I.

GIVE ME YOUR HAND AND I WILL GUIDE YOU The Professional Social Wor er

SO!IAL WOR" is a profession concerned with relationships, people, and their environments that affect the ability of people to accomplish life tasks, realize aspirations and values, and alleviate distress.

ROLES AND RESPONSI#ILITIES The professional social worker has many roles and responsibilities; primarily, he/she must help people help themselves. However, professional social worker is different form a volunteer because he/she has clients and is paid for his/her work. Betty Baer and Ronald ederico in Educating the Baccalaureate Social Worker1, identify se$eral co%&e'encies a social worker should be able to perform!

". #dentify and assess problems between people and social institutions. $. %evelop/implement a plan for improvin& the well bein& of people. '. (nhance people)s capacities to solve their problems. *. +ink people with systems/institutions that provide the necessary resources, services and opportunities. ,. #ntervene on behalf of individuals who are most vulnerable or discriminated a&ainst. -. .romote the effective operation of e/istin& social services. 0. .articipate in the creation of new and improved such services.
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1. (stablish whether the intervention plan was successful. 2. (valuate one)s own professional development. "3. 4dd one)s own e/perience to the profession)s knowled&e base.

5 #RAINSTORMING In your opinion, what are the main issues social workers deal with? 6e.&. school abandonment, reinte&ration of delin7uents etc8

THE #ASI! STEPS O( PRO#LEM)SOLVING The followin& process can be applied to 49: social issue. ". ;atherin& information from all relevant sources. $. 4ssessin& information. '. %efinin& the problem. *. .lannin& for action. ,. <arryin& out the action plan. -. (valuatin& the results. 0. Terminatin& when appropriate. 6=uoted in >uppes, ?ary 4nn, <ressy @ells, <arolyn, "22"!08

SO!IAL WOR" AND RELATED PRO(ESSIONS Basic skills of a social worker involve in'er$ie*in+ 6knowin& how to approach a person who has a problem, in such a way that they feel safe enou&h to open up8, fin,in+ shor')'er%
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sol-'ions for immediate crisis 6e.&. shelter for a battered mother with children8, and raisin+ &-.lic a*areness about social issues 6campai&ns, fundraisin& etc8.

9evertheless, a social worker is not trained as a doctor, sociolo&ist, psycholo&ist, counselor, psychiatrist, lawyer or police officer. Therefore he/she often needs to work in teams with professionals from these fields.

5 +et)s ima&ine you are a social worker and one of your clients is a pre&nant teena&e &irl. @hich of these professionals would you involve in the problemAsolvin& teamB

LANGUAGE PRA!TI!E (O!US ". Ma'ch the social work terms below with their definition in the second column! "8 4dvocacy $8 <onfidentiality '8 ?andatory client *8 >ocial service aide ,8 <ode of ethics -8 >ocial welfare 08 9;C

a8 <onsists of actions or proceduresA especially on the part of &overnments and institutionsA tryin& to promote the basic wellAbein& of individuals in need 6especially in the form of financial support8

b8 >uch an or&anization is created by persons with no participation or representation of any &overnment.

c8 The body of values and principles that &overn the behaviour and actions of social workers

d8 Representin& and defendin& the ri&hts of the individuals, &roups, communities throu&h direct interventions

e8 4n employee of a social a&ency who isn)t necessarily a social worker, but is hired for his/her uni7ue life e/periences. They may provide translation services, transport, or other clerical duties.

f8 Cne of the social work principles that re7uires social workers not to divul&e information about their clients

&8 4lso known as involuntary clients, persons who do not seek social work services, but are sent by an authority to obtain such services. .ersons on probation or parole are e/amples.

/. Error correc'ion! #n this te/t, some lines are correct, but some have a word that should not be there. Dnderline these words.

Social *or has its roots in the stru&&le of society to ameliorate poverty and the resultant problems. Therefore, social work it is closely linked to it the idea of charity work, but today it is more than that. The concept of about charity &oes back to ancient times, and the practice of providin& for the poor has roots in all maEor world reli&ions. The practice and its profession of modern social work has a relatively lon& history, which ori&inatin& in the "2th century. That was the time of the #ndustrial Revolution, which was led to important technolo&ical and scientific
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discoveries. But there was also a &reat mi&ration to urban areas throu&hout the @estern world. This caused to many social problems, which in turn led to an increase in social activism.

0. Re&hrasin+! inish each of the followin& sentences in such a way that it means e/actly the same as the sentence above.

a8 How lon& have you been workin& as a social workerB @hen FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF b8 @e have run out of funds for charity. There FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF c8 # am sure it was the sociolo&ist who made the decision. The sociolo&ist FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF d8 4n e/perienced practitioner or&anized a therapy &roup. 4 therapy &roup FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF e8 %espite his lack of e/perience in health care, # think he is the best man for the Eob. 4lthou&h FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF

1. Transla'e in'o En+lish2 A %oamnG, clGnHGni fata. 4Hi vrea sGAmi daHi cIt Jmi trebuie pentru o ceaKcG de ceaiB A 4sta JnseamnG cG nAai nici un banB A %a, doamnG.... A <e lucru e/traordinarL ... Mino la mine sG luGm un ceai.... ata tresGri Ki se dGdu un pas JndGrGt. C clipG JncetG sG mai termure. Rosemary Jntinse mIna KiAi atinse braHul.
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A Morbesc serios, Ji spuse zImbind... A 9u, nu vorbiHi sincer... Nn &lasul ei era durere. A 9u vreau decIt sGAHi ofer puHinG cGldurG Ki sG ascult... orice vei dori sGAmi povesteKti. Camenii lihniHi sunt uKor de covins... Nncerca o senzaHie de triumf... privind la micuHa ei captivG prinsG Jn plasG, ar fi putut sG JKi spunG O4m pus mIna pe tineP. %ar, desi&ur, avea cele mai bune intenHii. Moia sG Ji dovedeascG fetei cG Jn viaHG se JntImplG minuni Q cG zInele bune se ivesc aievea, cG oamneii bo&aHi au Ki ei iminG, Ki cG toate femeile sunt surori... A Mino, vino sus, o JndemnG din nou Rosemary, arzInd de nerGbdare sG JnceapG JKi JnceapG aAKi desfGKura &enerozitatea. 6Ratherine ?ansfield, C s torie la mod , p. "*28

3. Wri'e a &ara+ra&h con'in-in+ 'he scene.

4. 5-es'ions2 a8 @hat are the main roles and responsibilities of a social workerB b8 @hat are the main steps of problem solvin&B c8 @hat other professionals work in a team with social workersB d8 @hy is the code of ethics important for the social work professionB e8 @here does social work have its rootsB

6. E7'ra rea,in+2

!are+i$in+ 6article by Todd S. ?c<allum, Encyclopedia of !ealth " #ging. $330. >4;( .ublications. * >ep. $332. h''&288sa+e)ereference.co%8a+in+8Ar'icle9n3:.h'%l <are&ivin& can be defined as providin& assistance and support to family members in need. The type and amount of assistance and support re7uired fluctuates throu&hout the life span. #n the conte/t of a&in&, careA&ivin& commonly refers to carin& for an older adult with a chronic illness or a functional disability. #t is estimated that between *, million and ,$ million adults in the Dnited >tates en&a&e in unpaid family care&ivin& for older relatives. %urin& the past century, medical advances &reatly reduced the incidence of deaths related to acute causes. 4s the number of older adults survivin& formerly fatal conditions 6and thereby livin& with disabilities8 increases, so too does the number of family care&ivers. #n fact, rather than dyin& more rapidly from acute causes, the pathway to the end of life now more commonly be&ins with a chronic disease leadin& to one or more functional disabilities and eventually to death. This shift has meant that currently older adults live lon&er and with more functional disabilities than at any time in recorded history. The number of family care&ivers is e/pected to continue to rise in accordance with this shift. ?ost researchers define care&ivin& as providin& assistance with activities of daily livin& 64%+s8 and assistance with instrumental activities of daily livin& 6#4%+s8. 4%+s involve personal care such as &ettin& in and out of bed or a chair, dressin&, toiletin&, bathin&, and feedin& oneself. #4%+s are tasks common in everyday life such as payin& bills, &rocery shoppin&, and preparin& meals. The maEority of care&ivers assist the care recipient with more than one activity. 4lthou&h most care&ivin& research is based on function, there is also diseaseAbased research that focuses on healthA and 7uality of lifeArelated issues specific to the care recipientTs disease. Re&ardless of whether the focus of care is on a functional disability or a disease state, there appears to be &reat variability in the type of assistance provided by care&ivers. 4lthou&h the care&ivin& literature has devoted considerable attention to care&ivers for 4lzheimerTs disease patients, older care recipients also commonly suffer from cancer, diabetes, mental illness, heart disease, and stroke. ?any elders are affected by multiple ailments simultaneously, servin& to complicate care re&imens and ma&nify the burden on care&ivers. !are+i$er De%o+ra&hics emale spouses, dau&hters, and dau&htersAinAlaw constitute the maEority of care&ivers, althou&h the numbers of male spousal and male adultQchild care&ivers continue to rise. (stimates of the overall percenta&e of female care&ivers in the Dnited >tates ran&e from 03U to 13U, and female care&ivers consistently report hi&her rates of depression than do male care&ivers. Pa'ien';!are+i$er Rela'ionshi&
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4t least half of all care&ivers are spouses. >pouses, most often wives, commonly report receivin& insufficient support from other family members and conse7uently provide care with fewer social supports than do other family care&ivers. actors shown to adversely affect the patientQcare&iver relationship include bein& a spouse as opposed to an adult child care&iver, spendin& more than *3 hours per week care&ivin&, and role strain due to competin& demands. !are+i$in+ an, Heal'h <are&ivin& is emotionally stressful for the vast maEority of care&ivers. Hi&her rates of depressive symptomatolo&y have been found consistently amon& care&ivers. The related concept of $urden has also been used in describin& the mental health of care&ivers. Burden encompasses feelin&s of embarrassment, overload, resentment, and isolation commonly reported by care&ivers. Research on physical health shows that care&ivin& is associated with low selfArated health and poor health behaviors. +on&itudinal studies indicate that care&ivers also show declinin& physical health over time and are at hi&her risk for mortality compared with noncare&ivers. <are&ivers are also more likely to show poor immune system functionin& throu&h stress hormone dysre&ulation and insufficient antibody response than are noncare&ivers. Posi'i$e As&ec's of !are+i$in+ The act of care&ivin& clearly has a ne&ative impact on health for most people, but many others also report receivin& benefits while en&a&ed in care&ivin&. #n fact, positive aspects of care&ivin&, such as companionship and perceived rewards, may reduce stress and improve health outcomes for some care&ivers. <are&ivers scorin& hi&h on reli&iosity measures and those derivin& meanin& from care&ivin& show fewer mental health problems and are more likely to report interpersonal &rowth compared with care&ivers scorin& low on reli&iosity. >atisfaction with social support also differentiates those reportin& &reater benefits. In'er$en'ions for !are+i$ers .ro&rams desi&ned to reduce care&iver burden include not only support &roups but also educational and clinical interventions. %espite e/aminin& a broad ran&e of health outcomes, very few interventions have shown si&nificant effects. 4lthou&h the interventions e/amined in most studies do not prove to be effective 7uantitatively, a maEority of care&ivers report interventions desi&ned to assist them as beneficial and valuable. urthermore, there is evidence that interventions can improve health outcomes by enhancin& service use and also can delay institutionalization. !oncl-sion The number of older adults re7uirin& care is increasin& so rapidly that most 4mericans will care for an older adult at some point in their lives. Because it is clear that care&ivin& is stressful, researchers have outlined many of the variables that influence care&iver stress such as care recipient factors, demo&raphic factors, and patientQAcare&iver relationship issues. The
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relationship between cultural conte/t and care&iver mental and physical health is bein& e/plored to a &reater e/tent today, as are the positive aspects of care&ivin&. The main &oal of this research is to create a knowled&e base from which to desi&n interventions for decreasin& burden and increasin& competence to provide the best care for care&ivers.

II. MOST NEAR< MOST DEAR (a%il= an, !hil,ren>s Ser$ices

HISTORI!AL PERSPE!TIVE2 ?utual care amon& family members, as the primary form of childcare, came first, supplemented later by the ch-rch. <atholicism tau&ht that not only infanticide, but also birth control and abortion, were unacceptable as methods of re&ulatin& family size. >ecular laws in ?edieval (urope did not reco&nize any ri&hts of the child. The first known as=l-% for abandoned children was in ?ilan, 4.%. 010. +ater, re&ulations such as the Eli%a$ethan &oor 'aw 6"-3"8 provided certain kinds of assistance; however formal &ro'ec'i$e ser$ices appeared only towards the end of the "2th century.

THE !ON!EPT O( !HILDREN>S RIGHTS is relatively new. #n 9ovember "2,2, the Dnited 9ations Cr&anization 6D9C8 declared, throu&h the (eclaration of the )ights of the Child, that 4++ children have the ri+h' 'o &ro'ec'ion< o&&or'-ni'ies< a na%e an, a na'ionali'=< heal'h an, n-'ri'ion< ho-sin+< recrea'ion< %e,ical ser$ices< affec'ion< e,-ca'ion an, sec-ri'=. ?The full te/t is available at http://www.undemocracy.com/ARES-1386 !"#$.pd%$ :@ Rea, an, s-%%ariAe in '*o &hrases 'he ar'icle .elo*2

Sin+le Mo'hers 6article by Rukmalie Sayakody, Encyclopedia of Social &ro$lems. $331. >4;( .ublications. * >ep. $332. h''&288sa+e)ereference.co%8social&ro.le%s8Ar'icle9n3/6.h'%l8
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D.>. <ensus Bureau data indicate that the percenta&e of children livin& in sin&leAmother families increased from "" percent in "203 to $' percent by $33,. 4lthou&h the percenta&e of sin&leAfather families also &rew, risin& from " percent in "203 to - percent by $33', the vast maEority of sin&leAparent households involve sin&le mothers. +ar&e race differences are evident! ,3 percent of 4frican 4merican children live with a sin&le mother, compared to ', percent of Hispanic children, "- percent of white children, and "3 percent of 4sian children. %emo&raphers proEect that half of all children will spend part of their childhood livin& with a sin&le mother. >in&leAmother family structure, however, does not necessarily mean that children live alone with their mother. ?oreover, increasin& diversity occurs in sin&leAmother family livin& e/periences. ;randparents play a si&nificant role in many sin&leAmother families; about "3 percent of children livin& with their sin&le mother were the &randchild of the household head. >ome sin&le mothers also cohabit with a male partner, a trend that has &rown in recent years, with about "" percent of children in sin&leAmother families livin& with their mother and her unmarried partner. #n some cases, this unmarried partner is the childTs biolo&ical father, and such family arran&ements of unmarried parents and their children are often referred to as Vfra&ile families.P ?uch concern e/ists re&ardin& the conse7uences for children &rowin& up in a sin&leA mother family. .overty rates differ dramatically by family structure, with nearly - out of "3 children in sin&leAmother families livin& near or below poverty! about *, percent of children livin& with a divorced mother and -2 percent of children livin& with a neverAmarried mother. <onsistent research findin&s indicate that children &rowin& up in a sin&leAmother family have, on avera&e, poorer social, economic, and psycholo&ical outcomes compared to children &rowin& up with two biolo&ical parents. (conomic differences between sin&leA and twoAparent families e/plain about half of these differences. @hen evaluatin& the conse7uences of &rowin& up in a sin&leAparent family, two important issues should be kept in mind. irst, while we do have stron& evidence of a correlation between family structure and child wellAbein&, the direction of these effects is unclear. That is, the e/tent to which this relationship is causal 6sin&leAparent family structure causes poor outcomes8 or due to selection 6the findin&s reflect unmeasured factors that affect both the likelihood of &rowin& up in a sin&leAparent family and the outcomes associated with it8 is unclear. Therefore, the causal orderin& of effects re7uires careful attention. >tudies that do not take these pree/istin& differences into account will overstate the effects of &rowin& up in a sin&leAmother family. >econd, and more important, even thou&h children &rowin& up in sin&leA mother families tend to e/perience poorer outcomes, the percenta&e of children actually e/periencin& these ne&ative outcomes is far from overwhelmin&. Cne study, for e/ample, compared depression rates amon& children &rowin& up in oneA and twoAparent families, findin& that "1 percent of children &rowin& up in sin&leAparent homes were clinically depressed compared to "* percent &rowin& up in twoAparent families. These findin&s su&&est that the maEority of children &rowin& up with a sin&le mother will not e/perience depression. However, in relative terms, the risk of e/periencin& depression was hi&her 6."1 versus ."*8 in sin&leAmother families, su&&estin& that livin& with a sin&le mother increases the risk of mental health problems. The importance of this second point is that while sin&leAparent family structure increases the risk for a variety of outcomes, not all children &rowin& up in sin&leAmother families will e/perience problems.
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>in&leAmother families have increasin&ly moved into the policy spotli&ht. The "223s represented a decade of substantial chan&es in &overnment assistance pro&rams used by sin&le mothers and their children. <oncern that welfare pro&rams provided adverse incentives both to work and to maintain a twoAparent family led <on&ress to implement a series of chan&es culminatin& in the .ersonal Responsibility and @ork Cpportunity Reconciliation 4ct of "22-, commonly referred to as Vwelfare reform.P Because sin&leAmother families made up the vast maEority of welfare recipients, they were a specific tar&et of these reforms. @elfare reform aimed to move sin&le mothers from welfare to work, and a stated &oal of the "22- bill was to encoura&e the formation and maintenance of twoAparent families. ?aEor chan&es in cash public assistance include a lifetime limit on how lon& a family can receive assistance 6the federal &uidelines state no more than , years8 and work re7uirements. Cther maEor policy chan&es lar&ely impactin& sin&leAmother families include sharp e/pansions to the (arned #ncome Ta/ <redit 6(#T<8. 4vailable to workin&, lowAearnin& parents, this work support pro&ram can raise the afterAta/ incomes of families by as much as *3 percent, and the (#T< is now the lar&est antiApoverty pro&ram for the nonAelderly. @elfare reform and a stron& economy durin& the "223s combined to increase the labor force participation rates of sin&le mothers, but the poverty rate of workin&, sin&leAmother families failed to decline between "22, and "222. 4lthou&h welfare reform has dramatically reduced the number of families receivin& assistance, debate over the lon&Aterm conse7uences of these policy chan&es continues, as does evaluation of the social and economic wellAbein& of sin&le mothers and their children.

