,(!si)al )oun r! on (e near si1e an1 ,oin in- o (e visionar! be!on15 T(us &(a is limi e1 e+,an1s in o (e unboun1e1* &i ( (e In1ies* 4eu+3manoirs* an1 (e 2uneral ,ro)ession mer-in- in o a sin-le e+,erien)e5 Permea in- (is is (e ,romise (a 1ivisions an1 o,,osi es )an all be embra)e1 an1 re)on)ile15 Small &on1er (a Das on almos imme1ia el! as's (imsel2B FWoul1 i al&a!s survive* ami1 (e in1i22eren)e o2 o (ers* ami1 (e ver1i) s o2 (e &orl1* ami1 a (ousan1 1oub sMG 8:/95 T(e lan1s)a,e 2i-ures as an e,i,(an! o2 1uali ! over)ome* &(i)( assumes a numinous )(ara) er (eral1in- (e a1ven o2 some (in- e+ raor1inar!5 T(is en ails (e rans2i-ure1 lan1s)a,e urnin- in o a si-n 2or some (in- o (er (an i sel25 T(e resolu ion o2 1uali ies (a elimina es (e s,a)e be &een &(a is 1i22eren en1s o ,ro1u)e (a Hsu,ervenin(ir1 )on1i ionR 2or &(i)( Das on 'ee,s !earnin-5 T(e in er,ene ra ion* (o&ever* o2 &(a is 2ar an1 near* seen an1 unseeable* ,er)eive1 an1 ima-inable is (i-(l! vola ile an1 2alls a,ar a-ain &(en i 1oes no )(an-e in o a ,oin er o some (in- be!on1 i sel25 Pa er ma'es (is lon-e132or F)oin)i1en)e o2 )on rariesG in o a 2lee in- momen (a is re,ea e1 in Das onHs vision o2 ano (er lan1s)a,eB (e Loire valle! 8=#2595 T(e elimina e1 se,ara ions* 1ivisions* 1is an)es* an1 Ju+ a,osi ions o2 (ese momen s are ,ai1 2or b! (eir 1is)on inui !* in &(i)( (e sus,en1e1 in3be &een s a e reasser s i sel25 ConseKuen l!* Das onHs vision s ri'es (im as a Fs a-e3,la!G 8=$9* in1i)a in- (a &(a ever overar)(es 1uali ies (as no reali ! o2 i s o&n bu )an a bes onl! be ena) e15 I2 (e s,a)e be &een 1uali ies an1 Ju+ a,osi ions reveals i sel2 as a 1rive 2or ena) men * (en i s au o,oie i) im,ulse be)omes a,,aren 5 In (ema iAin- (e in er,ene ra ion o2 1uali ies in &o visionar! s)enes Pa er illumina es (e ever3e+,an1in- sel23or-aniAa ion o2 (e au o,oie i) s,a)e (a onl! (e ima-ina ion is able o s,ell ou 5 Pa er seems o be s rivin- 2or no (inless (an an i1ea o2 (o& o )on)eive (is s,a)e an1 (e mani2ol1 o,era ions i ri--ers5 Su)( an un1er a'in-* (o&ever* )oul1 onl! be e+e)u e1 in erms o2 2i) ion* be)ause )ri i)al 1is)ourse o,ens u, (e ver! s,a)e (a i )an never elimina e* le alone s(o& in all i s &or'in-s5 W(a remains remar'able 2or us o1a! is no onl! (e 2a) (a more (an one (un1re1 !ears a-o Pa er re2le) e1 on 1i22eren mo1ali ies o2 1is)ourse