Exam Choice 2008 Physics Trial HSC examination.

Section I A 1 $ Part $
1! Mar&in' Criteria Appropriate technology identified and sound explanation provided An appropriate technology identified Mar&s 2 1

Marking Guidelines and model Answers.

Multiple Choice 3 C 4 % % ! $ " A 8 % # C 10 % 11 % 12 C 13 A 14 C 1 A

2 %

e.g. Photogates were used to measure the time taken for a projectile to fall as these are much more accurate than hand-held stopwatches. 1" a( Mar&in' Criteria Full and correct explanation linking movement of o ject with force needed and therefore work done Movement of o ject referred to !" force causing motion identified Mar&s 2 1

#o increase an o ject$s gravitational potential energy% a force must act on the o ject to move it against the gravitational field it is within. A force moved through a distance e&uates to work done% therefore work has een done in increasing an o ject$s ' P. 1" )( Mar&in' Criteria (orrect method used to calculate correct answer An incorrect )GP'*mgh+ method used !" error made in correct calculation ,ork done * change in 'PMar&s 2 1

' P = ' P at .//km ' P at surface = G mearth mobject rat .//km G mearth mobject rat surface

0 0 = Gmearth mobject rat .//km rat surface 0 0 = 4.45 0/ 00 4./ 0/ 12 6./ 0/ 1 . 4.5/ 0/. 445/ 0/ = 0.2 0/3 7

)8ote- 0.6 x 0/37 is answer y simply doing GP'*mgh+ 1" c(

Mar&in' Criteria (orrect reasons given% i.e. satellite must have or ital velocity re&uiring more work to e done A reason identified 9 e.g. satellite is in motion

Mar&s 2 1

,hen a satellite is launched% work is done to increase its gravitational potential energy A8: its speed so that at its allotted altitude% it has sufficient speed to continue to or it the 'arth. #hus much more work is done than simply lifting it straight up. 18 a( Mar&in' Criteria (orrect data su stituted into correct e&uation to arrive at correct answer (orrect data identified !" appropriate e&uation attempted with error)s+ Mar&s 2 1

uy = ; a y = 3.< m s 1 y = 6/./ m

v y 1 = u y 1 + 1a y y / = u y 1 1 3.< 6/ u y = .0.. m s 0

v y = / )at max. height+ u y 1 = 3</

18 )( Mar&in' Criteria (orrect values su stituted correctly into appropriate e&uation (orrect values selected with errors in su se&uent working Mar&s 2 1

0 Use - y = u y t + a y t 1 1 u y = .0.. m s 0 )or answer to =0<a+ 0 / = .0..t + 3.< t 1 a y = 3.< m s 1 1 y = / )over hori>ontal ground+ 2.3t = .0.. t = 4.2s
18 c( Mar&in' Criteria Full explanation is provided ?ncomplete or partial explanation provided Mar&s 2 1

#he projectile$s initial hori>ontal speed is first calculated. #his remains constant throughout the motion of the projectile% so it is multiplied y the time of the flight. :istance * speed @ time. #his gives the range. 1# Mar&in' Criteria A thorough response inclusive of all aspects of the "oA% with a well-descri edBillustrated example given "esponse inclusive of most aspects of the "oA% an example provided and referred to Aome extra points of information provided relevant to the "oA A asic response with extra information is given Mar&s 4 3 2 1

As the speed of light is always measured as eing the same% two o servers in different inertial frames of reference may o serve the same events differently. For example- a train is moving at a constant speed past a platform at a relativistic speed. ?t is struck y lightning at the front and the ack% o served to occur simultaneously y a person on the platform exactly half-way along the train. An o server sitting in the train% half-way along% will o serve the front lightning striking the train efore the ack lightning. 'ach of the o servations are valid as oth are made in inertial frames of reference. 20 a( Mar&in' Criteria Full description with appropriate o servations relating to the motor effect given :escription of investigation !" o servation provided Casic outline or identification of an aspect of investigation provided Mar&s 3 2 1

e.g. Place a straight wire etween the poles of a strong horseshoe magnet. (onnect the wire directly to a power pack :( outlet and momentarily turn the power pack on. #he wire is seen to move. Dsing the right-hand palm rule to ensure the force on the wire is upwards results in the wire jumping up when the power is switched on. #his is due to the motor effect. 20 )( Mar&in' Criteria (orrect definition provided #he motor effect is the production of a force on a current-carrying conductor when placed within a magnetic field. 21 Mar&in' Criteria Motion of magnet is linked to changing flux in order to produce an 'MF !nly changing flux is identified Mar&s 2 1 Mar&s 1