VIOLATIONS O( !HILDREN>S RIGHTS ". 4BD>( can be physical 6any form of beatin&, burnin&, cuttin&, starvation, e/haustin& labour etc8, emotional 6threats, shouts, insults, terror, unEust punishment, blackmail etc8, and se*ual 6rape, incest, improper fondlin& etc8. 4s far as se/ual abuse is concerned, it is not clear how many children are actually abused and how many adults have been abused durin& their childhood. .eople are still ashamed and afraid to talk about this problem. Dnfortunately, total rehabilitation in these cases is hard to achieve. But, the child should be immediately taken away from the abuser6s8. The ne/t step is to ensure psycholo&ical/psychiatric care for the child.

5 In your opinion, what are the long+term physical and emotional conse,uences of se*ual a$use during childhood?

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$. 9(;+(<T is another form of abuse in which a child)s needs are not ade7uately provided for. #t can take the form of! poor nutrition, no medical care, lack of affection, no supervision, no communication between parents and children.

'. 4B49%C9?(9T means &ivin& up all interests and claims over one)s child/children. <auses include poverty, political and cultural conditions, or mental illness, to mention Eust a few.

!HILDREN SO!IAL SERVI!ES can be classified in two maEor cate&ories! in)ho%e and o-')of)ho%e services.

In)ho%e services include! financial aid 6provides income to a family/child in certain situations8, family-child therapy or counseling 6available to those e/periencin& different kinds of distress8, and day care 6sometimes provided at home by a nanny or relatives8.

O-')of)ho%e services comprise! foster care is a system by which a certified, standAin Vparent6s8P takes care of minor children or youn& people who have been removed from their birth parents by state authority. .oster parents have to be chosen carefully 6with respect to their character and parentin& skills8. 4 social worker will supervise the foster family, but at the same time will work with the $iological parents to establish if the child can be returned to their care. #f that does not happen, foster care ends when the child turns "1. adoption, on the other hand, is permanent, providin& children and their adoptive
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parents with the same le&al ri&hts and responsibilities available to $iological parents. ?inors can be adopted only when the ri&hts of .o'h natural parents have been terminated. Before an adoption takes place, a social worker should conduct a careful adoption study. group homes are private residences 6destined for 'A"- people8 whose aim is to make the settin& as familyAlike as possible. <hildren who live here can be recoverin& dru& addicts, developmentally disabled, abused or ne&lected. Dnder the supervision of social workers, they share rooms, facilities and responsibilities. institutional care+placement 6previously known as orphanages8 represents the least normal environment for children to &row up in. >tudies show that children in institutional care rarely have the opportunity to form an attachment to a parent fi&ure, and they spend less time on play, social interaction, and individual care than children in a family. 6http!//news.bioAmedicine.or&/medicineAnewsA'/<oncernAoverAinstitutionalAcareAforA childrenAinA(uropeA-"3*A"/8

Do%es'ic $iolence is the umbrella term that covers a wide ran&e of abuse within the family. This is a comple/ social phenomenon that re7uires the social worker)s involvement. The most affected are the physically weaker, namely women, elderly and, as we have already seen, children. <ontrary to the stereotype, domestic violence is not restricted to a lower social or economic class. The factors that determine a&&ressors to become violent are! A patholo&ical A stress, frustrations A dru&s and alcohol A Eealousy
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A need to be in control A abuses suffered in childhood A mentalities etc.

5 #RAINSTORMING Why do you think victims of repeated domestic violent acts put up with this situation?

#f a victim decides to break the c=cle of $iolence, she/he can appeal for help to the police. %omestic violence is a crime and there are laws a&ainst it; moreover, nonAconsensual se/ within a marria&e has been outlawed as rape. The ne/t step is to &et medical help and a certificate provin& the physical abuse 6if it is the case8. ?any 9;Cs offer shelter for battered victims, as well as free le&al advice and counselin&. >ocial workers take active part in this process, protectin& the victims) ri&hts.

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III. MOST NEAR< MOST DEAR DOMESTI! VIOLEN!E

:@. Ma'ch the social work terms with their definition!

"8 <inderella (ffect $8 Runaway '8 Toddler *8 >urro&ate parentin& ,8 oundlin& -8 <hildren at risk 08 +atch key children 18 Battery 28 <ycle of violence "38 Honeymoon phase

a8 4 very youn& child who is learnin& how to walk b8 <hildren born or livin& with families sufferin& si&nificant social problems. c8 <hildren who spend part of the day in school, part of it at home alone. d8 The pattern of abusive behaviour in a family. e8 #t is a term used by psycholo&ists to describe the situation of stepchildren bein& abused or mistreated by their stepparents.
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f8 #t is a sta&e in the abusive relationship characterized by affection, apolo&y, and apparent end of violence &8 #t is a method of reproduction in which a woman a&rees to become pre&nant and deliver a child for a contracted party. >he may be the child)s &enetic mother, or she may be Eust a &estational carrier 6in some Eurisdictions it is an ille&al medical procedure8 h8 4 minor who has left the home of his or her parent or le&al &uardian without permission or has been thrown out by his or her parent. i8 9ame &iven to children who are abandoned. E8 The act of beatin& someone.

/@. P-' one *or, in each s&ace. P-' a ,ash ?)@ if 'he s&ace sho-l, .e .lan . The *or,s e7&ec'e, here are %ainl= &re&osi'ions.

The A%aAin+ !ase of I,en'ical T*in #o=s< Whose Mo'her Die, Shor'l= ?:@ 99999999999 'he= *ere .orn. Their father placed the babies in a children)s home. @hen they were 6$8 FFFFFFFFF ei&hteen months old, he took them to live with his new wife, their two older sisters and two of the stepmother)s children. There were si/ children alto&ether in the household, the oldest 6'8 FFFFFFFFF whom was nine. The parents moved 6*8 FFFFFFFFFFF a nei&hborhood where no one knew them The father, who was 6,8 FFFFFFFFFFFFF avera&e 6-8 FFFFFFFFFFF intelli&ence, was passive. His wife ruled the home. >he had little e/perience or interest 608 FFFFFFFF small children. >he fed the twins but, otherwise, she left their care 618 FFFFFFFFF their father, who worked 628 FFFFFFFFFF the railroad and was often away from home. Her disinterest soon developed 6"38 FFFFFFFF active hostility. The twins &rew in almost total
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isolation, 6""8 FFFFFFFFFF no sunshine, e/ercise or communication. The other children in the family were not allowed to talk 6"$8 FFFFFFFFFF them or play 6"'8 FFFFFFFFF. +uckily, they were discovered by a social worker, taken 6"*8 FFFFFFFFF from the abusive environment and placed 6",8 FFFFFFF home for preAschool children. The parents were accused of criminal ne&lect.

0. Re&hrasin+! inish each of the followin& sentences in such a way that it means e/actly the same as the sentence above.

a8 4 youn& couple adopted the Brown siblin&s. The Brown FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF b8 They will announce the results of the selection tomorrow. The results FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF c8 They may need institutional care. #nstitutional FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF d8 .eople say he is a very responsible sin&le parent. He FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF e8 .rotective services will shield children from abuse and ne&lect. <hildren FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF

1. Transla'e in'o Ro%anian2 /y 'ife Is a Story0 'ale, 11 years old, &akistan # am +ale. # am "- years old now. # &ot married last year. ?y husband is $" and is workin& in %ubai as a driver. >ince my marria&e, # have lived with my inAlaws. # come from a very poor
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family. ?y father works in a brick factory, on daily wa&es and earns around W$ a day. # have five brothers and four sisters and two mothers. # am the eldest of the &irls. These difficult conditions meant that only three of my brothers could &o to school. Cnly one of my brothers completed primary level education. There was no 7uestion of any of the &irls &oin& to school. 6taken from! http!//www.mylifeisastory.or&/8

3. Go .ac 'o 'he Declaration of the Rights of the Child an, es'a.lish *hich ri+h's *ere $iola'e, in Lale>s case.

4. 4re abused women and battered women the sameB Man= &eo&le 'hin 'ha' .a''ere, *o%en ha$e .lac e=es an, .ro en .ones. Ho*e$er< ,o%es'ic a.-se enco%&asses a *hole ran+e of *a=s of con'rollin+ an, h-r'in+. An, =o- ,onB' ha$e 'o .e %arrie, ?or li$in+ 'o+e'her@ 'o .e a $ic'i% of ,o%es'ic $iolence. Think of five 7uestions =o- *o-l, as in a s-r$e= in or,er 'o fin, o-' *ho is a $ic'i% of ,o%es'ic $iolence. Do no' as ,irec' C-es'ions .eca-se 'he= %i+h' %a e 'he $ic'i% *i'h,ra*.

0. ProDec's an, ca%&ai+ns aim to reduce incidents of domestic violence. or e/ample >4+?4 H4:(R 6?e/ican actress8 was involved in a campai&n a&ainst domestic violence in her home country 6?e/ico is a traditionalist country, where women are raised to be passive, etc8. The campai&n was a hu&e success because the actress donated money but also dedicated a few days to listen to victims and &ive them some advice. >D<<(>> D+ <4?.4#;9> should!

A A

have a celebrity to promote the messa&e 6if possible8 benefit from intensive media covera&e
19

A A A A

present facts X concrete e/amples have a su&&estive slo&an raise funds 6from donations, sponsors, different fundraisin& events8 make it a lon&Aterm proEect so it becomes more visible

I%a+ine =o- are *or in+ for an NGO 'r=in+ 'o fi+h' ,o%es'ic $iolence. (ollo* 'he s'e&s a.o$e in or,er 'o ,e$ise a ca%&ai+n en'i'le, EThere is No E7c-se for A.-seF.

G. 5-es'ions ?for lessons II an, III@2 a8 @hen did the first formal protective services appearB b8 @hat are the main ri&hts of a childB c8 @hat are the most common violations of the children)s ri&htsB d8 @hat social services are available in case a child)s ri&hts are severely infrin&edB e8 @hat is the cycle of violenceB f8 How can we reduce the incidence of domestic violenceB

2&

IV. (AMILIAR AS AN OLD MISTA"E Social Wor an, S-.s'ance A.-se

UNDERSTANDING A SO!IETY THAT USES AND A#USES >ocial workers whose practice includes substance abuse need special knowled&e, values and skills to deal with this type of clients. >ince very early times, social reformers have tried to stop different forms of chemical dependence, especially drinkin&.

AL!OHOL remains one of the most abused substances in the world, which can lead to addiction. #t is a si&nificant factor in premature death, road fatalities, homicide, suicide, family violence etc.

The use of DRUGS 6narcotics and hallucino&ens8 has also been documented throu&h history, but only recently has it become the obEect of acute international concern. Dse of dru&s can lead to both physical and psycholo&ical addiction2 #t can have similar conse7uences as alcohol a$use, however it also presents other specific lon&Aterm effects! malnutrition or anore*ia 6dru& addicts have low or no appetite8, diseases 64#%>, infections, blindness, psychiatric problems, depression etc.8, problems durin& pre&nancy and others.

5 #RAINSTORMING In your opinion, what are some reasons that determine people to start taking drugs?

21

>ome SIGNS of dru& abuse! A physical! red eyes, fati&ue, cou&h, scars/marks, shakin&; A psycholo&ical! irritability, low selfAesteem, depression, becomin& a&&ressive or passive, decreased interest in school, drop in &rades, truancy, discipline problems.

:@ Rea, 'he ar'icle .elo* an, e7&lain< in one &hrase< *ha' 'he 'er% Hcross)a,,ic'ion> %eans.

!ross)A,,ic'ions ?.= Sennifer ?. %ay, Encyclopedia of Su$stance #$use &revention, 3reatment, " )ecovery. $331. >4;( .ublications. * >ep. $332. http!//sa&eA ereference.com/substance/4rticleFn"31.html8

4n individual who abuses or is dependent on a substance will commonly identify a primary substance of abuse. This does not necessarily mean that the individual will not abuse other addictive substances or en&a&e in other addictive behaviors. 4n individual with addictive tendencies may seek multiple addictive sources of reinforcement throu&hout their lifetime; this tendency is known as crossAaddiction. This behavior typically occurs by successively replacin& one addictive behavior with another. These crossAaddictions may manifest in the use of another substance within the same dru& class, the use of a substance belon&in& to a different class, or en&a&ement in other addictive behaviors 6e.&., compulsive &amblin&, se/ual addiction, #nternet addiction, overeatin&8. This entry focuses on the proposed mechanisms behind crossAaddictions, subtypes of crossAaddictions and their associated risks, and barriers to substance abuse treatment that crossAaddictions may present. Mechanis%s #ehin, !ross)A,,ic'ion

22

4 number of mechanisms have been proposed to e/plain the presence of crossAaddictions and the maintenance of addictive behaviors. There is no consensus amon& substance abuse researchers on the primary underlyin& mechanism behind crossAaddictions. Two processes that have empirical support are impulsivity and &enetic predisposition to substance abuse. I%&-lsi$i'= >everal researchers have identified a correlation between substance abuse and impulsivity that may serve to e/plain the presence of crossAaddictions. #mpulsive behavior involves the pursuit of thrills, adventure, new e/periences, lowerin& of inhibitions, sensation seekin&, and avoidance of the mundane. #ndividuals who display impulsive behaviors are more likely to e/periment with dru&s at an early a&e, consume substances at a hi&her 7uantity and fre7uency than nonsensation seekin& peers, and e/periment with multiple substances of abuse over their lifetime. @hen the patient decreases use of or ceases to use the primary substance of abuse, his or her impulsive and sensation seekin& behaviors will likely be directed toward another source of reinforcement. This commonly results in the presence of a crossAaddiction to another substance of abuse or addictive behavior. 4s such, those patients who demonstrate difficulties with impulsivity and sensation seekin& should be monitored closely for the development of a crossA addiction. Gene'ic Pre,is&osi'ion 'o A,,ic'ion 4dditionally, research has identified a &enetic component or predisposition to substance use that may serve to facilitate the tendency to replace one addiction with another. 4lthou&h perspectives on &enetic predisposition to substance abuse have been varied, researchers have presented evidence that a &enetic predisposition is commonly a factor in substance abuse and substance dependence, particularly amon& alcohol use disorders. This &enetic predisposition would also increase the likelihood of the patient developin& a crossAaddiction once they have completed substance cessation treatment for his or her primary substance of abuse. S-.s'ance A.-se Trea'%en' Cnce the individual takes steps to obtain sobriety from their primary substance of abuse, many researchers believe that their addictive tendencies may be channeled into other addictive sources of reinforcement. @hen treatin& a patient who has successfully ceased use of their primary substance of abuse, the possibility of a crossAaddition should be included as a component of relapse prevention education. >ubstance use treatment providers should be aware of the possible presence of crossAaddictions in order to monitor for si&ns of relapse to the patientTs primary substance of abuse and to monitor abuse and dependence symptoms that may emer&e related to the novel addictive substance or behavior. !ross)A,,ic'ion Wi'hin 'he Sa%e Dr-+ !lass Cnce a desire for the reinforcin& effects of a particular class of dru& has emer&ed, the substance user may seek similar reinforcement after cessation from their primary substance of abuse. Cnce patients have ac7uired physiolo&ical tolerances to the effects of their primary
23

substance of abuse, they can readily become addicted to other substances, particularly those within the same dru& class. This predisposition to addiction occurs due to a decreased sensitivity to the effects of structurally similar dru&s within the same dru& class, or a crossAtolerance. This crossAtolerance may increase the likelihood that the substitute dru& may need to be consumed at an elevated 7uantity and fre7uency in order to achieve desired effects. This elevated 7uantity and fre7uency of use may place the patient at a hi&her risk for developin& abuse or dependence symptoms to the novel substance. !ross)A,,ic'ion 'o O'her S-.s'ances 4 crossAaddiction may also e/tend to other classes of dru&s, particularly if the patient has e/pectancies that they cannot control themselves when usin& a substance similar to their primary substance of abuse. <rossAaddictions to le&al addictive substances 6i.e., alcohol, caffeine, nicotine8 are common amon& former addicts who abused ille&al dru&s. 4lthou&h the possibility of a crossAtolerance is markedly lower when usin& a substance from a different class than the primary substance of abuse, risks of addiction to the secondary substance are still present. 4dditionally, the decreased inhibitions that typically accompany most substance use may predispose the individual to relapse. !ross)A,,ic'ion 'o O'her #eha$iors or those patients who successfully cease to use addictive substances, the tendency towards addiction may be manifested in another addictive behavior 6e.&., compulsive &amblin&, se/ual addiction, #nternet addiction, overeatin&8. 4lthou&h these addictive behaviors do not carry the same physiolo&ical conse7uences as substances of abuse, they can cause similar disruptions in social and occupational functionin&. The compulsive en&a&ement in these addictive behaviors is commonly accompanied by the use of alcohol or other dru&s, which may also increase the likelihood of relapse to the primary substance of abuse.

