On the Sensitivity of Overshoot to Initial and Boundary Conditions and Engineering and Mathematical Perpsectives

ABSTRACT:
Output response of temperature overshoot during transient non-Fourtier, heat conduction in a finite slab in response to a step change at the boundary is studied systematically. Why the overshoot appears in some systems and why it disappeares in others is explained thoroughly. A conclusion is drawn that the overshoot pheonemena is more a mathematical artifact rather than depiction of transient heat transfer events that can be expected in practice. The initial accumulation time condition was evaluated side by side for values

of 0 initial accumulation, when initial accumulation is equal to the dimensionless group Ve, Venrnote number respectively for a finite slab subject to the constant wall temperature boundary condition. For a material with large relaxation time the overshoot was found for the model results when zero initial accumulation time condition. For the same set of material and parameters when a physically reasonable time accumulation condition was used the overshoot disappears. However, the transient temperature was found to be subcritical damped oscillatory. Lumped analysis was used to
study the average temperature in a finite slab subject to convective heating using; (i) Fourier parabolic model. The model solution was found to rise monotonically to a constant asymptotic value; (ii) Hyperbolic model with the first derivative of temperature with respect to time set to zero. Solution was obtained by the method of Laplace transforms. This model solution appears to have an overshoot; (iii) Hyperbolic model with the initial temperature at T0 and the additional constraint that the average transient temperature should obey the energy balance equation from a engineering lumped analysis. Closed form model solutions were obtained after making the equation homogenous and illustrated in Figures. As shown in Figures 6.0-8.0, the model solution does not exhibit any overshoot when the boundary condition includes a finite wave term contribution. A dimensionless group, Sharma Number (heat) is introduced. This appears to be an important parameter in determination of the average transient temperature in a finite slab during damped wave conduction and relaxation. Expression for the time taken to attain steady state was derived. The maxima in the transient temperature were found to increase with decreasting S* starting with large values such as 10. A cross-over was found after S* became less than about 2.2. Then the maxima in the average transient temperature was found to decrease with decrease in Sharma Number (heat), S*. Eq. (62) can be seen to go to zero in the asymptotic limits of infinite Sharma Number (heat), S* .

Keywords: Taitel Paradox; Overhoot Phenomena; Damped Wave Conduction and Relaxation; Wave Term in Boundary Condition; Intial and Final Time Conditions; Engineering Analysis ________________________________________________________________________________

1. INTRODUCTION There are reports in the literature [1,2] about occurrence of temperature overshoot upon use of non-Fourier heat conduction equation. The overshoot phenomena is studied herein a systematic manner. The Taitel paradox [3] is an anamoly seen in the model solution for transient temperature, in a finite slab, heated by isothermal-hot walls, btained by the method of separation of variables using the hyerpbolic PDE, partial differential equation. For certain values of the thermophysical properties of the finite slab the interior temperature of the slab was found to be greater than the wall temperature. This overshoot lead practioners to abandon the non-fourier heat conduction equation concluding that the equation violated second law of thermodynamics and hence cannot be used for engineering applications. A careful side by side study of this problem is presented below. The time condition

T was assumed to be 0 in Taitel [3]. t

Consider a finite slab of width 2a, at a initial temperature of T0 heated by hot isothermal walls brought a temperature, Ts < T0 for times t > 0, greater than 0. As can be seen from Figure 1.0 below only the left hand limit of the rate of change of average temperature of the slab with respect to time is zero. A lumped analysis on the heating process leads to the expression for the rate of change of average temperature of the interior of the slab as shown in the ordinate of Figure 1.0.

< T > a2 = 2e t a

(1)

The right hand limit, of the rate of change of average temperature in the finite slab is a maximum! With increase in time this decreases exponentially to a asymptotic zero at large times or upon attainment of steady state.