#he movement of the magnet causes the strength of the magnetic field to vary causing a change in magnetic flux )or cutting of field lines+ which in turn produces on 'MF which causes a current to flow. 22 Mar&in' Criteria !ne correct advantage and one correct disadvantage clearly provided !nly one advantage or disadvantage provided Mar&s 2 1

:( generators can e made to produce a relatively smooth voltage output% suita le for use in attery charging and electronic applications% ut A( generators re&uire rectifying circuits to do this. A( generators can have their output voltage changed relatively easily y transformers for transmission over long distances.

23 Mar&in' Criteria #horough discussion displaying evidence of deep and road understanding of the issue 9 at least three individual points raised Aome discussion provided of some relevance 9 at least 1 individual points raised At least one relevant point identified Mar&s 4* 2*3 1

!ur society relies on electricity to e provided to consumers at a standard% safe voltage. #ransformers are necessary to step-up the voltage at the source )power station+ for efficient transmission to cities for distri ution to the end users. #he safe distri ution again re&uires transformers to step-down the voltage. #he large power stations can e sited near reserves of coal or hydro-electric dams which are often hundreds of kilometres from the cities. Appliances within homes often need only small voltages ) attery chargers% computers% phones+ which rely on small transformers to decrease the supply voltage. !ther appliances operate on higher voltages )cathode ray tu e #Es% fluorescent lights+ so small step-up transformers are re&uired. 24 Mar&in' Criteria #horough explanation including eddy current description and comparison of eddy current si>es Aome description of the existence of eddy currents in iron core Casic identification of cause of heat provided Mar&s 3 2 1

#he changing magnetic field causes changing magnetic flux through the iron core. #his in turn produces eddy currents which flow within the iron core in a plane perpendicular to the magnetic field lines. #he laminated core has layers of insulation preventing large eddy currents forming. #he smaller eddy currents cannot produce as much heat in the core. Fess heat means less energy loss. 2 a( Mar&s 3 2 1 Mar&in' Criteria (omplete working using appropriate units arriving at correct answer Partial or incomplete attempt at applying the appropriate e&uation A &ualitative identification of the change% i.e. year ecomes longer

r0. r1. = #01 #11 #11 =

e.g.

r1.T01 r0.

( 1r0 )

T01

)use of earth years and r0*0 for time and distance units+

r = < 0

. 0

T1 = < = 1.<1 old earth years

2 )( Mar&in' Criteria ?dentification of one reason for the change e.g. Gravity is weaker further from the Aun causing a decrease in the or ital speed of the 'arth. 2! Mar&in' Criteria All steps of re&uired calculations performed with correct su stitutions throughout '&uating of the two forces evident and some su se&uent selection of appropriate e&uations for oth forces '&uating of the two forces evident Mar&s 3 2 1 Mar&s 1

FB = FC qvB = mv 1 r mv r= qB 3.0 0/ .0 4./ 0/ 4 0.4 0/ 03 2./ 0/ 2 = <.6 0/ 1 m =

2"a( Mar&in' Criteria Full outline of pro lem with classical model Pro lem with lack ody radiation identified Mar&s 2 1

(lassical physics% using a wave model for the radiation of energy% predicted that as the temperature of the ody increased% a temperature would e reached when radiation in the DE wavelengths would have infinite energyBintensity 9 i.e. the GDE catastropheH. #his violates the Faw of (onservation of 'nergy% and was not what was o served. 2")( Mar&in' Criteria Planck$s hypothesis descri ed fully in relation to lack ody radiation Planck$s hypothesis identified Mar&s 2 1