24

V. (AMILIAR AS AN OLD MISTA"E Pre$en'ion an, Trea'%en' of S-.s'ance A.-se

PREVENTION2 >ocial workers and other professionals, as well as parents and schools should be involved in attempts to prevent dru& and alcohol use. >ome ways to achieve efficient prevention are! early education about substance abuse and its conse,uences, open communication, early reco&nition of si&ns, moral support, and information campai&ns.

Cnce a person becomes addicted, TREATMENT is comple/ and difficult. #t re7uires medical deto*ification as well as psychological counseling2 #n order to eliminate the physical need for the chemical substance, one must spend about ' months in deto* clinics or reha$ centers. (liminatin& the psycholo&ical need, however, may re7uire up to "1 months of therapy. 4nd there is always the dan&er of rela&seY

:@. (ill in 'he .lan s *i'h one s-i'a.le *or,2 rom the be&innin&s, people have always relied on "8 FFFFFFFFF to ease their unhappiness, as well as their physical $8 FFFFFFFFF. The 4ncient ;reeks &ot drunk on alcohol; mariEuana 6also referred to as '8 FFFFFFFFFF8 was used in <hina and #ndia well before the birth of <hrist, and *8 FFFFFFFFF, obtained by chewin& coca leaves, was used by si/teenthAcentury #ncas. #f dru&Atakin& is such a constant practice in human society, why are we so concerned about contemporary dru& ,8 FFFFFFFFFFFFB Because so many people today are startin& to use dru&s at a very -8 FFFFFFFFFF a&e. @hile certain dru&s, such as 08 FFFFFFFFFFFF and 18 FFFFFFFFFFFF, may not be so harmful in moderation, others, like 28 FFFFFFFFFFFF and "38 FFFFFFFFFF, cause addiction and other severe lon&Aterm effects. #n the years of identity crisis, adolescents often turn to dru&s as answers to their problems. They are not aware that they are endan&erin& their physical and psycholo&ical health and that they will be needin& medical ""8 FFFFFFFFFFF as well as "$8 FFFFFFFFFFFFF.

25

/@. Transla'e 'he follo*in+ 'e7' in'o En+lish. :ou will need to include the words! 4unk sickness, 4unk kick, syringe, dehydration, (emerol, codeine2

V<Iteva minute mai tIrziu, a venit o sorG cu o serin&G. (ra demerol. %emerolul aEuta JntrucItva, dar nu e nici pe departe atIt de eficace pentru reducerea simptomelor sevraEului cum e codeina. >eara a venit un doctor sG mG e/amineze. 4veam sIn&ele Jn&roKat Ki concentrat din cauza deshidratGrii. Nn cele *1 de ore Jn care am stat fGrG dro&, am pierdut * k& Ki EumGtate. 6...8 >eara la 2 mi sAa fGcut o nouG inEecHie cu demerol. #nEecHia asta nu a avut niciun efect. 4 treia zi Ki a treia noapte Jn sevraE sunt de obicei cele mai rele. %upG a treia zi, rGul Jncepe sG dea Jnapoi. 6...8 ( cu putinHG sG te detaKezi de cele mai multe suferinHe 6...8. %e starea de rGu provocatG de sevraE pare sG nu e/iste scGpare. >tarea de rGu a sevraEului e reversul stGrii de bine le&ate de marfG.P 6 ra&ment from 5unky, by @illiam >. Burrou&hs, p. ",$A",', .olirom, $33,.8

0@. I%a+ine 'ha' 'he lines .elo* *ere 'a en fro% an in'er$ie* *i'h a for%er a,,ic'. Arran+e 'he% in a lo+ical or,er an, &ro$i,e 'he C-es'ions.

O#t is easy to start, but it is difficult to 7uit. Believe me, # know it well. :our life will never be the same a&ain.P O# was not the one in control, the dru&s controlled me.P O@hen my father &ot an&ry with me for takin& dru&s, # took more and more. # didn)t want to stopP. O#t was e/citin& because # was doin& what # wasn)t allowed to.P
26

O%urin& my stay in rehab, it was easier for me to &et dru&s.P

1@. 5-es'ions ?for lessons IV an, V@2 a8 @hat is an addictionB b8@hat are the main conse7uences of alcohol and dru& abuseB c8 <an substance addictions be treatedB HowB d8 How would you define the word relapseB e8 #s it possible for people to 7uit dru& habits, for e/ample, without medical deto/ificationB

27

VI. WHEN YOU ARE OLD AND GRAY Social Wor *i'h 'he El,erl=

THE GRAYING O( THE POPULATION2 >tudies show that, by the year $3*3, the number of elderly persons is set to surpass the number of youn& people worldwide. The estimated fi&ure is of ".' billion senior citizens, representin& "*U of the world)s population. This constant a&in& process will lead to a &reater burden on workin& adults, public spendin& and on the health care system. 4ccordin& to a study by .rof. Masile ;heHu, by $3,3 Romania)s population will decrease to appro/imately "- million people, out of which , million will be elderly.

>o *ha' is el,erl=B .eople a&ed -,X are &enerally referred to as elderly. Researchers distin&uish three sub&roups! Between -,A0* years old Q the younger old; Between 0,A1* years old Q the older old; 1, and older Q the very old.

or further information, please refer to the articles! by %an .anaet, In anul 6787, pe glo$ vor e*ista 1,9 miliarde de $atrani, 4devarul, $3 Suly $332, available at http://www.ade'aru(.ro/actua()tate/e'en)ment/"n-m)()arde-*atran)-e+),ta-(o*.&.82791896.htm(, #ohanna Cnaca .urdea, )omanii sunt mai putini si mai $atrani, Surnalul 9ational, $" ?arch $33,, available at http://www.hotnew,.ro/,t)r)-arh)'a-1236&69-roman))-,unt-ma)put)n)-ma)-*atran).htm, and Brenda >ue Black, :rowing ;lder0 3he <oung+;ld <ears, available at http://www.w'u.edu//e+ten/)n%ore,/pu*,/%ypu*,/w(428.pd%

+ife e/pectancy has increased to 03 years for men and 01 for women. #n many countries, mandatory retirement does not be&in until -,/03 years of a&e. .eople live lon&er, but the elderly are still a vulnerable se&ment of the population.
28

5 #RAINSTORMING In your opinion, what are the main pro$lems the elderly are confronted with?

>olutions to these problems are provided by SERVI!ES (OR THE ELDERLY that include! effective pension plans and functional private pension systems health insurance coverin& hospital care, follow up care, as well as part of the prescribed medication in+home services 6visitin& nurses, counselin&, pro&rams like /eals on Wheels, and volunteers for assistin& the elderly with cleanin&, shoppin& etc.8 discounts 6for transportation, trips, public events, different products and services8 senior day centers 6where the elderly socialize, cook, play chess or other &ames, manufacture different obEects, thus feelin& useful and spendin& time with people their a&e8 nursing homes 6offerin& permanent residence for seniors who do not need to be in a hospital, but cannot be cared for at home.8 I (-r'her Rea,in+2

Geron'olo+ical N-rsin+ 6by @anda Bonnel and Rristine @illiams, Encyclopedia of !ealth " #ging. $330. >4;( .ublications. * >ep. $332. h''&288sa+e)ereference.co%8a+in+8Ar'icle9n::J.h'%l8

29

;erontolo&ical nurses 6;9s8 are those nurses who specialize in care of both a&in& adults and the older adult population. These nurses provide care based on a specific skill set that includes knowled&e of the normal a&in& process, common disorders of older adults, and unusual presentation of common illnesses. ;9s assist patients and their families to promote health and optimal function, often while patients are dealin& with one or more chronic diseases. 9urses use a comprehensive approach to patient care that focuses on the interplay of physical, psycholo&ical, and social factors. The overwhelmin& maEority of persons receivin& health care in the Dnited >tates are older adults, includin& an estimated *1U of hospital patients, 13U of home care patients, and 1,U of all nursin& home residents. %isability can result from diseases such as 4lzheimerTs disease, depression, arthritis, osteoporosis, vision, and hearin& impairments. 4lthou&h the health status of older adults is 7uite variable, an Vavera&eP older adult is estimated to have multiple chronic illnesses and take multiple medications. Heart disease, cancer, and cerebrovascular accident are leadin& causes of disease in older adults. The often comple/ interplay of physical a&in& chan&es, chronic illness, psychosocial losses of a&in&, multiple medications, and acute illness that can affect patient health indicates a need for knowled&eable ;9s. Geron'olo+ical N-rsin+ Roles There are diverse entry points to nursin&, includin& licensed practical nurse, re&istered nurse, advanced practice nurse, and doctorally prepared nurse. 9urses can specialize in &erontolo&y at any of the various levels of nursin& practice. Roles vary, with licensed practical nurses providin& basic clinical care, re&istered nurses and advanced practice nurses assistin& patients with chronic disease mana&ement, and nurse researchers studyin& clinical problems such as pain mana&ement for patients with dementia. >ometimes referred to as V&eriatricP nursin& 6a more focused term specific to illnesses of the older adult8, the term gerontological nursing is considered more encompassin& of the broader psychosocial realms and is commonly used. ;9s help prevent, identify, and mana&e common problems of more frail older adults such as confusion, falls, and skin breakdown; they are &uided by standards of care or best practice resources. Resources for best practice protocols 6&uidelines for care8, such as those developed by the Hartford ;eriatric 9ursin& #nitiative and the 9urse <ompetence in 4&in& #nitiative, include topics ran&in& from mana&ement of pain, delirium, dementia, and depression to social issues such as advance directives, dischar&e plannin&, and supportin& family care&ivers. >ample ;9 activities include preventin& illness and disability in older adults by administerin& influenza vaccine or performin& blood pressure screenin&s, teachin& an elder or a family care&iver at a clinic about medication mana&ement or healthy diet and e/ercise, helpin& an older adult to cope with a mobility disorder such as arthritis in the home settin& usin& appropriate pain mana&ement and adaptive e7uipment, and mana&in& acute inEury 6e.&., hip fracture8 in the hospital settin& in relation to physical a&in& chan&es, multiple dia&noses, and often comple/ medication re&imens. ;9s have broad functional roles as well. #n an educator role, ;9s can help families to better understand the physical or emotional issues that a loved one may be e/periencin& and why
3&

particular treatments are important. Rnowin& common sta&es and chan&es across the course of a chronic disease such as .arkinsonTs disease, nurses help patients and families to prepare and cope with disease pro&ression. ;9s who specialize in dementia care, in addition to workin& with patients, may work with community &roups to provide care&iver education and to assist in leadin& support &roups. ;9s often have leadership roles in lon&Aterm care and hospital settin&s. Their work involves supervisin& a team of nursin& staff and helpin& to coordinate a team of health care providers. They often play important roles in facilitatin& communication for the health care team and families. Dsin& 7uality improvement approaches that include technolo&y and standardized assessments, ;9s work within health care systems to promote safe and efficient care in venues such as safe medication administration systems. @hen workin& collaboratively as part of lar&er interdisciplinary teams, ;9s may en&a&e in practice, case mana&ement, education, research, administration, and advocacy for older adults. !-rric-l-% S'an,ar,s an, !er'ifica'ions #n preparin& nurses to care for the &rowin& population of older adults, collaborative initiatives by a number of &erontolo&ical nursin& or&anizations have resulted in resources to support nursin& education. To promote competency in &erontolo&ical nursin&, the 4merican 4ssociation of <olle&es of 9ursin& has developed curriculum standards in &erontolo&ical care for both basic and advanced nursin& education pro&rams, recommendin& '3 competencies for under&raduates and *0 competencies for advanced practice. The 4merican 9urses 4ssociation 64948 responded to the a&in& of the population and workforce trends by makin& &erontolo&ical nursin& a priority focus for the profession. The 494 9ursin& >tandards of <are have been e/panded to include a&eAappropriate and culturally sensitive care. >pecific criteria for providin& competent care for older adults across health care settin&s have been published, and certification for basic and advanced practice nurses has been developed. Basic certification is available for re&istered nurses who work primarily with older adults and who have developed competence in assessin&, mana&in&, implementin&, and evaluatin& health care to meet specialized needs of older adults. .rimary challen&es include identifyin& and usin& the stren&ths of older adults and assistin& to ma/imize independence, minimize disability, and 6when appropriate8 achieve a peaceful death. 4dvanced certification is available for nurse practitioners and clinical nurse specialists who provide advanced nursin& care to older adults. These practitioners have e/pertise in providin&, directin&, and influencin& the care of older adults and their families and si&nificant others in a variety of settin&s. These nurses have developed inAdepth understandin& of the dynamics of a&in& and of the intervention skills necessary for health promotion and mana&ement of health problems. Prac'ice Se''in+s #n addition to clinics and hospital settin&s, ;9s provide care in settin&s such as assisted livin&, lon&Aterm care, and patientsT homes. #n assistedAlivin& facilities, nurses work with older adults with various frailties who need some assistance in carin& for themselves; they monitor and
31

screen for problems with a focus on maintainin& function. #n lon&Aterm care settin&s, specific tools &uide nurses in assessin& older adult clients and preventin& common problems such as falls, skin breakdown, and restraint use. ;9s workin& with patients at the end of life focus on promotin& comfort and pain relief and on assistin& patients and families with nutrition and hydration concerns. #n the home settin&, ;9s may advise family care&ivers of available homeA based support services such as homeAdelivered meals, bathin& assistance, adult day care, and care&iver trainin& and support &roups. #n understandin& diverse practice settin&s, ;9s can use best practices in patient care to promote 7uality of life and often prevent patients from transferrin& to more costly, medically focused care settin&s. The Hartford ;eriatric 9ursin& #nitiative has developed resources for nurses workin& in each of the various practice settin&s. 4 continued and increased demand for 7ualified ;9s and nursin& faculty is anticipated. @ith the &eneral a&in& of the population and the rapid &rowth of the population a&e 1, years and over, it is e/pected that the number of older adults receivin& health care will re7uire additional 7ualified nurses to meet the needs for care. @ith an a&in& nursin& workforce, faculty roles for those prepared to teach &erontolo&ical nursin& will increase as well. ?ore nurses specializin& in &erontolo&ical nursin& are needed now and will continue to be needed in the future.

LANGUAGE PRA!TI!E (O!US

:. E7&lain 'he follo*in+ 'er%s2 "8 4lzheimer)s %isease $8 Csteoporosis '8 4&eism *8 #nter&enerational care ,8 ;erontolo&y

/. (ill in 'he .lan s *i'h one s-i'a.le *or,2 (very day we read or hear about lonely, poor, ill and helpless 6"8 FFFFFFFFFF people. :outh
32

seems to have everythin&. Cld a&e has nothin&. The bi&&est disadvanta&e is loneliness. ?ost youn& people leave home when they 6$8 FFFFFFFFFF up, and their parents must live 6'8 FFFFFFFFF. That is a problem especially because the elderly feel 6*8 FFFFFFFFFFF. They are now retired, their children don)t include them in their lives, and often they don)t have any activity all day lon&. This is obviously bad for their mental health and it makes them 6,8 FFFFFFFFFFF. >peakin& about mental decline, another worryin& problem comes to mind. #t is a disease called 6-8 FFFFFFFFFFFFF. But only one person in $3 who is over -, becomes senile and some say this is a natural conse7uence of a&in&. #t is true that times are chan&in&, but not all chan&es are 608 FFFFFFFF. ?odern medicine, for e/ample, has made &reat pro&ress. (lderly people are now healthier than 618 FFFFFFFFF before. That)s why they live 628 FFFFFFFFFFF. Those with e/tremely small 6"38 FFFFFFFFFF &o to nursin& homes, where they &et meals and medical care. The staff is usually well trained and sometimes the elderly make friends.

0. M-l'i&le choice2 <hoose the word 64, B, <, %8 that best completes the sentence. ". <ertain FFFFFF can help older people overcome a loss of vitality. a. vitamins b. dreams c. advanta&es d. laws $. The medicine he took couldn)t relieve his FFFFF at all. a. feelin& b. cryin& c. pain d. a&e '. >tron& dru&s are not often used in the FFFFFFF of emotional disorders.
33

a. process b. treatment c. sur&ery d. symptoms *. #n Romania you need FFFFFFFF to buy antibiotics. a. recipe b. receipt c. money d. prescription ,. Homeopathic medicine should be used by more elderly people for its FFFFFF properties. a. healin& b. ne&ative c. positive d. wron&.

