,

012 495 594 / 097 7 495 594

E-mail: sokrasmey@hotmail.com

I. esckIepIm nig lkNebtugGaem:

1> esckIepIm
1>1 KuNsm,ti nig vibtirbs;ebtugGaem:
1>2 kUdRbtibti
1>3 rgVas;xat
1>4 bnk

2> sMPar
2>1 ebtug
2>2 Edk

1- esckIepIm

(Introduction)

ebtugpSMeLIgBIsMPar xSac; f sIum:g;t_ rYmnwgTwk EdlGac rk)anenAesIrEtRKb;

tMbn;kgBiPBelak nigGaclayCaTMrg; epSg nRTg;RTayeRKOgbgM.
ebtugGaem: KWCakarbnSMeLIgBIebtugnigEdk.
- Edkpl;PaBFn;TajEdlxVHkgebtug.
eRKOgbgMebtug GacnwgCa ebtugsuT ebtugGaem: ebtugeRbkugRtaMg rW ebtug
eRbkugRtaMgedayEpk bEnmBIenH ebtug GaceRbICaeRKOgbgMsmaspgEdr (Composite
Structures). eRKOgbgMsmaspSMeLIgBIebtug nig EdksNan ehIyeKGaceRbIvaCa
FatubgMsMNg;CaeRcIndUcCa Fwm rW ssr.
3

1>1 KuNsm,ti nig KuNvibtirbs;ebtugGaem:

ebtugGaem: CasMPareRKOgbgM EdlRtUv)aneRbIy:agTUlMTUlaykgRbePTFatu
bgMCaeRcIn. eRKOgbgMebtugGaem:mankarRbkYtRbECgCamYyeRKOgbgMEdk TaMgkarsikSa
BIlkNesdkic nigkarGnuvt.
1>1>1 KuNsm,tirbs;ebtugGaem:mansegbdUcxageRkam
1- vamanTMnak;TMng;PaBFn;sgt;l
2- vaFn;nwgePIgehIynigTwkCagEdk
3- vamanGayukaleRbIR)as;EvgCamYynwgtMlEfTaMTab
4- vaCasMPareRKOgbgMEdlmanlkNesdkicbMput cMeBaHRbePTeRKOgbgMxH
dUcCa TMng;Twk CBaaMgTb;dI CBaaMgeRkamdI ssrs<an nigRKwH.
4

5- vaGaccak;CarUbragrUbsNantamtMrUvkarplit dUcCa kMral Fwm ssr Gak;

nigPas;ekag. va)aneRbIR)as;y:agTUlMTUlaykgsmasFatueRKOgbgMcak;CaeRsc.
1>1>2 KuNvibtirbs;ebtugGaem:mansegbdUcxageRkam
1- vamanPaBFn;TajexSay RbmaN10dgnPaBFn;sgt;.
2- vaRtUvkarlay cak; nigEfTaM/ TaMgGs;enH bNaleGaymankarCH\TiBldl;
PaBFn;cugeRkayrbs;ebtug.
3- tMlBumEdleRbIcak;ebtugKWmantMlf. tMlsMParBumesInwgtMlebtug
Edlcak;kgBum.
4- vamanPaBFn;sgt;TabeFobnwgEdk pleFobKWRbmaN 110 GaRsyelI
sMPar EdlnaMeGaymanmuxkat;FMsMrab;ssrGKareRcInCan;.
5

5- sameRbHekIteLIgkgebtug bNalmkBIkarRskmaDrbs;va nig karGnuvt

bnkGefr.
1>2 kUdRbtibti (Code of Practice)
visVkrKNna CaTUeTARtUv)anENnaMR)ab;pvedaybTdan EdlehAfakUdRbtibti.
kUdCaeRcIn bBaak;BIbnkKNna kugRtaMg KuNPaBsMPar RbePTsMNg; nigtMrUvkar
epSg. bTdanKNnaeRKOgbgMebtugGaem:kgshrdGaemriksMxan;KW Building Code
Requirement for Structural Concrete, ACI-318 rW ACI Code. bTdansMPar
nigkUdRbtibtiepSgkgshrdGaemrik rYmman Uniform Building Code, Standard
Building Code, National Building Code, South Florida Building Code, American
Association of State Highway and Transportation Official (AASHTO)
specification

nig American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

RBmTaMg American Railway Engineering Association (AREA).

kUdddeTot EdlxusBIkUdRbtibtirbs;shrdGaemrik rYmman British Standard
(BS) Code of Practice for Reinforced Concrete, CP-110 nig BS 8110, National
Building Code of Canada, German Code of Practice for Reinforced Concrete; DIN
1045, Specification for Steel Reinforcement (Russia),

nig Technical Specification

for the Theory and Design of Reinforced Concrete Structure; CC-BA (France), the

CEB Code (Comit European Du Bton),

nig Euro Code.