Planck hypothesised that the radiation emitted y lack odies was not of a continuous wave nature% ut was &uantised 9 i.e. occurred as discrete packets of energy. #his model fitted mathematically with o servations made. 28a( Mar&in' Criteria (orrect su stitution into correct e&uation with two significant figures. (orrect su stitution into correct e&uation without two sig figs !" correct num er of sig figs ut error made in calculation Mar&s 2 1

! =

0 mv 1 1 1 0 = 3.00/.0 ( ..5 0/ 5 ) 1 = 4.1 0/04 7

Mar&s 3 2 1

28 )( Mar&in' Criteria (orrect answer given with correct units "#$% (orrect answer without unit or with incorrect unit !" error made in calculation ut correct unit given Appropriate selection of e&uation with su se&uent error)s+

'*hf ' f = h 4.1 0/04 )or answer to pt )a++ = 4.414 0/.2 = 3.2 0/05 I>
2# Mar&in' Criteria #horough description of all relevant issues linked y logical thoughtBargument showing superior depth of knowledge% expressed clearly #horough description of relevant issues linked y logic% expressed well Aome description of most relevant issues ?dentification of one or two relevant issues Mar&s ! 3*4 1*2

(ommunication technology )radio+ in the 032/s relied on thermionic devices 9 vacuum tu es. #hroughout ,,??% radio communication was vital for plane to plane% ground 9 plane and for troops in the field to communicate. Eacuum tu es are large% heavy% fragile and re&uire relatively large amounts of power% making them unsuita le for porta le radios and unrelia le on planes due to the vi ration and harsh conditions. Aolid state devices 9 the transistor% could replace vacuum tu es and do the same jo of amplification of signals. #he earliest semiconductor material used was germanium as it could e o tained with the necessary purity. Iowever% germanium$s semiconductor properties reak down as it gets hot. Ailicon% a more a undant element ut harder to purify was to replace germanium as it remains as a semiconductor when eing used. ?n 032<% Cardeen% Crattain and Ahockley developedBinvented the first operating solid state transistor using a P8P configuration of semiconductors. 30 Mar&in' Criteria #horough explanation linked y logical thoughtBargument showing superior depth of knowledge of the su ject% expressed clearly (ooper pairs and lattice vi rations referred to. An explanation provided showing sound knowledge of superconductivity A num er of factors linked showing some knowledge of the reasons for superconductivity A relevant factor recognised Mar&s 4 3 2 1

#ype ? superconductors% metals% have a lattice structure arrangement of their atoms. At normal temperatures% the lattice vi rations hinder the passage of electrons% causing resistance and loss of energy as heat. At a sufficiently cold temperature% the critical temperature% G@H on the graph% the lattice vi rations have decreased to such an extent that pairs of electrons% known as (ooper pairs% are a le to move etween the

atoms of the lattice unimpeded. As the electrons can flow through the material in this way% the resistance decreases to >ero for temperatures elow G@H.

Section 2 +ptions
31 , -eophysics a( .i/ Mar&in' Criteria (orrect identification of elasticity a. .ii/ Mar&in' Criteria (orrect description given Partial or incomplete description or identification only of only one aspect Mar&s 2 1 Mar&s 1

G"adiometricH applies to the method of dating rocks or measuring their age y studying the radioactivity levels remaining in the sample. )( Mar&in' Criteria All steps of calculation performed without error (orrect selection of e&uation with some correct su stitution !ne step of calculation performed correctly Mar&s 3 2 1

r. G& = T1 2 1 r . 2 1 & = GT 1 =

( 1.6 0/ ) 2 4.45 0/ ( 0.01 0/ )

