+++++ http://www.nybooks.com/articles/16951 The Trauma Trap By Frederick C. Crews Volume 51, Number ! March 11, 2004 http://www.scienceinmedicine.org/fe ows/Crews.

htm !emem"ering Trauma by !ichard #. Mc$a % Belknap/"ar#ar$ %ni#ersity &ress, '( pp., )*5 http://books.+oo+le.ca/books/about/,ememberin+-.rauma.html/i$01123i(hu45w67re$ir-esc0y 7 Memor%, Trauma Treatment, and the &aw by 8aniel Brown, 2lan 9. :che;lin, an$ 8. 6ory$on "ammon$ 9. 9. Norton, <61 pp., )1((.(( ,e#iewe$ by =cNally > 'e"unking M%ths ("out Trauma and Memor% !ichard # Mc$a %, )h' http://ww1.cpa>apc.or+:1(1(/publications/archi#es/c?p/'((5/no#ember/c?p>no#>(5>mcnally>@,>no#.p$; 1. A#ery now an$ then a book appears that can be instantly reco+ni4e$ as essential ;or its ;iel$>>a work that must become stan$ar$ rea$in+ i; that ;iel$ is to be pur+e$ o; nee$less con;usion an$ ;orti;ie$ a+ainst ;uture errors o; the same +eneral kin$. :uch a book is ,ememberin+ .rauma, by the "ar#ar$ psycholo+y pro;essor ,ichar$ B. =cNally. .o be sure, the authorCs intention is not re#olutionary but only consoli$atin+D he wants to show what has alrea$y been learne$, throu+h well>$esi+ne$ e3periments an$ analyses o; recor$s, about the e;;ects that psycholo+ical trauma typically e3erts on our memory. But what has been learne$ is not what is wi$ely belie#e$, an$ =cNally is obli+e$ to clear away a heap o; ?unk theory. @n $oin+ so, he pro#i$es a brilliant ob?ect lesson in the e3ercise o; rational stan$ar$s that are common to e#ery science $eser#in+ o; the name. =cNallyCs title ,ememberin+ .rauma neatly encapsulates the opposin+ #iews that, ;or a whole +eneration now, ha#e ma$e the stu$y o; trauma into psycholo+yCs most ;iercely conteste$ +roun$. (re scarring e*periences we remem"ered in the usua sense of the term, or can some of them "e remem"ered on % much ater, after the grip of a se f+protecti,e ps%cho ogica mechanism has "een re a*ed- This is the pi,ota issue that =cNally $ecisi#ely resol#es. @n the process, he also she$s li+ht on a number o; relate$ Euestions. 8oes memory o; trauma stan$ apart neurolo+ically ;rom normal memory/ 8oes a certain kin$ o; traumatic e3perience lea#e reco+ni4able lon+>term e;;ects that can #ouch ;or its historical reality/ 9hat memory problems typi;y post>traumatic stress $isor$er, an$ $oes the $isor$er itsel; Foccur in natureF or is it a cultural construct/ 2n$ is memory retrie#al a well>teste$ an$ e;;ecti#e means o; helpin+ a$ults to she$ $epression, an3iety, an$ other psycholo+ical a;;lictions/ Gne e3ten$e$ trauma, a public one, that wonCt be soon ;or+otten by the in#ol#e$ parties is central to =cNallyCs ar+ument. @ re;er to the great se* panic that gripped this continent from a"out 1915 to 199 . @t wasnCt ?ust an epi$emic o; runaway ;ear, rumor, an$ persecution but a +rimly practical test o; the theories whose currency ma$e it possible. 2n$ the theories at issue were precisely those that are e3hausti#ely re#iewe$ in ,ememberin+ .rauma. =cNally uses that chapter o; our history to show ?ust how much $ama+e can be $one when mistaken i$eas about the min$ +et in;use$ with i$eolo+ical 4eal. @n the 191(s, as =cNally relates, $ay care workers riske$ prosecution an$ imprisonment on the coerce$ testimony o; bewil$ere$ an$ intimi$ate$ three>year>ol$s who were pro$$e$ to FrememberF none3istent molestations. =eanwhile, poorly traine$ social workers, reasonin+ that si+ns o; se3ual curiosity in chil$ren must be Fbeha#ioral memoriesF o; rape, were char+in+ parents with incest an$ consi+nin+ their stunne$ o;;sprin+ to ;oster homes. 2n$ most remarkably, whole communities were ;rantically attemptin+ to e3pose en#isione$ co#ens o; :atan worshipers who were sai$, lar+ely on the basis o; hypnotically unlocke$ Fmemories,F to be raisin+ babies ;or se3ual torture, ritual mur$er, an$ cannibal ;easts aroun$ the patio +rill. @n the same perio$ many psychotherapists, employin+ hypnosis, $ream analysis, F+ui$e$ ima+ery,F Fa+e re+ression,F an$ other su++estion>ampli;yin+ $e#ices, persua$e$ their mostly ;emale patients to FrememberF ha#in+ been moleste$ by their ;athers or step;athers throu+h much o; their chil$hoo$, in some cases with the acti#e participation o; their mothers. .he FperpetratorsF thus ;in+ere$ were $e#astate$, embittere$, an$ o;ten publicly shame$, an$ only a minority o; their accusers e#entually recante$. =any, in ;act, ;ell in with their therapistsC belie; that youn+ #ictims o; se3ual trauma, instea$ o; consciously recallin+ what was $one to them, are likely to $e#elop multiple personalities. 8isinte+ratin+ ;urther, those

un;ortunates were then sent o;; to costly F$issociati#e i$entityF war$s, where their ;antasies o; containin+ ;i#e, a $o4en, or e#en hun$re$s o; inner sel#es were humore$ until their insurance co#era+e e3pire$ an$ they were aban$one$ in a cra4e$ con$ition. 2t the hei+ht o; the scare, in;luential traumatolo+ists were opinin+ that Fbetween twenty an$ ;i;ty percent o; psychiatric patients su;;er ;rom $issociati#e $isor$ersFH 1I J$isor$ers whose reporte$ inci$ence plummete$ towar$ 4ero as soon as some o; the Euacks who ha$ promote$ them be+an to be sue$ ;or malpractice.H2I .hat we e*perienced, Mc$a % shows, was a perfect storm, with ;orces ;or mischie; con#er+in+ ;rom e#ery si$e. .he ;rau$ulent 19<* bestseller :ybil ha$ alrea$y helpe$ to relaunch the lon+>$ormant ;a$ o; multiple personality an$ to link it to chil$hoo$ se3ual abuse.H/I Be+innin+ in the early 191(s, the ma#erick :wiss psychoanalyst ( ice Mi er tau+ht many 2merican rea$ers what :i+mun$ Kreu$ ha$ once belie#e$, that memories o; early abuse are typically represse$ an$ must be therapeutically unlocke$ i; the resultant neuroses are to be cure$. Be;;rey =assonCs melo$ramatic book .he 2ssault on .ruth L191 M, misrepresentin+ Kreu$Cs Fse$uctionF patients as sel;>aware incest #ictims rather than as the $oubters that they remaine$, ;anne$ the ;eminist an+er that =iller ha$ arouse$, encoura+in+ women to belie#e that molestation by ;athers must be per#asi#e.H4I :el;>help manuals such as The Courage to 0ea L1911M then eEuippe$ scienti;ically i+norant psychotherapists with open>en$e$ Fsymptom checklists,F ensurin+ that their patients woul$ be $ia+nose$ as su;;erin+ ;rom burie$ memories o; #iolation. 