HIGH INCIDENCES OF ACCIDENTS WHILE WORKING AT HEIGHT

Miscellaneous

08%
Transport vehicle

16%
Electrocution

11%
Fall of Object Fall of Person

08%

57 %

WORKING AT HEIGHT
We shall discuss about; Preventing Fall of Materials & Person while working on:
LADDERS SCAFFOLDS WORKING PLATFORM WORKING ON ROOFS SAFETY EQUIPMENT & DEVICES

LADDERS

LADDER
If the only means of doing the task is using a ladder.

PORTABLE
STOCK (SINGLE) EXTENSION (2 or 3) SECTIONAL STEP (FLAT STEP) TRESTLE (CIRCULAR)

BUILT-UP / FIXED ROPE

Stock / Single Ladder ( IS 3696 1966 ) Side rails may be parallel or wide spread at
bottom Length (L) not more than 10 m Distance between rungs NOT LESS THAN 250 mm NOT MORE THAN 350 mm Must support 4 times the maximum load. Width between side rails;
290 mm +6 mm - Up to 3 m L - for every 0.3m L

L 250 - 350 290 mm - 430 mm

Sectional Ladder

Sectional Ladder
Overall Length not more than 10 m Section Length
Bottom & intermediate Top section -2m -3m

Connecting joint not less than 30 cm Rungs

Dia c/c spacing > 30 mm < 300 mm

EXTENSION LADDER

Overall length not to exceed 18 m. Sliding section not to exceed two in number.

STEP LADDER
Shape of A, hinged at upper end Flat step at one end only & other strut. Overall height not more than 6 m & chained mid-way & Bottom. Do not use the top platform of the stepladder unless designed

LADDER
BUILT-UP / FIXED LADDER Rung spacing 300 mm c/c max. Rungs to be recessed at least 12 mm into rails Cage or well, and multiple ladder sections, each section not exceeding 50 feet Distance between the inner face of the fixed ladder.
290 mm for 3 m & 6 mm for every 0.3 m increase in length.

ROPE LADDER
Diameter of the rope not less than 25mm. Planks forming the steps not less than 38 mm thick. Rope to pass through holes in rungs

SAFE LADDER USAGE

The angle should be between 65 - 750 to the horizontal (1 : 4) four up, one down Stiles to extend at least 1 m ( 3 ft) above the step-off point. No rung should be missing. It should always be laced at the level of the platform. It should be firm & fitted with a nonslippery foot hold. Rungs shall be clear of oil / grease etc.,

Contd.
Make sure that only one person at a time is on the ladder. Don't stretch or reach beyond the side rails of a ladder. You could lose your balance. Never stand any higher than the third rung from the top of a ladder. Keep metal and wet wooden ladders away from live electrical circuits. Face the ladder when ascending or descending.

Contd.
Secure the top of the ladder, as needed. In aisles or where there may be the danger of traffic, have someone hold the ladder. Post a warning sign, if necessary. Secure the top and bottom of a ladder when using it to access a platform or scaffold. Hoist materials or attach them to a belt. Do not carry materials in your hands

UNSAFE ACTS / CONDITIONS

Do not use the top or top step of a stepladder as a step

UNSAFE ACTS / CONDITIONS

This ladder is not secured; Ladder not placed on a stable surface; The ground not leveled; Placed near the aisle.

SCAFFOLD

Scaffold
Temporary structure that supports one or more platforms; Support workmen, plant and materials during the construction, maintenance, repairs and demolition.

TYPES OF SCAFFOLD
Three basic types: Supported scaffolds -platforms supported by rigid, load bearing members, such as Standards, legs, frames, &

outriggers Suspended scaffolds -platforms suspended by ropes or other non-rigid, overhead support

Aerial Lifts -- such as boom

trucks

Scaffold
TTPES OF SUPPORTED SCAFFOLDS
Independent scaffold Putlog scaffold. Mobile scaffold. Truss-out scaffold Trestle scaffold Birdcage scaffold Cantilever scaffold .

Scaffold
COMPONENTS OF A GOOD SCAFFOLD
Sole plate Base plate Standards Ledgers Transoms Bracings Ties Guard rails Toe guard Ladders Miscellaneous i.E couplers, planks etc.,

L&T Formwork

Safety In Formwork

Formwork Engineer / Site Engineer / Formwork Charge Hand should check the arrangement of scaffolding as per scheme drawing before concreting and follow tagging system. Before erecting the staging check the availability of components as per the scheme and system.