*. The Tr-e Val-e of A+e ?Tricia 4spinall, 4nette <apel, #dvanced /asterclasss C#E Work$ook, C/ford Dniversity .ress, $33-, p. "'18 @hen # casually mentioned to a collea&ue that # was lookin& into cosmetics that claimed to beat back the rava&es of a&ein&, her worries poured out. 4 month a&o, she told me, she had suddenly noticed wrinkles all over her face. in&erin& her beautiful but finelyAlined features, she e/plained that, althou&h she knew that her discovery had more to do with the abrupt endin& of a si/Ayear relationship than premature a&ein&, she Eust had to do somethin& about it. ;ivin& her the painful facts on her possible salvation, # poured scorn on the miracle cures. %espite my damnin& remarks, however, she be&&ed to know where she could &et the treatments # had mentioned. @hen it comes to beauty who wants to know the truthB Cur ability to believe what we want to has, in the past, made life easy for the beauty industry. uelled by the immense value attached to youth, it has made millions out of vacant promises of renewin& faces and bodies. To &ive skin care scientific credibility, beauty counters have now stolen a veneer of respectability from the hospital clinic. >ales staff in white coats Zdia&noseZ skin types on ZcomputersZ and blind customers with the science of free radical dama&e and %94 replication. .rovidin& the Zdru&sZ for this &ame, the marketeers have created the TcosmeceuticalT A a real term coined to describe new cosmetic therapies which, they say, donTt Eust sit on the surface but actually interact with the cells. #s this really Eust a harmless &ame, thou&hB The increasin&ly e/trava&ant claims made by the cosmetics manufacturers about their productsT ability to &et rid of wrinkles have worried doctors and to/icolo&ists. The promotional blurbs declare that active in&redients such as e/tracts of human placenta or animal spleen stimulate cells deep in the skinTs layers to divide, so replacin& old cells and effectively renewin& the skin.
34

#f these claims are true, could the effects be harmfulB #f normal cells can be stimulated to divide, then abnormal ones could also be tri&&ered to multiply, so causin& or acceleratin& skin cancer. 4 new arrival on the antiAwrinkle front claims to be a more natural way to avoid the dreaded lines. 4s a pill rather than a potion, #medeen works from the inside out, providin& the skin with nutritional and biochemical support to encoura&e the bodyTs own selfArepairin& process. irst developed in >candinavia, it contains e/tracts of fish cartila&e, marine plants, and the chitin from shrimp shells which provide a formula includin& proteins, amino acids, minerals, and vitamins. 4ccordin& to a published study, visible improvements appear in the skin te/ture after two or three months of treatment. The skin is softer, smoother, wrinklin& decreases but is not eliminated, and blemishes and fine brown lines disappear. +eslie Renton admits she was sceptical until she tried #medeen herself. @omen, she believes, should take responsibility for the natural balance of their biochemistry A a principle she calls Zbody ecolo&yZ. <areful body ecolo&y, she says, not only improves looks but also enhances ener&y processes and even e/pands awareness. #medeen fits this concept by providin& for the skinTs needs. But can shrimp shells really do the trick with wrinklesB Cfferin& a more scientific interpretation, Brian 9ewman, a British sur&eon who has studied #medeen e/plains that the compound has a specific action in the &ut, preventin& the breakdown of essential proteins in the diet and allowin& their absorption in a state more easily utilised by the skin. %r @hite, a <onsultant %ermatolo&is, is unimpressed by the data and 7uestions the methodolo&y. #n addition, the medical Eournal in which the study of #medeen is published is a ZpayZ Eournal one in which any studies can be published for a fee. 4ccordin& to %r @hite, any attempt to play by the medical worldTs rules of credibility has backfired. >uch controversy is familiar &round to Brian 9ewman, who used oil of evenin& primrose years before it was &eneraly accepted. Dndeterred, he insists the m important point to establish is that #medeen actually works. Dltimately, however, the real issue is why we are so terrified of wrinkles in the first place. >adly, youth and beauty have become the currency of our society buyin& popularity and opportunity. The value of a&e and e/perience is denied and women in particular feel the threat that the visible chan&es of a&ein& brin&. 4ccordin& to .amela 4shurst, <onsultant .sychotherapist at the Royal >outh Hants Hospital, when men &ain a little &rey hair, their appeal often increases because, for them, a&e implies power, success, wealth, and position. But as a womanTs power is still stron&ly perceived to be tied up with fertility, a&ein& demonstrates to the world her decline, her redundancy for the primary function. @rinkles are symbol of the shrivellin& of the reproductive system.

35

Dntil we appreciate the true value a&e, it is difficult to be anythin& b panicky when the si&ns of it emer&e. @hile the media continues to portrayT men of all a&es alon&side youn&, smooth skinned women as a vision of success, women will &o on investin& in pots of worthless &oop. +etTs see more mature wrinkled women in attractive, successful, happy roles and letTs see men fi&htin& to be with them.

The &ar's of 'he ar'icle *hich rela'e 'o 'he C-es'ion .elo* ha$e .een -n,erline,. Which is 'he correc' o&'ionK

" @hat does the writerTs collea&ue want to find outB 4 the truth about beauty creams B how to save a relationship < how to prevent premature a&ein& % where to &et hold of the products

$ The beauty industry attracts customers by 4 producin& creams that interact with cells. B &ivin& its sales staff a professional ima&e. < emphasizin& the use of natural in&redients. % linkin& beauty with youthful looks.

' +eslie Renton and Brian 9ewman believe that #medeen may work because it 4 nourishes the skin. B increases ener&y levels. < dissolves in the &ut. % contains vital proteins.
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* @hy is doubt cast on the Eournal which published the study of #medeenB 4 The articles are not based on accurate data. B The Eournal is not widely read by doctors. < 4ny article is published if the author pays a fee. % The Eournal is funded by pharmaceutical companies.

, @hat does the writer think about antiAa&ein& creamsB 4 They cannot reduce the effects of old a&e. B Research has not been ri&orous enou&h. < Cn the whole they are worth usin&. % Both men and women should use them.

- 4t the end of the article, the writer e/presses her views about a&e and its different effects on men and women. >ay whether or not you a&ree with the writer. ;ive reasons for your answer.

37

VII. WHEN YOU ARE OLD AND GRAY Socie'al A''i'-,es To*ar,s A+in+

:@ Pro$er.s about old a&e reflect mi/ed attitudes. a8 @hat type of attitude is reflected in the followin& (n&lish sayin&s! OCld a&e is ripenessP, OThere is no fool like an old foolP, O4&e and wedlock tame man and beastP, O@ith a&e comes wisdomP, O;ray hairs are death)s blossomsP, OCld fo/es are not easily cau&htP. b8 ind si/ Romanian proverbs referrin& to old a&e 6with positive or ne&ative connotations8.

/@ !hris'a D>So-Aa:1 -ses 'he 'er% age-orexia 'o refer 'o 'he fear of +ro*in+ ol,. Rea, 'he fra+%en' .elo* an, 'hen ans*er 'he C-es'ions2

a8 @hy are people today so afraid of &rowin& oldB b8 %o you think cosmetic products and plastic sur&ery can keep us forever youn&B

VThe fuss be&an last month after an episode of the BB<$ documentary series Horizon investi&ated the [$, billion antiAa&ein& product industry. The surprise conclusion was that yes, in fact, there was one product that could help make wrinkles disappear. The pro&ramme aired on the ni&ht of $0 ?arch $330. @ithin Eust $* hours, sales of 9o0 .rotect and .reserve serum had increased by $,333 per centY @ell hooray. #t)s official. #)m not the only a&eore/ic
38

aroundY @e are now, amazin&ly, more obsessed about bein& youn& than we are about bein& si%e %eroY #n other words, if you want to insult the avera&e British woman, don)t &uess her wei&ht, Eust &uess her a&e.P

=/y name is Christa2 I>m an age+ore*ic, The Cbserver, "' ?ay $330, available at http://www.-uard)an.co.u0/()%eand,ty(e/2&&7/may/13/hea(thandwe((*e)n-.%eat ure,8

0@ Rea, 'he ar'icle EEl,er A.-se an, Ne+lec'F an, i,en'if= 3 sol-'ions in or,er 'o &re$en' 'hese &ro.le%s in 'he case of el,erl= &eo&le.

El,er A.-se an, Ne+lec' 6by +awrence >chonfeld, (ncyclopedia of Health \ 4&in&. $330. >4;( .ublications. * >ep. $332. ]http!//sa&eAereference.com/a&in&/4rticleFn2*.html^

Elder a$use and neglect are &eneral terms that refer to the mistreatment of older adults, typically those who are vulnerable due to physical or mental disorders. ?istreatment can occur in community or institutional settin&s and may be perpetrated by formal and informal care&ivers or unscrupulous individuals who attempt to &ain eldersT confidence only to take advanta&e of them. The 9ational <enter for (lder 4buse 69<(48, a consortium of protective services and a&in& services administered by the 9ational 4ssociation of >tate Dnits on 4&in&, considers three basic cate&ories of elder abuse!

%omestic elder abuse! acts committed $y spouses, si$lings, adult children, friends, or caregivers within older adults> or caregivers> homes #nstitutional abuse! acts committed $y caregivers in residential facilities, such as nursing homes, assisted+living facilities, and foster homes, who have legal or contractual o$ligations to provide care and protection >elfAne&lect or selfAabuse! neglect or acts committed $y older adults themselves
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The 9<(4 describes more specific forms of misAtreatment that are also identified within state statutes across the Dnited >tates!

.hysical abuse! inflicting or threatening to inflict physical pain or in4ury? depriving one of $asic needs (motional abuse! inflicting mental pain, anguish, or distress through ver$al or nonver$al acts >e/ual abuse! nonconsensual se*ual contact of any kind (/ploitation! illegal taking, misuse, or concealment of funds, property, or assets 9e&lect! refusal or failure to provide food, shelter, health care, or protection 4bandonment! desertion $y the responsi$le caregiver

The first three types of abuse in the precedin& list involve intentional acts by care&ivers or other perpetrators. (/ploitation implies &ainin& or bein& in a position of trust so as to misuse the elderTs assets. .erpetrators may include formal and informal care&ivers as well as deceitful stran&ers. 9e&lect and abandonment both involve care&iversT failure to provide care or protection. >elfAne&lect is often included under the rubric of elder abuse even thou&h it does not involve a perpetrator. (lders who live alone and who fail to maintain activities of daily livin& 64%+s8 are at hi&h risk for loss of independence. E7&lana'ion ?ore than one e/planatory model may apply to any case of mistreatment. ?ost models focus on the relationship between the care&iver and the care recipient. The care&iver stress model postulates that family members mistreat elders in reaction to the strain and frustration of carin& for persons with declinin& physical or co&nitive function. >everal models attempt to e/plain acts of violence. 4mon& spouse care&ivers, domestic violence that be&an earlier in the marria&e may continue when the spouseTs role shifts to care&ivin&. 4mon& adult children who become care&ivers for a parent, violence toward the parent may be related to &rowin& up in an abusive household, either as retaliation or as learned behavior. <are&ivers with serious substance abuse problems or personality disorders are at &reater risk for committin& acts of mistreatment. (/ploitation is related to personal &ain. The more dependent a family care&iver is on an older adultTs income, property, house, or assets, the &reater the likelihood that financial e/ploitation will occur. >tran&ers or con artists who prey on older adults are likely to &ain the
4&

confidence of the older adults over a short period of time so as to profit and leave to avoid bein& cau&ht. #nstitutional abuse and ne&lect are related to staffin& issues. #nade7uate staffin&, poorly trained staff, or a hi&h rate of turnover amon& nursin& assistants and aides may result in a lack of attentiveness and failure to meet the individualized service needs of residents. (ven with mandated trainin& on 4lzheimerTs disease and related disorders, nursin& home staff often do not know how to mana&e behavior problems and even discoura&e adaptive behaviors. #n most cases, abuse in lon&Aterm care facilities is related to ne&lect. .hysical or se/ual abuse by nursin& home staff su&&ests inade7uate screenin& and criminal back&round checks. #n the Dnited >tates, all states have ombudsman pro&rams that advocate for nursin& home residentsT concerns and work toward resolvin& complaints. E&i,e%iolo+= (lder abuse is lar&ely an underidentified problem. 4 widely cited epidemiolo&ical study, the 9ational (lder 4buse #ncidence >tudy 69(4#>8, relied on a nationally representative sample of $3 counties in ", states to collect national incidence data of domestic elder abuse, ne&lect, and selfAne&lect amon& persons a&e -3 years and older in "22-. or each county, data were derived from reports submitted to and substantiated by 4dult .rotective >ervices 64.>8 a&encies and reports made by Vsentinels,P that is, specially trained individuals from community a&encies havin& fre7uent contact with older adults. The 9(4#> results indicated that an estimated *,3,333 communityAbased 6noninstitutionalized8 elders had been abused and/ or ne&lected durin& that year and that an additional "3",333 e/hibited selfAne&lect. Cther studies su&&est that an estimated " million to $ million 4mericans a&e -, years and older have been victims of mistreatment durin& any &iven year. 4lthou&h prevalence rates vary considerably within the published literature, some indicate that an avera&e of 'U to ,U of the older population e/perience some form of elder abuse. >ome studies su&&est that women are more likely than men to be victims of abuse, ne&lect, and e/ploitation, whereas others su&&est little difference due to se/, race, or ethnicity. In$es'i+a'ion of S-s&ec'e, !ases ?ost cases of mistreatment and selfAne&lect &o unreported. >uspected cases that are investi&ated fail to be confirmed throu&h investi&ation unless the si&ns and symptoms are easily observed by someone else or by selfAreport of the older adult. .hysical abuse, se/ual abuse, and ne&lect by a care&iver are likely to be documented and may be confirmed by physicians. (/ploitation may be documented throu&h bank withdrawals, abuse of power of attorney or &uardianship, or misuse of assets or property without the elderTs permission or knowled&e. Merbal abuse and threats of abuse may be overlooked unless observed directly. Clder victims are reluctant to report their care&ivers as perpetrators. <ases of abuse or ne&lect are often reported by family members, hospital or other medical professionals, law enforcement officers, inAhome service providers, friends or nei&hbors, or the older victims themselves.
41

>elfAne&lect may be reported only when the situations become serious enou&h to warrant attention such as emer&ency room or hospital visits, si&ns of deterioratin& homes as noted by friends or nei&hbors, or when law enforcement officers respond to calls from concerned individuals. The challen&e to 4.> and others is that many older adults viewed as victims of selfA ne&lect may be unwillin& to accept help and, if their cases are serious enou&h, may re7uire le&al actions such as appointin& &uardians if they are assessed as incompetent or otherwise lackin& capacity. #n the Dnited >tates, reports are made to a central hotline system in each state. #f this preliminary contact indicates si&ns of mistreatment, the investi&ation process is conducted by the local 4.>. The 9(4#> and other studies indicate that the 4.> investi&ation process substantiates far fewer cases of abuse than would trained sentinels or service providers who have more contact with older adults. #n the Dnited >tates, abuse in institutional settin&s such as nursin& homes may be addressed throu&h reports to the respective state ombudsman pro&ram. The ederal 9ursin& Home Reform 4ct or Cmnibus Bud&et Reconciliation 4ct of "210 provided standards for improvin& 7uality of care within the nationTs nursin& homes, reducin& physical and chemical restraint, and maintainin& the safety of these residents. 4lthou&h no such federal le&islation e/ists for the assistedAlivin& industry, all such facilities licensed by each state re7uire that residents be provided with a list of their ri&hts as residents and procedures by which they or their &uardians can file complaints concernin& possible violations. Ris (ac'ors Risk factors are usually cate&orized by the victimTs characteristics, the perpetratorTs characteristics, or the interaction of the two. Risk factors for older adults likely to become victims include depression, social isolation, 4lzheimerTs disease and other forms of memory impairment, and reliance on others to meet 4%+s, includin& financial dependence. or care&ivers, possible risk factors that may lead to abusin& a vulnerable older adult include an increase in care&iver burden or stress, psycholo&ical disorders, substance abuse, and dependence on the older adultTs property or income. #n care&iverQcare recipient interactions, family dynamics and prior relationships may increase the risk of abuse and ne&lect. >elfAne&lect constitutes a lar&e portion of the cases investi&ated by 4.>. #ndividuals often live alone with si&nificant health, co&nitive, or other problems. Their symptoms may be the result of physical, mental, or co&nitive disorders or some combination of the three. >uch an individual is at increased risk for loss of independence. !onseC-ences of A.-se an, Ne+lec' Cbvious shortAterm conse7uences of elder abuse and ne&lect include death, physical inEuries, pressure ulcers 6bed sores8, emotional trauma, and depleted bank accounts. +on&erAterm conse7uences include increased use and costs of health services, includin& outpatient and inpatient visits, admission to nursin& homes, and increased risk of mental health problems.

42

4ll forms of elder mistreatment and selfAne&lect serve to lower a personTs 7uality of life and increase the risk of loss of independence. urther research on the epidemiolo&y and identification of these problems remains a priority.