2n$ all the while, Neral$o ,i#era an$ less cynical alarmists were whippin+ up ;ear o; mur$erous $e#il cults. 1f the origins of our mass de usion were comp e*, its dissipation in the mid+1220s is easi % e*p ained. Oike the :alem witch hunt three centuries earlier, the se3 panic ha$ no internal brake that coul$ pre#ent its accusations ;rom racin+ beyon$ all boun$s o; cre$ibility. .he stirrin+ motto FBelie#e the chil$renF be+an to soun$ hollow when preschoolers who ;inally a+ree$ that they must ha#e been inappropriately touche$ went on to $escribe ha#in+ been $roppe$ into a pool o; sharks or turne$ into a mouse. .he me$ical recor$s o; some alle+e$ rape #ictims showe$ that they ha$ still been #ir+ins at a later perio$. @n one notorious case, in;luential at ;irst in promotin+ reco#ere$ memory but later in $iscre$itin+ it, a woman who +ot her ;ather sentence$ to li;e in prison ;or a mur$er/rape she ha$ remembere$ in hypnotic trances went on to recall his killin+ o; another person who pro#e$ to be wholly ima+inary. 2n$ many patients, when ur+e$ to $i+ $eeper a;ter pro$ucin+ a #a+ue scene or two, re$uce$ the process to sel;>tra#esty by con?urin+ surreal or+ies with 8a$$yCs bri$+e partners, #isitin+ uncles, an$ the ;amily pets. Gne reco#ere$ memory case in particular, less absur$ than most but ne#ertheless lackin+ in prima ;acie plausibility, set in motion what the mo#ementCs loyalists now bitterly characteri4e as Fthe backlash.F @n 1991 the ;uture Fbetrayal traumaF psycholo+ist Benni;er B. Krey$, a;ter her therapist ha$ pointe$ly aske$ her in their secon$ encounter whether she ha$ e#er been abuse$, su$$enly Fremembere$F that her ;ather ha$ continually moleste$ her between the a+es o; three an$ si3teen. @t was Krey$Cs mother, &amela, con#ince$ that she woul$ surely ha#e notice$ some e;;ects o; countless $omestic se3 crimes a+ainst her $au+hter, who then ma$e contact with other recently accuse$ parents an$ establishe$ the Fa se Memor% 3%ndrome Foundation. %n$er &amela Krey$Cs lea$ership, the ;oun$ation Lon whose a$#isory boar$ @ ser#eM +athere$ an$ $isseminate$ the most authoritati#e scienti;ic ?u$+ments about trauma, memory, an$ su++esti#e in;luenceJ?u$+ments that swaye$ enou+h ?urists, le+islators, an$ ?ournalists to brin+ a healthy skepticism into play. 9hat put Benni;er Krey$Cs FmemoriesF in Euestion wasnCt ?ust their $issonance with her motherCs close obser#ation. By alle+in+ ;ourteen yearsC worth o; molestations that ha$ been unknown to her conscious min$ prior to a therapistCs promptin+, Krey$ was in#okin+ an outlan$ish new $e;ense mechanism. Nrante$, some psycholo+ists still belie#e$ in repression, or the seEuesterin+ o; a $isa+reeable thou+ht or memory insi$e Fthe unconsciousFD an$ others subscribe$ to $issociation, the more ra$ical knack o; Fsplittin+ the sel;F so Euickly that no narrati#e memory o; the trauma +ets ;orme$ at all. But Krey$Cs story, like many others that sur;ace$ $urin+ the se3 panic, stretche$ those principles to co#er any number o; serial traumatic inci$ents, as i; a person coul$ be sub?ecte$ to the same outra+e hun$re$s o; times without takin+ co+niti#e note o; it. .his cumulati#e ;or+ettin+ o; harm;ul e3perience is what the social psycholo+ist ,ichar$ G;she $is$ain;ully name$ robust repressionJa startlin+ly mala$apti#e beha#ior that, i; actual, ou+ht to ha#e

arouse$ won$er an$ consternation ;rom the earliest times until now, i; in$ee$ it $i$nCt lea$ to the e3tinction o; our species. Be;ore the 2merican 191(s, howe#er, it ha$ apparently ne#er once been remarke$. 6oul$ robust repression itsel; ha#e been robustly represse$ throu+hout the millennia/ =ost reco#ere$ memory a$#ocates ha#e $ucke$ the conun$rum o; robust repression, an$ some ha#e $ismisse$ it as an alien notion $e#ise$ by their a$#ersaries. But the alle+e$ phenomenon, =cNally shows, is nothin+ other than the Fmassi#e repressionF posite$ by such prominent traumatolo+ists as Bu$ith Oewis "erman, Bu$ith O. 2lpert, Oenore 6. .err, an$ Benni;er B. Krey$ hersel;, each o; whom un$erstoo$ that claims o; su$$en access to a lon+ strin+ o; pre#iously unsuspecte$ horrors reEuire a basis in theory. 9hat coul$ that basis be/ =cNally makes short work o; the only systematic attempts, .errCs an$ Krey$Cs, to maintain that serial traumas are easier to ;or+et than sin+le ones. =oreo#er, all such e;;orts are $oome$ to be Euestion be++in+, because the only e#i$ence ;a#orin+ robust repression consists o; the #ery memories whose authenticity han+s in $oubt. The same stricture app ies, howe,er, to repression and dissociation per se. .hose notions became current in the 111(s an$ 119(s when Kreu$ an$ &ierre Banet in$epen$ently attempte$ to trace the then ;ashionable complaint o; hysteria to patho+enic hi$$en memories an$ to e3pun+e the ailment throu+h hypnotically in$uce$ recall. Kreu$, by ;ar the more in;luential ;i+ure, clun+ to repressionJthou+h ren$erin+ it pro+ressi#ely more elastic an$ ambi+uous>>e#en while repeate$ly $istancin+ himsel; ;rom the $ia+nostic an$ curati#e claims he ha$ in;erre$ ;rom its suppose$ workin+s. Be;ore he was ;inishe$, Kreu$ ha$ concei#e$ o; repression as both a conscious an$ an unconscious process actin+ upon ;eelin+s, thou+hts, i$eas, an$ ;antasies as well as memories. :uch pro;li+acy le;t repression without any operational meanin+D Fthe represse$F was simply any material that Kreu$, who was +i#en to ascribin+ his own punnin+ associations to his patientsC min$s, chose to i$enti;y as ha#in+ been $ismisse$ ;rom awareness. 