in rela ion o &(a (e! &ere able o -ras, bu also (a (e 1evelo,e1 !,es o2 1is)ourse (a an i)i,a e a la e3 &en ie (3)en ur! )on)ern &i ( (e ana om! o2 in er,re a ion5 Pa er s,o li-( e1 (e au o,oie i) s,a)e 3"$#3 as (e -enera ive ma ri+ o2 (e ar &or' an1 ma1e i in o a )ons i u ive 2ea ure o2 (e essa! in or1er o ransla e (e emer-en ,o en iali ies o2 a &or' o2 ar in o erms o2 )on)eivabili !5 In The Renaissance, (e essa! ,ivo s aroun1 an evo)a ive blan'I in Plato and Platonism* (is s,a)e is )as as one o2 mul i,le en2ol1in-s5 Ea)( o2 (ese !,es o2 1is)ourse bears (e ins)ri, ion o2 (e s,a)e be &een5 In (is res,e) * Pa er is ver! mu)( in

line &i ( ,resen 31a! )on)erns re-ar1in- in er,re a ion5 Bo ( (e resur-en an1 (e ne&l! 1evelo,e1 !,es o2 in er,re a ion are ,reo))u,ie1 &i ( (e (an1lin- o2 (e s,a)e (a o,ens u, &(en some (in- is rans,ose1 in o some (in- else5 T(e (ermeneu i) )ir)le* (e )!berne i) loo,* an1 (e ravelin- 1i22eren ial (ave emer-e1 as ,rominen s ru) ures in a)'lin- (a s,a)e5 Pa erHs o&n ,ro)e1ure is )losel! a'in o (ose ,ro)e1ures5 Cir)le* loo,* an1 1i22eren ial* irres,e) ive o2 &(e (er (e! o,era e se,ara el! or in )ombina ion* 1o no 1e ermine (e au o,oie i) s,a)e bu 2un) ion as s ra e-ies 2or (e o (er&ise un-overnable sel23 or-aniAa ion* Jus as (e evo)a ive blan' in (e Pa erian essa! an1 (e mul i,le en2ol1in-s in (is le) ure on Pla o 2ul2ill (e same en1s5 Pa er no onl! )on)eive1 (e au o,oie i) s,a)e as 2un1amen al o an! in er,re a ion bu enri)(e1 (e armor! available 2or )o,in- &i ( su)( s,a)e b! (e elabora e evo)a iveness o2 (e blan' an1 (e mul i,le en2ol1in-s o2 )o-ni ive 1is)ourse5 3"$$3

INDE6

Abel* DNn er* " Aes (e i)ism* "#% A'iva* Rabbi* /= All* (e 8RosenA&ei-9* ""#* "/"* "%=* "%#* ":" Anal! i) ,(iloso,(!* "/ An)ien s* ">0 AKuinas* T(omas* :? Aris o elian ,oe i)s* %%* %: Aris o le* ":/ Arnol1* Ma (e&* %#* "#/ A lan* <enri* "0%* "?/ Au-( * (e 8RosenA&ei-9* "/0 L//* "/%* "/:* "/>* "/$* "%0* "%: Au-us ine* "# Au (ori !* $* "% L"?* "= L/"* /%* /?* /= L/#* %0 L%/* :?* := L:#* ?% L?:* ?#* ""?* ""#* ":? I an1 (e seale1 )anon* "# L/0* /" I ,roblem o2* /= I re,la)emen o2 b! (ermeneu i) )ir)le* ?% I se)ular* %?* %= I vs5 brisur* :# Ba(n 8RosenA&ei-9* "%= L%# Ba'( in* Mi'(ail* :> Bars one* Willis* ? Ba e* Wal er @a)'son* /$* %/* %% Ba eson* Dre-or!* "0%* "/=* "?