Figure 1.0 Rate of Change of Average Temperature in Interior of Finite Slab as a Function of Time, t

The right hand limit was used in the analysis. For a material with large relaxation time the overshoot was found for the model results when initial accumulation time condition is taken as 0. For the same set of material and parameters when a physically reasonable time accumulation condition was used the overshoot disappears. The transient temperature was subcritical damped oscillatory. A steady state temperature was attained after a said time. Lumped analysis was further explored. The average temperature in a finite slab subject to convective heating was obtained using: (i) Fourier parabolic model. The model solution rises monotonically to a constant asymptotic value. (ii) Hyperbolic model with the first derivative of temperature with respect to time set to zero as u by the method of Laplace transforms. This model solution appears to have an overshoot; (iii) Hyperbolic model with the initial temperature at T0 and the additional constraint that the average transient temperature should obey the energy balance equation from a lumped analysis. The dimensionless temperature was expressed as a sum of a steady state temperature and a transient temperature. The transient temperature was expressed as a

product of wave temperature and decaying exponential in time. The model solution was found to be;

S* < u >t = 1 + S *

(1+ S *) 2 (sin( )) e

(2) Where, S* is the dimensionless Sharma Number (heat). As shown in Figure the model solution does not exhibit any overshoot. It appears that the damped wave conduction and relaxation equation can be applied to transient heat conduction problems without violation of the second law of thermodynamics. The Sharma Number (heat) appears to be an important parameter in determination of the average transient temperature in a finite slab during damped wave conduction and relaxation. The time taken to attain steady state was found to be ;
ss =

(3) The maxima in the transient temperature were found to increase with decreasing S* starting with large values such as 10. A cross-over was found after S* became less than about 2.2. Then the maxima in the average transient temperature was found to decrease with decrease in Sharma Number (heat), S*. The average transient temperature becomes zero in the infinite limit of S*.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW The damped wave conuction and relaxation equation was sought over Fouriers law of heat conduction for eight reasons by Sharma [4]. These reasons include:

(i) contradiction with the principle of microscopic reversibility by nobel laureate, Onsager, [5]); (ii) neglects the time needed for the acceleration of heat flow by free electrons, Sharma [6]; (iii) occurrence of blow-up in the solutions obtained using Fourier parabolic model for industrially important systems such fluidized bed heat transfer [7], CPU overheating [8]), gel electrophoresis, [9], restriction mapping [10], adsorption [11], nuclear fuel rod [12] and drug delivery systems [13] ; (iv) heat transfer in the Casimir limit [14] or nanoscale systems cannot be described using Fouriers model; (v) (vi) basis for Fouriers law was from empirical observations at steady state; oscillatory discharge of heat in good thermal conductors at low temperature as poinetd out by nobel laureate, Nernst [15]; (vii) ultrafast laser heating of metals [16], delayed ignition of solid propellant [17] cannot be explained using Fouriers model; (viii) speed of heat cannot be greater than the speed of light as discussed by nobel laureate Landau and Lifshitz, [18].

The damped wave conduction and relaxation equation was originally suggested by Maxwell [19], and postulated independently by Cattaneo [20,21] and Vernotte [22]. The damped wave conduction and relaxation equation in one dimension across constant area may be written as follows;

q x = kA

q T r A x x t

(4)

Where qx is the heat transfer rate in x direction in (watts, w), A is the cross-sectional area across which the heat conduction occurs in (m2), k is the thermal conductivity of the material in (w.m-1.K1

), r is the relaxation time (s). Reviews of the use of this equation have been presented by Joseph and Preziosi

[23,24] and Ozisik and Tzou [25]. Extensive theoretical treatment of the equation have been reported by Tzou [26] and Sharma [27]. Experimental measurement of relaxation times has been reported by Mitra et. al. [28] recently for biological materials. Taitel [3] found a overshoot in his transient temperature solution for a finite slab subject to constant wall temperature boundary condition. Bai and Lavine [29] was concerned about Eq. (4) violating the second law of

thermodynamics. Zanchini [30], Barletta and Zanchini [31], calculate a entropy production term and are concerned of a violation of Clausius inequality. Al Nimir et. al. [32,33] discuss an overshoot and equilibrium entropy production. Haji Sheik et. al. [34] point out some anomalies in Eq. (4). Tzou [26] has found Eq. (3.68) to be admissible within the framework of second law of

thermodynamics. Sharma [27,36-40] have presented closed form analytical solutions for different geometries that are within the bounds of second law of thermodynamics. He has derived the damped wave equation by accounting for acceleration of the molecules in the Stokes-Einstein formulation [41]. Antaki [42] has discussed some analytical solutions for convective boundary condition. Why the overshoot manifests in such systems from the model development and implications on the physical insight to the phenomena are discussed in the following subsection. The use of physically realizable time condition such as obeyance of hyperbolic transient temperature to the energy balance equation from a lumped analysis approach can lead to the disappearance of the overshoot is shown . The time condition used in this analysis is de novo.