1@ 5-es'ions ?for lessons VI an, VII@2 a8 @hat are the three sub&roups of elderlyB b8 @hy are the elderly considered a vulnerable se&ment of the populationB c8 @hat social services are available to the elderlyB d8 @hat is society)s attitude towards the elderlyB e8 @hat is a&eismB

43

VIII. LOVE THY NEIGH#OUR #ein+ A Vol-n'eer

HISTORI!AL ROOTS2 The earliest forms of assistance for the needy were probably mutual aid amon& relatives and community members. The concept of Vaid to the stran&erP developed later and was usually provided by reli&ious &roups. #n fact, in the SudeoA<hristian tradition, alms &ivin& was a common practice. 9owadays, throu&h social welfare the >tate is responsible for ensurin& basic financial assistance for its citizens. However, many people still believe in the concept of helpin& others without e*pecting anything in return, and this is called volunteering. TYPES O( VOLUNTEERING ". CR?4+ 6as a member of an 9;C, havin& ri&hts and responsibilities8 $. #9 CR?4+ 6without belon&in& to an or&anization8. I Social *or ers have clients. They provide solutions to these persons are paid for doin& this Eob. I Vol-n'eers, on the other hand, are not necessarily social *or ers. They do community work, without e/pectin& or receivin& a financial reward. Molunteerin& is not a Eob and volunteers do not ne&lect their professional development. SO WHY #E!OME A VOLUNTEERK ?other Teresa said that! VThe &reatest &ood is what we do for othersP. True to her words, people choose to do volunteer work and their reasons are! #ltruism 6helpin& someone who is not a relative / friend, without e/pectin& anythin& in return8 3o gain e*perience 6in plannin&/makin& proEects etc8 Career opportunities &ersonal satisfaction 6to feel that you are useful to others8 @etworking 6comin& in contact with various &roups of people8 3o improve the ,uality of life 6by improvin& the 7uality of life of the community8.

LANGUAGE PRA!TI!E (O!US :. Ma'ch the terms from the first column with their definition in the second column! "8 <harity a8 Refers to volunteerin& in which the volunteer is
44

$8 4wareness <ampai&n '8 >killsAbased volunteerin& *8 Red <ross ,8 undraisin&

specifically trained in the area they are volunteerin& in. b8 #t is the process of &atherin& money or &oods, in order to help those in need. c8 4n international movement, with over 20 million members worldwide, dedicated to protectin& human life and health. d8 #t is an effort by which we attract attention upon a social, medical, economic issue. e8 The donation of &oods and services to those in need.

$.Error correc'ion! #n this te/t, some lines are correct, but some have a word that should not be there. Tick each correct line. #f a line has a word that should not be there, write that word in the &iven space. <harities are or&anizations which collect many money for the people who need help. There are a lar&e number of charities in Britain. >ome of them are very bi&. ;*fam, for e/ample, collects and so spends more than [", million a year. Cther important voluntary or&anizations does work with old people and patients in hospitals. (ach some charity focuses on a particular issue. Shelter tries to find homes for homeless people. !elp the #ged helps old people. 3he )oyal Society for &revention of Cruelty to #nimals protects animals from about cruelty. 4lmost a 7uarter of all the adults in Britain volunteer at least once every year. ?oreover, in case of a natural disasters, the British prove their outstandin& solidarity. #n the month that followed after the 4sian Tsunami in %ecember $33*, British cardholders donated over ["33 million on debit and credit cards. ?any _

'. Read the followin& s&eech for f-n,raisin+. #dentify the basic steps of a fundraisin& speech and write them in the second column! +adies and &entlemen, @e all know that raisin& a child is one of the most rewardin& e/periences in life. But, since children do not come with instruction manuals, it can also be one of the most stressful and difficult e/periences. How often do we stop for a second and think about orphans, children who have no one to brin& them upB
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Introductory phrase0 general, $ut connected to the topic of the speech2 #sk a ,uestion2

Dnfortunately, not often enou&h. Cur voluntary home visitin& pro&ram for parents willin& to adopt babies helps you find out everythin& you need to know about raisin& a child. >till, we need your valuable collaboration and your charitable contribution to keep us &oin&. Cur positive results so far include parents in pro&rams &ettin& Eobs and makin& &reat efforts at becomin& the best parents they can be by improvin& their parentin& skills. urthermore, we have succeeded to place more than $333 orphans in foster families. These children are now happily inte&rated in their new families and are enEoyin& a normal childhood and a healthy development. The latest brain development research shows that an individual)s personality and co&nitive abilities are fully formed durin& the early years. The window of opportunity to stimulate proper brain development in a child stays open for only a relatively short period of time. Babies cannot wait; hopefully, neither can you. >o please, open your hearts to other innocent hearts. .lease help us help thousands of children in desperate need. Thank you

*. Based on the structure identified above, .-il, =o-r o*n f-n,raisin+ s&eech for one of the campai&ns! a8 b8 c8 d8 Blood donation >toppin& deforestation >upport cancer research 4ny other cause you support.

5 TIPSLLL A restrict your campai&n to a local area A &ive facts, numbers, details in order to be convincin& A if you can, find an ori&inal idea. ,. Rea, 'he 'e7' .elo* a.o-' $ol-n'eeris% in 'he Uni'e, S'a'es of A%erica. Try to make a comparison with our own country. 4re you a volunteerB @ould you like to become oneB #n what area would you like to volunteer 6e.&. workin& with children, the elderly, etc.8B Vol-n'eeris% 6by 4nne Rohnke ?eda, Encyclopedia of Business Ethics and Society. $330. >4;( .ublications. "- >ep. $332. ]http!//sa&eAereference.com/ethics/4rticleFn1*2.html^.
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Molunteerism refers to the practice of volunteerin& oneTs time or talents for charitable, educational, or other worthwhile activities such as workin& to preserve the natural environment, or&anic farmin&, conservation education, health care for children in orphana&es, local activities in oneTs community, or military service. Molunteers perform a service willin&ly and without pay. #n the Dnited >tates, nonprofit or&anizations serve a critical role in a society that is mostly made up of immi&rants seekin& to better their lives and the lives of those around them. #n other countries, local and national &overnments often fulfill the functions that volunteers in the Dnited >tates provide. 4ccordin& to the Bureau of +abor >tatistics of the D.>. %epartment of +abor, -,.* million people volunteered for an or&anization at least once between >eptember $33* and >eptember $33,. Cne fourth of men and about one third of women performed a median of " hour per week of volunteer work and were involved with one or two or&anizations durin& this same time period. Molunteerism provides considerable social benefits, as volunteers say they &ain more than they &ive as they learn new skills, &ain e/perience, make friends, enEoy their work, and are &enerally satisfied with their lives. ?ost volunteers say that they feel a sense of belon&in& or connectedness in their community as a result of donatin& their time. Cther volunteers say that community service provides a meanin&ful structure to their lives. Cftentimes, volunteers find a new Eob or transition to a completely different career throu&h volunteerin&. S-ccess (ac'ors Molunteers are not born; they are cultivated. Cr&anizations that depend on volunteers should strive to create a culture that honors, provides structure for, and reco&nizes their contributions. There are several key areas that are critical to the success of both the volunteer and the or&anization! Cr&anizations dependin& on the critical skills of volunteers need to articulate their vision, mission, and obEectives for volunteers to understand their impact on the community in which the or&anization serves. 4 clear mission allows the or&anization to focus on its core competencies and not &et sidetracked by attemptin& to be all thin&s for everyone. This also aids volunteers in understandin& what skills they need to possess or be willin& to develop. #t is important that the leadership of the or&anization provide open lines of communication and the ability to articulate the value and si&nificance of the volunteerTs contribution. Molunteers want to feel that they are makin& a positive impact on othersT lives, and it can be very encoura&in& to know this. Molunteers need a passionate supervisor who will provide structure and accountability. >upervisors must be trained in volunteer mana&ement and &iven the necessary tools and resources to carry out the task or service they are responsible for coordinatin&. There is a fine line between micromana&ement and careful oversi&ht. (very volunteer must understand his or her role and responsibilities, and this starts with a clear description of the duties and responsibilities that each volunteer is e/pected to carry out. Cversi&ht can be conducted formally or informally, dependin& on the individuals or the tasks involved, but it must be done. #n addition, oversi&ht of volunteer activities can &ive team members the feelin& that someone cares about their overall success.
47

<lear levels of authority are necessary to ensure volunteers are workin& within the parameters of the Eob function. #t is important for volunteers to feel empowered and creative to solve business issues. However, clearly defined levels of authority help keep a bud&et, deadlines, deliverables, and results within the bounds of acceptability. 9ecessary trainin& should be provided at the appropriate time. #t can make a world of difference for a volunteer who is strivin& for e/cellence in his or her service to know how e/perts in the field carry out similar responsibilities. Trainin& can be provided in the form of books, manuals, films, e/ternal seminars, or inAhouse trainin& events tailored to the volunteersT level of commitment or e/perience. or those individuals volunteerin& their services on an on&oin& basis, updated trainin& with new materials and information should be available every year. #f an or&anization is askin& volunteers to undertake specific responsibilities or services, the or&anization must be serious about the importance of any mandate. There are many or&anizations needin& volunteers, and the daily demands on our time should convince us to respect each otherTs time. By not providin& the necessary tools and resources to &et the Eob done, an or&anization is wastin& precious time and ener&y and possibly losin& the interest of the volunteer. Because we are all human, nothin& motivates involved individuals and potential volunteers as much as re&ular public reco&nition. The impact of public reco&nition can be both powerful and inspirin& as the or&anization shows its appreciation in honorin& individual volunteers. Rewards, unlike reco&nition, should be private and do not need to be e/trava&ant. Cften, takin& the time to say thank you or to acknowled&e a Eob well done can create an appreciative culture. >uch or&anizational cultures can in turn allow for stron& team environments to flourish. The most common reason for not volunteerin& oneTs time is the Vlack of time.P @e live in a society where daily demands are enormous, and for many in the Dnited >tates, the abundance of material &oods is overwhelmin&. However, volunteerin& oneTs time, talent, or money can ran&e anywhere from " hour per month to several hours per day. Helpin& to reaffirm the di&nity of humanity can be reflected by many simple forms of kindness such as providin& a meal to the homeless, donatin& a coat to a child in need, or visitin& a for&otten someone in a nursin& home. >imply bein& observant of the needs of people around us can be a &reat startin& place to volunteer. Random acts of kindness can be inspirin& and upliftin&, and they may Eust motivate other people to &ive and help others out of their own creative resources.

-. 5-es'ions2 a8 @hat is the difference between social work and volunteerismB b8 @hy do people do volunteer workB c8 @hat is an awareness campai&nB d8 How important is fundraisin& for or&anizations that do charity workB e8 #n your opinion, is volunteerism vital for the normal functionin& of a societyB

48

IM. THE ROAD NOT TA"EN Social Wor in !ri%inal N-s'ice SO!IAL WOR"ERS are e/pected to be familiar with the laws and re&ulations that &uide the special area of the criminal Eustice settin&s. They have to work to&ether with lawA enforcement officers. 4lthou&h they are not involved directly in the decisionAmakin& concernin& prosecution, social workers are increasin&ly present in courts, workin& with and on behalf of victims of crime. Cn the other hand, prison social workers act as the link between the criminals, the community, the family and various other institutions. <ommunication is the key and social workers communicate daily with inmates and professionals 6psycholo&ists, lawyers, doctors etc8. 4t the same time, they should constantly fi&hts a&ainst abuses of any type. @e must also mention the important role the social worker plays in ne&otiations durin& prison riots, when he or she often acts as a spokesperson. THE ROLES O( SO!IAL WOR"ERS #9 R(#9T(;R4T#9; CR?(R %(+#9=D(9T>! help them find a Eob / &o back to school 6in the case of Euvenile delin7uents8 e/plain their le&al ri&hts and obli&ations fi&ht the sti&ma of havin& been in prison encoura&e them to become volunteers/&et involved in different activities

LANGUAGE PRA!TI!E (O!US :. Ma'ch the terms from the first column with their definition in the second column! "8 elony $8 ?isdemeanor '8 Bail *8 <apital punishment ,8 >entence -8 To prosecute 08 <urfew 28 <rime "38 Merdict a8 >ome form of property deposited to a court to persuade it to release a suspect from Eail, provided that the suspect returns for trial b8 4ny violation of the law c8 To conduct criminal proceedin&s in court a&ainst someone d8 4n order establishin& a specific time in the evenin& after which certain re&ulations apply e8 4 relatively minor offense, usually punishable by fines, probation or short Eail sentence f8 4 serious criminal offense, usually punishable by a prison sentence, e.&. murder, rape, armed bur&lary &8 The death penalty i8 4 court)s decision if a suspect is &uilty or innocent E8 .unishment &iven to someone who is found &uilty of a crime

49

/. Re&hrasin+! inish each of the followin& sentences in such a way that it means e/actly the same as the sentence above. a8 How lon& has the minor been in prisonB @hen FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. b8 # don)t think it is a &ood idea to send children char&ed with serious crimes to Euvenile courts. <hildren FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. c8 9ot all the offenders will become eli&ible for parole. >ome of FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. d8 The probation a&reement still needs si&nin&. The FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF yet. e8 9obody can deny that restrainin& orders a&ainst abusive partners are necessary. #t FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF.

0. Transla'e in'o Ro%anian2 The law says that mental illness can protect a person from prosecution/punishment for a crime. Cne cannot be prosecuted unless one is physically and mentally present. #f a defendant is found to be too mentally disturbed to understand the char&es and participate in the preparation of his/her defense, he/she can be declared incompetent. #n some cases, if the court decides that the defendant will never be competent to &o to trial, usually he/she may be sent to a mental institution. Cnce in court, however, a person can be found not &uilty by reason of insanity if at the time of the crime mental illness prevented him/her from understandin& that the act was wron&. But from the critics) point of view, people should not be allowed to escape responsibility for their crimes:. *. A+ree or ,isa+ree with the followin& famous statements! a8 V#t is better that ten &uilty escape than one innocent suffer.P 6Bible, )omans, ch2 AIII, v2 BC b8 VThe more laws, the less Eustice.P 6<harles <hurchill, Epistle to !ogarthC c@ VInD-s'ice an=*here is a 'hrea' 'o D-s'ice e$er=*hereF ?Mar'in L-'her "in+@ ,@ EAn e=e for an e=e< a 'oo'h for a 'oo'h. Soon 'he *hole *orl, *ill .e .lin, an, 'oo'hlessF ?Maha'%a Ghan,i@

"

<onstantin <heveresan, +uminita <heveresan, Caregiving, (ditura Dniversitatii de Mest, $33', p. 2,

5&

M. PRO#ATION< PAROLE< AND #AIL THE !ORRE!TIONAL SYSTEM has several components! community service! is an alternative to imprisonment for those with short sentences who do not represent a risk for the community. They are sent to homes for the elderly, hospitals, churches, care placement centers, parks where they have to carry out mainly physical activities, which do not involve many responsibilities. 5 #RAINSTORMING What do you think are the advantages and disadvantages of community service?

pro$ation! is the suspension of a Eail sentence 6the criminal has been convicted but instead of &oin& to Eail is allowed by the court to &o back to the community under the supervision of a probation officer8. The social worker)s role is to help this person meet the terms/conditions of his/her probation. #f these conditions are not met, the criminal is sent to Eail. parole! is the release of a prisoner before the completion of his/her sentence, under the supervision of a parole officer. The social worker)s role in this case is similar to that mentioned above. #f these conditions are not met, the criminal returns to Eail. Rea, 'he ar'icle .elo* an, ,o 'he follo*in+ 'as s2 Translate the words underlined. 4nswer the 7uestions! #s there a hi&her rate of recidivism amon& mentally ill offendersB @hat does the acronym 9;R# stand forB #s `pleadin& insanity) a successful tacticB @hy was the verdict &uilty but mentally ill 6;B?#8 createdB @here do mentally ill offenders serve their sentencesB