>* ">> Bee (oven* Lu1&i- van* $# Benson* A5C5* "#? Benvenis e* \mile* =" Blan'6Blan's* %"* ?:* ?#* $% L$:* "/"* "?>* "?#* "$/* "$:* "$$5 See also Da, Bloom* <arol1* ?* ">$ Bible* ">* "#* //* /%* /?* /=* :%* :: I 1o) rine o2 2our2ol1 senses* :% L:: OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO j Com,ile1 b! Ri)(ar1 van Oor 3/0" Bo!arin* 4aniel* /" L//* /> Bo i)elli* San1ro* "$"* "$/ Bra(ma* ":" Bruns* Deral1 L5* /? L/>* "?= Buber* Mar in* "/# Bu11(a* ":" Bu1i)'* San2or1* "$/ Cam,bell* Ian* ">/ Canon* viiLviii* "% L/%* /?* /=* /#* %"* %%* %= L:0* :?* :=* :#* ""?* ":? I 2irs an1 se)on1* :# L:$I 2orma ion* /$* %$ I li erar!* /# L/$I seale1 an1 o,en* "% L"?I se)ular* %=

CanoniAa ion* "%* "=* %0 Carl!le* T(omas* "?$* ">" L>:* ">=* "=0 L="* "=? L=>* "=#* "#/ I Past and Present, ">/* "=0 I Sartor Resartus, "?$* ">% L>>* "># L=0* "=# L#" Cas oria1is* Cornelius* > C(ain o2 bein-* :: C(es er on* D5K5* "#/ Co(en* <ermann* "/% L/>* "%0 Collin-&oo1* R5D5* ?= Come1!* ">>* ">#* ">$* "=0* "=$ Commen ar!* vii* =* /?* /$ L%/* %: L:/* :?* ?%* ""=* "?/ Com,ara ive me (o1* ?0 L?/ Con2u)ius* ":" Con in-en)!5 See Or1er Conversa ion* "0" L/* "0> L= Cri i)ismB Arnol1ian* :" L:/I 2un) ion o2* /$ I o2 a )anoni)al au (or* %# I rise o2* %/ I vs5 (e ,rin)i,le o2 )(ari !* %> Cul ural )ri iKue* ">" Cul ural s u1ies* ? Cul ural )a,i al* %$ L:0 Cul ure* vii* i+* ?* :/* #:* #> L$%* $? L "00* "0> L=* """ L"/* ":?* ">0 L>%* "># L=0* "=?* "=# L#"I as )on rol me)(anism* #$ I as s!mbol s!s em* $? L$=I rise o2* #:* #> L #=I an)ien vs5 mo1ern* "?$ L>" C!berne i) loo,* +* #:* "$$ C!berne i)s* +ii* #* $* "0* #:* #=* $"* "00* "0/* ":>* "?/ 4an e Ali-(ieri* "$" 4ea (* 2ear o2* ""= L"# 4e)ons ru) ion* :* ""=* ":: 4erri1a* @a)Kues* %* :# 4esire* =:* => L==* =$ 4es)ar es* Rene* "* ""= 4ibble* @err!* A5* ">>* ">#* "=: 4i22eren ial* +ii* # L"0* "/" L":$* "?/ L ?%* "$$ I ravelin-* +i L+ii* # L"0* "// L/%* "/?* "%0* "%$ L:"* ":% L::* ":> L:=* "$$ 4i22eren ia ion* :$* ?:* >?* >=* $/* "0/* "0=* """* "/:* "/>* "/# L/$* "%"* "%:* "%=* ":0* "?/ L?%* "?>* ">"* ">% 4o) rine o2 me (o1 84ro!sen9* >" 4ou-las* 4ennis* ">= 4ro!sen* @o(ann Dus av* viii* i+* "0* ?? L>$* =#* #%* ""=* "?% E)o* Umber o* "0 L""* ":> L:=* ":# E-o* =% Elio * T5S5* /#* "#/ Emer-en)e* $* /#* >?* "0% L:* "0=* ""/* "/# L/$* "%"* "%: L%>* "?0 L?:* "## Em,iri)ism* ">% L>:* ">#* "=0* "=? L =>* "=$* "#0 I Bri is(* ">%* "=0* "=>* "#0 Enli-( enmen * :?