Dimitris G.

Angelakis
Assistant Professor
School of Electronic and Computer Engineering,
Technical University of Crete
Quantum physics and quantum
technologies: From physical theories to
quantum computing machines
Electronic
and
Computer
Engineering,
Technical
University of
Crete


Quantum optics and quantum information team

Dimitris G. Angelakis (group leader)






Changsuk Noh (post-doc,CQT)
Priyam Das (post-doc, CQT)
Amit Rai (post-doc, CQT)
Changyoup Lee (post-doc, CQT)





Nikos Shetakis (PhD student, TUC)
Mihalis Kalogerakis (PhD student, TUC)
MingXia Huo (PhD student, CQT)
Markela Tsafantaki (MSc Student, TUC)

?
Quantum Mechanics and Information Science
were two of the most important and revolutionary
developments of the 20th century:

Quantum Mechanics changed the way we think about
the physical world and enabled a wealth of new
technology, including lasers, solid state electronics--the
foundations of much of what we identify with modern life.

Information Science changed the way we think about
thinking. Digital information processing is ubiquitous
in communication, entertainment, commerce,
manufacturing, science!And its implementation has
depended on the devices of quantum mechanics.
A New Science!
Quantum
Mechanics
Information
Science
Quantum Information Science
20th Century
21st Century
The abacus is probably the
earliest calculating tool.
Earliest record: Babylonians
followed by the Chinese and
the Greeks
Ancient calculators
Around 1617, John Napier
invented a calculating
device called Napiers
Bones
From the abacus to Napier bones
Middle ages and renaissance
Calculators: Napier bones 1617
6x425=?
6x425=2550!
From the abacus to the Antikythera mechanism:
A 1st century BC planet motion calculator!
In 1671, Gottfried
Wilhelm von
Leibniz invented
a computer that
was built in 1694.
It could add, and,
after changing
some things
around, multiply.
Leibniz invented
a special stepped
gear mechanism
1600s and mechanical calculators
He also co-invented calculus! His notation for
integration and differentiation still used today!
William Oughtred invented the slide rule in 1500s.
This simple mechanical calculator was used until very
recently!in fact as recently as the early seventies!
Victorian times and mechanical calculators
08 July 2010
... I was sitting in the
rooms of the Analytical
Society, at Cambridge, my
head leaning forward on
the table in a kind of
dreamy mood, with a table
of logarithms lying open
before me. Another
member, coming into the
room, and seeing me half
asleep, called out, Well,
Babbage, what are you
dreaming about?" to which
I replied "I am thinking that
all these tables" (pointing
to the logarithms) "might
be calculated by
machinery."
1800s and Babbages engine:
A logarithm calculator!
... if I survive some few years longer, the
Analytical Engine will exist...
Analytical machine
Babbage describes five
logical components, the
store, the mill, the
control, the input and the
output.
Babbages engine: A logarithm calculator!
Hollerith desk
consisted of a
card reader
which sensed the
holes in the
cards, a gear
driven
mechanism
which could
count
Preparation of punched cards for the
U.S. census
1900s engines based on cards with holes
John Bardeen, Walter
Brattain and William
Shockley
Transistor
Integrated circuit
Electronics era: The revolution of the
Transistor in 1950s
Harvard Mark I computer which
was built as a partnership
between Harvard and IBM in
1944
British Colossus
ENIAC
1940 USA (ENIAC- Electronic
Numerical Integrator And Computer)
filled a 20 by 40 foot room, weighed 30
tons, and used more than 18,000
vacuum tubes. 10- by 10-digit
multiplication took 14 cycles, or 2800
microsecondsa rate of 357 per
second.
From electro-mechanical computers to electronic
Microprocessors
SILICON WAFER
10
-6
meters
Miniaturization
More components in a unit volume
more information per volume
Towards the quantum limit
Quantum technology
Every 18 months microprocessors double in speed
FASTER = SMALLER
How small can they
be?
10
-6
meters 10
-8
meters
10
-10
meters
TODAY
TOMORROW
Quantum Technology!?
The extreme miniaturization allows for much more than
just cramming many more bits in tiny regions.

The behaviour of nature in the microscale follows the laws
of Quantum Mechanics!

Quantum systems such as electrons, atoms, photons
can be at more than one physical state at a time as they
are particles and waves simultaneously.

Simultaneously????

