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International Journal of Advanced Computer Science, Vol. 3, No. 8, Pp. 388-394, Aug. 2013.

Internet Traffic Classification Using Multifractal Analysis Approach


Yulios Zavala, Jeferson Wilian de Godoy Stnico & Lee Luan Ling
Manuscript
Received: 15,Apr., 2011 Revised: 5,May, 2011 Accepted: 21,Jun., 2011 Published: 15,Jul., 2011

Keywords
Network Traffic, Traffic Classification, Multifractal Analysis, Multiplicative Cascade

Abstract In this work, we present a traffic classifier based on the theory of multifractal network traffic. We use precisely the concept of multiplicative binomial cascades to get a feature vector to be used in the classification scheme. This vector is obtained by the multiplier variances of the multiplicative cascade traffic view. We analyze the performance of the technique proposed by a popular ML Software-based and the results showed viability classification rates of traffic over 90%.

1. Introduction
The global data traffic on the internet has grown rapidly and must quadruple over the next few years as Cisco predicts [1], mainly driven by the greater number of devices (tables and smartphones), the growth of users, the highest speed broadband and the increment of video on the network. In this scenario the correct classification of types of traffic plays an important role. The network management tasks, such as workload characterization, capacity planning, provision of routes, traffic control and policing depends on the identification and classification of network traffic [2]. Network operators need to know what is flowing through their networks in real time so they can react quickly to avoid many problems and achieve their business goals. Thus if these operators want to block incoming traffic to a protocol on your network or if any IPS (Internet Server Provider) tries to process different types of connections with different priority, e.g. limiting the delay of the data in real time, the identification of the protocol in use is key [3]. Therefore the precise classification of network traffic is essential for various activities related to networks, from security monitoring to accounting, and from Quality of Service to providing operators with useful forecasts for long-term provisioning [4]. Increasingly, new applications are being deployed on the internet, e.g. P2P, voip, video, applications that have
Yulios Zavala, Jeferson Wilian de Godoy Stnico and Lee Luan Ling are with School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, State University of Campinas Unicamp, PO Box 6101-13.083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil, e-mail: {yulos,jeferson,lee}@ decom.fee.uncamp.br.
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become popular quickly, and that increase the use of ports unpredictable. Thus, with this evolution of the traffic the traditional classification techniques, such as those based on the well-known port numbers or payload of the packet analysis [5], are not effective for all types of network traffic, or are unable to be deployed because of concerns about security or privacy for the data. Because of this great importance, different techniques have been studied and used to classify network traffic. In this paper we propose a new multifractal technique based in the use of cascades multiplicative to development a reliable internet traffic classifier. After extract characteristics of a group of records with multifractal theory we use them as inputs of machine learning algorithm to determine the performance and feasibility of the use of multifractal analyze. The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 reviews related work in this field. Section 3 overview the basic concepts of multifractal and multiplicative cascades. Section 4 gives the technique experiments and results. At last, we conclude the paper.

2. Related Work
There are a considerable number of works that study classification techniques of network traffic and internet. This section provides an overview of these techniques and systems that are related to our work. The classical techniques using the well-known port numbers defined by IANA(Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) to identify internet traffic (e.g. Domain Name Service applications commonly use port 53) but currently this technique is ineffective because there are applications that use dynamic port numbers to mask their traffic to be recognized as known applications (e.g. the current generation of P2P applications). The work of Karaginnis et al. shows the classic techniques problems [6]. Another technique used is the analysis of packet payloads as in [7]. This technique searches in payloads features to differentiate one application from other but can be difficult or maybe impossible when analyzed applications using proprietary protocols or encrypted traffic. The need to work with traffic patterns, large sets of multi-dimensional data and various types of traffic attributes are the reasons for the introduction of ML (Machine Learning) techniques in this field. Nguyen et al. survey and compare the complete literature in the eld of ML-based trafc classication in [8]. Moore et al. [4] proposed 249 ow discriminators and used machine

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learning to select those best to classify new ows [9]. Similar strategies were applied in [10-14] to determine the class or protocol type of traffic analyzed. Although exist an extensive work in the field of traffic classification, there are some important issues remain unresolved and consequently the majority of ML-based techniques are not used by the network operators [15].