5et the lon+ #o+ue o; psychoanalysis kept the concept ali#e, enablin+ it to be #irulently rea$apte$, a century a;ter its ;ormal intro$uction, to the same task o; recruitin+ patients to #ictimhoo$ that ha$ preoccupie$ its champion in 1195>96. 2s =cNally e3plains throu+h $e;tly analy4e$ e3amples, it isnCt ?ust therapists an$ their patients who ;ail to ask pru$ent Euestions about the repression or $issociation o; trauma. .he bo$y o; research purportin+ to #ali$ate those mechanisms is ri$$le$ with proce$ural errors, most o; which stem ;rom naP#e trust in the retrospection o; sub?ects who ha#e alrea$y been le$ to belie#e that they must ha#e un$er+one a trauma that was then seEuestere$ ;rom memory. 2lon+ with such other inEuirers as 8a#i$ "olmes an$ "arrison N. &ope, Br., =cNally un$erstan$s that a +oo$ test o; repression or $issociation has to be prospecti#e. .hat is, it must track down peop e who are known with certaint% to ha#e li#e$ throu+h or$eals that woul$ be e3pecte$ to ha#e tri++ere$ a sel;>protecti#e loss o; memory, an$ it must then ascertain how many o; those people are unable to recall the e#ent. 0o ocaust sur,i,ors make up the most ;amous class o; such sub?ects, but whate#er +roup or trauma is chosen, the upshot o; well>con$ucte$ research is always the same. Oike "olmes an$ &ope, =cNally ;in$s that no unanswerable e#i$ence has been a$$uce$ to pro#e that anyone, anywhere, has e#er represse$ or $issociate$ the memory o; any occurrence. .raumatic e3periences may not always remain in the ;ore;ront o; memory, but, unlike Frepresse$F ones, they can be rea$ily calle$ to min$ a+ain. %nless a #ictim recei#e$ a physical shock to the brain or was so star#e$ or sleep $epri#e$ as to be thorou+hly $isoriente$ at the time, those e3periences are typically better remembere$ than or$inary ones. .hus #udith 0erman4s much+ 5uoted ma*im, 6The ordinar% response to atrocities is to "anish them from consciousness,6789 wou d appear to "e e*act % opposite to the truth. (nd once that fact is understood, the impro,ised and precarious edifice of reco,ered memor% theor% co apses into ru"" e. 2. @t woul$ be a serious mistake, howe#er, to assume that reck ess traumato og% has now "een permanent % aid to rest. .he con#iction that ;athers are naturally prone to incestuous rape is still current. @n some aca$emic $epartments, a $o++e$ literalism about the repression/$issociation o; trauma has become o$$ly we$$e$ to postmo$ernist suspicion o; science. H:I Kurthermore, most o; the Ftrauma centersF that spran+ up in the 199(s to stu$y an$ treat psycho+enic amnesia are still operatin+ un$er the same premises as be;ore. 2s ;or the theoreticians o; reco#ere$ memory, they continue to use their positions o; authority in

uni#ersities, hospitals, an$ pro;essional or+ani4ations to a$#ance the #iews whose hollowness =cNally has e3pose$, an$ they can still count on a surprisin+ le#el o; support ;rom their collea+ues. 6onsi$er, in this re+ar$, the ;ollowin+ e3ample o; $ea;ness to the lessons o; the se3 panic. Aach year the 2merican &sychiatric 2ssociation, the bo$y that sets the most basic +ui$elines ;or soun$ practice in our mental health pro;essions, bestows its =an;re$ :. Nuttmacher 2war$ on what it $eems to be the best recent publication on le+al psychiatry. .he pri4e ;or 1999 went to a <61>pa+e tome by 8aniel Brown, 2lan 9. :che;lin, an$ 8. 6ory$on "ammon$, Memor%, Trauma Treatment, and the &aw. .he authors characteri4e themsel#es as F#oices o; mo$eration in the mi$$leF opposin+ F4ealots on both si$esF Lp. 1M. .heir book, howe#er, consists lar+ely o; sophistical plea$in+ ;or alrea$y lost causes: the ;orensic #alue o; therapeutically retrie#e$ memories, the +enuineness o; multiple personality $isor$er, the likelihoo$ that some reports o; ritual abuse cults are accurate, an$ the $esirability o; allowin+ e#i$ence obtaine$ throu+h hypnosis to be a$missible in court. =emory, .rauma .reatment, an$ the Oaw isnCt ?ust a $isin+enuous book, hi$in+ its partisanship behin$ a screen o; sanctimonyD it is also a no3ious one. Oi+htly +rantin+ the possibility that therapy may occasionally lea$ to pseu$omemories, it tri#iali4es the problem, $eemin+ it serious only Fwhen the patient takes le+al action or publically HsicI $iscloses abuseF Lp. *<M>>as i; the su;;erin+ o; pri#ately shattere$ ;amilies counte$ ;or nothin+. 2n$ the bookCs strate+y o; super;icially Fre#iewin+ the literature,F citin+ both skeptical an$ Lalways more numerousM cre$ulous stu$ies an$ then tiltin+ the scales towar$ the latter, merely simulates scienti;ic neutrality. .hese authorsC acti#ism in the cause o; reco#ere$ memory was well known lon+ be;ore they collaborate$ on their pri4e>winnin+ #olume. 8aniel Brown an$ 2lan :che;lin ha$ o;ten ser#e$ as e3pert witnesses minimi4in+ the ha4ar$s o; memory retrie#al, claimin+ to ha#e ;oun$ o#erwhelmin+ e3perimental support ;or the concept o; repression, an$ $enyin+ that a therapist coul$ e#er $ecei#e a patient into thinkin+ that she su;;ere$ ;rom multiple personalityD an$ their collaborati#e papers were similarly one>si$e$.H ;I @n 1995, moreo#er, :che;lin ha$ $eli#ere$ a warmly recei#e$ a$$ress to a .e3as con;erence hel$ by the 3ociet% for the 1n,estigation, Treatment and )re,ention of !itua and Cu t ("use , whose other speakers asserte$, inter alia, that there were 5(( :atanic cults in New 5ork 6ity alone, committin+ ((( human sacri;ices per year, that Bill 6linton was ser#in+ as the 2ntichrist in the worl$wi$e :atanic ;raternity o; the @lluminati an$ that the Kalse =emory :yn$rome Koun$ation is Fa 6entral @ntelli+ence 2+ency action.F A3pressin+ soli$arity with the assemble$ psychotherapists whose $ia+noses o; ritual abuse were e3posin+ them to malpractice suits, :che;lin counsele$ them on the best means o; ;oilin+ the le+al machinations o; Fthe ;alse memory people,F whom he characteri4es as Fthe enemy.FH<I But it is hypnotherapist 8. 