* ## En ro,!* vii* i+* >* #* #:* #> L#=* $/ L $%* $$* ""% L"?* ":?* ":= E (no-ra,(!* #> Evi1en iar! e+,erien)e* "">* "/>* "%= E+e-esis* vii* > L=* "% L"$* /"* /%* /? L /#* %> L%=* :> L:=* ?:* >: L>>I mi1ras(i)* "=* /? I o2 (is or!* >> I o2 (e Tora(* "% L":I Rabbini)* /" E+,lana ion* /* =* "0$ L"0* ":%* "$0 I 3/0/3 o,era ional vs5 s!mboli)* "0$ L"0I vs5 ,er2orman)e* = Cee1ba)'* + L+i* #0* #: L##* $0 L$"* $>* $$* "0" L:* "0> L#* ""0 L""* "":* "=?* "=# L=$I 81e2ine19* #: L#?I be &een )ul ure* bo1! an1 brain* $" I ,osi ive an1 ne-a ive* #= I &i (ou 2i+e1 re2eren)e ,oin s* "0/ Cin1la!* L5M5* ">>* "=% Cis(bane* Mi)(ael* "?* /> Coers er* <einA von* "0%* "?/ Cou)aul * Mi)(el* :: Cran'* Man2re1* :/* :?* :=* :#* ?" Creu1* Si-mun1* =0 L="* =% L=>

Crie1ri)(* <u-o* "$" Da1amer* <ansLDeor-* :/ L:%* ?"* >?* >= L>$* "?= Da,* viiiL+* "?* /0* //* /:* %# L%$* :"* :=* ?:* >%* >=* =/* #%* $/ L$:* $#* ">? I be &een 2orm an1 2un) ion in ool ,ro1u) ion* $: I be &een mani2es an1 im,lie1* $# I be &een revela ion an1 in er,re a ion* "? I be &een e+ an1 re)i,ien * :" I be &een e+ an1 un1ers an1in-* ?: I be &een (e un)ons)ious an1 (e )ons)ious* =/ I in (e e+ * /" L//I in (i)' 1es)ri, ion* $# I in2orma ion* +* $/ L$% Darner* W5R5* $> Deer A* Cli22or1* +* "0* #= L$/* $? L$$* ""=* "?% Dene i) )o1e* "?: L?? Do1* +i L+ii* = L#* "> L"#* %?* >?* "": L /0* "//* "/? L:: Doo1man* Nelson* "* "0* ":=* "?>* "#0 Dreis)(* @ean* :=* "?= Duillor!* @o(n* /#* %#* %$ Dur&i s)(* Aron* ":# <abermas* @Nr-en* #0 <alber al* Mos(e* ": L"?* ">* "=* "$* /0* /=* %> <arrol1* C(arles C5* ">= <ar man* Deo22re!* "$* ">: <asels ein* Ulla* =:* =$ <e-el* D5W5C5* ?#* =%* =:* =?* =>* "=: <ei1e--er* Mar in* >=* >#* ""?* "/# <einemann* @ose,(* ":* ">* /0 <enri)(* 4ie er* "?? <ermeneu i)s* viiLviii* +ii* / L%* #* /$* %$* :" L:%* :? L:>* ?/ L?%* ??* ?#* >> L>$* ="* =?* #> L#=* ""=* ":>* "?/ I mo1ern* >= L>#I o2 sus,i)ion* :> I s,e)ial vs5 -eneral* :% I <ermeneu i) )ir)le* viiiL+* +ii* = L#* ""* ?/* ?:* ># L>$* =0* =$ L#0* #%* #> L#=* $$* ""%* ""?* ":? L:=* "?/* "$$ <is or!* viii* $* ">* "$* /"* /#* %=* :"* :>* ??* ?#* >: L>#* =0* #0* "0?* ""=* "/:* ":>* "?0* "?/ L?%* ">0 L>/* ">=* "#? L#>* "## L#$I as )rossL)ul ural 1is)ourse* ">0 I be-innin-s an1 en1s* ?