4 . 1 00 2

= 5..5 0/ 11 kg
c( .i/ Mar&in' Criteria :ifferences descri ed clearly and well Aome difference identified Mar&s 2 1

epicentre A wave

P wave mantle outer core no A waves detected here 9 only P waves

#he li&uid nature of the 'arth$s outer core prevents the propagation of A waves as they are shear waves% or transverse waves. A waves can only travel through solids. P waves are compression waves% or longitudinal waves. Auch waves can travel through solid% li&uid or gas. c( .ii/ Mar&in' Criteria #horough discussion of topic showing clear evidence of deep and road understanding of the details% written in logical succinct style or point form Good discussion of topic showing evidence of knowledge% linked in logical style or point form A num er of relevant pointsBfacts raised and linked !ne or two relevant facts identified For details on the use of seismic methods used in oil and gas exploration% see% for examplehttp-BBwww.earthsci.unimel .edu.auB'A./2BM!:DF'ABA'?AB8!#'ABsintro.html http-BBwww.answers.comBtopicBseismic-exploration-for-oil-and-gas;cat*technology http-BBwww.accessscience.comBa stract.aspx;id*4013//JreferD"F*httpK.aK1fK1fwww.accessscience.comK1fcontent.aspxK.fid K.d4013// 0( Mar&in' Criteria (urrent area of research descri ed in depth with potential enefits to society well defined (urrent area of research descri ed ade&uately 9 some enefit)s+ identified (urrent area of research identified and some further information given Mar&s 4 3 2 Mar&s 4 3 1*2

An area of research identified 1 L#his &uestion relates to PFA 6. As such% wide-ranging responses may e expected. A good response should show evidence of wide knowledge and reading in geophysics.M (hosen topics could e- seismic research for oil and gasN remote sensing techni&ues for mineral explorationN remote sensing for climateBatmospheric measurements% etc. e( .i/ Mar&in' Criteria Coth types of varia les correctly identified !ne of the varia les identified correctly ?ndependent varia le- Fatitude )or analogy thereof+N :ependent varia le- ?nclination of magnetic field e( .ii/ Mar&s 1 Mar&in' Criteria (orrect and appropriate identification made e.g. altitude )or analogy thereof+ 1( Mar&in' Criteria #horough description of the method given in a clear% logical style incorporating all relevant information :escription of method given either lacking clear logic or lacking some information !utline of method given or partial description with error)s+ or missing information ?dentification of either sea floor spreading or magnetic polarity or magnetic anomaly profile showing further knowledge of topic. Mar&s 4 3 2 1 Mar&s 2 1

e.g. A magnetic polarity time scale shows the time efore present when 'arth$s magnetic field polarity was either as current polarity or reversed polarity. At mid-ocean ridges )e.g. running the full length of the mid-Atlantic+% where the sea floor is spreading apart% 'arth$s current magnetic polarity is captured as remnant magnetism in the rocks forming either side of the mid-ocean ridges. #his can e read with a magnetometer. #he symmetrical pattern o tained either side of the ridge can e counted ack to the present% and matched with the time scale. Dsing speed * distanceBtime% the speed )rate+ at which sea floor spreading is occurring can e calculated. 32 a( Me0ical Physics .i/ Mar&in' Criteria ?dentification of pie>oelectric material A piece of pie>oelectric material that vi rates when an electrical pulse is applied. a( .ii/ Mar&in' Criteria :escription of material property given ?dentification of property of material given Mar&s 2 1 Mar&s 1

Acoustic impedance% a property of a material due to the speed of ultrasound through it and the material$s density. :ifferent materials have different acoustic impedances. )( .i/ Mar&in' Criteria (orrect su stitution into correct e&uation ' ( )* * 361 x 0.26 x 0/. * 0..< x 0/4 kg m-1 s-0 )( .ii/ Mar&s 2 1 Mar&in' Criteria (orrect su stitution into correct e&uation with correct answer Aelection of appropriate e&uation Mar&s 1

[ ' '0 ] +r = 1 1 +o [ ' 1 +'0 ]

1

= =

[0.2. 0..<] 1 [0.2. +0..<]

1

/.//16 5.<34 =..044 0/ 2

c(

.i/ Mar&s 3 2 1

Mar&in' Criteria :escription of properties made thoroughly with clear comparisons Aome properties descri edN comparison attempted A property identified