6ory$on "ammon$, well known ;or his low re+ar$ ;or e3perimental research on memory,H2I whose name on the title pa+e o; =emory, .rauma .reatment, an$ the Oaw ou+ht to ha#e prompte$ especial wariness amon+ the Nuttmacher ?u$+es. Oike :che;lin, "ammon$ has a;;irme$ the reality o; both :atanic abuse cults an$ multiple personality $isor$er. But whereas :che;lin stops short o; assertin+ a pro#en link between those two phenomena, "ammon$ is on recor$ as a ;lamboyant true belie#er. @n a notorious 199' lecture at a con;erence on se3ual abuse an$ =&8, "ammon$ re#eale$ his con#iction that many =&8 su;;erers ha#e acEuire$ their split personalities throu+h sub?ection, ;rom early chil$hoo$ onwar$, to ritual se3ual abuse, sa$istic torture, an$ min$ control pro+rammin+. .he aim o; the pro+rammers, he $isclose$, has been to pro$uce remotely +ui$e$ FaltersF who, unbeknownst to their core sel#es, will be sla#es to a worl$wi$e inter+enerational cult that is or+ani4e$ into F@lluminatic councils.F .he cult, sai$ "ammon$, is hea$e$ by a sha$owy F'r. =reen"aum,F a "asi$ic Bewish collaborator with the Na4is who once assiste$ in $eath camp e3periments an$ later use$ the 6@2 to ;urther his ne;arious en$s. F=y best +uess,F "ammon$ con;i$e$, . . . is that they want an army o; =anchurian 6an$i$ates, tens o; thousan$s o; mental robots who will $o prostitution, $o chil$ porno+raphy, smu++le $ru+s, en+a+e in international arms smu++lin+, $o snu;; ;ilms, . . . an$ e#entually the me+alomaniacs at the top belie#e theyCll create a :atanic or$er that will rule the worl$.H10I .hese color;ul ;antasies are si+ni;icant, but not because they point to a ;ailure o; reality testin+ on "ammon$Cs part. 6losely relate$ i$eas were #oice$ in the hey$ay o; the reco#ere$ memory mo#ement by

other prominent =&8 specialists such as Bennett Braun an$ 6olin ,oss. 9hat matters is that "ammon$ an$ the others all claim to ha#e learne$ about the +ran$ cabal ;rom their hypnoti4e$ patients, who, until they were place$ in trances, ha$nCt e#en known they were molestation #ictims, much less robotic smu++lers, whores, an$ assassins. H11I 2s Brown, :che;lin, an$ "ammon$ now put it in ar+uin+ in ;a#or o; hypnotically obtaine$ e#i$ence in the courtroom, F;or some #ictims, hypnosis may pro#i$e the only a#enue to the represse$ memoriesF Lp. 6 <M. A3actly. 9ithout that means o; e3chan+in+ an$ embroi$erin+ ;alse belie;s, "ammon$ himsel; coul$ ne#er ha#e learne$ ;rom his patients about the e#il 8r. Nreenbaum an$ his thirst ;or absolute power o#er us all. .he illo+icalities an$ $istortions in =emory, .rauma .reatment, an$ the Oaw $o not +o unremarke$ in =cNallyCs ,ememberin+ .rauma. .hus, when Brown et al. cite one stu$y as e#i$ence that Famnesia for $a>i 0o ocaust camp e*periences has a so "een reported,6 Mc$a % 5uotes that stud%4s rather different conc usion: 6There is no dou"t that a most a witnesses remem"er Camp ?rika in great detai , e,en after 40 %earsF Lp. 19'M. 2n$ when Brown et al., a+ain strainin+ to make psycholo+ically moti#ate$ amnesia look commonplace, cite another stu$y to the e;;ect that Ftwo o; the *1 chil$ren stu$ie$ a;ter watchin+ li+htnin+ strike an$ kill a playmate ha$ no memory o; the e#ent,F =cNally in;orms us that those two chil$ren Fha$ themsel#es been struck by si$e ;lashes ;rom the main li+htnin+ bolt, knocke$ unconscious, an$ nearly kille$F Lp. 19'M. :uch corrections, howe#er $amnin+, are peripheral to Mc$a %4s fundamenta criti5ue of @rown and his co eagues. .he heart o; the matter is that Brown et al. ha#e miscast the entire $ebate o#er reco#ere$ memory by marshalin+ e#i$ence a+ainst a straw>man Fe3treme ;alse memory position.F :uppose$ly, the e3tremists hol$ that all re;reshe$ memories o; abuse are necessarily wron+. .hen one coul$ put the e3tremists in their place ?ust by citin+ a ;ew cases o; authenticate$ recall. But as =cNally shows, critics o; reco#ere$ memory ;ully allow that a perio$ o; ;or+et;ulness can prece$e a +enuine recollection. @n$ee$, that pattern is ?ust what we woul$ e3pect i; the youn+ sub?ect at the time o; the act, ne#er ha#in+ been warne$ a+ainst se3ual pre$ators, was unsure how to re+ar$ that act. 9hat the critics $eny is that FmemoriesF o; trauma, sur;acin+ ;or the ;irst time many years later, are so intrinsically reliable that they can ser#e as use;ul e#i$ence that the e3perience was real. Brown, :che;lin, an$ "ammon$ want that e3tremism to be embrace$ once a+ain by the le+al system that has ;inally learne$ to $istrust it. @t woul$ be reassurin+ to think that the the 2merican &sychiatric 2ssociationCs Nuttmacher ?ury merely skimme$ =emory, .rauma .reatment, an$ the Oaw an$ misconstrue$ it as a blan$ eclectic sur#ey. 2lrea$y in 1991, howe#er, another Nuttmacher 2war$ ha$ been bestowe$ on co>author :che;lin ;or a work that ma$e se#eral o; the same le+al ar+uments.H12I 2 more likely e3planation ;or the subseEuent pri4e is that Brown et al., ha#in+ mounte$ a brie; ;or the $eep knowle$+e an$ e3pert testimony o; theory>min$e$ clinicians, were +rate;ully percei#e$ as si$in+ with mental health pro#i$ers a+ainst their a$#ersaries. 1f so,

a arger 5uestion comes into ,iew. .hat ro e did our maAor societies representing ps%chotherapists>>the 2merican &sychoanalytic 2ssociation, the 2merican &sycholo+ical 2ssociation,