:. a8 b8 A A A A A

Men'all= Ill Offen,ers 6by Soseph (. Sacoby, Z?entally #ll Cffenders.Z (ncyclopedia of <rime and .unishment. $33$. >4;( .ublications. "- >ep. $332. ]http!//sa&eA ereference.com/crimepunishment/4rticleFn$03.html^. <rime by mentally ill people has become a matter of hei&htened public concern in recent years. The inpatient population of mental hospitals in the Dnited >tates shrunk from a peak of ,,3,333 in "2,, to 03,333 in $333. 4s a result, many severely mentally ill people who in earlier decades would have spent much of their lives as mental hospital patients now live elsewhere. ?any cycle throu&h periods of homelessness, brief psychiatric hospitalization, and incarceration in Eail or prison.
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The relationship between crime and mental illness is comple/. ?ost crime is committed by people who are not mentally ill. >imilarly, most people with mental illness do not en&a&e in criminal behavior. or a small percenta&e of people, mental illness so distorts their perception or Eud&ment that it causes them to commit crimes. ?ost crimes caused by mental illness are public order offenses such as va&rancy and public into/ication, minor property destruction, and minor assaults. Dnfortunately, infre7uent and hi&hly publicized violent offenses by mentally ill people capture the public ima&ination and distort perceptions of mentally ill offenders and mentally ill people &enerally. !ri%e an, Men'al Illness %irect measures of the relationship between crime and mental illness are unavailable, because much crime and mental illness &o undetected. The most authoritative information comes from two types of studies! 6"8 psycholo&ical screenin& of Eail and prison inmates and 6$8 interviews with the &eneral population. The results of these studies reveal that althou&h people who suffer from serious mental illness are more likely to be arrested than members of the &eneral public, the offenses for which they are arrested are similar to those resultin& in arrest amon& the &eneral public. ?entally ill, homeless people who also use alcohol and ille&al dru&s are particularly likely to be arrested because their functionin& may be severely impaired and they may en&a&e in bizarre or threatenin& public behavior. 4bout half the people who are homeless are also mentally ill. +ar&eAscale community surveys, in which people report their own e/perience with both mental illness and violence, find that people with mental disorders are more violent than people without such disorders. The most violent mentally ill people are lower class, youn& males. .eople recently dischar&ed from mental hospitals are likely to be more violent than the &eneral population. N-,icial Processin+ @hen the perpetrator of a serious assault is identified, the police arrest the suspect, re&ardless of the suspectTs mental health status. @hen the offense is minor and the suspect is mentally ill, the police e/ercise their discretion to either make an arrest or refer the suspect for mental health treatment. ?ost Eails routinely screen all newly admitted defendants for mental illness to reduce the risk of suicide, assault, and victimization, but typically, only lar&er Eails have counselin&, therapy, or special housin& for inmates identified as mentally ill. %efendants char&ed with crimes may claim they are incompetent to stand trial 6#>T8, an assertion that they are unable to understand the char&es a&ainst them nor to assist in their own defense. %efendants found #>T may be committed temporarily to a mental health facility. <riminal char&es are dropped for defendants remainin& incompetent, althou&h civil commitment proceedin&s may be instituted when defendants meet the le&al standard for involuntary commitment. %efendants who recover sufficiently durin& temporary commitment may be tried on the ori&inal char&es. 4lthou&h national statistics are not routinely collected on the Eudicial processin& of mentally ill offenders, several research studies provide &ood estimates of the national pattern. 4bout $,,333 people were evaluated for competency to stand trial in the Dnited >tates in "201. 4bout -,333 of these 6$, percent8 were found incompetent. <riminal defendants found #>T are hospitalized for about as lon& as convicted defendants are incarcerated in Eail or
52

prison. %efendants found #>T on minor misdemeanor char&es are fre7uently hospitalized lon&er than defendants convicted and Eailed on similar char&es. ?entally ill defendants may escape conviction by pleadin& not &uilty by reason of insanity 69;R#8, thereby confessin& factual &uilt but assertin& that they should not be held responsible because their crimes were caused by mental illness. This le&al strate&y is rarely employed or successful. The 9;R# pleas offered by defendants char&ed with felonies in seven states between "202 and "210 have been studied. 4cross these states, 1, out of every ",333 felony defendants pleaded 9;R#; $1 percent were successful. The proportion is much lower if 9;R# verdicts are compared to all arrests, rather than felony cases. 4 study of arrest outcomes in twentyAfour states in "21, found one 9;R# verdict for every "3,$"0 arrests. %espite substantial evidence to the contrary, there is widespread suspicion that offenders can Vbeat the rapP by pleadin& insanity. .ublic disapproval of the 9;R# verdict in the wake of Sohn HinckleyTs attempted assassination of .resident Rea&an in "21" led to laws creatin& a new verdict! &uilty but mentally ill 6;B?#8. This verdict provides for conviction and imprisonment of offenders who are mentally ill and mi&ht otherwise escape imprisonment by pleadin& 9;R#. #n "21,, the ;B?# verdict was available in fifteen states, most of which also retained the 9;R# plea. ;B?# verdicts seldom occur. #n ?ichi&an, for e/ample, in "21,, twentyAei&ht ;B?# verdictsaone for every $3,--' arrestsawere issued. ?ichi&an e/perienced no reduction in 9;R# verdicts when ;B?# verdicts became available. ;B?# verdicts lead to lon&er prison terms than do &uilty or 9;R# verdicts for the same offenses. Cffenders declared ;B?# are not more likely to receive treatment for their mental illness. Be&innin& in "2'0, in response to public fear of those who repeatedly commit violent se/ offenses, about half of D.>. states passed mentally disordered se/ offender 6?%>C8 statutes. #n the case of Ransas v. Hendricks 6"2208, the D.>. >upreme <ourt upheld the constitutionality of a state law that permits confinement of se/ually violent criminal offenders found to have a Vmental abnormalityP that causes them to pose a dan&er to others, even if they do not have a mental illness. Cffenders committed under this statute may be confined indefinitely after their prison sentence has e/pired. +e&al standards of incompetence and insanity do not effectively screen offenders out of the Eudicial process or correctional system. 4s a result, many offenders enter Eail or prison with a mental illness, while others become disordered under the stress of incarceration. #n the Dnited >tates in "221, "- percent of Eail inmates 620,3338, state prison inmates 6"02,3338, and probationers 6,*0,3338 reported either havin& a mental illness or havin& been hospitalized for a mental illness. Trea'%en' #n "221, amon& Eail inmates with mental illness, *" percent received some mental health treatment, most commonly psychotropic medication 6'* percent8, and less commonly counselin& 6"- percent8. 4 hi&her proportion 6-3 percent8 of mentally ill prison inmates received mental health treatment! ,3 percent received medication and ** percent counselin&. #n addition to providin& treatment in Eails and prisons, some lar&er states have special security mental hospitals or prison mental hospitals for mentally ill offenders. 4bout $* percent of mentally ill prison inmates are admitted to mental hospitals, special prison treatment units, or treatment pro&rams durin& their imprisonment. ?ost convicted criminal offenders in the Dnited >tates receive sentences of probation, rather than Eail or prison. The same is true for convicted mentally ill offenders. Cf the 1'$,333
53

mentally ill offenders under correctional supervision in "221, ,*1,333 6-- percent8 were on probation. 4 few states have pro&rams desi&ned specifically to supervise mentally ill offenders livin& in the community after they are found 9;R# or #>T. These pro&rams invest in a local review board the authority to revoke communityAbased treatment and order hospitalization of offenders who violate conditions of community treatment. >ubstantial proportions 6oneAthird to oneAhalf8 of offenders supervised by these pro&rams are rearrested and hospitalized durin& their period of supervision. These apparently hi&h failure rates are, however, similar to recidivism rates of other offenders on probation or parole. @ithin three years of release on probation, for e/ample, -$ percent of all felony probationers are either arrested for new felonies or have probation revocation hearin&s. 4mon& prison parolees, within three years -' percent are rearrested for a felony or serious misdemeanor. S-%%ar= @hile most crime is committed by people who are not mentally ill, mentally ill people who use alcohol or street dru&s and are homeless commit a disproportionate number of crimes. ?ost of these crimes are offenses a&ainst public order, rather than serious assaults. .ublic concern about crime committed by mentally ill people increased after mental hospitals reduced their populations, be&innin& in the "2,3s, leavin& many severely mentally ill people to fend for themselves on the streets. The police e/ercise broad discretion when they encounter a mentally ill suspect accused of a crime. They may either arrest the suspect or refer him or her for mental health treatment. #f the offense is a violent felony, the police almost always arrest the suspect. 4lthou&h Eails typically identify and provide some additional supervision for arrestees who are obviously mentally ill, only lar&er Eails provide special housin& or treatment services. ?entally ill defendants may attempt to avoid a trial by assertin& they are Vincompetent to stand trialP 6#>T8. 4t trial, they may attempt to avoid conviction by pleadin& Vnot &uilty by reason of insanityP 69;R#8. #>T and 9;R# pleas are very seldom entered and, when entered, are seldom successful. 4bout "- percent of people under correctional supervision are mentally ill. ?ost convicted mentally ill offenders are on probation in the community, where they recidivate at about the same rate as nonAmentally ill probationers. ?ost mentally ill offenders sentenced to Eail and prison serve their sentences in re&ular correctional facilities, alon&side other offenders. ?any mentally ill Eail and prison inmates receive mental health treatment, most commonly psychotropic medication, althou&h many receive no treatment at all. /. In En+lan, an, Wales 'here are 'hree '=&es of .ail 'ha' can .e +i$en2 A A A Police .ail where a suspect is released without bein& char&ed but must return to the police station at a &iven time. Police 'o co-r' where havin& been char&ed a suspect is &iven bail but must attend his first court hearin& at the date and <ourt &iven !o-r' .ail where havin& already been in court a suspect is &ranted bail pendin& further investi&ation or while the case continues.

In 'he Uni'e, S'a'es 'here are ei+h' for%s of .ail. Do so%e research an, fin, o-' *ha' 'hese are.
54

'. 5-es'ions2 a8 @hat are the main roles and responsibilities of social workers in criminal Eustice settin&sB b8 @hat is the difference between probation and paroleB c8 @hat can social workers do in order to help former delin7uents reinte&rate in societyB d8 <an you describe briefly the bail systemB e8 @hat does it mean when a defendant pleads insanityB

55

bI. I !HOOSE NOT TO PLA!E ODISO< IN MY A#ILITY Social Wor an, Peo&le *i'h Ph=sical Disa.ili'ies

The SERVI!ES (OR THE DISA#LED have a rather short history. %urin& the a&es, little has been done for persons with disabilities. (ven more so, in ancient >parta for e/ample, individuals with disabilities were left to die of e/posure. By contrast, 9ative 4mericans allowed mentally retarded people to live unharmed, as children of the ;reat >pirit. There are few earlyA recorded efforts to make special provisions for persons with disabilities. 9owadays, societies are tryin& to be more inclusive towards this cate&ory of the population. 4 ,isa.ili'= is defined as a physical or mental impairment that makes life)s maEor activities more difficult/. 4 disability may occur durin& a personTs lifetime or may be present from birth. Cn Dece%.er :0< /PP4, the Dnited 9ations formally a&reed on the Convention on the )ights of &ersons with (isa$ilities, the first human ri&hts treaty of the $"st century, to protect the ri&hts and opportunities of the worldTs estimated -,3 million disabled people. These provisions included e7ual ri&hts to education, employment, and cultural life; the ri&ht to own and inherit property; not be discriminated a&ainst in marria&e, children, etc; not be unwillin& subEects in medical e/periments0. %isabilities can be rou&hly divided in two bi& cate&ories! &h=sical and %en'al. PHYSI!AL DISA#ILITIES .hysical impairment refers to a broad ran&e of disabilities, which include! orthopedic, neuromuscular, cardiovascular and pulmonary disorders, visual and hearin& impairment, or certain chronic illnesses. or the didactical purposes of this course, in what follows we shall only focus on two of the aboveAmentioned disabilities, namely restricted mo$ility and $lindness.

Some pro$lems that people with restricted mo$ility face0 A difficulty in accessin& any buildin& with stairs, as well as any means of transport without special ramps A not enou&h special parkin& places, public toilets, adapted phone booths A furniture that is not adapted cannot be used by people with restricted mobility A difficulty in &ettin& around without a caretaker A discrimination A distress, frustration, depression
$ '

4mericans with %isabilities 4ct of "223, http!//www.ada.&ov/c&uide.htm (94B+( website , D9 section on disability

56

POSSI#LE SOLUTIONS ) creatin& ramps for every buildin&/means of transport A special parkin& places, toilets, phone booths etc. A furniture adapted to their needs A free counselin& A people should chan&e their mentalities. 5 (o you have any other suggestions a$out improving the ,uality of life of people with restricted mo$ility?

LANGUAGE PRA!TI!E (O!US :. Rea, 'he follo*in+ ne*s re&or' an, 'hen2 a8 fill in the blanks b8 summarize it in one phrase. A!!ESS DENIED lorence ?., a *,AyearAold .arisian teacher, was lookin& "8 FFFFFFFFFF to a ni&ht out at the movies. >he had chosen VRin&dom of HeavenPA was it really the best $8 FFFFFFFFFFF of the yearB That is a 7uestion lorence will not be able to answer because she was prevented from enterin& a cinema in .aris. The employee refused her entry for her safety. He '8 FFFFFFFFF! V#n the event of emer&ency, people in a wheel chair could not be e/ited 7uickly enou&h. *8 FFFFFFFFFFFF is an essential concern for our mana&ement, and if there is a fire or another disaster in the cinema, speed of e/itin& is our ,8 FFFFFFFFFF responsibilityP. However, lorence, who suffers from a boneAbrittle -8 FFFFFFFFFF and &ets around in a wheel chair, feels she has been discriminated 08 FFFFFFFFFF and decided to sue the mana&ement of the cinema. 4nd she is not the only one who asks for 18 FFFFFFFFFFF treatment. (urope has an estimated ,3 million disabled people. They often find themselves blocked from enterin& airports, buildin&s, buses, restaurants, subways, toilets, or trains. or 28 FFFFFFFFF chair users, physical barriers are a part of daily life. <an)t we do anythin& to "38 FFFFFFFFFF this realityB

5 #RAINSTORMING Blindness is another physical disa$ility2 In your opinion, what particular pro$lems do visually+$rain people face? e.&. lack of orientation

57

5 >C?( TCC+>/%(M#<(>/>C+DT#C9> meant to assist the blind! A A A A A A A A the white stick 6or cane, or walkin& stick8 which is the international symbol of the visuallyAimpaired the Braille alphabet 6is a method used by blind people to read and write; each Braille character or cell is made up of si/ dot positions8 audio libraries &uide do&s 6usually +abradors8 phones/websites 6te/tAtoAspeech software and/or te/tAtoABraille hardware8 traffic li&hts with sound adaptations of coins and banknotes so that the value can be determined by touch.

/. Transla'e the followin& idioms1 connected to eye/si&ht! a8 Va si&ht for sore eyesP b8 Vthe apple of my eyeP c8 Vto turn a blind eye on somethin&P d8 Vto see eye to eyeP e8 Vto &ive someone the evil eyeP f8 Vout of si&ht out of mindP 0. (in, two (n&lish idioms with each of the followin& body parts! )heart Ahead Afoot Amouth. 1. Rea, 'he follo*in+ 'e7' an, e7&lain *h= 'he 'er% Hhan,ica&> is no lon+er -se,. Wi'h *ha' 'er%s ha$e 'he En+lish an, 'he A%ericans re&lace, i'K Do *e ha$e 'he sa%e 'er%inolo+ical &ro.le% in Ro%anianK

Han,ica& 6by Ron 4mundson, V(ncyclopedia of %isabilityP. $33,. >4;( .ublications. * >ep. $332. http!//sa&eAereference.com/disability/4rticleFn'11.html8 The term `handicap) was used durin& the twentieth century to apply both to the impairments of individuals and to certain ways of evenin& the chances of success amon& contestants in sportin& contests. @ith the rise of the disability ri&hts movement in the past 7uarter of the century, the term)s association with paternalistic attitudes toward disability has made handicap obEectionable to many activists. olk etymolo&ies have &rown up to e/plain why
*

4n i,io% is a phrase whose meanin& cannot be determined by the literal translation of the phrase itself.

58

the term is offensive. #t is often claimed that the ori&inal meanin& of handicap referred to the fact that people with impairments could make a livin& only by be&&in&, Vcap in hand.P This etymolo&y is mistaken. The C/ford (n&lish %ictionary, the best etymolo&ical source on the (n&lish lan&ua&e, shows a much more interestin& and comple/ history of the term. Handicap ori&inally referred to a sort of &amblin& &ame, practiced between the fourteenth and seventeenth centuries. Cne move in the &ame involved two contestants placin& their hands in a cap and removin& them at the same time, either open or closed 6hence Vhand in capP8. The &ame involved estimatin& the difference in value between two items. >ome value 6called the VbootP or VoddsP8 was added to one item to make it e7ual in value to the other. %urin& the seventeenth century, the techni7ue of e7ualin& the values of two items by addition of a boot was adopted in horse racin&. 4 Vhandicap raceP is one in which the faster horse carries e/tra wei&ht. The &ame of &olf adopted a system in which less skilled &olfers were allowed to deduct strokes from their score, to be competitive with more skilled opponents. #n horse racin& and the &amblin& &ame, the term handicap referred to the &ame itself, not to the factor 6the boot8 that evened its outcomes. #n &olf, the handicap is a benefit for the less skilled, not a penalty on the more skilled. #n the late nineteenth century, the term came to be applied to disadvanta&es themselves, thou&h not yet to impairments. The first recorded use with respect to impairments was in a "2", poster labeled Vthe Handicapped <hild.P #mpairments were commonly called handicaps durin& the twentieth century, but the older sportin& uses continued. #n "213, the @orld Health Cr&anization 6@HC8 introduced another new definition accordin& to which handicap referred not to an impairment in itself but to the disadvanta&es that resulted from social discrimination a&ainst people with impairments. But by this time the term was distasteful to many. Handicap was offensive by association. The folk etymolo&ies about Vcap in handP be&&in& are mistaken, but they reflect a very real distrust of traditional attitudes toward disability. Dnfortunately, the loss of the term handicap creates a semantic vacuum in the 4merican vocabulary of disability politics. British activists 6unlike 4mericans8 use the term disability to refer to what the @HC called handicap! the disadvanta&es caused by discriminatory treatment of people with impairments. They distin&uish between impairments 6biolo&ical conditions8 and disability or disablement 6the conse7uences of social arran&ements8. 4mericans use the term disability as a synonym of impairment. How do 4mericans refer to the social disadvanta&esB The "213 @HC vocabulary had distin&uished disability from handicap, the same distinction as the British but with different terminolo&y. But because the term handicap was reEected as offensive, both in Britain and the Dnited >tates, 4mericans are left without a simple term to desi&nate the disadvanta&es that social arran&ements create for people with impairments.

