Organelles in cells

Animal Cell: 1: Nucleus: It is composed of nucleus plasma and nucleolus; It stores the genetic materials such as the Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic Acid (RNA). The main function of nucleus is to store the genetic materials and to produce proteins using the genes that are present in the DNA molecules. The nucleolus structure is condensed with RNA molecules. These content are stored within the nuclear membrane. The nuclear membrane has two layers, the inner membrane and outer membrane. The nuclear membrane also contains nuclear pores that allow the Nucleotides such as DNA and RNA or other protein structures to move in and out of the nucleus.

2. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: It is known to be rough because it contains the Ribosome on the Endoplasmic Reticulum. The main function is to produce extracellular proteins. The proteins synthesised will be stored in vesicles and sent further to the Golgi Apparatus for further modification until it is sent out of the cell by the help of the vesicles that will be produced by the Golgi Apparatus. The extra cellular proteins are synthesised in Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum with the help of Messenger RNA (mRNA) that brings the information to produce the proteins from the DNA molecule in the nucleus. 3. Golgi Apparatus: It receives proteins in vesicles from Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum and modifies the protein. It will pack the extra cellular proteins in vesicles to be sent out of the cell. 4. Ribosome: Ribosome is two kinds. One is the one attached on the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum and the other ribosomes are floating free in the cytoplasm of the cell. The main function is to produce protein in association with other RNA molecules. The free ribosomes in the cytoplasm produce intracellular proteins. These are the proteins that will be used for the use of the cell alone, for example it produces enzymes and other globular proteins for metabolic activities of the cell. It will not be sent out of the cell. 5. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: The main function is to produce fat based molecules. Mainly it produces, fatty acids and glycerols and other sterols such as cholesterols. Adipose tissue are densed with this organelle. 6. Centrioles: It is only present in Animal cell and not in Plant cell. The main function is to produce fibres that will be spread in the cytoplasm for the movement of the vesicles and other organelles to suspend on it. During the mitosis or meiosis stage the Spindle fibres will form the spindle fibres that will be used in pulling the chromosomes/homologous chromosomes to the opposite poles of the cell. 7. Mitochondria: It is a unique organelle that contains its own genetic material to reproduce in the cell. It is composed of two layers of membrane, the inner membrane and the outer membrane. The inner membrane contains any enzymes that conducts cellular respiration. This organelle oxidises glucose using Oxygen molecule to produce energy in the form of Adenosine Tri Phosphate (ATP) and also other products such as water and carbon dioxide. It is also well known as the power house of

the cell. Muscle cells and other cells that requires energy to function will have high density of mitochondria. The neck of a Sperm cell also contains allot of this organelle so it can supply enough energy to the tail to whip and swim until it reaches fallopian tube. 8. Lysosomes: It is a small vesicles in cells that contain lytic enzymes. This organelle is responsible to protect the cells from harmful foreign bodies. The cells engulf an unwanted substance by phagocytises process, the lysosome will merge with the vesicle containing the foreign boy and digest the molecules and makes it inactive. 9. Cytoplasm: It is a gel like material that allows metabolic process to occur in the cell. All the organelles are stored here. The content within the nucleus and plasma membrane are known as protoplasm. It suspends all the organelles. 10. Cell membrane: Composed of phospholipids bilayer and severl pore proteins and carrier proteins. This structure appear like fluid because the substances moves randomly in lateral positions. The various proteins structures makes it to look like a mosaic structure. Hence, this structure is known as fluid and mosaic model structure. 11. Carbohydrate storage: Animal cell stores carbohydrate in the form of glycogen.

Plant cell: Plant cell contains all the organelles listed in the animal cell however, plant cells does not contain centrioles. 1. Cell Wall: Plant cell has this structure composed of cellulose (a type of carbohydrate storage). This structure is mainly to protect from physical injuries and fungal infections and give a distinct shape to the cell. 2. Chloroplast: An independent organelle that contains its own genetic material. It is composed of two membranes. It has a structure called grana and thylokoids. Thylakoids are stacks of chloroplasts structure. It absorbs sunlight and conducts photolysis process. Grana conducts the second part of photosynthesis process that is the dark reaction. 3. Vacuole: Is the largest organelle in a plant cell. It stores the cell sap ( Water and mineral salts). If the water moves in to the cell via osmosis, the vacuole will become bigger and this will cause the cytoplasm and other organelles pushed towards the cell membrane and cell wall. This action will cause the cells pressure to increase. This pressure is called the turger pressure. 4. Carbohydrate storage: Plant cell stores carbohydrate in the form of cellulose or starch.

Difference Between plant cell and an animal cell

Plant cell has cell walls that are composed of cellulose and lignin structure. It is a structure that is made of carbohydrate. This structure protects the cell and gives the cell a distinct shape. The animal cell has no cell wall and it does not have a fixed shaped like plant cells.

Plant cell has a Chloroplast that contains chlorophyll molecule that conducts photosynthesis process. This process is also known as photoautotroph that makes its own food. Animal cell does not have this structure and animal cells are holozoic organism whereby they ingest food in solid or liquid form. Animal cell has an organelle called the Centriole. It exists in pair and are perpendicular to one another. Centriole makes the spindle fibres during the cell division process to pull the chromosomes/ chromatids to opposite poles of the cell. Plant cell does not have centrioles. It produces spindle fibres by itself without centrioles. Plant cells stores carbohydrates in the form of starch and cellulose. Animal cell stores carbohydrate in the form of glycogen. Plant cell has a large vacuole that contains sap cell. Under hypotonic solution, the water moves in to the cell via osmosis and causes the vacuole to swell. This will push the cytoplasm and other organelles towards the cell wall. Causing the cell to create a pressure known as the turgor pressure. Animal cell has small vacuoles that are used to transport substances or protein molecules.

Multicellular and unicellular

Cell is the basic unit of life. Few cell joins together to make a type of tissue. The combination of few types of tissue will produce and organ that conducts a specific function. A few types of organs combines together to conduct a complex function is called a system. This is how a multicellular organism is composed. There are many kinds of cell that produces different kinds of tissue, organs and system. Take an example of Blood circulatory system. It is composed of few organs such as the heart, vessels, lungs and etc. The tissues are many kinds for instance, the blood tissue, epithelial tissue, cardiac muscle tissue and etc. The cells involved in blood tissue are Platelets, Red Blood Cells and White Blood Cells. Unicellular organisms are made up of only one cell. There are many kinds of unicellular cells such as the amoeba