3. MATHEMATICAL MODEL
3.1.1 REVISIT OF TAITEL PARADOX

Taitel [3] considered a finite slab (Figure 1.0) with two boundaries of width 2a heated from both sides. Both the sides are maintained at a constant temperature Ts for times, t > 0. At initial time, t = 0, the temperature at all points in the slab is T0. The governing equation is given by Eq. (5).

u 2 u 2 u + = 2 X 2
T Ts u= T T s 0

(5)

Where u is given as

Figure 2.0 Finite Slab with Two Boundaries Maintained at Constant Temperature, Ts The four conditions used by Taitel, two in space and two in time that are needed to completely describe a hyperbolic PDE that is second order with respect to space and with respect to time were;

t = 0, -a < x < +a, T = T0, or u = 1 t > 0, x = a, T = Ts, u = 0

(6) (7)

t = 0,

u =0

(8)

Taitel presented a solution for Eq. (5) for the conditions stated above obtained by analytical methods in a finite slab. The solution obtained by Taitel, for the centerline temperature of the finite slab is given below. They considered a constant wall temperature and the initial time conditions included a
T = 0 term in addition to the initial temperature condition. They found that for certain t

values of the parameters used, i.e., relaxation time, width of the slab the transient temperature within the slab was found the exceed the wall temperature. Sharma [9] used a final condition in time and developed well bounded solutions . For materials with large relaxation times, the transient temperature exhibited subcritical damped oscillations. Multiplying throughout Eq. (2) by exp(n); Let w = uen. Then,

(9) Combining Eq. (9) and Eq. (5),

(10)

For n = , Eq. (5) becomes;

(11) w in Eq. (9) is the wave temperature. Eq. (9) can be solved by the method of separation of variables. Let u = V()g (X) (12)

Eq.(9) becomes,

(13) g (X) = c1Sin(nX) + c2Cos(nX) From the boundary conditions, At X = 0, g/X = 0, So, c1 = 0 (X) = c1Cos(nX) 0 = c1Cos(nXa) (15) (16) (17) (14)

(18)

The time domain solution would be, for, n 0.5,

(19) and

The dimensionless temperature can be seen to be for materials with large relaxation times when Eq. (19) is applicable is given by an infinite series as follows;

(20) For the set of time conditions given in Taitel and by Eqs. (3,5) the cn and dn were solved for by use of principle of orthogonality and found to be;

(21) The transient temperature u was computed as a function of time using MS Excel for windows 2007 spreadsheet in a desktop computer with 1.8 GHz microprocessor speed. 12 Terms in the infinite series in Eq. (20) were taken for a material with a relaxation time, r = 1.4 s at dimensionless distance X = 0.1; half-width a = 5 mm; thermal diffusivity, = 10-5 m2.s-1. The Vernote number corresponding to this simulation was;

(22) The results of u vs. for the above set of parameters is shown in Figure 2.0. An overshoot can be seen.

Figure 3.0 Transient Temperature inside the Finite Slab with Time Condition = 0 for Parameters: Location X = 0.1; Relaxation Time r = 1.4s;Half-width of Slab, a = 5 mm; Thermal Diffusivity, = 10-5 m2.s-1

3.1.2 ACCUMULATION TIME CONDITION FROM LUMPED ANALYSIS AND ENERGY BALANCE Examination of Figure 1.0 indicates that the value 0 for the initial accumulation of temperature in time is the left hand limit. At t =0 the two sides of the slab abruptly brought to a higher temperature, Ts > T0 where, T0 is the initial slab temperature. The right hand limit may be more appropriate for purposes of obtaining exact closed form analytical solutions. Consider a lumped analysis as follows; Let the entire temperature of the slab other than the surfaces be lumped into an average temperature <T>. Let this be assumed to be at the center of the slab (centroid). Then in order to keep the surface temperature at Ts energy needs to be supplied from the surroundings. In

turn the interior of the slab is heated by the hot surfaces. Consider the finite slab less the surface as the control volume. The energy balance can be written as follows;