Collection of materials

Collect & stack required components & tools near the work place before erecting

HOUSE KEEPING

Erection Sequence
Mark the Longer & Shorter span dimension of 2.250 M & 1.525 using measuring tape2.

Place the foot plate at marked position 2.

Scaffold Support Examples

Base plate

Mud sills

Contd..
Assemble the tower spindle with foot plate using spring locked pin

Place the tower spindle with foot plate using spring locked pin at all the four leg of tower

Contd..
Erect the basic frame 1.80

Erect the basic frame 1.80 at other end

Contd..
Place the bracing H225 between the Basic frame

Place the Diagonal bracing D 18.225 at the same direction

Contd..
Place the Horizontal Bracing H 225 between the Basic frame at upper level

Follow the Same Sequence of Placing of the Bracings at other end

Contd..
Place the plan bracing D12.225 to Check the diagonal of tower at top level

Check the level of Tower using water level

Contd..
Align the tower using line thread

Place the three nos of Scaffold board top of tower

Contd..
Tie the Safety Belt at top of the basic frame

Insert the HD coupler top of the basic frame using spring locked pin

Contd..
Insert the HD coupler top of the basic frame using spring locked pin all the four legs

Erect the second unit of basic frame 1.20

Contd..
Erect the basic frame 1.20 at other end and insert the spring locked pin at four legs

Place the diagonal bracing D 12.225 and Horizontal bracing H 225 between the basic frame 1.20

Contd..

Repeat the said procedures.

Contd..

Elevation of the tower after erection

Scaffold Tag System

Date of Inspection:

Signature of Competent Person

Scaffold Inspection
Competent person inspects scaffolds for visible defects before each shift and after any alterations Defective parts must be immediately repaired
Deformed bearer

HAZARDS / RISK IN SCAFFOLDING

Improper Planning Unskilled Doing Skilled Works Untrained Employees No Work Permit & Method statement System Less Inspection Deficient Supervision

Assembly

Assembly

Assembly

Assembly
Ensure That the diagonal, horizontal and plan bracing are in position Bracings between towers / tower and permanent structure used, required at every 6.0 m intervals in height. That the couplers are provided in each basic frame at every level and they are secured by the spring lock pin at top and bottom of each joint.

Assembly
Foot plates / UHeads are used wherever necessary along with the tower spindles The Tower Spindle Extension should not be more than 450 mm

Assembly
Place Walk way Jally / Scaffold board top of tower during assembly. Horizontal bracings should be locked here Dont Place the walk way Jally over bracings Dont use H-Beams

Assembly
Insert HD coupler top of the basic frame using spring locked pin all the four legs. Spring locked pins to be provided on top & bottom of the couplers. Tie the Safety Belt at top of the Basic frame with permanent Member. Dont tie Bracings. the Safety Belt with

Access Arrangement On Towers

Access Arrangement On Tower

Precaution During Assembly

Ensure diagonal bracings are provided while erecting the HD basic frames. Square Towers to be erected alternatively by rotating 90 degree in each level. For Square Towers (1524 x 1524) horizontal bracings to be provided at bottom and top or next at 6.0M level (Max.) For Rectangle Towers (1524 x 2254) horizontal bracings to be provided in all towers. Plan bracings to be provided alternatively in all Towers like both (1524 x 1524 & 1524 x 2254)

Precaution During Assembly

Rate of rise should be restricted to the level of design assumptions. The formwork needs to be monitored closely at connections while concreting. The needle vibrator should be placed correctly and should not disturb the supports of formwork Never support / touch the concrete delivery pipe to the formwork

Precaution During Assembly

Every 6m-interval bracing should be fixed with permanent structure or from one tower to the other. Ground level earth should be compacted well for better loading. Conditions of the components should be checked and the damaged ones should not used. Tor steel rod should not be used in place of lock pin.

De-shuttering

Deshuttering

Do not throw the materials from height. It can damage itself or men and material underneath.

Hazards in Scaffoldings

CONCRETE DUMPING EFFECT

Rate of rise should be restricted to the level of design assumptions.

REMOVAL OF BRACING EFFECT

No bracings should be removed

HOUSE KEEPING

DONT DUMP THE MATERIALS

Staging Erected on Un Even Ground

Staging Erected on Un Even Ground

This support is not adequate!