1>3 rgVas;xat (Unit of Measurement)

manrgVas;xat2 CaFmtaRtUv)aneRbIkgkarKNnaeRKOgbgMebtug. TI1 KWRbBn
xatRbBNIrbs;shrdGaemrik EdlehAkat;fa US rW imperial nigTI2 KWRbBnxat
GnrCati EdlehAkat;fa SI rW metric.
7

RbBnxatGnrCati RtUv)aneRKageGayeRbIR)as;CasklkgryeBlb:unanqaMxag
muxenH. shrdGaemrikebCJafapas;brxateTACaxat SI. RbeTsGg;eKs kaNada
GURsalI nigRbeTsddeTot )annwgkMBugeRbIxat SI CaeRcInqaMmkehIy.
xatmUldankgRbBn SI KWCaxatRbEvg TMgn;maD nigeBlevla mandUcCa Em:Rt
(m) KILRkam (kg) nigvinaTI (s).

1>4 bnk (Loads)

bnkEdlmanGMeBIelIeRKOgbgM GacRtUv)anEbgEckCa3RbePTFMKW bnkefr
bnkGefr nig bnkbriyakas. FatubgMsMNg; RtUvEtKNnaRTRTg;nUvbnkCak;lak;.
1> bnkefr rYmman TMgn;eRKOgbgM TMgn;pal;rbs;va nigsMParGcinEdlenA
elIeRKOgbgM dUcCa kar:Unig)ayGr CBaaMg sMPardMbUl.l.
2> bnkGefr KWCabnkTaMgLayNaEdlminEmnCabnkefr. CaTUeTA bnkGefr
rYmmandUcxageRkam
- bnkeRbIR)as; bgBImnusS eRKOgsgarwm nigTMnijepSg
- TMgn;cracrelIs<an
9

- kMlaMgDINamiucecjBIbnkclt rWbnksnHxl;>>>.l.
3> bnkbriyakassMxan; rYmman bnkRBil sMBaFxl; bnkrBaydI sMBaFvt
rav rWdIrujRcanelIeRKOgbgMTb; dUcCa CBaaMgTb;dI GagTwk>>>.l. bnkTwkePg
bnkbNalBIsItuNPaB.
bnkRBil elIeRKOgbgM mantMlERbRbYlenAcenaH 0.5kN/m nig 2.0kN/m
GaRsyelIGakasFatuTItaMg.
taragTI 1>1 xageRkam manbgajBITMgn;maDsMParmYycMnYn nigtaragTI1>2
man raytMlbnkeRbIR)as;Gefr.
2

10

taragTI1>1 TMgn;maDsMPar
sMPar
sMParGKar
\d
sIum:g;t_pteLgFUr
sIum:g;t_pteLghab;
dIst
xSac; rWRKYsst
xSac; rWRKYsesIm

dg;sIuet (kg/m )
3

1924
1443
2933

1523
1600-1924

1892-1924

11

taragTI1>1 TMgn;maDsMPar (bn)

sMPar
vtrav
eRbg
Twk (enA 4 C)
Twkkk
elah nig xniC
GaluymIuj:m
Tg;Edg
o

dg;sIuet (kg/m )
3

930
1000
898

2645

8913

12

taragTI1>1 TMgn;maDsMPar (bn)

sMPar
Edk
sMN
EdkEfk
fkMe)ar rWm:ab
fPk;
f)asal;

dg;sIuet (kg/m )
3

7214
11380
7850
2645

2356
2805
13

taragTI1>1 TMgn;maDsMPar (bn)

sMPar
ebtugTMgn;Fmta
ebtugsuT
ebtugsrsEdk rWeRbkugRtaMg

dg;sIuet (kg/m )
3

2324
2405

14

taragTI 1>2 tMlbnkGefreRbIR)as;