3. Methodology
The traffic on communications networks is analyzed using probabilistic processes that represent the impose users utilization on network resources. So are considered variables such as inter-arrival time of packets, time between connections, length of connections, packet length, and duration between sessions. In the beginning researches was thought that inter-arrival times were independent of each other, and the amount of demand. Subsequently was necessary including the effect of correlation between these variables. So they began using Poisson traffic models where the correlation falls exponentially over time. Important theoretical concepts to the analyst of networks appear in 1941 with Kolmogorov who introduced the concept of self-similarity to describe scaling process without changes in their statistical properties [16] and in 1977 Mandelbrot proposed the term fractal to describe irregular objects [17]. With these concepts in 1993 Leland et. al. [18], using Ethernet traffic collected in the network of Bellcore Morristown Research and Center Engineering, demonstrated that traffic traces of modern high speed data networks exhibit fractal properties, such as self-similarity and long-range dependence (LRD). It was found that these properties, especially the long-range dependence, have a strong influence on network performance [19], however not being adequately modeled by Poisson processes or more generically, Markov models. In contrast to the self-similar or monofractal behavior, some recent studies suggest that the measured TCP/IP and WAN ATM traffic flows exhibit a more complex scaling behavior, which is consistent with multifractals [20, 21]. Multifractal based traffic modeling is more general than the monofractal based (e.g., self-similar and long range dependent), and provides a more accurate and detailed description of network traffic series in different time scales [22]. Many different multifractal traffic models have been proposed. Most and widely studied ones include: MWM ( Multifractal Wavelet Model) [23], AWMM - (Adaptive Wavelet Based Multifractal Model) [24], MMNB (Multifractal Model based in Newton Binomial) [25], Multi-scaling Models with Lognormal [26] and Pareto [27] distributed traffic loads, and VVGM (Variable Variance Gaussian Multiplier) [28]. This section explains the procedure of constructing conservative multiplicative cascade and presents the construction of inverse cascade, as a method to verify that a given set of data is consistent with a conservative cascade construction.
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A. Multifractal The concept of multifractal process was introduced by Mandelbrot in the context of turbulence [16]. Currently the multifractal theory has found applications in several areas that need to describe non-linear phenomena which have multiplicative structure, such as stock prices [29], geophysical phenomena [30], evolution of DNA [15], traffic modeling [23-25],[28], and others. The network traffic to be considered multifractal means it has a strong dependence on the inherent structure, with an incidence of bursts at various scales. These characteristics make the network performance be worse than that estimated using Gausssian and short-dependency models [31]. The simplest multifractal is typically constructed by an iterative procedure called multiplicative cascade [17]. In this study we use the concept of multiplicative cascades to building our internet traffic classifier. B. Multiplicative Cascades Definition 1: A multiplicative cascade is an iterative process that fragments a given set into smaller pieces according to some geometric rule and at the same time the total mass distribution in the given set according to another rule. The cascade called binomial, i.e., where the division of a given set occurs every two, is the simplest way to obtain a multifractal process. Given a closed set [0,1] it generates a multiplicative cascade as follows: Let m0 = r and m1 = 1 r , two multipliers for cascade generation, possibly with random r. At stage n = 0 of the cascade iteration, we have the unit measure denoted by 0 uniformly distributed on interval [0, 1]. At stage N = 1 the initial measure is divided into two parts, m0 on the subinterval [0,1/2] and mass m1 on [1/2, 1] . At stage N = 2, the interval [0,1/2] is again divided into two subintervals [0,1/4] and [1/4, 1/2] and the procedure is repeated for interval [1/2,1], with the following measures [17]: 2 [0,1/4] = m0 m0 2 [1/4,1/2] = m0 m1 (Equ. 1) 2 [1/2,3/4] = m1 m0 2 [3/4,1] = m1 m1 This process is iterated for k levels, and at each stage it can be seen that total measure is preserved. Considering the k th stage of the cascade, the mass is fragmented over the dyadic sub-intervals of type [t, t + 2k ] with their corresponding measures s . Let 0 and 1 denote the relative frequencies of 0s and 1s , respectively, in the cascade development. The measure in the dyadic interval [t, t + 2k ] is given by: [t, t + 2k ] = [k ] = m0 0 m1
k k1

(Equ. 2)

In Figure 1 illustrates the formation of this cascade for two stages.