an$ the 2merican &sychiatric 2ssociation itsel;>>play in con$onin+ or actually ;acilitatin+ the reco#ere$ memory mo#ement, an$ how much enli+htene$ +ui$ance can we e3pect ;rom them in the ;uture/ /. 2s @ ha#e note$ on se#eral occasions,H1/I an$ as =cNally con;irms, in the 199(s reco#ere$ memory therapy ma$e si+ni;icant inroa$s into the practice o; North 2merican psychoanalysis. A#en to$ay, ;eminist clinicians bearin+ $iplomas ;rom analytic institutes are probin+ ;or missin+ memories o; abuse an$ #i+orously $e;en$in+ that practice in psychoanalytic books an$ ?ournals. But the (merican )s%choana %tic (ssociation, representin+ o#er *,((( members, has turne$ a blin$ eye to this tren$Jan$ one can un$erstan$ why. .he psychoanalytic mo#ement is alrea$y embattle$, an$ too much about the historical ties between Kreu$ianism an$ reco#ere$ memory woul$ pro#e embarrassin+ i; attention were calle$ to it. .he electe$ custo$ians o; Kreu$Cs le+acy ha#e no $esire to con;ront his early phase as a sel;> $ecei#e$ abuse $etecterD or to a$mit the prece$ent he set, $urin+ that phase an$ therea;ter, in treatin+ $reams, tics, obsessional acts, an$ a+itation in the consultin+ room as Fbeha#ioral memoriesF o; in;errable traumasD or to re#isit the +ra#e $oubts that ha#e been raise$ about repressionD or to be remin$e$ o; the way psychoanalysts, until Euite recently, insulte$ real #ictims o; molestation by tellin+ them that their Fscreen

memoriesF co#ere$ a represse$ $esire to ha#e se3 with their ;athers.H14I No lon+er +i#en to e3communicatin+ $issi$ents, the totterin+ Kreu$ian patriarchy has ma$e its peace with Freco#ere$ memory psychoanalysisF by preten$in+ that it $oesnCt e3ist. .he lar+est o; the three societies ri#en by the issue o; reco#ere$ memory, the 95,(((>member 2merican &sycholo+ical 2ssociation Lherea;ter 2&2M, is nominally responsible ;or Euality control in the a$ministration o; therapy by the nationCs clinical psycholo+ists. "ence one 2&2 $i#isionCs commen$able e;;ort in the 199(s to i$enti;y the most e;;ecti#e treatment metho$s ;or speci;ic complaints such as phobias an$ obsessi#e>compulsi#e $isor$er. .hat initiati#e, howe#er, met with $isappro#al ;rom 2&2 members whose ;a#orite re+imens ha$ not been ;oun$ to +i#e superior results. :ome practitioners worrie$ that insurers woul$ use the list o; appro#e$ treatments as an e3cuse to cut o;; reimbursement ;or all but the pre;erre$ therapies, an$ others complaine$ that the association seeme$ on the #er+e o; puttin+ soulless e3perimentation ahea$ o; clinical know>how. Kor now at least, the or+ani4ation as a whole is not recommen$in+ treatments, to say nothin+ o; $isa#owin+ $an+erous ones.H18I ,eco#ere$ memory thus +ets the same ;ree pass ;rom the 2&2 as Fattachment therapy,F Ftherapeutic touch,F Feye mo#ement $esensiti4ation an$ reprocessin+,F F;acilitate$ communication,F an$ the hypnotic $ebrie;in+ o; reincarnate$ princesses an$ %KG ab$uctees.H1:I .his reluctance to challen+e the ?u$+ment o; its therapist members is $eeply roote$ in the 2&2Cs philosophy. A#er since 19<1, when the association +a#e its blessin+ to &h.8. an$ &sy.8. pro+rams that omitte$ any scienti;ic trainin+, the 2&2 has +ui$e$ its course by re;erence to stu$ies in$icatin+ that the intuiti#e competence o; clinicians, not their a$herence to one psycholo+ical $octrine or another, is what chie;ly $etermines their e;;ecti#eness.H1;I .hose stu$ies, howe#er, were con$ucte$ be;ore reco#ere$ memory practitioners, usin+ a mi3ture o; peremptory +uesswork an$ unsubstantiate$ theory, be+an wrenchin+ patients away ;rom their ;amilies an$ their remembere$ past. @n 1995 the 2&2 $i$ publish a brochure, FQuestions an$ 2nswers about =emories o; 6hil$hoo$ 2buse,F which can still be ;oun$ on the F2&2 GnlineF 9eb site. .he $ocument combine$ some pru$ent a$#ice to patients with soothin+ reassurance that Fthe issue o; represse$ or su++este$ memories has been o#erreporte$ an$ sensationali4e$.F Kurther inEuiry into the phenomenon, it sai$, Fwill pro;it ;rom collaborati#e e;;orts amon+ psycholo+ists who speciali4e in memory research an$ those clinicians who speciali4e in workin+ with trauma an$ abuse #ictims.F But the 2&2 $irectors alrea$y knew that such collaboration was impossible. @n 199* they ha$ establishe$ a Ftask ;orce,F the 9orkin+ Nroup on the @n#esti+ation o; =emories o; 6hil$hoo$ 2buse, sel;>$e;eatin+ly compose$ o; three research psycholo+ists an$ three clinicians ;a#orably $ispose$ to retrie#al, an$ the task ;orce ha$ imme$iately $e+enerate$ into caucusin+ an$ wran+lin+. 2;ter years o; stalemate, the +roup pre$ictably submitte$ two reports that clashe$ on e#ery ma?or pointD an$ the abashe$ 2&2, presente$ with this #i#i$ e#i$ence that Fclinical e3perienceF can lea$ to scienti;ic hetero$o3y, $ecline$ to circulate photocopies o; the two $ocuments e#en to its own members e3cept by in$i#i$ual $eman$. =eanwhile, the or+ani4ation repeate$ly compromise$ its ;ormal neutrality. @n 199 , ;or e3ample, the 2&2Cs publishin+ house lent its presti+ious imprint to a book that not only recommen$e$ reco#ere$ memory therapy but recycle$ the most hee$less a$#ice ;oun$ in pop>psycholo+ical manuals. .he book, Oenore A. 2. 9alkerCs ("used .omen and 3ur,i,or Therap%: ( )ractica =uide for the )s%chotherapist, toute$ hypnotism as a le+itimate means o; +ainin+ access to Fburie$ memories o; incestF an$ F$i;;erent personalitiesF within the #ictim Lpp. '5> '6M. 9alker pro#i$e$ a list o; telltale symptoms, any one o; which mi+ht in$icate a history o; ;or+otten molestation. .hese inclu$e$ Fambi#alent or con;lict ri$$en relationships,F Fpoor bo$y ima+e,F FEuiet>#oice$,F Finability to trust or in$iscriminate trust,F Fhi+h risk takin+ or inability to take risks,F F;ear o; losin+ control an$ nee$ ;or intense control,F F+reat appreciation o; small ;a#ors by others,F Fno sense o; humor or constant wisecrackin+,F an$ Fblockin+ out early chil$hoo$ yearsF Lp. 11*MJyears which in ;act are not remembere$ by anyone. .hen in 1996 the 2&2 publishe$ an$ conspicuously en$orse$ another book, !eco,ered Memories of ("use, aime$ at eEuippin+ memory therapists an$ their e3pert witnesses with e#ery ar+ument an$ precaution that coul$ thwart malpractice suits.H1<I .he bookCs co>authors were well>known a$#ocates o; reco#ere$ memory treatment, an$ one o; them, Oaura :. Brown, was actually ser#in+ at the time on the