PaBrs;enA
TIlanRbmUlpM
mnIreBT
sNaKar

GarKars;enA

TIedayELk
ekAGICab;
ekAGIclt
bnb;vHkat;
bnb;kCn
bnb;ePJv
bnb;saFarN
evrg;da
pHkCn rW pHElVg
bnb;saFarN

bnkGefrsMrab;KNna (kN/m2)
2.9
4.8
2.9

1.9
1.9
4.8
4.8
1.9

4.8

15

2- sMPar

(Material)

2>1 ebtug (Concrete)

2>1>1 PaBFn;sgt; (Compressive Strength)
PaBFn;sgt;rbs;ebtug f enAGauy28f bnab;BIkarcak;ehIy CaFmta)anBII
eFVIkarsgt;tambeNaysMNaksg;daragsIuLaMgEdlmanbnat;pit 150mm nigkMBs;
300mm rUbTI 1>1 rhUtdl;Ebkedaym:asIunsgt; rUbTI 1>2. kgrUbTI 1>3 bgaj
BIExSekagkugRtaMgnigvirUbkm (stress-strain curve) Edl)anBIkarBiesaFn_ sMNakebtug
ragsIuLaMgeRkamGMeBInkMlaMgsgt;EtmYy. virUbkmenARtg;kMBUl kugRtaMgsgt;KWRbhak;
RbEhl 0.002 ehIyvirUbkmGtibrmarbs;ebtugKW RbmaN 0.003 .
c

16

rUbTI 1>1 sMNakragsIuLaMgsMrab;BiesaFn_PaBFn;sgt;

17

rUbTI 1>2 m:asIunsgt;ebtug

18

rUbTI 1>3 ExSekagkugRtaMgnigvirUbkmrbs;ebtug

19

fc

CaPaBFn;ebtugEdlBiesaFn_sMNaksg;darragsIuLaMgenAGayu 28 f
150

300

150
ASTM

150

BS

150

fc ASTM

0.85 f c BS

rUbTI 1>4 TMhMxatsg;darrbs;sMNakragsIuLaMg nig ragKUb

PaBFn;ebtugeRbICaFmta 20MPa, 25MPa, 30MPa
PaBFn;ebtugx<s; 35MPa 70MPa
20

Gayuebtug
sMrab;sIum:g;t_pteLgFmta kMeNInPaBFn;CamYyry EdlTak;TgnwgPaBFn;
Gayu 28f Gacnwgsnt;dUckgtaragTI 1>3.
RTg;RTay nigTMhMxatnsMNakBiesaFn_
TMnak;TMngPaBFn;sgt;rbs;ebtugragsIuLaMg nigKUbmanbgajkgtaragTI 1>4.
kgtaragTI 1>5 xageRkampl;eGayTMnak;TMngPaBFn; sMrab;TMhMsMNakrag
sIuLaMgxusKa CaPaKrynPaBFn;rbs;sMNaksg;dar/ kMBs;sIuLaMgTaMgGs; KWesInwg
2dgnbnat;pit.
CYlkalrUbsNansIuLaMgminsg;darrbs;ebtugkRtUv)aneKeFVIBiesaFn_pgEdr.
pleFobnkMBs;elIbnat;pitFMnaMeGayPaBFn;sgt;exSay.

21

taragTI1>3 PaBFn;GaRsynwgGayukalebtug
Gayu 7f 14f 28f 3Ex 6Ex 1qaM 2qaM 5qaM
pleFob
0.67
0.86
1.00
1.17
1.23
1.27 1.31 1.35
PaBFn;
taragTI1>4 pleFobPaBFn;nnsMNakragsIuLaMgelIKUb
PaBFn;sgt; 7.0 15.5 20.0 24.5 27.0 33.8 37.0 41.5
(N/mm2)

pleFobPaBFn;
ragsIuLaMgelIKUb

45.0 51.5

0.77 0.76 0.81 0.87 0.91 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.96
22

taragTI 1>5 TMhMsMNakRbsiTiPaBsMrab;PaBFn;sgt;rbs;ebtug

TMhMsIuLaMg
in

mm

TMnak;TMng
PaBFn;sgt;;

