Temperature DL = aLoDT - length expansion DV = bVoDT vol.

expansion
At 0oC at atmospheric Pressure water and ice co-exist. At 100oC at atmospheric Pressure water and steam co-exist. At 0.01oC (273.16 ) at about 611 Pa ice, water and water vapour co-exist (triple point).

q (oC) = T (K) 273.15

0 oC = 100, 100 0 . where P is the gas pressure at temp T and is the pressure at triple point. 273.16 is the triple point temp () = 273.16

constant n
1 1 1

2 2 ; 2

at constant V, i.e. V1= V2

Heat / Heat Transfer Temp change: DQ = C DT ; Units for C: J K-1 Temp change: DQ = mc DT ; Units for c: (J kg-1 K-1 or J kg-1 oC-1 ) Change of state: DQ = ml ; Units for l: J kg-1 Remember: Power = energy / time = Thermal energy / First law of thermodynamics
Total translational KE of gases: M (v2) avg = 3/2 nRT. (M refers to total mass) Average translational KE of gases: m (v2) avg = 3/2 kT. (m refers to mass of one gas atom/molecule)
First Law of thermodynamics

When mixing objects at different temp: use Heat gain = Heat lost Or Net heat change = 0. to find final temp.

Conduction: Convection: Radiation:

; =

= 4 ; ;

For FE1012, 2011 (Key concepts, Part 2 Lect 11-15 ) Ho SY, SPMS NTU

Thermodynamics Processes
isochloric isobaric isothermal

Q = DU + W

Heat supplied / lost

Gain / lost in internal energy = Total change in KE of gases (for ideal monoatomic gases) = 3/2 nRDT DT: obtained from starting and ending pts (states) on P-V diagram; using PV = nRT

Work done by gas +ve: expansion -ve: contraction obtained from area under line joining starting and ending pts (states) on P-V diagram;

DW = 0; DU = 3/2 nRDT;
Free expansion (insulated)

DW = p DV = nRDT; DU = 3/2 nRDT;

2 = ln( ) 1 DU = 0; pV

p1 V1= p2 V2
Intermediate unknown

Adiabatic [non-examinable. Included for completeness]

DW = 0; DU = 0; Q=0;

Q= 0; DU = - DW;