$ea$locke$ task ;orce. :he ha$ also supplie$ a ;orewor$ to Oenore 9alkerCs bumblin+ 2buse$ 9omen an$ :ur#i#or .herapy, callin+ it Fin#aluable an$ lon+ o#er$ueF Lp. #iiM. %nsurprisin+ly, then, ,eco#ere$ =emories o; 2buse characteri4e$ ;alse memory as an o#errate$ problem an$ $rew uncritically on much o; the research whose weaknesses ,ichar$ =cNally has now e3pose$. .he 2&2Cs unabate$ promotion o; that book, e#en to$ay, su++ests that the or+ani4ation remains more concerne$ with shiel$in+ its most waywar$ members than with warnin+ the public a+ainst therapeutic snake oil. .here remains, once a+ain, the (merican )s%chiatric (ssociationJFthe #oice an$ conscience o; mo$ern psychiatry,F as its 9eb site proclaims. &uttin+ asi$e the ;iasco o; the 1999 Nuttmacher 2war$, we mi+ht e3pect that a society representin+ *<,((( physicians, all o; whom ha#e been schoole$ in the stan$ar$ o; care that reEuires treatments to be teste$ ;or sa;ety an$ e;;ecti#eness, woul$ be especially #i+ilant a+ainst the $an+ers o; retrie#al therapy. .hus ;ar, howe#er, that e3pectation has not been ;ul;ille$. .o be sure, the &sychiatric 2ssociationCs 199* F:tatement on =emories o; :e3ual 2buseF $i$ warn clinicians not to Fe3ert pressure on patients to belie#e in e#ents that may not ha#e occurre$. . . .F 5et the statement ina$#ertently encoura+e$ ?ust such tamperin+ by a#owin+ that the Fcopin+ mechanismsF o; moleste$ youn+sters can Fresult in a lack o; conscious awareness o; the abuseF an$ by characteri4in+ F$issociati#e $isor$ersF as a typical outcome o; that abuse. .hose remarks constitute$ a $iscreet but unmistakable #ote o; con;i$ence in multiple personality $isor$er an$ its ima+ine$ se3ual etiolo+y. 2n$ in$ee$, a year later the ;ourth e$ition o; the &sychiatric 2ssociationCs 8ia+nostic an$ :tatistical =anual o; =ental 8isor$ers L8:=>@VM rea;;irme$ the #ali$ity o; M)' un$er the more $i+ni;ie$ an$ marketable name o; $issociati#e i$entity $isor$er. .he &sychiatric 2ssociationCs 199* $eclaration on abuse memories per;orme$ still another ser#ice, a subtle one, ;or the repression/$issociation lobby. @n e3plainin+ FimplicitF memoryJthe kin$ that is e3ercise$ in the routine e3ecution o; skills or in the colorin+ o; emotions by past impressions that arenCt bein+ e3plicitly calle$ to min$Jthe statement pro;;ere$ a curiously straine$ e3ample. F@n the absence o; e3plicit recall,F it sai$, implicit memory can torment Fa combat #eteran who panics when he hears the soun$ o; a helicopter, but cannot remember that he was in a helicopter crash which kille$ his best ;rien$.F "ere was an elision o; the crucial +ap between merely not thinkin+ about a past e#ent, as in the normal operation o; implicit memory, an$ ha#in+ total, psycholo+ically moti#ate$ amnesia ;or that e#ent. Rnowle$+eable rea$ers woul$ ha#e seen that in takin+ this unusual step, the statementCs $ra;ters were len$in+ their authority to one contro#ersial interpretation o; post>traumatic stress $isor$er L )T3'M, which the &sychiatric 2ssociation ha$ ;irst stampe$ as +enuine in 8:=>@@@ o; 191(. But why shoul$ a primarily martial ailment ha#e ;i+ure$ e#en in$irectly in a position paper on chil$hoo$ se3ual abuse/ .he mystery #anishes, howe#er, i; we know that the reco,ered memor% mo,ement4s fa,orite means of

courting respecta"i it% has "een to fo d the s%mptoms of repressed/dissociated a"use into )T3'.
@n '((( the &sychiatric 2ssociationCs trustees, eschewin+ risky ;li+hts into theory, appro#e$ a lower>pro;ile F&osition :tatement on .herapies Kocuse$ on =emories o; 6hil$hoo$ &hysical an$ :e3ual 2buse.F .his $eclaration, howe#er, was more pussy;ootin+ than its pre$ecessor. .he #ali$ity o; reco#ere$ memory treatment, it whispere$, Fhas been challen+e$F in some Euarters. 9hile pointin+ out that memories can be altere$ as a result o; su++estions ;rom Fa truste$ person or authority ;i+ure,F the $ra;ters tact;ully re;raine$ ;rom mentionin+ that the su++estin+ party is usually a therapist. 2n$ clinicians were a$#ise$ to a#oi$ Fpre?u$+in+ the #eracity o; the patientCs reportsF o; abuse, as i; ;alse reports were typically $eli#ere$ to therapists out o; the blue, without in;luence ;rom con;abulation>enhancin+ $e#ices employe$ within the treatment. .he absence o; any mention o; those $e#ices, such as hypnosis an$ so$ium amytal, marke$ a step backwar$ ;rom the associationCs 199* statement. .hese eEui#ocations neither helpe$ nor impe$e$ the alrea$y witherin+ reco#ere$ memory mo#ement. 2s we will now see, howe#er, the mo#ementCs hopes o; a comeback ha#e been pinne$ on the )s%chiatric (ssociation4s fatefu decision to treat post+traumatic stress disorder as an integra and historica % in,aria" e ma ad%. 2n$ that $ecision was a me$ically unwarrante$ one. 2s =cNally in$icates with re;erence to se#eral recent stu$ies, &.:8, like Victorian hysteria an$ like reco#ere$ memory itsel;, can now