#he desira le properties of radioisotopes are- short half-lives )so that the amount of radiation &uickly decays after eing injected into the ody+N and iological tagging )can e ound to another molecule which is taken up y specific organs+. Dnsuita le radioisotopes have long half-lives so that they continue to emit radiation long after the scan has een completed. Also% some radioisotopes are not capa le of eing ound to iologically active molecules so they do not accumulate in specific organs or may e expelled relatively &uickly y the ody. c( .ii/ Mar&s 4* 2*3 1 Mar&in' Criteria #horough description of P'# including why cancer cells can e resolvedN logical and se&uential with correct physics Aome points on the asis of P'# given ?dentification of a relevant fact to the operation of P'# given

A source of positrons such as fluorine-0< in the form of 1-fluoro-1-deoxy-:-glucose )F:G+ is injected into or inhaled y the patient. Auch a radioisotope is produced in a cyclotron. ?t has a half-life of a out 1 hours% so decays &uickly after the scan is performed. ,hen a positron collides with an electron% pair annihilation occurs and two gamma rays travelling in opposite directions with energies of 600 keE are detected in a gamma ray camera. #he gamma ray camera feeds information into a computer which produces an image. (ancer cells or tumors usually have a higher water content than normal tissue. As water contains two hydrogen atoms per molecule% the gamma rays from tumors have a higher intensity so such areas are resolved on the scan. 0( Mar&in' Criteria (urrent area of research descri ed in depth with potential enefits to society well defined (urrent area of research descri ed ade&uately 9 some enefit)s+ identified (urrent area of research identified and some further information given An area of research identified Mar&s 4 3 2 1

L#his &uestion relates to PFA 6. As such% wide-ranging responses may e expected. A good response should show evidence of wide knowledge and reading in medical physics.M e.g. Functional M"? 9 the imaging of the areas of the rain which lood flows to when different thought processes or stimuli or induced. #his is possi le due to the way in which advances in M"? have een made in recent years so that targeted areas of the organ )the rain+ can e continuously scanned without harm to the patient. #his may lead to information which increases our understanding of diseases like epilepsy% depression% memory loss% dementia etc. #his knowledge may lead to etter treatments or preventative medicines which increases patient$s &uality of life or prevents the disease from occurring. e( .i/ Mar&s 2 1 Mar&in' Criteria "isks outlined well for oth patient and operator A risk identified

A one scan is produced when a radioisotope )usually #echnetium-33m+ is injected into the patient. #his is a gamma ray emitter. #he patient will receive gamma ray radiation for a relatively short time% as #c 33m has a half life of e( .ii/ Mar&in' Criteria Mar&s Appropriate response including enefit outweighing risk is provided 1 #he medical enefits in eing a le to make an accurate diagnosis of the condition )e.g. cancer+ outweighs the slight increased risk of contracting cancer from the radiation. 1( .i/ Mar&in' Criteria (omplete explanation given :escription of diagram or partial explanation only A very strong external magnetic field is applied causing the nuclei to have their spin align with it. 1( .ii/ Mar&in' Criteria (omplete description given Partial description only or identification of condition re&uired for precession Pulses of radio waves at a certain fre&uency are directed at these spinning nuclei which causes them to precess. 33 a( Astrophysics .i/ Mar&in' Criteria #wo distinct reasons outlined well Mar&s 2 Mar&s 2 1 Mar&s 2 1

!ne reason outlined 1 ! servatories in 'arth or it are a ove the atmosphere so that they are not affected y seeing )the lurring of images due to refraction effects+ and are not su jected to the selective a sorption of radiation y the atmosphere. a( .ii/ Mar&in' Criteria !ne method identified e.g. ,ne of- adaptive opticsN active optics or interferometry )( Mar&in' Criteria Parallax angle found correctly and su se&uent distance calculation performed correctly Angle given used incorrectly to find distance using correct e&uation correctly Angle given used incorrectly and a further error made #he parallax angle to use is * O x /./<H * /./2H. Dsing d * 0Bp$ * 0B/./2 * 16 p.c. c( .i/ Mar&s 3 2 1 Mar&in' Criteria All types of spectra identified correctly #hree types of spectra correctly identified !ne type of spectra attri uted to source correctly in addition to emission ne ula Aource Atars Galaxies 'mission ne ula =uasars c( .ii/ Mar&s 4* 3 1*2 #ype of spectra produced a sorption continuousP emission emission Mar&s 3 2 1 Mar&s 1