#* ># <irs)(* E545* :#* ?0 <o2s a1 er* 4ou-las* R5* "0=* "0#* "0$* ":$* "?: L?? <o-an* Pa ri)' Colm* "" L"/ <omeos asis* "0:* "0= <ominiAa ion* i+* #:* #$* $% <uman ,las i)i !* $/ L$%* "=/ L=%* "#0 <uman subJe) * #* =0 L=%* == L=#* =$ L#" <usserl* E1mun1* ":# <u on* @5A5* "#/ I1ealism* Derman* "">* ""$* ">%* "=0 I1eolo-! )ri iKue* / Imi a ion* %% L%?* ">0* "=" Immeasurable* #* "": L"?* ""#* "/0 L/%* "/> L/$* "%"* "%# L::* "?/ In)ommensurabili !* $ In)ommensurable* vii* +i* "%"* "%>* ":% In1us rial revolu ion* ">" 3/0%3 Inei)(en* <ans* ?" Ins ru) ion* ">* %"* %:* %>* ?> In er,re a ionB ana om! o2* /* ="* "#:* "$# I ar)(eolo-! an1 eleolo-! 8Ri)oeur9* =: L =$* #" I as emer-en)e* "?: I as ransla abili !* ? L>* "/* ""?* ":? L:>I )on2li) o2* % L:I en (no-ra,(i)* $0* $# I -enres o2* = L#I (is or! o2* /"* /#* :" I mi1ras(i)* "? L /#I mar'e ,la)e o2* " L?I o2 )on1i ions 84ro!sen9* >"* >%* >: I o2 i1eas 84ro!sen9* >"* >/* >: I o2 (e immeasurable* "": I o2 (e in2orma ion -a,* $% I o,era ional vs5 s!mboli)* ""0 I ,ra-ma i) 84ro!sen9* >"* >: I ,s!)(oanal! i)al* =0* =: I ,s!)(olo-i)al 84ro!sen9* >"* >/* >: I rabbini)* /: In er e+ * // L/? In er rans,osabili !* +* $>* $# L$$ Inven ion* /$ L%0* %?* ?=* >0* "0$

I era ion* +* "$* $$ Islam* ":/ @auss* <ans Rober * >>* ">0* ">" @o(nson* Samuel* /$ L%# @u1aism* "%* "?* "// L/%I P(arisai)* "? @u1ai) ra1i ion* "% L":* "#* // @un'in-* "0# L$ Krie-er* Murra!* %:* %? Ku-el* @ames* /? La Bossierre* Camille R5* "=% La)an* @a)Kues* "== LZmmer * Eber(ar1* >> Lan-ua-e* viiiLi+* ?* = L#* :? L?"* =0 L =/* =%* #:* $=* ""%* "/0* "/#* "?0* "??* "#:* "$: LaoL Au* ":" LeibniA* Do 2rie1 Wil(elm* +i* $ LeroiLDour(an* An1re* #$ L$0* $%* $:* $?* $= Levine* Deor-e* ">? Le!(* Pe er* ?$ Liminal s,a)e6s,a)es* +ii* > L=* "0 L"/* "$* /" L/>* /#* %"* %: L%?* %# L%$* :# L:$* ?" L?:* >0* ># L>$* "0> L=* ""0* ""% L":* ""= L"#* "%$* ":> L?/ Llo!1* Tom* "># Love* "">* "%> LY&i (* Karl* ""?* "/# Lu(mann* Ni'las* "0/* "0>* """ Ma)(ines* +* #?* "0"* "?= Malin* @ames C5* "=" Ma,6Terri or! rela ions(i,* "?> Ma,,in-* $* $> L$=* "0# L$* "?> L?# Mar-ali * Avis(ai* %> Mar+ism* / L% Mar+is * /* : Mas(al* // L/? Ma urana* <umber o* R5* "00* "0=* "0$* ""0* "?= L?# Ma+&ell* Cler'* #: MaAo a* Diuse,,e* "?0 Me A-er* Lore* ">= Mi1ras(5 See In er,re a ion Mo1erns* ">0* ">" Mo(amme1* ":/ Monumen s 84ro!sen9* ?> L?=* ?