About Softwares used in the Project:

Following softwares were used: 1. 2. 3. 4. QGIS 2.0.1-Dufour Google Earth Pro 7 Google Sketchup 2013 MatLab 2009

QGIS:
QGIS (previously known as "Quantum GIS") is a cross-platform free and open source desktop geographic information systems (GIS) application that provides data viewing, editing, and analysis capabilities. QGIS allows to create maps with many layers using different map projections. QGIS allows maps to be composed of raster or Vector layers. Typical for this kind of software the vector data is stored as point, line, or polygon-feature. Different kinds of raster images are supported and the software can perform georeferencing of images. Use of QGIS in the project QGIS`s Attribute Editing capabilities were extensively used for the project. Mathematical and Boolean operations were performed on the dataset to calculate results. Geoprocessing tools were used to display seismically vulnerable regions on the map.

Google Earth Pro

Google Earth is a virtual globe, map and a GIS program that offers users access to world-wide imagery, and a large number of location-based layers. It is also a browser and authoring tool for geo-enabled web content. It is also a very useful tool for visualizing data from GPS units. The Pro version of Google Earth adds the capability of downloading aerial photographs at much higher resolution than the free consumer version of Google Earth. High-resolution aerial photography from Google Earth Pro may be used to form a highly precise base layer for a GIS data set. Images may be imported and georeferenced by importing the image as an "image overlay Tabular data in text format may be exported and geocoded by address or latitude/longitude using Google Earth Pro All images and tabular files can be converted into KML format using Google Earth Pro

Use of Google Earth in the Project: Collection of geo referenced datasets in the seismic vulnerable region to get Co-ordinates & Plan of all the buildings was done using google earth pro.

Google Sketchup 2013

Google SketchUp is 3-D modelling program, and also works with Google Earth products. It is available in two versions - Google SketchUp (Free) and Google SketchUp Pro

Google SketchUp : Google SketchUp has capabilities to build models of anything one can imagine furniture, buildings, cities. Google SketchUp Pro : It is 3D modeling software for professionals. 3D models can be created, either by starting from scratch or by using existing data by importing drawings, CAD plans, photos, aerial imagery and other information. The modeling tools in SketchUp Pro is used to develop ideas into 3D. It also includes LayOut, which is the 2D companion to SketchUp Pro for creating deliverables like permit and construction drawings, presentation documents and full-screen digital presentations. Use of Google Sketchup in the Project: Using base layer of google earth image, volumetric shadow analysis was done to obtain height of the buildings.

MatLab:
MATLAB (matrix laboratory) is a numerical computing environment and fourth-generation programming language. Developed by MathWorks, MATLAB allows matrix manipulations, plotting of functions and data. Use of MatLab in the project MatLab `s calculation capabilities were extensively used for the project. Mathematical modeling was used for the generation of response spectrum code from Bhuj Earthquake data.

Volumetric Shadow Analysis

Volumetric Shadow Analysis was used for generation of 3D building models from Google Earth database. The method was used to extract building heightsand building footprints from a single image using direction of sun and camera angle. Steps Followed: 1. From direction of light and camera, construct the shadow and the wireframe of the building for an assumed building height in the 3D space 2. Project the model back to image space. 3. Reconstruct the shadow and the wireframe of the building by building height 4. Increase/Decrease building height from initial value at regular interval. 5. As the building height is changed, shadow is reconstructed by changed height and reprojected onto the image. 6. Until the shadow projected matches against actual shadow of the image building height is changed.

7. When the shadow projected matches against the actual shadow, building height becomes the actual building height and the boundary of the wireframe projected onto the image becomes the boundary of the building footprint.

Estimation of Direction of Sun and Camera: The direction of sun and camera was obtained from Google Earth Image.

From Paper Generation of 3D building Models from commercial image database through shadow analysis T.Lee and T. Kim Inha university

Model Specifications :
Madhapur area Area - 3KM*3KM window around hi tech city theatre Lat 17.441880N Long 78.386979E Date/Time Stamp: 2013-01-14T14:08:56Z Selected Region:

Generation of Dataset :
Calculation of building heights Using Volumetric Shadow Analysis performed by using Google Earth. Below is the brief procedure:

Using timestamp on image date (2013-01-14T14:08:56Z), time of image is found out and Approximate angle of sun is calculated. Same is inserted in sketchup which in turn gives shadow of the buildings In sketchup, base layer of google earth image is placed. The rooftop of building is extruded in such a way that the shadows approximately match .Based on the obtained heights of the building, the time periods and frequencies are calculated. Thus the georeferenced part of the Madhapur area is constructed.

Calculation for Most Vulnerable Time Period:

From response spectrum analysis of Bhuj Earthquake, Following response spectrum is constructed using MATLAB.

The Resonant frequency is 0.5924 Hz Tabulated results are as follows, Start Freq(Hz) 0 0.061 0.40894 0.59204 1.59912 End Freq(Hz) 0.061 0.40894 0.59204 1.59912 10 Type of Damage No Damage Moderate Damage Severe Damage Minor Damage No Damage

From the response spectrum analysis, for bhuj earthquake all the buildings lying in the frequency of 0.40894 to 0.59204 are vulnerable.

Calculation of the Time Periods:

Time Period calculation for the building was done using IS1893 part 1 cl. 7.6 which states that: The approximate fundamental natural period of vibration (T) in seconds, of a moment-resisting frame building without brick infill panels may be estimated by the empirical expression: For RC frame building Where, h = Height of building, in m. Inverse of time period gives the frequency in Hz. Using a QGIS Attribute query, time periods and frequencies of all the buildings in the Madhapur region were calculated.

Segregation of Building`s Damage Extent:

By using query builder of QGIS following query was executed to get the damage extent.

CASE WHEN Freq>0 AND Freq<0.061 THEN NO DAMAGE WHEN Freq> 0.061 AND Freq< 0.40894 THEN Moderate Damage WHEN Freq> 0.40894 AND Freq< 0.59204 THEN Severe Damage WHEN Freq> 0.59204 AND Freq< 1.59912 THEN Minor Damage WHEN Freq> 1.59912 THEN NO DAMAGE END

Estimation of Affected People:

Since the selected area has clear demarcation of residential and commercial usage, following assumptions were made to calculate approximate number of people present in the utility. Floor Height - 3m and 10 people per floor (Residential) Floor height -5m and 30 people per floor (Commercial)

Following queries were executed for the residential and commercial buildings to get affected population. Residential Region population=10*ELEVATION/3 Commercial Region population=30*ELEVATION/5

Check for Pounding:

Pounding describes collision between adjacent buildings or different parts of the same building during strong vibrations. It may cause either architectural or structural damage or both and may lead to partial or complete collapse of the structure. Pounding check is done for lateral storey drift of 4% of height of building. Following query was executed to get maximum story drift. DRIFT=0.04*ELEVATION

Results:

From the above calculations seismic vulnerability map and casualty prone areas are demarcated.