(23)

Where, Vernotte number, Ve is given by . Ve = 2r a

. This is assuming that Volume to

Area ratio is given by the half-width a. So the right hand limit of the initial accumulation time condition closer to Eq. (23). For time, t =0, <u> = 1. Hence a more realistic time condition would be;

(24) Eq. (24) was used instead of Eq. (5) in the second time condition. The dimensionless temperature remains the same as given in Eq. (20) and is;

(25) The constants cn and dn are recalculated for the time accumulation condition given by Eq. (23) and found to be;

(26)

The transient temperature u was computed as a function of time using MS Excel for windows 2007 spreadsheet in a desktop computer with 1.8 GHz microprocessor speed. 12 Terms in the infinite series in Eq. (26) were taken for the same material with a relaxation time, r = 1.4 s at dimensionless distance X = 0.1; half-width a = 5 mm; thermal diffusivity, = 10-5 m2.s-1. The Vernote number corresponding to this simulation was;

The results of u vs. for the above set of parameters is shown in Figure 3.0. An overshoot cannot be seen! The oscillations in temperature are subcritical. The transient temperature reaches a steady state value! after a said time.

Figure 4.0 Transient Temperature inside the Finite Slab with Time Condition Vefor Parameters: Location X = 0.1; Relaxation Time r = 1.4s;Half-width of Slab, a = 5 mm; Thermal Diffusivity, = 10-5 m2.s-1

3.2 AVERAGE TEMPERATURE IN A FINITE SLAB 3.2.1 LUMPED/ENGINEERING ANALYSIS Consider a finite slab with width 2a at a initial hot temperature Th. This hot slab part of which is shown in Figure 5.0 is subject to a sudden cooling by convection by the fluid blown from the fan as shown in Figure 4 for times t > 0. The fluid temperature is at Tf where Tf < Th. Both sides of the slab are cooled by the fluid. The transient temperature as a function of space and time need be obtained. The two time and two space conditions are given as follows;

t = 0, -a x +a, T = Th t > 0, x= 0,

(27) (28)

T =0 x T = h(T T f x

t > 0, x = a, k

(29)

Figure 5.0 Finite Slab with Half-Width a Subject to Convective Heating In one dimension the energy balance equation on a thin slice of thickness x can be written as;

T q = (C p ) x t

(30)

Combining Eq. (30) with the damped wave heat conduction and relaxation equation the governing equation can be written as;

u 2 u 2 u + = 2 X 2
where, u =

(31)

(T Th ) t x ; = ; X = (T f T h) r r

(32)

The time and space conditions are as follows;

= 0, u = 0

(33)

X = 0,

u =0 X
X = a

u h * (u 1) = X
h Where, h * = kC p r

(34)

It can be noted that the heat transfer coefficient is defined with respect to the average temperature in the slab <T>. The energy balance on a thin spherical shell at x with thickness x is written. The governing equation can be obtained after eliminating q between the energy balance equation and the derivative with respect to x of the flux equation and introducing the dimensionless variables;

u 2 u 2 u + = 2 X 2

(35)

Eq. (35) is integrated between Xa and +Xa and give;

< u > 2 < u > + = S * (< u > 1) 2

(36)

h h r Where the Sharma Number (heat) S* is defined as S * = = C a Sa p .

S is the storage number with units of (w.m-3.K-1) and is given by;

C p S = r

The physical significane of storage number S is that is a material property such as thermal conductivity with units of (w.m-1.K-1) and system parameter such as convective heat transfer coefficient, h with units of (w.m-2.K-1). Storage number is a measure of energy stored in the material. The use of storage number is illustrated in another study on CPU overheating [8]. It is the ratio of the thermal mass of the material to its relaxation time. What is the materials thermal capacitance in relation to the speed of heat conduction is captured in this one number. Sharma Number (heat) is the dimensionless ratio of the convective heat transfer to the wave heat propagation heat transfer and storage in a finite region a.