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MII. I !HOOSE NOT TO PLA!E ODISO< IN MY A#ILITY Social Wor an, Peo&le *i'h Men'al Disa.ili'ies

Men'al i%&air%en's 6also called developmental disabilities8 refer to substantial limitations in one or more important life activities, such as workin&, learnin& or communicatin&. (/amples include mental retardation, cerebral palsy, autism, %own syndrome, epilepsy, and learnin& disabilities. Men'al re'ar,a'ion may be caused by inEury at birth, &enetic causes, poor infant nutrition, a serious illness affectin& the mother durin& pre&nancy 6e.&. measles8, or certain habits 6drinkin&, smokin&, dru& use8 the pre&nant mother manifests. >ome conditions are reversible with early intervention, while others are not. <hildren with mental retardation are slow learners. 4dults have trouble livin&/workin& independently in the community. #= tests are used to measure de&rees of retardation! "33 c #= score for people of avera&e intelli&ence, ,3A03 middle retarded, $3A', severely retarded, 3A$3 profoundly retarded. !ere.ral &als= sometimes results from brain inEury before/durin& birth. #t affects motion control, but sometimes also vision, speech, and hearin&. However, people affected by cerebral palsy may have normal or superior intelli&ence. A-'is% affects children in the first three years of their life. #t manifests throu&h repetitive motions, payin& attention to random sounds, rather than to words, delayed lan&ua&e development, and withdrawal into a Vworld of their ownP. 4utistic children do not respond positively to their parents) attention, often behave violently or fearfully when approached. Do*n s=n,ro%e is caused by the presence of all or part of an e/tra $"st chromosome. Cften %own syndrome is associated with some impairment of co&nitive ability and physical development, as well as common facial appearance 6round face, almondAshaped eyes8. E&ile&s= is a chronic neurolo&ical disorder, characterized by unprovoked seizures. The affected person has convulsions and may be unconscious for a period of time afterward. Learnin+ ,isa.ili'ies is a disorder in which a person has a difficulty to learn effectively, caused by an unknown factor or factors. Dsually, people with learnin& disabilities have a normal intelli&ence level, but they have problems with readin&, writin&, spellin&, doin& math etc.

LANGUAGE PRA!TI!E (O!US

6&

:. M-l'i&le choice! <hoose the word 64, B, <, %8 that best completes the sentence and write it in the blank space. ?athematician Sohn ;riffith has estimated that, by the time the "8 FFFFFFFFFF person dies, he/she will have stored ,33 times as $8 FFFFFFFFFF information as can be found in the (ncyclopedia Britannica. #n our own encyclopedia of memories, we could '8 FFFFFFFFFF the meanin&s of thousands of words. The impressive capacity of human memory reveals a comple/ mental system. 4n e/planation of this system be&ins *8 FFFFFFFFFFFF a look at the kind of information it can handle. #n ,8 FFFFFFFFFFFF hand does the statue of +iberty hold the torchB @hen was the last time you spent cash for somethin&B @hat part of speech is used to modify a nounB The answer to the first 7uestion is likely to be an -8 FFFFFF. To answer the second you must 08 FFFFFFFFFFFF a particular event in your life. The third concerns &eneral knowled&e 18 FFFFFFFFFFF to be tied to a specific event. >ome theorists ar&ue that answerin& each of these 7uestions involves a different type of memory. 9o one is sure how many types of memory e/ist, but most 28 FFFFFFFFFFFF su&&est that there are at least three basic types. (ach is named for the type of "38 FFFFFFFFFFFF it handles! episodic, semantic and procedural memory. 4ny memory of a specific event that happened when one was present is an episodic memory. A. "8 $8 '8 *8 ,8 -8 08 18 28 "38 avera&e many re7uire from where ima&e resort possible researchers emotion # disabled much include at whose wron& recall unlikely social workers stress ! treated vital adapt with which emotion remind likely teachers information D supposed important withhold since what thou&ht redeem probably doctors 7uantity

/. Accor,in+ 'o an ar'icle .= Nicholas !arr3< Escien'is's are +e''in+ closer 'o ,e$elo&in+ a ,r-+ 'ha' *ill allo* &eo&le 'o eli%ina'e -n&leasan' %e%oriesF. a8 %o you think this is a positive developmentB @hyB b8 #f you had the chance, would you erase any of your unpleasant memoriesB c8 <an you see any dan&ers in this discoveryB

Erasing ;ur /emories0 Scientific Breakthrough or Social @ightmare? Cctober $1, $331, available at! http!//www.britannica.com/blo&s/$331/"3/erasin&AourAmemoriesAaAscientificAbreakthrou&hAorAsocialAni&htmare/

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0. Rea, 'he 'e7' EAn7ie'= Disor,ersF an,2 a8 e/plain the difference between fear and phobia b8 enumerate five e/amples of obsessiveAcompulsive behaviours c8 answer the 7uestions! @hat is your bi&&est fear and do you have a phobiaB An7ie'= Disor,ers 6by Todd 4. >mitherman 61st Century &sychology0 # )eference !and$ook. $330. >4;( .ublications. "- >ep. $332. http!//sa&eAereference.com/psycholo&y/4rticleFn13.html8 4 phobia is an an/iety disorder, which refers to a persistent and e/cessive fear of a specific obEect or situation. >imilar to social phobia, the feared stimulus is usually avoided and panic attacks, if they occur, are directly in response to the feared stimulus only. ive maEor subtypes have been identified! 6a8 animal type, if the fear is initiated by e/posure to animals or insects; 6b8 natural environment type, for fear that is prompted by obEects in nature, such as hei&hts, storms, or water; 6c8 bloodAinEectionAinEury 6B##8 type, for fear that is cued by invasive medical procedures, by receivin& an inEection, or by seein& blood or an inEury; 6d8 situational type, for fear that is prompted by a specific situation, such as enclosed spaces, public transportation, drivin&, or brid&es; and 6e8 other type, for fear that is cued by an obEect not classified within one of the above cate&ories, such as a fear of vomitin& or of clowns. The situational subtype is observed most fre7uently. +ifetime prevalence rates for specific phobias typically ran&e from "3 to "" percent. %espite the fact that virtually all specific phobias are more common in women than men, recent research has underscored the fact that the specific phobia subtypes differ in many other ways. or e/ample, the onset of situational phobias is typically later than the onset of the other phobia subtypes, which usually emer&e durin& childhood or early adolescence. 4s another e/ample, B## phobics typically manifest a physiolo&ical response pattern opposite to that of other phobias. #nstead of rapid and prolon&ed heart rate acceleration, B## phobia is characterized by a brief acceleration of heart rate, followed by a 7uick deceleration of heart rate and a decrease in blood pressure. 4s a result, and unlike other phobias, faintin& is often observed in B## phobia upon e/posure to the feared stimulus. #ndividuals rarely present for treatment for a specific phobia because they simply avoid the obEect they fear. Treatment is usually sou&ht only if the individual will be unable to avoid the feared obEect 6e.&., a businessperson with a flyin& phobia who has to &ive a presentation overseas8 or because of comorbid conditions that merit treatment 6e.&., .%, which is particularly comorbid with specific phobias8. O.sessi$e)!o%&-lsi$e Disor,er The main features of obsessiveAcompulsive disorder 6C<%8 are recurrent obsessions and/or compulsions that are e/tremely time consumin&, cause marked distress, or impair the individualTs functionin&. Cbsessions refer to intrusive and persistent thou&hts, impulses, or ima&es that are not simply e/a&&erated worries about realAlife problems. <ommon obsessional themes include contamination/ disease, orderin&/symmetry, doubtin& oneTs safety or memory,
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harmin& someone, and performin& inappropriate/unacceptable behaviors. or e/ample, contamination obsessions typically involve e/treme fear of contractin& &erms or diseases after touchin& certain obEects; harmin& obsessions may include the sudden ur&e to throw hot coffee on a stran&er, an impulse to run oneTs car into a tree, or the mental ima&e of a family member bein& killed; obsessions related to performin& inappropriate behaviors may include thou&hts of violent se/ual acts, the sudden ur&e to swear in church, or havin& a thou&ht contrary to oneTs reli&ious beliefs. <ompulsions refer to the repetitive and ritualistic behaviors that the individual feels compelled to perform in response to the obsessions and in order to prevent some feared event from occurrin&. #n this re&ard, compulsions are similar to most avoidance behaviors. <ompulsions may be overt behaviors or covert mental acts 6e.&., prayin&, repeatin& words silently8. #ndividuals with contamination obsessions wash their hands, shower, and clean e/cessively to avoid contractin& diseases. .eople with obsessions about orderin& or doubtin& may arran&e insi&nificant items into precise positions, repeat certain behaviors a particular number of times, or repeatedly check certain obEects 6e.&., checkin& the door locks, checkin& to make sure the stove is off8. Cther common compulsions include repeatin& certain words silently, countin&, prayin& e/cessively, and repeatedly re7uestin& reassurance from others. >ome compulsive behaviors may be driven by thou&htAaction fusion, or the belief that ne&ative thou&hts and ne&ative behaviors are morally e7uivalent 6i.e., Vthinkin& it is as bad as doin& itP8. #ndividuals hi&h in thou&htAaction fusion also believe that havin& a thou&ht about a ne&ative event makes it more likely that the event will actually occur 6e.&., VBecause # had the thou&ht that my wife would die in a car wreck today, she is more likely to do soP8. CbsessiveAcompulsive disorder has a lifetime prevalence of $ to ' percent. 4lthou&h less prevalent than social or specific phobias, C<% is one of the most disablin& and timeAconsumin& an/iety disorders, and entire inpatient hospital units have been developed for those with severe C<%. C<% usually has its onset in late adolescence throu&h the early $3s, althou&h childhood onset is not uncommon, especially in boys. Dnlike most other an/iety disorders, the prevalence of C<% is relatively similar in males and females, with evidence su&&estin& that childhood C<% is more common in boys and that adult C<% is sli&htly more common in women. <are must be taken to distin&uish the obsessions of C<% from the delusions of schizophrenia. <ontrary to patients with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, patients dia&nosed with C<% are usually able to reco&nize that their obsessions and compulsions are e/cessive, unreasonable, and a product of their own minds 6e&oAdystonic8. 1. Ma'ch 'he follo*in+ &ho.ias *i'h 'heir ,efini'ions2 " $ ' benophobia .teromerhanophobia >ocial phobia a b c ear of bein& on an airplane; also called aerophobia or fear of flyin&. 4bnormal fear of thunder and li&htnin&. 4n/iety in situations where it is perceived to be difficult to escape 6e.&. wideAopen spaces, crowds, brid&es, malls, etc.8
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* , 0 1 2

4straphobia <ynophobia .hotophobia ?ysophobia Trypanophobia 4&oraphobia

d e f & h i E

(/treme fear of medical procedures involvin& inEections. #ntense fear in social situations. .atholo&ical fear of contamination and &erms. 4 type of animal fear, namely the fear of do&s. ear of spiders. 4 nonclinical phobia, used to describe unreasonable fear of forei&ners or stran&ers. 4 nonApsycholo&ical hypersensitivity to li&ht. condition, referrin& to

"3 4rachnophobia

3. (ill in 'he .lan s *i'h 'he follo*in+ *or,s2 snappy, undergone, low+$row, vertigo, aneurysm, skeptical, allegedly, definitive Ne* i,ne= Bchan+e, %= *hole &ersonali'=B4 4 woman claims to have a8 ......................... a complete Zpersonality transplantZ after receivin& a new kidney. <heryl Sohnson, '0, says she has chan&ed completely since receivin& the or&an in ?ay. >he believes that she must have picked up her new characteristics from the donor, a ,2AyearAold man who died from an b8 ........................ 9ow, not only has her personality chan&ed, the sin&le mother also claims that her tastes in literature have taken a dramatic turn. @hereas she only used to read c8 ......................... novels, %ostoevsky has become her author of choice since the transplant.Z:ou pick up your characteristics from your donor. ?y son said when # first had the transplant, # went d8 ....................... A that wasnTt meP, ?rs. Sohnson added. The former .reston 9orth (nd football stewardTs life has been turned round since her successful operation. 4fter developin& kidney problems in "221, she had previously under&one every available form of dialysis as well as a failed transplant in $33". 4cademics in 4merica have developed a theory called cellular memory phenomenon to e/plain the personality chan&es that are e8 .................... e/perienced by some transplant recipients. (/amples include a ?assachusetts woman with f8 ...................... who became a climber; a ?ilwaukee lawyer who be&an eatin& >nickers, havin& always hated chocolate; and a sevenAyearAold &irl who had ni&htmares about bein& killed after bein& &iven the heart of a murdered child. However, the only case reco&nised by the scientific community is that of a ",A yearAold 4ustralian &irl whose blood type chan&ed followin& a liver transplant.DR Transplant also remains &8 ..................... about the phenomenon. 4 spokesman said! Z@hile not discardin&
-

Taken from! http!//www.tele&raph.co.uk/news/uknews/",1"0,$/9ewAkidneyAchan&edAmyAwholeApersonality.html

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it entirely, we have no reason to believe that it happens. @e would be interested to see any h8 ................... evidence that supports it.Z

4. 4lthou&h most researchers believe it is nothin& more than a superstition, let)s assume people do take on some aspects of the donor)s personality. Wha' &ersonali'= 'rai' *o-l, =o- li e 'o ha$e 'rans&lan'e, an, *ha' &ersonal charac'eris'ic *o-l, =o- ha'e 'o see chan+e,K

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MIII. I( YOU !AN "EEP YOUR HEAD Social Wor in Men'al Heal'h Se''in+s Social *or in'er$en'ions in health and lon&Aterm care often be&in with a referral from another provider, such as a doctor or an administrator, or from routine screenin& or outreach protocols. Referrals are &enerally made in response to complicated psychosocial situations, the need to transition between settin&s, or the need for service arran&ements. The social worker often completes a multidimensional assessment coverin& physical functionin&, mental status, emotional health, social resources, livin& arran&ements, physical environment, informal and formal service use, and financial resources. >ocial work values also call for assessin& values and preferences of older adults and their families to enhance care plannin&. The social worker employed in a %en'al heal'h se''in+ 6a psychiatric hospital8 should have the basic knowled&e, values and skills typical for their profession. @hat is more, his/her main roles are to make referrals of clients to other therapists, to obtain the social history of the patient, as well as to participate in the treatment plan. 4t the same time, he/she has to be concerned with the 7uality of the professional service that the client receives. >ocial workers provide dischar&eAplannin& services to patients in nursin& homes, day treatment pro&rams, and hospitals. They strive to ensure continuity of care, to ease adEustment, and to ma/imize client selfAdetermination and choice. @ithin health care facilities, and in conEunction with communityAbased or&anizations, they or&anize and lead therapeutic &roups that address various challen&es such as recoverin& from or adEustin& to stroke or .arkinsonTs disease. <ritical to the counselin& function offered by social workers is psychoeducation to clients and families about disease and disease mana&ement 6e.&. depression, 4lzheimerTs, diabetes, sensory impairment8. >ocial workers are also members of hospice teams that provide plannin& for end of life care as well as counselin& for dyin& patients and their families. >ociety tends to disrespect, despise and place a sti&ma on mental health patients. .eople are &enerally uncomfortable in their presence, believin& that they are dan&erous, violent, and unpredictable. >o, they are often hidden or isolated from society. That is why social workers should detect and fi&ht a&ainst such abuses. +an&ua&e referrin& to mental health patients also carries the sti&ma. @e call them nutcase, freak, psycho, wacko, schizo, mental, maniac etc. 5 (o you agree with the phrase0 D3hings we donEt understand make us afraidF? E*plain why-why not2

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The ability to work in a 'ea% is an important skill for a social worker in a mental health environment. This team also includes &s=chia'ris's, &s=cholo+is's and n-rses. ?ental health services include! A Hospital psychiatric units 6medical facilities for individuals unable to care for themselves or who represent a threat for the safety of others8 A Residential treatment facilities 6provide care for mentally and emotionally disturbed children and adolescents8 A Hotline services offerin& crisis, emer&ency information and assistance. MENTAL ILLNESSES AND DISORDERS The social worker in mental health settin&s needs to know the classification of %en'al ,isor,ers. !a'e+or= "8 >chizophrenic and other psychotic disorders $8 4n/iety disorders '8 ?ood disorders *8 >e/ual and &ender identity disorders ,8 (atin& disorders -8 >leep disorders 08 #mpulse control disorders 18 .ersonality disorders 28 actitious disorders Defini'ion of s&ecific ,isor,ers 4re characterized by loss of contact with reality 6hallucinations or delusions8, serious disturbances of thou&ht and perception, and bizarre behaviour. 4re different forms of abnormal and patholo&ical fears and an/ieties, often includin& panic attacks. Represent abnormal chan&es in mood, 7uickly &oin& from e/treme depression to elation. #nclude abnormal se/ual practices or discomfort with one)s &ender. 4re characterized by severe disturbances in eatin& behaviour. #nvolve problems in the amount, 7uality or timin& of sleep. #nvolve the failure to resist an impulse, drive or temptation. #nclude deviations of personality from what is e/pected by society. 4re conditions in which a person acts as if he or she has an illness by deliberately producin&, fei&nin&, or e/a&&eratin& symptoms.