Images of
Quantum World
Electrons on the surface of a piece of
copper are bound by 48 iron atoms
(the spikes at the perimeter)
STM picture IBM
Glowing and vibrating beryllium ions
in a linear ion trap.
Innsbruck University
14 nm
Playing with photons
and ions
Anyone who can contemplate
quantum mechanics without getting
dizzy hasnt understood it.
--Niels Bohr
Things should
be made as
simple as
possible, but not
any simpler.
Double slit experiment-particles
Machine gun firing rounds
at wall.
Number of bullets landing on
the screen when lower hole is
closed.
Double slit experiment-particles
Both open.
Upper hole closed.
Double slit-waves
Water waves created by taping
on the surface of the water.
Wave energy arriving at the
coast when lower hole is closed.
Double slit-waves
Wave energy arriving at
coast when upper hole
is closed.
Wave energy arriving at
coast when both open.
Double slit-electrons.
Electrons in a TV picture tube
going through two slits
landing on a screen.
Distribution of 10 electrons fired
one by one.
Double slit-electrons.
Electrons in a TV picture tube
going through two slits
landing on a screen.
Distribution of 25 electrons fired
one by one.
Double slit-electrons.
Electrons in a TV picture tube
going through two slits
landing on a screen.
Distribution of 100 electrons fired
one by one.
Double slit-electrons.
Electrons in a TV picture tube
going through two slits
landing on a screen.
Distribution of 1000 electrons fired
one by one. Electrons behave as
waves, going through
both slits at once!!!
Atoms as (classical) bits
+
-
+
-
STATE
STATE
Classical registers-
only one bit can be stored and processed at any time!
+
-
+
-
+
-
Quantum superpositions or
two different things in one?
An old woman smiling
A young lady with her head
turned
?
What do you see?
Quantum Registers
Quantum superposition and measurements
in a superposition
young
old
measurement
Quantum Power
0 0 0
0 0 1
0
1 0
1 1
1
0
0 1
1
1 1
1
1
1
0
0 0
Classical vs. quantum
computation
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
quantum compute F( )
compute F(000)
compute F(001)
compute F(010)
compute F(011)
compute F(100)
compute F(101)
compute F(110)
compute F(111)
Quantum speed-up
Quantum computers are much faster

Quantum computers can solve some
problems which are too difficult for
classical computers
Quantum computers can break
cryptographic systems based on prime
number factorization!


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! 1982 - Feynman proposed the idea of creating
machines based on the laws of quantum mechanics
instead of the laws of classical physics.
! I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics - Feynman

! 1985 - David Deutsch developed the quantum turing
machine, showing that quantum circuits are universal.
! 1994 - Peter Shor came up with a quantum algorithm to
factor very large numbers in polynomial time.
! 1997 - Lov Grover develops a quantum search algorithm
with O("N) complexity
Factoring
Multiplication Factoring
13 x 17 = 221
221 = 13 x 17
624691 =
89
x
7019
EASY HARD
Factoring & secrets
number of digits in N
execution time
0
500
10
10
years
Factoring is hard
but easy to verify
USED FOR SECURE
COMMUNICATION
Assume someone asks you to factorize 15. Easy 3x5.
For 180=3X3X2X2, average for man, computer almost instant.











With a classical computer that can test for 10.000.000.000 different
factors per second (equivalent to dozens of workstations together),
it takes a few months!!!
Power of Quantum Algorithms.
A quantum computer of a hundred qubits will solve this in a few
SECONDS as 2
100
~10
30
numbers can be checked simultaneously!!!
Computational (super) power
A quantum computer of a few hundred qubits will solve this in a few
minutes!!!
For a 1200-digit long number the time would exceed 15 billion
years i.e., the age of the universe !
Quantum Cryptography
Fortunately quantum physics does not just eliminate the traditional
cryptosystems but provides for their replacement.
Quantum cryptography where single quantum systems (photons)
are used to communicate messages is proved to be fundamentally
unbreakable.
This is due to the nature of quantum systems. They CAN NEVER be
observed without being altered in some detectable way!!!
The evesdroper can be always tracked and the message altered or
resend again until secure enough communication is established.



Quantum Cryptography
Alice
Bob
Eavesdropping = measurement
destroying superpositions
000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111
What will be the Quantum
Transistor ???

Quantum
Integrated circuit ???
Possible technologies-Io
1. Trapped Ions

I
E
P

I
n
n
s
b
r
u
c
k

O
x
f
o
r
d

Read and write by addressing the ions
with laser fields.
Quantum computer prototypes:
Ions
Read and write
Read and write with ion qubits
using laser pulses
Read and write!
Read and write with ion qubits
using laser pulses
Set of qubits isolated from environment.
Quantum information bus to connect qubits.
Reliable read-out method.
Essential Dichotomy
Need WEAK coupling to
environment to avoid
decoherence, but you also
need STRONG coupling to at
least some external modes in
order to ensure high speed and
reliability.
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Prototype Ion Quantum computer and
Physics Nobel Prize 2012
Dave Wineland, NIST

Half of the Nobel Prize of
2012 for ground-breaking
experimental methods that
enable measuring and
manipulation of individual
quantum systems
Serge Haroche, Paris

The other half of the
2012 Nobel for ground-
breaking experimental
methods that enable
measuring and
manipulation of individual
quantum systems
Prototype flying atom based quantum computer
and Nobel Prize 2012
Dimitris G. Angelakis et al, 2007
See also New Scientist, 2007; Innovation 2010,
Nature 2011, BHMA Science 2011, EAsu0sporund 2013
www.dimitrisangelakis.org
1947
Timelines
55 years
single transistor, !10 kHz
55,000,000 transistors, 2.8 GHz
Ion trap quantum computer
NIST, 1995
NIST, 2002
single qubit, ! 20 kHz
4 qubits, ! 30 kHz
41 years
??
Quantium

? 2050
Classical computers
2002
NIST, 2009
10 qubits, ! 50s
NIST 2013
30 ions!
NIST (Gaitherburgs) has begun implementing
industrial standards in quantum
cryptography
Media Impression of
Quantum
Cryptography at
QuantumLah
Singapore
So what have we learned?
More at www.dimitrisangelakis.org