3.2.2 FOURIER PARABOLIC MODEL NEAR STEADY STATE Eq. (35) in the limit of zero relaxation time reverts to the Fourier parabolic model and the governing equation becomes;

<u> = S * < u > 1)

(37)

Obtaining the Laplace transforms of Eq. (37) ;

s < u > ( s) 0 + S * < u > ( s) =

1 s

(38)

or,

< u > (s) =

1 s s + S*

(39)

Obtaining the inverse Laplace transform of Eq. (39);

hS p a ht

< u >= e
0

dp = 1 e

C p a

(40)

Eq. (40) is the average temperature of the finite slab in response to a step change in convective cooling at both sides of the finite slab. Eq. (40) is not a function of the relaxation time and is a function of the heat transfer coefficient, h, density, , and heat capacity, Cp, and halfwidth of the finite slab, a.

3.2.3 INITIAL ACCUMULATION CONDITION ZERO For the hyperbolic model other investigators such as Taitel [3] use the following initial condition;

= 0,

u < u > = =0

(41)

Obtaining the Laplace transform of Eq. (37) realizing the initial condition from Eq. (41)) the Laplace domain expression for <u> (s) can be seen to be;

< u > (s) =

1 s s s S * + S * + 1
2

(42)

 h Where, S * = Sa

Eq. (42) can be compared with the prototypical second order systems with a step input [42,43] For underdamped systems, i.e., when the damping factor, < 1 the time response to Eq. (42) can be seen to exhibit a overshoot. Without any heat sources the internal temperature greater than the boundary temperature can be a violation of second law of thermodynamics. When the damping coefficient,

2 p =

1 S*
1 S
*

(43)

1 S*

(44)

So, the damping factor is;

1 2 S
*

For large values of the dimensionless ratio, S*, the damping coefficient will become less than one and the output response appears to have a overshoot. This can be expected for materials with large relaxation time,

r >

C p a h

(45)

3.2.4 PHYSICALLY REALIZABLE STEADY STATE/FINAL TIME CONDITION The boundary condition used during convective cooling is a constant value for the heat flux rate from the air flowing past the finite slab as given in Eq. (29). The governing equation (35) is the damped wave conduction and relaxation equation taking into account the effect of acceleration of

electrons. A boundary condition that includes the wave term, i.e, rair

q would be a better t

representation of transient events at the air solid interface. Thus. Eq. (3.141) need be modified as;

rair u = h * (< u > 1) + h * X rs

< u >

(46)

Eq. (35) is integrated with respect to X and the governing equation written in terms of the average temperature in the slab <u> as follows;

<u> 2 < u > 1 + S * + + S * < u >= S * 2

(47)

rair = where, rs

Let the ratio of the relaxation time in the air and the relaxation time in the solid.

the <u> be expressed as a sum of transient temperature and steady state temperature.
< u > =< u > ss + < u > t

(48)

Substituting Eq. (48) into Eq. (47);

< u >t 2 < u >t 1 + S * + + S * < u > t + < u > ss (1 S * ) = 0 2

(49)

Eq. (49) is valid when the following two equations are valid;

> (1 + S ) <u
*

2 < u >t + S * < u >t = 0 2

(50) (51)

+ S * (< u > ss 1) = 0
The steady state temperature can be seen to be;
< u > ss = 1

(52)

Eq.(50) is a second order differential equation that has been made homogeneous. Eq. (50) is multiplied by en throughout. The terms group such that,
< W > t = e + n < u > t

(53)

1 + S * and for n = 2 Eq. (50) can be seen to become;

2 2 < W >t = < W >t S * 1 2

(54)

The solution to Eq. (54) can be seen to be;

< W > t = c1 cos( ) + c2 sin( )

Where = S * 1

(55)

Two time conditions are needed to fully describe the problem. The accumulation condition equal to zero appears to be physically unreasonable. When a slab with a initial temperature is immersed in a hot fluid with convective heat transfer coefficient the temperature in the slab would increase, rapidly in the beginning of the process and can be expected to slow down with the passage of time. At steady state the temperature would be steady and invariant with time. From the initial condition given by Eq. (32) the integration constants in Eq. (55) can be seen to be; c1 =0 Then Eq.(53) becomes; (56)

(< u > = e

(1+ S )
*

(c2 sin( ))

(57)

The transient average temperature <u>t also has to obey the following equation that can be obtained from a lumped analysis of the finite slab from energy balance;

 < u >t (1 + S * ) = S * 1 < u > t

(58)

Eq. (58) at zero time, or =0, can be seen to be!

