ORACLE

1. A_____is a collection of all objects that a user has created. Ans:-Data 2. Which of the oracle authentication mechanism is used to management of the password for the account? Ans: Database Account 3. A_______is a set of predefine resource parameter that can be used to monitor control various database resources. Ans: 4. PL/Sql is a _______structured language. Ans: Block 5._______has made PL/SQL code run faster without requiring any additional work on the part of the programmer. Ans: Oracle

6. A line of PL/Sql contains groups of characters. Known as lexical units. 7. There are two kinds of numeric literals can be used in arithmetic expressions of PL/SQL they are integers and reals. 8. Boolean literals are the predefined values TRUE and FALSE and the non-value NULL. 9. The block headers specify whether the PL/SQL block is a procedure, a function or a package. 10. In PL/SQL iterative control statements, a loop repeats a sequence of statements. 11. The while loop enables you to evaluate a condition before a sequence of statements would be executed. 12. The for loop will allow us to execute a block of code repeatedly until some condition occurs. 13. There are two different types error condition in PL/SQL.

Unit-2

1. In PL/SQL function can be called by using ______ Ans: NAME 2. In PL/SQL procedure declaration resembles a function declaration exempt that there is no DATA TYPE. 3. Triggers are used to define code that is executed fired when certain action or event occur. 4. REPLACE is used to recreate if trigger already exists. 5. Cursors are PL/SQL constructs that enable you to process, one row at a time that results of a multi row query. 6. There are two types of cursors, vise implicit cursors and

explicit cursors.

7. The data that is stored in the cursor is called the active data set.

8. Opening a cursor executes the query and identifies the active set that contains all the rows which meet the query search criteria. 9. In the explicit cursor attributes of PL/SQL %found evaluates to true when last fetch succeeded. 10. A package is a database object that groups logically related.PL/SQL types object and subgroup-programs. 11. In PL/SQL the package specification contains Public declarations. 12. The package body implements the package specification.

Unit-3
1. A database is a centralized repository of organization data. 2. Oracle 9i database product is made up three main components.

3. The oracle instance consists of memory components of oracle and various background processes. 4. In oracle 9i there are two types of initialization files namely SPFILE and PFILE. 5. The oracle instance is made up of the system global area and the background process. 6. In SGA circular buffer that stores all changes made in the database is called as REDO LOG BUFFER. 7. In SGA the contents of the memory are shared by multiple users is called as Shared pool. 8. The background process of the oracle instance is responsible for performing Asynchronous I/O. 8. The PGA is used to process SQL statement and to hold logon and other session 9. DATA FILE contain the data dictionary and user created data. 10. The control file keeps a record of the names, size and location different physical files of the data.

11. REDO entries can be used to recover the database in the event of the instance failure. 12. Password file is used to hold the name, of privileged users who have been granted the SYDBA and SYSOPER roles. 13. starting up a database should be done by a privileged user. 14. during a proper shutdown of oracle database, there phases ________to the startup is performing in reverse order. Ans: Complimentary 15. The end of the transaction is recorded in the REDO-LOG files. 16. Oracle 9i product provides transparent application scalability by sharing cluster-wide acnes for co-ordinate data access. 17. Oracle 9i available in three, each of which is suitable for different development and deployment ..

UNIT-4
1. Instance is the collection of memory structures and oracle background process that operates against an oracle database. 2. A table space is the highest level of logical objects in the database. 3. A table space is further broken down into segment. 4. Extent is a contiguous group of blocks allocated for use as part of a table, index and .. 5. Database block is the smallest unit of allocation in an oracle database. 6. An oracle data dictionary is a set of table and views that are used as a read-only reference about the database. 7. A data dictionary is created when a database is created. 8. An oracle object type has two parts the specification and body.

9. By default, oracles objects types are INSTANTTABLE. 10. IN ORACLE THERE ARE FOUR Kinds of method. 11. A STATIC method has no access to a current object. 12. A method modifier tells oracle that new subtype may not override a method called FINAL. 13. You can add methods but not attributes to in object type stored in the database using the ALTER TYPE statement.

UNIT-5

1. The two important aspects of a distributed database are Distribution and Logical correlations. 2. In distributed database all local transaction are managed by local computers and will therefore be called as local application.

3. A hierarchical approach of administration like global administrator, local administrator incorporated in distributed database. 4. Data independence means that the actual organization of the data is transparent to the programmer. 5. The organization and economic motivation are probably the most important reason for developing distributed databases. 6. The distributed database approach supports a smooth increment growth with a minimum degree of impact on the already existing units. 7. The existence of several autonomous processor result in the increase of performance through a high degree of parallelism.

8. A DDMS helps in the creation and management of distributed database. 9. An application requires the Auxiliary program to be executed at the remote site, which access the remote database and returns the result to requesting application. 10. Each global relation is split into several nonoverlapping portions that are called as fragments. 11. Location transparency is a lower degree of transparency and requires the user or application programmer to work on fragments instead of global relation. 12. Replication transparency means that the user is unware of the replication of fragments. 13. Horizontal and vertical fragmentation can decompose the global relation into fragments.