24
36
612

50100
75150
150300

1.09
1.06
1.00

816
1224
1836

200400
300600
450900

0.96
0.91
0.86

2448
3672

6001200
9001800

0.84
0.82
23

mU:DuleGLasicrbs;ebtug E GacKNna)andUcxageRkam
c

Ec 0.043

1.5
c

f 'c

(1.1)

Edl KWCaTMgn;maDebtug (kg/m ) nig f CaPaBFn;ebtug (MPa)

sMrab;ebtugmanTMgn;maDFmta ( c 2320kg / m3 ), Ec GacKNnatam
4800 f 'c
(MPa).
3

2>1>2 PaBFn;Taj (Tensile Strength)

sMrab;ebtugPaKeRcIn PaBFn;Tajpal; RtUv)an):an;sanRbEhl 10% nPaBFn;
sgt;.

24

kugRtaMgEbk f rbs;sMNakragsIuLaMg KWGacRtUv)anBiesaFn_edaydak;sMNak

edkkgm:asIunBiesaFn_ ehIyGnuvtbnktambnat;pitrhUtdl;eRbHEbk rUbTI 1>5
GacKNnark)andUcrUbmnxageRkam.
s

Edl

2P
fs
LD

(1.2)

CabnkGnuvtsrubEdlbMEbksIuLaMg
L CaRbEvgsIuLaMg
D Cabnat;pitsIuLaMg
CaTUeTAPaBFn;TajebtugenAcenaHBI 7% eTA 11% nPaBFn;sgt;rbs;va Edl
CamFm 10%.
P

25

rUbTI 1>5 karBiesaFn_bMEbksMNaksIuLaMg

26

m:UDulpac; f KitCa MPa GacKNna)andUcxageRkam

0.63 f 'c sMrab;ebtugTMgn;maDFmta

f r 0.52 f 'c sMrab;ebtugTMgn;maDxSac;Rsal (1.3)

0.45 f ' sMrab;RKb;ebtugTMgn;maDRsal
c

2>1>3 emKuNBrsug (Poissons Ratio)

emKuNBrsug ERbRbYlcenaHBI 0.15 eTA 0.2 sMrab;TaMgebtugTMgn;maDFmta
nigRsal. emKuNBrsugRtUv)aneRbIkgkarviPaKeRKOgbgMBiess dUcCa kMralsMEb:t
(flat slabs) rUgeRkamdI (tunnels) GagTwk (tanks) TMnb;ragekag (arch dams)
nigeRKOgbgMsaTicminkMNt;dTeTot. sMrab;sMPareGLasicsac;EtmYy emKuNBrsug
KWesI 0.25 ehIyCamFmtMl 0.18 GacRtUv)aneRbIcMeBaHebtug.

27

CaTUeTAemKuNBrsugRtUv)ankMNt;ykesInwg 0.2 sMrab;ebtugPaBFn;Fmta

ehIyesI nwg 0.15 sMrab;ebtugPaBFn;x<s;.
2>1>4 m:UDulkat; (Shear Modulus)
mU:DuleGLasicebtugrgkarkat;mantMlRbmaNBI 0.4 eTA 0.6 nm:UDul
eGLasic rgkarkarsgt;. tamRTwsIeGLasic m:UDulkat;KWRtUv)ankMNt;yktamrUbmn
dUcxageRkam G E
(1.4)
c

2(1 )

Edl CaemKuNBrsug. ebIemKuNBrsug = 0.2 naMeGay Gc 0.417Ec

2>1>5 PaBFn;kat; (Shear Strength)
PaBFn;kat;GacKitcab;BI 20% eTA 30% FMCagPaBFn;Tajrbs;ebtug rW RbmaN
12% nPaBFn;sgt;rbs;va.
28

bTdan ACI Code GnuBaateGayPaBFn;kat;cugeRkayKW 0.17 f ' (MPa )

enAelImuxkat;ebtugsuT.
2>1>6 karrYjsac; nigRskmaD (Creep and Shrinkage)
karrYjsac; nigRskmaDnebtug CalkNERbRbYlEdlBwgEpkelIcMnYnemKuN/
mYycMnYnnBYkvanwgminRtUv)ansal;enAxNKNnaeT. emKuNRskmaD (shrinkage
coefficients) RtUv)ankMNt;RbEhl 0.0002 eRkayryeBl 28f nig 0.0005
eRkayryeBl 1qaM.
dUcenHsrubmk TaMgkarrYjmaD nigkarRskmaDnebtug KWCakMhUcRTg;RTay
EdlGaRsyelIryeBl.
c