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International Journal of Advanced Computer Science, Vol. 3, No. 8, Pp. 388-394, Aug. 2013.
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6

Multiplier

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 10 20 30 Time 40 50 60

Fig. 2. Inverse Cascade Stage 6


1 0.9

Fig.1. Binomial Multiplicative Cascade

0.8 0.7 0.6

Conservative cascades are a type of multiplicative cascade that conserves mass in all its stages. Conservative cascades are arise naturally in the data network context and the inverse-cascade construction provides a simple heuristic for checking whether or not a given data set conforms to an underlying conservative cascade construction [32]. So the main objective of building the inverse cascade is verify or not the conservative rule in the mass redistribution of an initial range for the two subintervals, and if so it, infer the relevant statistical properties of the cascade conservative generator. For example, we use the data set WWW (web traffic) and bitTorrent. So we take the arrival time traffic data at stage (N 1). The traffic series at cascade stage N can be obtained by adding consecutive values of the later stage in non-overlapping blocks of size 2. Similarly, given the Nj number on the scale (N j), Xi , (i = 1, , 2Nj ), obtain data on the scale by adding (N j 1) , consecutive values of stage (N j) as follows: Xi
Nj1

Multiplier

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 Time 300 350 400 450 500

Fig. 3. Inverse Cascade Stage 9


35 30 25 20
fR(r)

100 90 80 70 60
fR(r)

50 40 30 20

15 10 5

10

0 0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5 r

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

0 0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5 r

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

(a) Fig. 4 (a) Stage N = 5, (b) Stage N = 8


0.12 0.1 0.08

(b)

= X2i1 X2i

Nj

Nj

WWW bitTorrent

(Equ. 3)
Variance

For i = 1, , 2 . This procedure terminates when the aggregation value is a single point on the final stage of (i) the cascade. An estimate rj multipliers can be obtained by the following equation adapted [32]:
(i) rj

Nj1

0.06 0.04 0.02 0 1 2 3 4 5


Stage

Xi

Nj

X2i1

Nj1

(Equ. 4)
(i)

For i = 1, , 2Nj1 . We can consider rj as samples of the distribution of multipliers fRj (r) in stage j. The multiplier distribution at scale j, can be obtained (i) from the histogram of rj . Figure 2 and 3 shows the levels 6 and 9 of the inverse cascade construction using the WWW traffic trace and Figure 4 shows the histograms for bitTorrent traffic trace, to stages N = 5 and N = 8. It can be observed that the distribution of the multipliers (generator of the multiplicative cascade) is approximately Gaussian, with mean 0.5. From the distributions obtained, we estimate the variance at each stage of the inverse cascade, as seen in Figure 5.

10

Fig.5. Measured Variance

C. Proposed Approach The main reason of this work is to show the performance and viability of our multifractal Internet traffic classifier. Consider the variable arrival time of a set of packets that belongs to the same type of traffic. We use the construction process of inverse cascade explained in Section above for obtain the multipliers of the variable considered. The variance values of the multipliers obtained are placed in a vector called the feature vector. For example, if we analyze a set of 256 packages will get a cascade of eight levels and our feature vector was formed by the
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variance values of the multipliers in each level, thus, this vector will have eight values. We build the training dataset that consists of pairs {features, label}, where features are represented as a vector of traffic features and the label is a name that identies the network application that generated the traffic. So in the training phase we decided to use the C4.5 supervised ML method [33] given its high accuracy and low overhead compared to other ML techniques. The C4.5 algorithm generates a decision tree from data, performed recursively by partitioning. The algorithm considers all possible tests that can divide the data set and select the test that results with the highest information gain. For each discrete attribute, it is considered a test with n outcomes, where n is the number of possible values that can take the attribute. For each continuous attribute, binary test is performed on each of the attribute values. At each node, the system must decide which test chooses to split de data. This C4.5 algorithm builds in an offline phase a model from a pre-classified training dataset build before. In the identification phase we first extract the feature vector of the set of traffic records to analyze. This vector is used by the trained model, built in the previous phase, to generate the application prediction. Figure 6 shows the scheme used in the process of classifying an unknown traffic.