14. Horizontal fragmentation consists of partitioning the tuples of a global into subsets. 15. The vertical fragments are obtained by projecting the global relation over each group. 16. The reconstruction of mixed fragmentation can be obtained by applying the reconstructing rules in reverse order. 17. A typical example of integrity constraint is referential integrity which requires that all values of a given attributes exist also in some other relation. 18. The major problems in applying integrity checking might increase the need of accessing remote sites.

UNIT-6
1. Designning the fragment is the actual procedure of dividing the existing global relations into horizontal vertical or mixed fragments locality. 2. In the objectives of design of data distribution complete is an extended idea, which simplifies the execution of application. 3. There are two classical approaches as far as distributed databases design is concerned. 4. The design of global schema fragmentation schema allocation schema and local schema is the step of topdown approach. 5. The correction of primary fragmentation requires that each global relation be selected in one and only one fragment.

6. A distributed join is a join between horizontally fragment relations. 7. In vertical partition problem the attributes are progressively aggregated to constitute fragments; the approach is called as grouping approach. 8. Vartical clustering is suggested where overlapping attributes are not heavily updated. 9. In allocation of fragmentation, redundant allocation is complex design since the degree of replication is a variable of the problem. 10. The role of a distributed query processor is to map a high level query on a distributed database into a sequence of database operation on relational fragments. 11. Calculas query must be decomposed into a sequence of relational operational called an algebraic query.

12. An important point of query is the time elapsed for executing the query. 13. The resource time of the query is the time elapsed for executing the query. 14. The communication cost is the time need for exchanging the data between sited participating in the execution of the query. 15. In distributed context, the output language is generally some form of relational algebra with communication primitives. 16. Dynamic query optimization requires statistics in order choosing the operation that has to be done first. 17. For reliability purposes it is useful to have fragments replicated at different sites. 18. How many layers are involved to map the distributed query into an optimized sequence of local operations?

Ans: FOUR 19. The query decom layers decomposes the distributed calculus query into an algebraic query on global relations. 20. The main role of the data localization layer is to localize the querys data using data distributions information. 21. One basic technique for optimizing a sequence of distributed join operations is through the semi-join operator.

UNIT-7 1. The oracle server access the non oracle system using oracle 9i heterogeneous services. 2. The heterogeneous services agent communicates with the non-oracle system and with the heterogeneous services component in the oracle server.

3. In the features of heterogeneous services multithreaded agents reduce the number of required process by taking advantage of multi-threaded server capabilities. 4. Distributed query optimization reduces the amount of required data transfer, when compared to transferring all the table data to the local site for processing. 5. A Remote transaction is a transaction that contains one or more remote statements, all of which reference the same remote node. 6. A distributed transaction is a transaction that includes one or more statement that, individually or as a group update data on two or more distinct nodes of a distributed database.

7. Transperency that application developers and administrator to hide the physical location of database objects from application and users is called location. 8. Oracles distributed database architecture also provides query, update, and transaction transparency. 9. The site autonomy means that each server participating in a distributed database is administrated .from all other database. 10. In an oracle client/server or distributed database environment, you have two options to support global authentication for users and roles. 11. Enterprise manager is oracles database administration tool. 12. Oracle SNMP supports allows an oracle server to be located and queried by any SNMP based network management system.

13. In difference in query languages, even with the same data model the languages their version.

UNIT-8 1. The activity of ensuring atomicity in the presence of transaction aborts is called transaction recovery. 2. The completion of transaction is called commit. 3.A log contains information for undoing or redoing all the actions performed by the transations. 4.The activity of providing durability of the transactions is called database recovery. 5.the two possible communications errors are ,lost messages and network partitions. 6.The node where the distributed transaction originates is called the global coordinator .

7.If a database server is reffrenced in a distributed transaction , the value of its commit point strength determines which role it plays in the two-phase commit. 8.The global coordinator forgets about the transactions phase is called forget phase. 9.After the nodes are prepared the distributed transactions is said to be in-doubt.

UNIT-9 1.The transaction wants only to read the data item of mode is called as shared mode. 2.A sophisticated locking mechanism known as 2-phase locking which includes growing phase and shrinking phase. 3.The second problem that is faced by the DTM is deadlock detection.

4.The total ordering of oprations across groups ensures serializability of transacton. 5.The order concurrency control technique is based on the total ordering property. 6.The database manager for ensuring correct execution in the presence of failures. 7. distributed transaction can be completely read only and the transaction is started with a SET-TRANSACTION READ-ONLY statement.

UNIT-10 1.Security is an essential part of any backup. 2.For a backup /restore system scalability is a .for service in an enterprise.

3.The recovery manager environment consist of the various applicaton and database that play the role in a backup and recovery strategy. 4.A stored script is a block of RMAN job commands that is stored in the recovery catalog. 5.The enrolling of a database in a recovery catalaog is called registration. 6.Most backup and recovery commands in RMAN are executed by server sessions. 7.By image copy is an exact copy of a single datafile achived redo log file ,or control file. 8.The remote backup site some called the secondary site. 9.The simplified approach to introducing redundancy is to duplicate every disk is called mirroring. 10.RAID LEVEL known as memory-style error correcting code (ECC)organization ,employs parity bits.