51In which of the a$ove categories would you include the following disorders0 anore/ia nervosa, insomnia, kleptomania, narcissism, pedophilia, manic depression, schizophrenia, claustrophobia, M-ncha-sen s=n,ro%eK

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LANGUAGE PRA!TI!E (O!US :. Re&hrasin+2 inish each of the followin& sentences in such a way that it means e/actly the same as the sentence above. a8 #n hi&h school # had bulimia and now # re&ret it. # wish FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. b8 # haven)t had an epilepsy seizure in ' years. #t is FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. c8 @ould you like to come to &roup therapy with meB 4re you interested FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. d8 #t)s her husband)s fault that she had a nervous breakdownB Her husband is FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. e8 #)d rather not speak about my arachnophobia. # prefer FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF. /. Transla'e in'o En+lish2 .ete fusese toatG viaHa un VcronicP. %eKi nu intrase Jn spital decIt dupG Jmplinirea vIrstei de ,3 de ani, toatG viaHa lui fusese un bolnav mintal cronic. <apul lui are douG crestGturi mari, pe tImple, acolo unde mamoKul care o asistase pe mama lui la naKtere, Ji ciupise Heasta JncercInd sGA l tra&G afarG. .ete aruncase mai JntIi o privire afarG, zGrind toate sculele din sala de naKtere care Jl aKteptau, Ki a priceput cam Jn ce lume urma sG se nascG, aKa cG sAa apucat zdravGn de tot ceAi era la JndemInG acolo JnGuntru ca sG scape de naKtere. %octorul lAa apucat cu un cleKte teKit pentru &heaHG, lAa smuls afarG Ki a crezut cG toateAs Jn re&ulG. 9umai cG scGfIrlia lui .ete era JncG prea crudG, moale ca lutul, iar cInd sAa mai JntGrit a rGmas cu cele douG urme de cleKte JntipGrite. di asta lAa fGcut cam bobleH la cap, deAi trebuia un mare efort de voinHG Ki concentrare ca sG JndeplineascG treburi simple Ki pentru un copil de Kase ani6. 0. 5-es'ions! a8 @hat are the key roles of a social worker employed in a mental health settin&B b8 How does society in &eneral treat people with mental disabilities or disordersB c8 <an you &ive three e/amples of impulse control disordersB d8 <an disorders be treated or kept under controlB

Ren Resey, G$or deasupra unui cui$ de cuci, (ditura Dnivers, "21'

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MIV. SO!IETAL ATTITUDES A#OUT LOO"S

5 #RAINSTORMING Why is it so important nowadays for people to $e good+looking? 'ist as many reasons as you can2

:@Rea, 'he ar'icle .elo* an, ,isc-ss *he'her 'he sol-'ions &ro$i,e, .= 'he '*o a-'hors are $ia.le. Raisin+ Heal'h= (a%ilies in a Wei+h')O.sesse, !-l'-re By %eborah Russo, .sy%, and 4my >pahr, +<>@ Social Work 3oday Mol. "" 9o. * .. $3 6http!//www.socialworktoday.com/archive/30"$""p$3.shtml8 3herapists canEt stop the unhealthy media messages a$out Dperfect $odies,F $ut they can encourage parents to prepare children with accurate information a$out $ody weight, e*ercise, genetics, and the myth of perfection2 >tudies have confirmed the powerful influence our consumer culture has on imprintin& behavioral norms. amily dynamics, biolo&y, technolo&y, and our media culture contribute to shapin& attitudes toward wei&ht and body ima&e. How do we help parents, care&ivers, and other leaders navi&ate the factors influencin& our youth culture, especially concernin& wei&htArelated and body ima&e issuesB Wha' We "no* @e have learned a &reat deal workin& with more than "3,333 women and &irls with eatin& and an/iety disorders for the past $3 years, includin& the followin&! e (atin& disorders, includin& body ima&e issues, are comple/ and involve myriad interrelated contributin& factors. e There is no such thin& as physical perfection and therefore it can never be attained. e .opular media and marketin& will never let you believe physical perfection is unattainable. e riends and family are often the worst soundin& board for ne&ative thou&hts about body ima&e.
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e <ountless &irls and women of various shapes and sizes have en&a&ed in the fruitless pursuit of physical perfection. e The pursuit of physical perfection often be&ins in adolescence and persists throu&hout the entire lifetime. .erfection in our culture is often viewed as a woman bein& taller or shorter, curvier or thinner, softer or more toned, and li&hter or darker than she is. However, these tar&ets are often a reflection of the ne&ative feelin&s we foster about our own appearance and are not defined by some measurable &oal. %issatisfaction with physical appearance is a &rowin& trend amon& both men and women and is steadily affectin& youn&er and youn&er people. Bedford and Sohnson 6$33-8 compared body ima&e concerns in youn&er and older women, and their study revealed no a&eArelated differences in body dissatisfaction. >imilar findin&s were reported by Reel 6$3338, who discovered that althou&h no si&nificant differences e/isted amon& women of various a&es, women who were *3 to ,2 years old reported the hi&hest body dissatisfaction. I'>s No' N-s' A.o-' Die'in+ But where does body dissatisfaction startB The influencin& factors of wei&htArelated and body ima&e issues are comple/. (atin& disorders and obesity are caused by many factors that interact with each other. #ndividual characteristics, includin& &enetics and temperament, family dynamics, peer influences, community factors, and societal norms, may play various roles in causin& wei&htArelated issues and body dissatisfaction. @hatever the factors that start body dissatisfaction, the conse7uences for an individual are profound. 9umerous research studies have confirmed that body dissatisfaction is closely linked to selfA esteem in adolescents, more so than in adults. Thus, if a teen is stru&&lin& with body dissatisfaction, it may interfere in the development of that person)s selfAconcept and sense of identity. Re&ardless of our level of sensitivity to our own imperfections, vulnerability to criticism increases durin& the developmental years as puberty leads to rapid physical and emotional chan&es. <hildren are often confused by the social constructs of the narrow standard of beauty proEected. Teen &irls often make statements such as VThose ima&es are livin& inside of me; how am # supposed to be feminine without bein& overly se/ualBP or VHow do # see my stren&ths apart from my looksBP In'ernaliAin+ 'he (an'as= I,eal The influence of the internalization of ne&ative body ima&es is ma&nified by visions of perfection seen in the media and powerfully reinforced by role e/pectations, peer &roups, and family members who are also dissatisfied with their own physical appearance. or many people, these ne&ative thou&hts manifest as nothin& more than fleetin& reminders to e/ercise more often or return to healthier eatin& patterns. However, others will focus on these perceived flaws and e/a&&erate them until these people no lon&er have a realistic view of their own body. +eft unchecked, such a ne&ative and inaccurate body ima&e can lead to low selfAesteem or depression and even develop into an eatin& disorder.
7&

The physical archetype to which a person aspires can be formed at a very youn& a&e and evolve over time. :ouths are e/posed to unattainable models of physical beauty throu&h a variety of media, includin& television shows and ma&azines. They often fail to reco&nize that this oneA dimensional version of perfection can be achieved only with hours of makeAup, perfectly tailored clothin&, &enerous li&htin&, and carefully selected camera an&les to conceal imperfections. #n the most blatant cases, print media are often airbrushed or otherwise edited to not only remove imperfections but to create the illusion of unachievable proportions and beauty. By comparison, people constantly fall short of nearly every tar&et set before them. Thou&h it is easy to blame the media for settin& these unrealistic standards, society may do little to discoura&e it. .eople acknowled&e the desirable traits of famous individuals, complain about their own physical condition, and loudly protest the punishment induced by specific foods. 4&ain, for most, these comments are no more than simple statements intended to &ive voice to likes and dislikes. However, for others, these comments can serve to establish &oals and &uidelines for a lifetime of ne&ative body ima&e and selfAdoubt. >tudies indicate a &rowin& trend of preteen &irls believin& they must restrict their food intake to become thinner because they Eust can)t measure up. This internalized critic may be carried throu&hout life. 4s an e/ample, a study by Brown and >lau&hter 6$3""8 e/amined body attractiveness and normality in females a&ed * to $- and found that all a&e &roups rated photos of women who were si&nificantly thinner as more attractive than women they viewed in normal wei&ht ran&es. ?any women continue echoin& that they would be more attractive to people of both se/es if they were to lose a si&nificant amount of wei&ht. ?ore interestin&ly, studies have shown the sociocultural influence on distortions of body type preferences amon& opposite se/es, and they stron&ly influence the ability to e/a&&erate e/pectations of perfection and proEect them onto others. That is, people internally establish an ideal body shape and convince themselves that if they could achieve that shape, the opposite se/ would find thinner women more attractive and that peers would be strivin& to be even thinner still 6<ohn \ 4dler, "22$8. @hat is truth is relative to our inner perceptions and uni7ue e/periences and influenced by technolo&y and mainstream media. Peer Infl-ence #t is no coincidence that a country obsessed with physical beauty and thin ideals produces preschoolers concerned that certain foods will make them fat. 4dolescent &irls and boys also openly discuss wei&ht, body shape, and dietin&. #n many cases, these conversations e/tend beyond feedback related to ne&ative appearance to include how appearance impacts popularity, wei&htArelated behaviors, and the selection of a model body ima&e. Cur e/periences with others in relationship to self and body awareness helps lay a foundation for how we see ourselves. 4s an e/ample, children who are teased by their peers for body shape or size are more likely to develop a poor sense of body ima&e and may suffer from symptoms of
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depression. The sayin& Vsticks and stones may break my bones, but words will never hurt meP Eust doesn)t rin& true. .eers can have a tremendous influence on children)s beliefs and ideals. Who>s in !har+eK .arents) own inner dialo&ue related to body and wei&ht are directly linked to a child)s inner sense of VfitP concernin& his or her own body, attitudes, wei&ht, and food choices. >tudies have noted the direct influence of parents) attitudes related to children)s food intake and how attempts to control food intake often have the opposite effects on a child)s habits and choices 6Brown \ C&den, $33*8. 4 recent study of the correlation between parents) wei&htArelated ideals found that their overt and covert restriction of their children)s food intake was si&nificantly associated with child body dissatisfaction 6>chuman, $3"38. This research, alon& with other recent studies, concludes that education is necessary for both parents and health professionals concernin& the influence of both direct and indirect parent wei&htArelated attitudes and behaviors on a child)s body satisfaction. A Proac'i$e A&&roach 'o Hel& (a%ilies ;iven the countless ways children are bombarded with messa&es that reinforce ne&ative body ima&e, parents can play a powerful role in shapin& wei&htArelated ideals but must start with themselves to encoura&e healthy perceptions, beliefs, and actions in their children. The followin& is a list of "3 ways to help families foster resilience and positive body awareness and re&ard! 1. Inner Dialogue .arents and care&ivers have tremendous influence on children)s inner thou&hts related to their worth and abilities. Help parents understand the importance of talkin& by e/plainin& that the parents are developin& a template for their own inner dialo&ue, includin& sense of mastery, copin& styles, and ability to nurture and selfAsoothe. @orkin& with parents on how to listen, process, and en&a&e with their children is important. amilies can pay attention to how children speaks to themselves durin& playayou can learn a lot about how they are processin& emotions and resolvin& conflict. Help families utilize purposeful play techni7ues to introduce respect and re&ard for diversity of body sizes and people in &eneral. #t is never too early. This is the best time to en&a&e this developmental phase to build brid&es of healthy co&nitive functionin&, includin& healthy body awareness and ima&e. 2. Puberty Body ima&e is influenced throu&hout our lives by multiple factors. (/periences and chan&es in puberty &reatly influence body ima&e and can remain fairly constant throu&h life. .uberty brin&s windows of opportunity to &uide as children)s bodies chan&e and the desire to Vfit inP and meet ideals intensify. This is a perfect time to emphasize appreciation for different body sizes and shapes. .arental modelin& is a powerful teachin& tool. >ome parents need resources and &uidance on how to interact with their children about this sensitive topic. .rovide them with a variety of ways to interact with their children, such as &oin&
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online or to the library with them to find positive, fun educational sites to help their children understand their bodies better. >ites such as www.kidshealth.com provide creative ways to talk about 7uestions related to body, &rowth, and selfAesteem. .arents can also teach children resiliency tips and how to respond to peers who may focus on unhealthy ideals. 3. Sports and a!es :ouths who are involved in athletic endeavors tend to have a healthier body ima&e than those who don)t. (ncoura&e parents to involve children in fun and doable appropriate sports that will challen&e and provide e/perience of mastery. These activities will help kids find their own uni7ue physical stren&ths and provide e/cellent ways to reduce stress and increase mood and ener&y level. #t is important to challen&e the family but also to work within its resources and capabilities. Help introduce doable activities that include the whole family)s preferences. ". #odeling $ody ratitude Teach parents to be models to their children. ;ive them ideas and homework on ways they can appreciate their own bodies and their functions. #t is important that children catch their mother or father smilin& when lookin& in the mirror or e/pressin& &ratitude for their stron& le&s, bri&ht smile, and skillful hands. %. Critical &hin'ing S'ills ?edia ima&es and messa&es about food and bodies are often distorted. <hildren are the most vulnerable to these messa&es if they are not tau&ht to be media watchdo&s. .arents can 7uestion advertisements and use talkAback techni7ues with their children when hearin& messa&es that both discoura&e healthy, realistic attitudes and behaviors related to eatin& and wei&ht. The 9ational (atin& %isorders 4ssociation has proEect ideas to build resilience and tips on how to be proactive a&ainst ne&ative media messa&es. (. &he )hole Picture Take a realistic and relational approach to family heath. #dentify free seminars on nutrition and activity lifestyles for families, and lead kids to resources that provide buildin& blocks for healthier choices. .rovide direction to assist parents with creatin& balance and boundaries with food and wei&ht. There are multiple tools that are free and easily available to help &uide families make the ri&ht choices to improve eatin& and e/ercise and make the best of their bodies. *. enes +s. ,eans #t)s important to broaden parents) understandin& of the influence of &enetics on body types. amilies are often relieved when they realize that biolo&ical traits influence body shape and individual frames. <hildren can benefit from understandin& &enetic influences vs. the time and ener&y wasted on failed attempts to be somethin& they are not. Help families keep the &oal on body health and move away from fittin& a specific ideal. #t)s what)s on the inside that counts. -. .a!ily /d+enture #nclude activities in counselin& that promote physical movement as well as problemAsolvin& and communication techni7ues for a family. (/periential and adventure activities help families &et
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out of the bo/ and into a new awareness and learnin& throu&h fun challen&es with themes related to choices, team work, individual responsibility, and ne&otiatin& family &oals. 0. &ool 1its ?ore than ever families need &uidance and assistance related to overall health and nutrition. Reep your resources plentiful. #nclude updates of online and community resources such as free educational seminars on nutrition, family stress busters, and healthy selfAesteem and body ima&e enhancers. :our resources should also be treatment providers who are e/perts in all areas of family health. 12. Red .lags Rnow the warnin& si&ns for a child with poor or distorted body ima&e, as this may indicate deeper problems. @e know even committed and concerned parents may miss early si&ns. Cne behavior does not cause eatin& disorders; however, some behaviors can be indicators that someone could be more vulnerable to an eatin& disorder. >ome of these include the followin&! e an/iety that does not resolve; e isolation and withdrawal; e e/treme chan&e of attitude and mood; e unrelentin& dispara&in& talk about hatin& his or her body; e increasin& ri&idity about food to the point of eliminatin& healthy and necessary food for proper &rowth; e e/cessive e/ercise and obsessive calorie countin&; and e strict and fad dietin& practices.

/@ Rea, 'he follo*in+ 'e7' an, ans*er 'he C-es'ions .elo*2 a8 Have you ever had any insecurity concernin& your looksB b8 %o you think ima&e is overArated these daysB c8 #f you had the B%% would you see a therapistB d8 %o you think men have this problemB

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I%a+ine, U+l= S=n,ro%e +ast month, stunnin& actress Dma Thurman surprised her fans when she confessed that she thinks she)s fat and u&lyL V(ver since # had my babies #)ve had the Body %ysmorphic %isorder. # see myself as fatP, she told an interviewer. >he has in fact felt insecure about her looks since her school days. V# didn)t fit in. # was a foot too tall, had one eye on each side of my head, an e/tremely lar&e nose and bi&, thick lips in the middleP. The Body %ysmorphic %isorder 6B%%8 Dma refers to is the medical term for #ma&ined D&ly >yndrome. This syndrome causes people normally thou&ht of as bein& attractive, to look in the mirror and see faults in their faces and fi&ures that no one else can see. .eople sufferin& from it become obsessed with these ima&inary physical defects and will do anythin& to hide or chan&e them. >o, the B%% shares certain characteristics with eatin& disorders such as anore/ia 6an anore/ic is someone convinced she / he is fat and wonTt accept any view to the contrary8. <onstant pressure from the media for people to conform to a particular idea of the perfect body shape or look has only helped to a&&ravate this problem, and we are seein& more and more people 6particularly &irls8 resortin& to unnecessary methods 6such as plastic sur&ery8 at a far youn&er a&e. The only way to treat this condition is throu&h addressin& its root cause. @hether this involves therapy or any other form of psychoanalysis is obviously dependent on the individual case. @hat it doesnTt re7uire is &oin& under the knife time and time a&ain.

#I#LIOGRA(IE Bran, R., .ele, 4., Caregiving &lus0 English for Social Workers, coordonatG de <onstantin <hevereKan, $332, TimiKoara! ?irton <alman, ?., %uncan, B., "22,, Hsing 3e*ts to E*plore English, .en&uin Books <hevereKan, <. 6coord.8, <hevereKan, +., Caregiving2 English for Social Workers, $33', Timisoara! (ditura DniversitGHii de Mest Rerr, .., Sones, <., $330, Straightforward, ?acmillan .ublishers http!//news.bbc.co.uk/ www.&uardian.co.uk
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http!//online.sa&epub.com/ www.socialworktoday.com/

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