< u >t S * = 1 + S *

(59)

The integration constant c2 can be obtained by applying Eq. (3.166) to Eq. (3.167).
(1+ S * ) c 1 + S * < u >t e 2 = 2 sin( ) + c2e 2 cos( ) 2

(60)

and c2 seen to be;

c2 =

S* 1 + S *

(61)

The average transient temperature in the slab is then written as;

(1+ S *) S* 2 (sin( )) < u >t = e (1 + S * )

(62)

Eq. (62) is plotted in Figures 6 8, for different values of S* and . The time taken for the slab to reach steady state is finite and can be calculated when (ss ) becomes in Eq. (62). This happens when;
ss =

(63)

For the special case when S* = 1, Eq. (54) becomes;

 2 < W >t =0 2 < W > t = c1 + c2

(64)

Or,

<u > =e

(1+ )
2

(c2 + c1 )

(65)

From the initial condition given by Eq.(8), c2 = 0. c1 can be solved for the energy balance equation given by Eq. (3.166) at = 0,
1 (1 + )

c (1 + ) < u >t 1 = = 1 + c1 2 1+ ;

c1 =
(1+ )
2

< u >t = e
Thus for the special case when S*=1,

(1 + )

4. CONCLUSIONS Reports in the literature about appearance of an overshoot in the transient temperature for a finite slab were analyzed for the case of convective boundary condition with the wave term, . The solution from Fourier parabolic model predicts a monotonic rise in temperature with an asymptote of <u>ss = 1 at steady state. The solution from the hyperbolic damped wave

conduction and relaxation for average temperature of the finite slab was solved for by method of Laplace transforms for the time conditions such as the first derivative of temperature in time equal to zero at time zero as used by other investigators in similar problems with constant wall temperature boundary condition. The Laplace domain expression compares from this model compares well with the expression for prototypical second order systems as discussed in a process dynamics and control textbooks. This expression when inverted has a overshoot. The temperature in a finite slab subject to convective boundary condition was assumed to

comprise of a transient component and steady state component. The steady state component temperature was obtained and given by Eq. (52). The governing equation for transient temperature is rendered homogeneous upon obtaining the solution of steady state temperature. The transient temperature was expressed as a product of decaying exponential and wave temperature. The governing equation for the wave temperature was solved for. The integration constants were

obtained from the initial temperature condition of <u>t = 0 at zero time. The second integration constant was calculated by verifying that the model solution obeys the energy balance equation for average transient temperature. This leads to a solution for transient temperature that has a decaying exponential term and a cosinuous term with a phase lag, . Eq. (62) does not result in any overshoot as shown in Figures 3.0 5.0 for various values of frequency and ratio of thermal relaxation times between air and the solid. It was found that the dimensionless Sharma Number

 h (heat) is given by S * = is a significant parameter in the analysis. Sa

Expression for time taken

to steady state was found and given by Eq. (63). No overshoot was found when the wave term was taken into account even for small values of , the ratio of the relaxation time of air with that of the solid. This is an indication that the fundamental phenomena such as acceleration of free electron as discussed before [12] can be used to model transient heat conduction at short times and be within the second law of thermodynamics. The maxima in the transient temperature were found to increase with decreasing S* starting with large values such as 10. A cross-over was found after S* became less than about 2.2. Then the maxima in the average transient temperature was found to decrease with decrease in storage number, S*. Eq. (62) can be seen to go to zero in the asymptotic limits of infinite storage number, S* .

Figure 6.0 Transient Average Temperature in Finite Slab from Damped Wave Conduction and Relaxation ( =0.2)

5. Nomenclature
a half-width of finite slab (m)

Cp g q T Ts T0 V W Greek r

heat capacity (J.Kg-1.K-1) function of X only heat flux (w.m-2) temperarature (K) surface temperature (K) initial temperature (K) function of time only wave temperature,

u = We

thermal diffusivity (m2.s-1) density (kg m-3) relaxation time (s) dimensionless time (t/r)

Dimensionless Groups
S* Sharma Number (heat), S * =

h Sa

S
u

C p S = r Storage Number,

s Dimensionless temperature, u = T T s 0

T T

Ve

Vernotte Number, Ve =

r 2 a

Dimensionless ordinate, X =

x r

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