Mar&in' Criteria #horough account given with clear link etween a sorption and emission wavelengths A response outlining process of a sorption line production given Aome relevant information given identifying reason)s+ for a sorption

An a sorption spectrum is produced when a ackground source of a continuous spectrum )such as the core of a star+ passes through a heated gas containing molecules% ions and atoms. 'lectrons in the gas particles are a le to a sor photons of set amounts of energy so they can jump up energy level)s+% or or itals. According to the relationship etween the a sor ed energy and fre&uency% ' * hf% each set amount of energy a sor ed has a certain fre&uency% f. ,hen the excited electron GrelaxesH and loses its a sor ed energy% it falls ack down to a lower energy level or ital and re-emits the photon with the original fre&uency of the a sor ed light. #he re-emission occurs in all directions so that to an o server% the overall effect is less intensity at that wavelength against the continuous ackground 9 an a sorption spectrum. ,ith emission spectra% the same fre&uencies for the same atomsBions appear as right lines as there is no continuous spectrum ackground source. 0( Mar&in' Criteria (urrent area of research descri ed in depth with potential enefits to society well defined (urrent area of research descri ed ade&uately 9 some enefit)s+ identified (urrent area of research identified and some further information given An area of research identified Mar&s 4 3 2 1

L#his &uestion relates to PFA 6. As such% wide-ranging responses may e expected. A good response should show evidence of wide knowledge and reading in astrophysics.M e.g. ?n the field of deep space o servation% the future Gaia o servatory% the Iu le Apace #elescope and other o servatories in 'arth or it are making advances in o servations of increasingly distant o jects. #he light originated from these o jects only a few hundred million years after the Cig Cang 9 the etter the o servation$s resolution using interferometry etc% along with etter sensitivity% the further ack in time can the telescope GseeH. ,ith such o servations of the early universe% we may gain an increased understanding of how our universe formed. e( .i/ Mar&in' Criteria #wo risks clearly identified !ne risk identified Mar&s 2 1

e.g. 0. #he risk of electric shockBelectrocution from the high voltage source necessary to operate a discharge tu eN 1. #he risk of damage to the eyes y accidentally looking directly at the Aun through the spectroscope. e( .ii/ Mar&in' Criteria Appropriate precaution descri ed Mar&s 1

<

e.g. 'nsuring appropriate distance is kept etween handsB ody parts and the voltage source and wires when tu e is operating 1( Mar&in' Criteria Aynthesis of elements well descri ed and &uote appropriately assessed Aynthesis of elements descri ed Aeveral relevant pieces of information provided !ne relevant aspect of element synthesis given Mar&s 4 3 2 1

?n the core of main se&uence stars hydrogen nuclei are eing fused into helium nuclei. #he cores of red giant stars fuse heavier nuclei such as helium into car on. More massive red giant stars are a le to fuse and synthesise elements all the way to iron% as these processes are exothermic and sustain fusion in the star. Any nuclei heavier than iron forms in an endothermic process within the central core of a supernova explosion. #he existence on 'arth of these heavier elements is proof of the existence of stars which have ceased to exist. #he leftover material has since re-formed into our solar system 9 and us. 34 a( 2rom 3uanta to 3uar&s .i/ Mar&s 1

Mar&in' Criteria (orrect identification of appropriate instrument A spectroscope or spectral analyser a( .ii/ Mar&in' Criteria Aignificance outlined clearly Aome link etween Calmer series and Cohr model made