Staging erected in vicinity of drain channel

Planks not place at right angle

Working at the un secured edge

Working Platform without Mid rail & Toe Guard

In sufficient Bracings

Inadequate support from sturdy structure

Damaged Scaffolding Parts

Scaffolding out riggers getting energized by grinding cables

Scaffold Near TL

WORKING PLATFORM

WORK-PLATFORM
Closely board & adequately secured Not less than 200 mm wide and & 50 mm thk Supported at least over 3 supports Minimum width 460 mm Overhang
Minimum 50 mm Maximum 4 times the thk of the board.

Allowable max. Span between supports

1.5 thick plank 2 thick plank 1.5 m 2.6 m

Guardrails
Top Rail Mid- Rail Toeboard

Top rails between 39 and 45 inches tall Toe boards at least 3 1/2 inches high

WORKING ON ROOF

Working on Roofs
FRAGILE ROOF WORKING ON SLOPING ROOFS INDUSTRIAL ROOFING WORKING ON FLAT ROOF

ANY WORK ON A ROOF IS HIGH RISK

Working on Roofs
Falls generally occur :
From edge of roofs. Through gaps or holes in roofs. Through fragile roof materials & roof lights. Wind.

THE RISKS ARE SUBSTANTIAL HOWEVER LONG OR SHORT THE WORK

Unprotected Sides & Edges

Unprotected edge

Unprotected sides and edges must have guardrails or equivalent

Sides & Edges - Improper Guarding

This 1/4" nylon rope alone is not a proper way to guard this open floor

Sky Lights and Other Openings

Holes more than 6 feet high must be protected

This opening could be made safe by using a guardrail, or strong cover

Floor Holes

Improperly Covered

Cover completely and securely If no cover, can guard with a guardrail

Working on Roofs
Precautions for all works: Is the work necessary Risk assessment and method statements Getting on and off the roof Edge protection Work platforms Fall arrest equipment Falling material Training Weather conditions Short-duration work

Working on Roof
Prevent fall by
Perimeter edge protection (pitch more than 10 o) Flat roof walkway / Crawling board / Roof ladder safety nets Fall harnesses used with running line system short duration ( substitution). Legal Obligation The employer shall ensure at a construction site of a building or other construction work that all practicable measures are provided to protect the building workers against sliding when carrying our work on steep roofs.
(BOCWR Rules, 1998 ; Rule 169)

Roof edge protection

Max.470 mm

Max.gap 470 mm

Min 910mm Min. ht 150 mm

Min width 600 mm

Walkways and Ramps

Guard ramps, runways, and other walkways

Fall Protection Residential Construction

In residential construction, you must be protected if you can fall more than 6 feet

Crawling board

For ascending / egress on the sloped roofs. With Edge protection. Shall not carry tools while in travel. BOCWR, Rules about Crawlers board.

Crawling board

Opening in Flat Roofs

Barricades shall be visible through out the day. Hazards and anchorage points shall be visible.

SAFETY EQUIPMENT & DEVICES

SAFETY BELT
For more than 2.0 m height. Lanyard to be anchored to a fixed point. Free-fall not to exceed 1.80m Lanyard not more than 3m.

FULL BODY SAFETY HARNESS

LIFE LINE

It is a static line Used while moving at height. Nylon / PP rope of 25 mm minimum. Must facilitate shifting of lanyard.

Safety Line Anchorages

Must be independent of any platform anchorage and capable of supporting at least 5,000 lbs. per worker

Life line with FALL ARRESTER

Use of fall arrester

Structural Erection
Rope Grab type Fall arrester

To support a minimum 250 pounds Minimum 5/8 diameter fiber ( PP / Nylon rope ) having a breaking strength of at least 6000 lbs.. For height not more than 91 m Wind speed less than 10 km / hr Seat not less than 12 x 24 & 1 thick Separate lifeline to be tied

SAFETY NET
SAFETY NETS PROTECTS;
Person from falling Protect person working below Safety net distance should not exceed 7.5 m Net shall extend upto 1.5 m 1.5 to 3.0 m more than 3.0 m Tie cord at every 1 mtr Border rope to withstand 5000 lbs Drop test - 180 kg from 1 mtr above the working area 2.40 m 3.00 m 4.00 m

Safety net

ACCIDENTS CAN BE PREVENTED BY

Fall Prevention :- by analyzing

` SAFETY PLAN ` JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS

Fall Protection :-by equipment

USING PPES SAFETY NET FALL ARRESTER

Preventable Accidents, if not prevented due to negligence, its nothing short of a murder.
Dr.S.Radhakrishnan