dataset.
TABLE 1 PACKET DATA SET

Class www Mail

Port 80 25

Instances 70000 60000

The second dataset was the evaluation dataset used in the paper [35] consists of seven traces collected at the Gigabit access link of the Universitat Politcnica de Catalunya (UPC), which connects about 25 faculties and 40 departments (Geographically Distributed in 10 campuses) to the Internet through the Spanish Research and Education network (RedIRIS). We only use four application types (Bittorrent, Domain Name Service - Dns, http and voip) of the UPC-II. Table 2 shows this flow dataset.
TABLE 2 FLOWS DATA SET

Application BitTorrent DNS HTTP Skype

Instances 70000 60000 60000 70000

The last data set used was the NSL-KDD [37] that is a improvement Data Set of KDD-99 used for The Third International Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining Tools Competition, the competition task was to build a network intrusion detector, a predictive model capable of distinguishing between bad connections, called intrusions or attacks, and good normal connections. Table 3 shows this anomalies dataset.
TABLE 3 ANOMALIES DATA SET Fig 6. Classification Technique.

Application Normal

Instances 67343 58630

4. Experimental Results
In this section we explain how the experiments have been configured, the datasets used and the categories of traffic analyzed. We tested the proposed technique on three trafc datasets. So the first one dataset consisted of anonymized payload traces collected at two edge links located in Italy, Spanish and USA. The UNINA trace [34] was captured at a link with 200Mbps network connection of the University for the Rest of the Internet. These traces are in tcpdump format. We used as the www traffic category Trace1 that is the traffic to TCP port 80, generated by clients inside the network at the University of Napoles Federico II - Unina reaching the outside world. As a traffic sample for the category Mail was used Trace1, this is traffic to TCP port 25 generated by clients inside the network at Unina reaching the outside world. Table 1 shows this packet
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Attacks

We performed our experiments on an Intel Pentium Dual Core 1.86GHz and 2.00GB of RAM. The inverse cascade construction algorithm was implemented in MATLAB 7. In this paper, we use WEKA ML software [28] to build the J48 decision tree, an open source java extension of the original C4.5. This software is also used in the work of Moore et al. to perform their analysis [4]. To evaluate the performance of classification algorithm were used metrics: Detection rate (DR), True positive rate (TPR), False positives rate (FPR). For each traffic class is defined metrics TPR and FPR as: = = (Equ. 5) (Equ. 6)

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where TP is the number of correctly classified positives samples, TN is the number of correctly classified negatives samples, FP is the number of incorrectly classified positives samples and FN is the number of incorrectly classified positives samples. We can observe that the metric TPR is the ratio of the number of positive samples correctly classified and the total number of positive samples and the metric FPR is the ratio between the number of negative incorrectly classified samples and the total number of negative samples. The metric DR is defined as: = (Equ. 7)

TABLE 8 FLOWS DATASET-TEST RESULTS Application Bittorrent Dns Http Skype 7 Stages TPR(%) FPR(%) 72.9 5.8 82.1 8.9 98.7 0.1 92.9 3.3 8 Stages TPR(%) FPR(%) 73.8 5.8 87.2 0.6 99.9 0.1 90.5 0.1

Tables 4 and 5 shows classification rates metrics of Packets DataSet using seven (7n) and eight (8n) cascade stages with two traffic features (Inter-arrival Time and Packet Size).
TABLE 4 PACKETS DATASET-TRAIN RESULTS Class www Smtp 7 Stages TPR(%) FPR(%) 90.7 30.1 69.9 9.3 8 Stages TPR(%) FPR(%) 97.4 15.8 84.2 2.6

We can see in the rates of classification for the tables 7 and 8 increased due to the use of more features for our analysis in this case three. Thus the use of more features improves the performance of our technique, as also shown in the Table 9 rates.
TABLE 9 FLOWS RESULTS 7 Stages DR (%) 94.43 86.50 8 Stages DR (%) 97.63 87.65

Train Test

TABLE 5 PACKETS DATASET-TEST RESULTS Class www Smtp 7 Stages TPR(%) FPR(%) 84.7 34.6 65.4 15.3 8 Stages TPR(%) FPR(%) 97.6 28.2 71.8 2.4