Mar&s 2 1

#he Calmer series )the first hydrogen series o served+ showed only discrete lines of emission at certain wavelengths 9 not a continuous spectrum. Cohr could account for this y allowing electrons to jump etween set energy levels and emitting photons with fre&uencies proportional to the difference in the energies of the allowed levels. )( Mar&in' Criteria ,avelength calculated and its si>e recognised and related to our world ,avelength calculated correctly ,avelength stated as eing too small to e noticed or identified ut not calculated Mar&s 3 2 1

Auch a wavelength is completely undetecta le in our world 9 it is a out a millionth millionth millionth millionth the diameter of a hydrogen atom. c( .i/ Mar&s 3 2 1 Mar&in' Criteria #ransmutation well descri ed with at least one example shown y correct nuclear reaction #ransmutation descri ed 9 lacking a nuclear reaction #ransmutation identified

h mv 4.414 0/ .2 = 65./ 0/ . 6/./ = 1..1 0/ .2 m

#ransmutation is the changing of a nucleus of one element into a nucleus of another element 9 i.e. the num er of protons in the nucleus is changed% usually y alpha or eta decay or y fission into two smaller nuclei. e.g. c( .ii/ Mar&s 3*4 1*2
1.< 31

1.2 3/

#h Q 2 1 Ie and

46 13

46 (u ./ Rn Q

/ 0

)alpha decay and eta decay+ Mar&in' Criteria #horough description of mass defect with clear role in nucleus sta ility showing evidence of superior understanding of the topic Mass defect identified and linked to nuclear sta ility ?dentification of mass defect

#he mass of a nucleus is less than the sum of the masses of the individual nucleons within the nucleus itself. #he missing mass is known as mass defect. Dsing '*mc1% the mass defect is e&uated to inding energy 9 the energy that is keeping the nucleus ound together to overcome the electrostatic repulsion etween the protons in the nucleus. #he strong nuclear force etween nucleons only acts over very small distances found in a nucleus 9 this force must e overcome to split a nucleus or to remove nucleons. #he greater the mass defect per nucleon in the nucleus% the more sta le is the nucleus.

0( Mar&in' Criteria (urrent area of research descri ed in depth with potential enefits to our knowledge is well defined (urrent area of research descri ed ade&uately 9 some enefit)s+ identified (urrent area of research identified and some further information given An area of research identified Mar&s 4 3 2 1

L#his &uestion relates to PFA 6. As such% wide-ranging responses may e expected. A good response should show evidence of wide knowledge and reading in astrophysics.M e.g. At ('"8 in Awit>erland% the Farge Iadron (ollider will accelerate clumps of protons to speeds very close to c and smash them into each other. Auch energetic collisions are re&uired in order to reak the protons into their constituent particles. !ne of these as yet undetected particles is the Iigg$s oson 9 the particle thought to e responsi le for mass in all matter. #he FI( has cost a out ADA S4 illion 9 a huge investment of funds y most 'uropean and other ,estern nations. #he results of the experiments% due to egin in 7uly 1//<% may assist scientists in their &uest for a etter understanding of what makes up matter and what the universe may have een like in the earliest few seconds after the Cig Cang. )see% for example% Cosmos% April-May 1//<+ e( .i/ Mar&s 2 1 Mar&in' Criteria #wo appropriate precautions outlined clearly !ne appropriate precaution outlined

e.g. 0. Always keep sources not eing used wrapped inside lead casingN 1. Atand ack from sources to reduce exposure to radiation 9 never place in a pocketT e( .ii/ Mar&in' Criteria ?dentification correctly made Mar&s 1

Amoke detectors use a source of alpha particles which only penetrate 4-5cm of air. Placed on the ceiling% no radiation is received y occupants in the room. 1( Mar&in' Criteria "ole of &uark and leptons in the standard model is discussed thoroughly Aome knowledge of the standard model evident A relevant point to the standard model is provided Mar&s 4 2*3 1