be un$erstoo$ as an arti;act o; its era>>a sociopolitical in#ention o; the post>Vietnam years, meant to replace Fshell shockF an$ Fcombat ;ati+ueF with an en$urin+ a;;liction that woul$ tacitly in$ict war itsel; as a psycholo+ical patho+en.H12I "owe#er cripplin+ the symptoms associate$ with it may be ;or many in$i#i$uals, the &.:8 $ia+nosis itsel; has pro#e$ to be a mo$ern conta+ion. Gnce certi;ie$ by the 2merican &sychiatric 2ssociation as natural an$ beyon$ the su;;ererCs control, post> traumatic stress $isor$er be+an attractin+ claimants, both ci#ilian an$ military, who schoole$ themsel#es in its liste$ symptoms an$ ;or+e$ a new i$entity aroun$ remainin+ uncure$. By now, as =cNally relates, &.:8 compensation is $eman$e$ ;or such complaints as Fbein+ ;ire$ ;rom a ?ob, one>mile>per>hour ;en$er ben$ers, a+e $iscrimination, li#in+ within a ;ew miles o; an e3plosion Lalthou+h unaware that it ha$ happene$M, an$ bein+ kisse$ in publicF Lp. '11M. 2ccor$in+ to &aula Bones amon+ others, &.:8 can e#en be the outcome o; a consensual lo#e a;;air. @n #iew o; such e3amples, the attempt to subsume ;or+otten abuse un$er post>traumatic stress makes more cultural than scienti;ic senseD the same atmosphere o; hypersensiti#ity an$ #ictimhoo$ brou+ht both $ia+noses to li;e.H20I 2s =cNally shows in his concise an$ un$emonstrati#e style, the national se3 panic le;t its mark on each successi#e #ersion o; the &sychiatric 2ssociationCs bible, which in turn con+eale$ ;olklore into $o+ma. .he 191( 8:=>@@@ entry on post>traumatic stress $isor$er, min$;ul only o; wars an$ other shockin+ $isasters, ha$ $e;ine$ a &.:8>tri++erin+ e#ent as one that ;alls F+enerally outsi$e the ran+e o; usual human e3perienceF an$ that Fwoul$ e#oke si+ni;icant symptoms o; $istress in almost e#eryone.F @n 199 , howe#er, the ;ourth e$ition +enerously e3pan$e$ the cate+ory o; precipitatin+ causes to inclu$e F$e#elopmentally inappropriate se3ual e3periences without threatene$ or actual #iolence or in?ury.F .hus a sin+le>min$e$ therapeutic sleuth coul$ now place a Euestionably retrie#e$ inci$ent o; in;antile +enital ;on$lin+ on the same etiolo+ical plane as the Bataan $eath march or an ambush in the =ekon+ 8elta. HSSSSSSI @t was the $ia+nostic manual, once a+ain, that remo#e$ the lar+est obstacle o; all to the mer+er o; post> traumatic stress an$ reco#ere$ memory. .he key si+n o; &.:8, as ;irst concei#e$, was that accurate recollections o; the trauma keep intru$in+ on the patientCs conscious min$D this was ?ust the opposite o; represse$ or $issociate$ memory. But between 8:=>@@@ an$ its re#ise$ e$ition o; 191<, &.:8 patients were $isco#ere$ to ha#e been harborin+ a con#enient new symptom. @n 191( they ha$ shown only some inci$ental Fmemory impairment or trouble concentratin+F on $aily a;;airs, but the up$ate$ e$ition replace$ routine ;or+et;ulness with Finability to recall an important aspect o; the traumaF Lemphasis a$$e$M. .his retroacti#e in;usion o; amnesia into the clinical picture o; &.:8 e3plains why the &sychiatricC 2ssociationCs illustrati#e helicopter pilot coul$ ha#e been trouble$ by a memory that ha$ le;t no conscious imprint on his min$. "ere, too, was the openin+ nee$e$ to +i#e $issociation an appearance o; har$> scienti;ic concreteness. &ost>traumatic stress, it was now claime$, short>circuits narrati#e memory an$ ;in$s another, preco+niti#e, channel throu+h which it can ;loo$ the sub?ect with an3iety. 2ccor$in+ly, $iehar$ reco#ere$ memory theorists took up a last re;u+e in neurobiolo+y, now maintainin+ that $issociate$ se3ual abuse +enerates si+nature alterations o; brain tissue. 9ith the arri#al o; =cNallyCs ,ememberin+ .rauma, there is no lon+er any e3cuse ;or such ob;uscation. @t makes no sense, =cNally shows, to count ;or+et;ulness ;or some Faspect o; the traumaF within the $e;inition o; &.:8, because normal people as well as &.:8 su;;erers +et $isoriente$ by shockin+ inci$ents an$ ;ail to memori4e e#erythin+ about the e#ent, e#en while knowin+ ;or the rest o; their li#es that it occurre$. Oikewise, it has ne#er been establishe$, an$ it seems Euite unbelie#able, that people can be haunte$ by memories that were ne#er co+niti#ely re+istere$ as such. Nor can speci;ic brain markers #ouch ;or the reality o; a lon+>past se3ual trauma, because, amon+ other reasons, those ;eatures coul$ ha#e been present ;rom birth. F@t is ironic,F =cNally re;lects, Fthat so much has been written about the biolo+ical mechanisms o; traumatic psycholo+ical amnesia when the #ery e3istence o; the phenomenon is in $oubt. 9hat we ha#e here is a set o; theories in search o; a phenomenonF Lp. 11'n.M. ,ememberin+ .rauma is neither a polemic nor a sermon, an$ =cNally o;;ers little counsel to psychotherapists beyon$ warnin+ them a+ainst turnin+ moral $isappro#al o; pe$ophilia into o#ercon;i$ence that they can in;er its e3istence ;rom beha#ioral clues obser#e$ twenty or thirty years a;ter the ;act. But another lesson is implie$ throu+hout this important book. 2ttention to the chimerical task o; $i#inin+ a patientCs early traumas is attention subtracte$ ;rom sensible help in the here an$ now. .he reason why psychotherapists ou+ht to ;amiliari4e themsel#es with actual knowle$+e about the workin+s o; memory,

an$ why their pro;essional societies shoul$ stop wa;;lin+ an$ promul+atin+ misin;ormation about it, is not that +oo$ science +uarantees +oo$ therapyD it is simply that pseu$oscience ine#itably lea$s to harm. $otes H1I Bessel 2. #an $er Rolk an$ Gnno #an $er "art, F.he @ntrusi#e &ast: .he Kle3ibility o; =emory an$ the An+ra#in+ o; .rauma,F 2merican @ma+o, #ol. 1 L1991M, pp. '5> 5 D the Euotation is ;rom p. *'. H'I .he ;ullest treatment o; the reco#ere$ memory episo$e an$ its historical antece$ents is =ark &en$er+rast, Victims o; =emory: :e3 2buse 2ccusations an$ :hattere$ Oi#es, 'n$ e$. L%pper 2ccess, 1996M. Kor a concise an$ pointe$ account o; the multiple personality ;a$, see Boan 2cocella, 6reatin+ "ysteria: 9omen an$ =ultiple &ersonality 8isor$er LBossey>Bass, 1999M. .he best e3ten$e$ $iscussion is Nicholas &. :panos, =ultiple @$entities an$ Kalse =emories: 2 :ocioco+niti#e &erspecti#e L2merican &sycholo+ical 2ssociation, 1996M. Gn :atanic abuse, see Be;;rey :. Victor, :atanic &anic: .he 6reation o; a 6ontemporary Oe+en$ LGpen 6ourt, 199*M, an$ 8ebbie Nathan an$ =ichael :ne$eker, :atanCs :ilence: ,itual 2buse an$ the =akin+ o; a =o$ern 2merican 9itch "unt LBasic Books, 1995M. .he pli+ht o; $aycare workers who remain imprisone$ e#en to$ay is treate$ by 8orothy ,abinowit4, No 6rueler .yrannies: 2ccusation, Kalse 9itness, an$ Gther .errors o; Gur .imes L9all :treet &ress Books/Kree &ress, '((*M. H*I Kor the current state o; knowle$+e about F:ybil,F see =ikkel Borch>Bacobsen, Kolie T plusieurs: 8e lChystUrie T la $Upression LOes AmpVcheurs $e penser en ron$/Oe :euil, '(('M, pp. 111>161. H I Kor =assonCs errors about Kreu$Cs Fse$uctionF phase, see 2llen Asterson, FBe;;rey =asson an$ Kreu$Cs :e$uction .heory: 2 New Kable Base$ on Gl$ =yths,F "istory o; the "uman :ciences, #ol. 11 L1991M, pp. 1>'1. @n his pre;ace to a recently reprinte$ e$ition o; .he 2ssault on .ruth L,an$om "ouse, '((*M, =asson at last conce$es that Kreu$Cs patients in 1195>96 resiste$ the incest stories that he trie$ to ;orce upon them. Bi4arrely, howe#er, =asson still counts those patients amon+ the likely #ictims o; se3ual abuse in Kreu$Cs $ay. H5I Bu$ith Oewis "erman, .rauma an$ ,eco#ery LBasic Books, 199'M, p. 1. H6I :ee, in this connection, the ;inal chapter o; ,uth OeysCs .rauma: 2 Nenealo+y L%ni#. o; 6hica+o &ress, '(((M. H<I @n one paper, ;or e3ample, :che;lin an$ Brown a$$resse$ the problem o; patientsC su++estibility, but the $an+er they en#isione$ ;rom that Euarter was only F;alse liti+ant syn$rome,F or surren$er to Fpro>;alse> memory su++esti#e in;luencesF emanatin+ ;rom Fplainti;;sC attorneys an$ e3pert witnessesF brou+ht into malpractice suits a+ainst their ;ormer therapists. :ee 2lan 9. :che;lin an$ 8aniel Brown, F.he Kalse Oiti+ant :yn$rome: WNobo$y 9oul$ :ay .hat %nless @t 9as the .ruth,CF Bournal o; &sychiatry an$ Oaw, #ol. '< L1999M, pp. 6 9><(5. .his same ar+ument sur;aces in =emory, .rauma .reatment, an$ the Oaw, which states that pressures e3erte$ in therapy Fpale in comparisonF Lp. *91M with those that can turn a patient into a liti+ious in+rate. H1I .ranscripts o; the .e3as con;erence procee$in+s ha#e been a#ailable ;rom .oronto ra$io station 6RON. :ee also A#an "arrin+ton, F6onspiracy .heories an$ &aranoia: Notes ;rom a =in$>6ontrol 6on;erence,F 3keptica 1n5uirer, #ol. '( L:eptember/Gctober 1996M, pp.*5> '. http://www.csicop.or+/si/show/conspiracy-theories-an$-paranoia-notes-;rom-a-min$> control-con;erence/ H9IF@ think itCs time somebo$y calle$ ;or an open season on aca$emicians an$ researchers,F "ammon$ sai$ in 199<D F. . . itCs time ;or clinicians to be+in brin+in+ ethics char+es ;or scienti;ic malpractice a+ainst researchers an$ ?ournal e$itorsF who $ispara+e reco#ere$ memory theory. F@n#esti+atin+ Kalse =emory ;or the %nmemorable: 2 6ritiEue o; A3perimental "ypnosis an$ =emory ,esearch,F 1 th @nternational 6on+ress o; "ypnosis an$ &sychosomatic =e$icine, :an 8ie+o, Bune 199<. .apes o; "ammon$Cs talk ha#e been o;;ere$ by .he :oun$ o; Rnowle$+e, @nc. H10I 8. 6ory$on "ammon$, F"ypnosis in =&8: ,itual 2buse,F a paper $eli#ere$ at the Kourth 2nnual Aastern ,e+ional 6on;erence on 2buse an$ =ultiple &ersonality, 2le3an$ria, V2, Bune '5, 199'. %n$erstan$ably, tapes o; this talk ha#e been with$rawn ;rom saleD but a transcript, which repays rea$in+ ;rom start to ;inish, can be ;oun$ at www.heart<.net/mc;/+reenbaum.htm . H http://web.archi#e.or+/web/'(('( 1*1 1 11/http://heart<.net/mc;/+reenbaum.htm I H11I &atients o; hypnosis>wiel$in+ =&8 enthusiasts really ha#e acEuire$ cripplin+ belie;s about their cult participation. .hat is why Bennett Braun, in 199<, ha$ his license to practice suspen$e$ an$ why his insurers pai$ one o; his tormente$ e3>patients a soberin+ malpractice settlement o; )1(.6 million.

H1'I 2lan 9. :che;lin an$ Berrol$ Oee :hapiro, .rance on .rial LNuil;or$ &ress, 1919M. H1*I :ee, e.+., .he =emory 9ars: Kreu$Cs Oe+acy in 8ispute LNew 5ork ,e#iew Books, 1995M, pp. 15>'9D %nauthori4e$ Kreu$: 8oubters 6on;ront a Oe+en$ LVikin+, 1991M, pp. 3>3iD an$ FKorwar$ to 1196/ 6ommentary on &apers by "arris an$ 8a#ies,F &sychoanalytic 8ialo+ues, #ol. 6 L1996M, pp. '*1>'5(. .hat special number o; &sychoanalytic 8ialo+ues became a book e$ite$ by ,ichar$ B. Nartner, =emories o; :e3ual Betrayal: .ruth, Kantasy, ,epression, an$ 8issociation LBason 2ronson, 199<M. =y own contribution, howe#er, was e3cise$ an$ replace$ by an attack on my earlier criticisms o; psychoanalysis. H1 I Gn this last point, see Bennett :imon, FW@ncestJ:ee %n$er Ge$ipus 6omple3C: .he "istory o; an Arror in &sychoanalysis,F Bournal o; the 2merican &sychoanalytic 2ssociation, #ol. ( L199'M, pp. 955>911. H15I :ee 8a#i$ Nlenn, FNi+htmare :cenarios,F 6hronicle o; "i+her A$ucation, Gct. ' , '((*, pp. 1 >1<. H16I 2 welcome new critiEue o; ;a$ therapies is :cience an$ &seu$oscience in 6linical &sycholo+y, e$. :cott G. Oilien;el$, :te#en Bay Oynn, an$ Be;;rey =. Oohr LNuil;or$ &ress, '((*M. H1<I :ee ,obyn =. 8awes, "ouse o; 6ar$s: &sycholo+y an$ &sychotherapy Built on =yth LKree &ress, 199 M, especially pp. 1(>''. H11I Renneth :. &ope an$ Oaura :. Brown, ,eco#ere$ =emories o; 2buse: 2ssessment, .herapy, Korensics L2merican &sycholo+ical 2ssociation, 1996M. H19I :ee especially 2llan 5oun+, .he "armony o; @llusions: @n#entin+ &ost>.raumatic :tress 8isor$er L&rinceton %ni#. &ress, 1995M, an$ "erb Rutchins an$ :tuart 2. Rirk, =akin+ %s 6ra4y: 8:=: .he &sychiatric Bible an$ the 6reation o; =ental 8isor$ers LKree &ress, 199<M. H20I 2s the &ie$ &ipers o; reco#ere$ memory, Allen Bass an$ Oaura 8a#is, tol$ prospecti#e sur#i#ors in 1911, F9hen you ;irst remember your abuse or acknowle$+e its e;;ects, you may ;eel tremen$ous relie;. Kinally there is a reason ;or your problems. .here is someone, an$ somethin+, to blame.F .he 6oura+e to "eal: 2 Nui$e ;or 9omen :ur#i#ors o; 6hil$ :e3ual 2buse L"arper 7 ,ow, 1911M, p. 1<*. +++++ +++++