$ Moore* Carlisle* ">:* "#" Moore* Deor-e* "#/ Moses* ": Mosfs* S e,(ane* "">* "/0 MNller* Klaus E5* ?$ Ne& Tes amen * :: Nie As)(e* Crie1ri)(* "?$ Nims(al* /% L/: Nirvana* ":" Na(mani* R5 Samuel ben* "= Ne-a ive (eolo-!* "/? L/> Nes in- o2 )ir)les* i+* >"* >#* #%* ""%* "?/ Noise* $* "0/ L%* "0?* "0#* "?/ 3/0: Nou-( * (e 8RosenA&ei-9* "/0 L/:* "/> L%:* ":" L:/ ObserverL)ommuni !* $$* "0$* """ L"/ Ol1 Tes amen * "% I Boo' o2 E))lesias es* "> L"=I Boo' o2 La&s* "% I Pen a eu)(* "% Or1er an1 )on in-en)!* #>* $/ Pa er* Wal er* "#" L"$$I ppreciations, 'ith an *ssay on Style* "#: I (aston de Latour* "$> L$#I /arius the *picurean* "#/ I Plato and Platonism* "#%* "#:* "#? L$0*

"$$ I The Renaissance* "#/* "$0 L$>* "$$ Paulson* William R5* "0%* ""/* "?/ Peir)e* C(arles* %* "0 Per2orma ive* +ii* =* $>* "?%* "?> Perraul * C(arles* ">0* ">" P(enomenolo-!* >%* =: L=?* "0$ Pi)o 1ella Miran1ola* Diovanni* "$" Pla o* ":/* "#? L$"* "$$ Pla!* +ii* "":* ":# L:$* "?0* "?/ Plas i)i !* $/ L$%* "0?* "=/ L=%* "#0 Plessner* <elmu (* "">* "?>* "== Poli)! ma'in-* #> Pos )olonial6minori ! 1is)ourse* : Pos s ru) uralism* % Pro,(e s* ":* "$ Ps!)(oanal!sis* i+* %* ""* :>* >$* =0 L =?* =$* #> Vuerelle 1es an)iens e 1es mo1ernes* "?$ L>" Vuine* Willar1 Van Orman* "= Rabbi6Rabbis* ":* /% L/:* /= Ra-use* <ar mu * "?= Rea1er* ""* //* /?* %0 L%"* %: L%?* %=* :>* ?:* "=0* "=> Rea1in-B o2 )ul ure* $= I o2 (e )anoni)al e+ * /= I ,rin)i,le o2 )(ari !* "= L"#* %> Re)ursion* + L+i* #* #: L#?* #=* $/ L$%* $>* $$ L"0:* "0> L$* """* ""% L": ":> L:=* "?%* "?= Re)ursive loo,* i+* +ii* $%* ":? L:=* "=? Re1em, ion* "%= L%$* ":/ Re2eren)e* rou e o2* ":% Rei)(er * Klaus* "/# Remnan s 84ro!sen9* ?>* ?$ L>/ Re,resen a ion* ">? L>>* "=" L=/* "=?* "#% Revela ion* "/$* "%> L%$* ":/ Ri)Eur* Paul* %* =* "0* =0 L#"* #% Ri)orso* "?0 L?" Ro-ers* William El2or1* /* =" RoJ man* Be !* ">* /= Roman i)ism* %"* "== L=# Ror !* Ri)(ar1* "" Rosenber-* @o(n 45* ">/ RosenA&ei-* CranA* +i L+ii* #* "0* ""%* ""? L::5 "?% Rousseau* @eanL@a)Kues* ">" RNsen* @Yrn* ?$ Salisbur!* @o(n o2* ">0 S)(leierma)(er* Crie1ri)(* viii* i+* =* "0* :" L??* ?= L?$* >"* >=* =#* #%* ""=* "?/ S)(olem* Ders(om* ""?* ""$ S)o * Sir Wal er* %" S)(N A* Al2re1* >%* "## S)(&ab* Dabriele* "?> Sel2* +ii* #* =/ L=:* => L=#* #0* "%%* "%: L%?* "%=* ":" L:/* ">$* "== L=#* "#/ S(a1&ell* C(arles L5* "$> S(a'es,eare* /$ L%#* "?$ S(erbo* Ar (ur* /$ Si-n* :> L:#* ?0* $# L$$* "$# Smi (* Lo-an Pearsall* "#" Sour)es 84ro!sen9* ?>* ?=* ?$ S an-e* Rober D5* ">/ S ar o2 4avi1* "%# L%$ 3/0? S S S S ern* 4avi1* //* /:* /> L/= erne* Lauren)e* ">= ierle* Karl(einA* /$* %= ran-e loo,* ":$