?n the standard model% &uarks make up neutrons and protons% while leptons are fundamentals particles which include the electron. =uarks have charges of Q1B.% -1B.% Q0B. and -0B.. #hree &uarks make up a proton or a neutron in com inations that result in the proton charge of Q0 and the neutron charge of /. #here are other types of su atomic particles as well as &uarks and leptons% ut these two types together are responsi le for the main forms of matter as we know it 9 protons% neutrons and electrons. 3 a( The A'e o1 Silicon .i/ Mar&in' Criteria !ne desira le property identified e.g. optical density a( .ii/ Mar&in' Criteria "ole of silica outlined fully role of silica identified Mar&s 2 1 Mar&s 1

!ptically pure silica allows the light )or infra-red light used in most fi re optic applications+ to travel long distances through the fi re until re&uiring amplification. ?ts higher refractive index means total internal reflection keeps the light inside the fi re. )( Mar&in' Criteria Mar&s 'lectronic circuits$ advantages are discussed thoroughly showing clear evidence of deep understanding 3 of the topic :ifferences etween the types of circuits are identified 2 Coth types of circuits are identified 1 'lectronic circuits can perform complex tasks. #hey contain diodes% transistors% integrated circuits and perhaps microprocessors to manipulate signals and perform mathematical tasks or to store data )memory+ in digital form. 'lectric circuits have no semiconductors% and perform simple tasks such as light up rake lights using a switch% glo e and wires )for example+. #hese may e more ro ust% ut are limited in their applications. c( Mar&in' Criteria "ole explained clearly showing road and deep understanding of the topic Mar&s 3

0/

?nput transducer identified and role identified 2 ?nput transducer identified 1 ((:s 9 charge coupled devices contain many small individual solar cells that make up individual pixels. Fight falling on the surface of the ((: when the shutter is opened is converted into electric charge held y the ((: and then transferred as digital information to the memory chip in the camera. #his code can then e re-constituted into an image. 0( .i/ Mar&s 2 1 Mar&in' Criteria Appropriate explanation given showing evidence of clear understanding of the issue A relevant reason identified

#he increased density of transistors cannot continue as their extremely small si>e means that electrons can GtunnelH across the spaces separating conducting wires on the silicon chip. #his leakage of current prevents the proper operation of the device and will prevent everincreasing transistor densities. 0( .ii/ Mar&in' Criteria !utline of effect well defined Atatement of effect given Mar&s 2 1

(omputing power has approximately dou led every 0< months or so for the past few decades. #his may egin to decline as computing power is related to the num er of individual transistor connections on one chip. Dnless alternative techni&ues such as &uantum effects are employed% and the pro lem y-passed% computing power will plateau sometime in the next few decades. e( Mar&in' Criteria (urrent research identified and well descri ed with potential enefits clearly given in a manner that shows wide knowledge of topic "elevant research identified and enefits identified Aome relevant research identified Mar&s 4* 2*3 1

L#his &uestion relates to PFA 6. As such% wide-ranging responses may e expected. A good response should show evidence of wide knowledge and reading in astrophysics.M e.g. "esearch into new ways of Getching inH transistors onto silicon chips or to entirely avoid the use of transistors y using &uantum effects such as spin to hold data in inary code. #he enefits of eing a le to hold more data in a smaller volume device needs to e emphasised 1( .i/ Mar&in' Criteria (orrect expression given ( * )A and C+ 1( .ii/ Mar&in' Criteria Precautions clearly descri ed A precaution identified Mar&s 2 1 Mar&s 1

e.g. 0. Power supply of mother oard must e off when removing or insertingN 1. Iandler should e earthed or connected to frame of computer to prevent electrostatic uild-up and discharge etween microprocessor and computer due to the very sensitive nature of circuitry on microprocessor. '( Mar&in' Criteria (lear assessment given showing evidence of wide knowledge of su ject (hanges identified and descri ed to a limited extent A change identified Mar&s 4 2*3 1

Aolid state devices led to a rapid decrease in si>e% power consumption and heat production of computers. Aolid state devices &uickly ecame more complex leading to the rapid increase in computing power and memory capa ilities. (omputers soon ecame relatively porta le devices and were far more relia le than previously% as thermionic devices were very prone to reaking down. #hus the changes were road and far-reaching for the etter% making the new solid state- ased computers far etter and more useful as well as more powerful within a few years of their invention.

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