Tables 10 and 11 shows classification rates metrics of Anomalies DataSet using seven (6n) and seven (7n) cascade stages with four traffic features (Count, srv_count, dst_host_coun, dst_host_srv_count).
TABLE 10 ANOMALIES DATASET-TRAIN RESULTS Class Normal Attacks 6 Stages TPR(%) FPR(%) 99.4 0.5 99.5 0.6 7 Stages TPR(%) FPR(%) 99.9 0.2 99.8 0.1

True Positive Rate

Tables 4 and 5 show that with seven stages of the cascade we obtain an accuracy of 90% and 97% for eight stages so that we can observe that with greatest number of stages used, the feature vector will be larger which implies a better classification of traffic. This is confirmed by observing the detection rates shown in the Table 6.
TABLE 6 PACKETS RESULTS 7 Stages DR (%) 81.06 75.46 8 Stages DR (%) 91.32 85.18

100 99 98 97 96 5 6 7 8 Stages Normal Attacks 9 10

Train Test

Tables 7 and 8 shows classification rates metrics of Flows DataSet using seven (7n) and eight (8n) cascade stages with three traffic features (Packets Number, Flow Bytes and Flow Time).
TABLE 7 FLOWS DATASET-TRAIN RESULTS

Fig. 7 True Positive Rate of levels 5 to 10 for Anomalies Train Dataset.

TABLE 11 ANOMALIES DATASET-TEST RESULTS Class 6 Stages TPR(%) FPR(%) 98.7 22.5 77.5 1.3 7 Stages TPR(%) FPR(%) 99.9 17.0 83.0 0.1

Application Bittorrent Dns Http Skype

7 Stages TPR(%) FPR(%) 86.6 2.4 99.8 4.4 93.6 0.1 98.2 0.5

8 Stages TPR(%) FPR(%) 93.4 0.7 98.7 1.7 99.8 0.6 98.9 0.1

Normal Attacks

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True Positive Rate

100 90 80 70 5 6 7 8 Stages Normal Attacks 9 10


[8] [6]

[7]

Fig. 8 True Positive Rate of levels 5 to 10 for Anomalies Test Dataset

For the last dataset analyzed we can observe in the tables 10, 11 and 12 a good classification rate. So this demonstrates the viability of our classification technique that can achieve more than traditional techniques for traffic flow classification that are often no-more accurate that 50-70% [4].
TABLE 12 ANOMALIES RESULTS 6 Stages DR (%) 94.44 86.61 7 Stages DR (%) 99.89 90.28

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

Train Test

[13]

5. Conclusions
In this work, we have evaluated three datasets for classifying traffic application employed with packets, flows and anomaly records. In ours experiments, the classification technique based on multifractal multiplicative cascades can archive detection rates above 90% . The multifractal classification technique extract traffic features to build a model on offline phase, which is later used to identify network traffic online. The approach showed a good performance in classification task of records traces studied in experiments with six, seven and eight cascade stages. We believe that the performance of this technique can be refined thought the selection of optimum numbers of cascades levels used for the analysis.
[14]

[15] [16]

[17]

[18]

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Yulios Zavala Huaman Has graduation at Ingeniera de Sistemas e Informtica by Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (2005) is a master's student in Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Communication Networks, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp. Has experience in the area of Electrical Engineering, with emphasis on telecommunications. His research is specialized in application and service identication. He interests span network monitoring, machine learning, data mining.

Jeferson Wilian de Godoy Stnico received the B.S. in Mathematics from Universidade Estadual Paulista Jlio de Mesquita Filho UNESP, Brazil (2006) and M. Sc. in Electrical Engineering from State University of Campinas Unicamp, Brazil (2009), is currently Ph.D. student at Electrical Engineering from State University of Campinas Unicamp. His current research interests include network traffic modeling, network design, performance analysis and communications system.

Lee Luan Ling received the B.S. and M. Sc. Degrees in electrical Engineering from University of So Paulo (1980) and State University of Campinas (1984), respectively, in So Paulo, Brazil. In 1991 he received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from Cornell University, Ithaca, USA. In 1984 he became a faculty member at School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, State University of Campinas where currently he is a Full Professor. His current research interests include pattern recognition, handwriting recognition, biometrics, image processing, artificial intelligence, video monitoring and surveillances, network traffic modeling and network design and performance analysis.

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