S ru) ural )ou,lin-* #* "0: L"0>* "0$* """ L"/"* "":* ":?* "?" L?/ S ru) ural lin-uis i)s* "/ S ru) ural ,las i)i !* "0? S ru) uralism* % Sublima ion* ==* =$ Sublime* =$ S&e1enbor-* Emanuel* "=" S!mbol* =# L#0* $? L$>* $#* "%$* "=% L =:I as mo1el o2 an1 mo1el 2or* $? L$= S!s em6s!s ems* viiiL+i* /* >* # L$* /#* :$* ?"* ="* #? L#=* $0 L$/* $?* $# L ""/* "": L"?* ""=* "/%* "%0 L%"* ":?* ":$ L?0* "?/ L?%* "?> L?=* ">: L>?* "=:* "=>* "$" I allo,oie i)* "0= I au onomous* #* "00* "0/* """* "": L "?* ":?* "?% I au o,oie i)* "0" L/* "0:* "0>* """ I belie2* ="* "/% I )ul ural* "0> I immune* "00 I in er,re ive* / I lan-ua-e* ?" I livin-* #* "00 L%* "0?* "0# L$* "?= I nervous* #?* $" L$/* "00* "0# I so)ial* "00* "0>* "0$ L"0I s!mbol* $?* $# S!s ems (eor!* i+* +* $$ L"00* ""=* "?= I San ia-o s)(ool o2* $$ SAe-e1!LMasAW'* Mi(Wl!* /#* /$* %/ Tao* ":" Tenn!son* D5B5* ">/* ">$ Te+ * viiLviii* %* > L":* "> L/:* /> L/$* %" L%/* %= L%$* :" L:/* ::* ?"* ?% L?=* ?$* >? L>>* >#* =/* =#* #0* #> L#=* ""%* ""#* ":? L:>* un1ers an1in- o2* = L#I meanino2* :: Te+ ual in er,re a ion* "0 T(eoria* ">0 T(eme an1 (oriAon* "## L#$ T(i)' 1es)ri, ion* $= L$$* ""=* "?% I vs5 (in 1es)ri, ion* $= L$# T(in 1es)ri, ion* $= L$# Tora(* "% L/:5 See also E+e-esis ToolLma'in- an1 (ominiAa ion* $% L$? To em* $? Transa) ional loo,s* i+* #0 L#"* ""%* "?% Transla abili !* i+* +ii* +iii* > L#* "/* "$* %=* ?:* #:* "": L"?* "/$* "%$ L:0* ":: L:?* "?"* "?:* "??* "?$* ">/ L>%* "=0 L="* "=?* "#: I o2 )ul ures* "?$* ">% Transla ion* vii* +i* ? L>* #* "$* /% L/>* /# L/$* %:* ??* >0* ==* ""%* ""?* "/$* "%"* "%>* "%# L%$* ":0* ":/ L:=* "??* ">%* "=0* "#:* "$0* "$: I a) o2* ?* ":? L:>* "$0 Turner* Vi) or* ":$ Un1ers an1in- 8S)(leierma)(er9* :" L:#* ?/ L??I vs5 ,ar i)i,a io* :? I o2 (is or! 84ro!sen9* >0* >? L>= Un)ons)ious* (e* =" L=:* #" Un ransla abili !* ">* ??* "":* "/$* "%#* ":=* "?%* "#?* "$0* "$? Varela* Cran)is)o* + L+i* "0* $$ L""0* ""/* "?= Va imo* Dianni* "?= Vi)o* Diamba is a* "?0 Wiener* Norber * +* "0* #: L# "0/ Wilson* E1mun1* "#" Wi -ens ein* Lu1&i-* ""> Yea s* W5B5* "#" 3/0>