29

2>2 Edk (Reinforcement Steel)

EdkRtUv)aneRbIy:agTUlMTUlaysMrab;ebtugGaem:. bnat;pitEdkmUlEdlGac
rk)ancab;BI 6mm dl; 36mm bUkEfmRbePTBiess2KW 45mm nig 57mm rUbTI
1>6. EdkfaMgGMeBAmaneRcInRbePT rUbTI 1>7 nigeRcIncMNab;fak;PaBFn;.

rUbTI 1>6 Edkrelag nigEdkfaMgGMeBA

30

rUbTI 1>7 RbePTEdkfaMgGMeBA

cMNab;fak; PaBFn; Edk
- cMNab;fak; 300 (Grade 300) PaBFn;KW 300MPa
- cMNab;fak; 350 (Grade 350) PaBFn;KW 350MPa
- cMNab;fak; 420 (Grade 420) PaBFn;KW 420MPa
cMNab;fak;EdkTaMg3RbePTxagelIKWRtUv)aneRbICaFmtaeRcIn.

31

- cMNab;fak; 520 (Grade 520) PaBFn;KW 520MPa

EdkfaMgGMeBA CaFmtaRtUv)aneRbICaEdkBRgwgkgsMNg;s<anebtugsrsEdkPaK
eRcIn. EdkBRgwg (reinforcing bar) RtUvpliteLIgtambTdan ASTM A615/A615M
RtUv)aneRbIy:agTUlMTUlaykgsMNg;.
2>2>1 TMhM nigRTRTayEdk (Bar Shape and Size)
bnat;pitedImnEdkxaMgGMeBA KWsmmUleTAnwgEdkrelag Edlmanm:as;kg 1m
dUcKanwgEdkfaMgGMeBAEdr. taragTI 1>6 CataragTMhMEdkfaMgGMeBA EdlGaRsytam
bTdan ASTM nigtaragTI 1>7 CataragEdkEdlGacrk)ankgRbeTskm<Ca.
32

33
33

taragTI 1>6 TMhM nigTMgn;EdkfaMgGMeBA

elxEdk bnat;pit [mm] RkLap [mm ] ktaTMgn; [kg/m]
2

(Bar Number) (Diameter, mm)

10
9.5
13
12.7

(Area, mm2)
71
129

(Unit Weight, kg/m)

0.560
0.994

16
19
22

15.9
19.1
22.2

199
284
387

1.552
2.235
3.042

25
29
32
36

25.4
28.7
32.3
35.8

510
645
819
1006

3.973
5.060
6.404
7.907

43
57

43.0
57.3

1452
2581

11.38
20.24

34

taragTI 1>7 TMhM nigTMgn;EdkEdlGacrk)ankgRbeTskm<Ca

bnat;pit [mm] RkLap [mm ] ktaTMgn; [kg/m]
2

(Diameter, mm)
6

(Area, mm2)
28

(Unit Weight, kg/m)

0.222

8
10
12

50
78
113

0.395
0.617
0.888

14
16
20

153
201
314

1.208
1.578
2.466

22
26
28

380
530
615

2.984
4.168
4.834

32

804

6.313

35

2>2>2 ExSekagkugRtaMgnigvirUbkm (Stress-Strain Curve)

critlkNEdk CaFmtaKWRtUv)ancglcirtlkNedayExSekagkugRtaMg nig
virUbkmeRkamGMeBIkMlaMgTaj . ExSekagkugRtaMgnigvirUbkm sMrab;EdkcMNab; 300 nig
420 RBmTaMg 520 KWbgajkgrUbTI 1>8-1 nig 1>8-2.
2>2>3 m:UDuleGLasic (Modulus of Elasticity)
m:UDuleGLasic E nEdk RtUv)ankMNt;ykesInwg 200,000MPa.
s

36

rUbTI 1>8-1 ExSekagkMlaMgsMBaFpnigvirUbkmrbs;Edk

37

rUbTI 1>8-2 ExSekagkMlaMgsMBaFpnigvirUbkmrbs;Edk

38