Chapter 6 Kingdom Animalia Animal Diversity I Animal characteristics, Invertebrates Learning Goals At the end of this chapter, you

u should able to: Describe the unique characteristics of Kingdom Animalia State the classification of Animalia into nine phyla Differentiate each phyla in animal kingdom Explain the invertebrate animals

6.0

An introduction to animals diversity

Assalamualaikum and good day everyone! Today we will learn about animal kingdoms. There is a broad aspect in animal diversity and can be found in almost all types of environments. Lets take a look on your surroundings, over 3700 species of mammals, 8600 species of birds, and about 20000 species of fish, which together with other organisms give a total of 42,000 known vertebrates! Diversity of other groups especially the arthropods and molluscs, is even more staggering around the world. Among of these organisms, there is a great structural complexity and an apparently purposeful adaptation of many characteristics to the environments. It works from a range of the molecular level within species genome to a much larger scale that encompasses the entire ecosystem.

Figure 1. Conceptual pyramid. The levels of organization in biodiversity. Species diversity which is occurs at molecular level in order to fit well in the ecosystems

Source: Adaptation from http://www.biodiversitybc.org. Genetics, Species, and Ecosystem Diversity. Conserving the Variety of Life.

What make animals special from plants?

6.1

Animal characteristics

Many of their characteristics shared by all animals, but what make it differ from one another? 6.1.2 All animals are eukaryotes
Figure 2. Eukaryotic cell

Source: ww.the-simple-homeschool.com

Its means animal have a linear strands of genetic material (DNA) which is attached to a proteins (called histones) and it is organized into chromosomes. Eukaryotic cells are more complex, structured, and larger than prokaryotic cells. Their DNA is linear and organized into chromosomes. But please remember, not all eukaryotes are animal.

6.1.3 Animals are multicellular Most animals (except sponges) have a body that made up from a multiple of cells which form a different tissue. It is organized together to perform a different body functions to give animals a mobility function to adapt with their surroundings. For sponges (Phylum Porifera), even it has a multicellular cells, it doesnt have a tissue specialization like any other animals. 6.1.4 Most animals undergo sexual reproduction Animals reproduce sexually via egg and sperm and produce zigot. This means genetic information is crossed between individuals and variability between parents and offspring is maintained. 6.1.5 Most animals are capable of movements Unlike plants, which are fixed to the substrate in which they grow, most animals are motile (capable of movement). One exception is again sponges, which are sedentary organisms (sessile). 6.2 Main phylum in Animalia

Kingdom Animalia are divided to certain group of phylum which is represents each animal within the ecosystems. That is: a) Porifera b) Coelentrata/Cnidaria c) Platyhelminthes d) Nematoda e) Annelida f) Arthropoda g) Mollusca h) Echinodermata i) Chordata Kingdom Animalia can be divided into two categories that is an invertebrates and vertebrates. This chapter will discuss on an invertebrates animals that is in Phylum Porifera, Coelentrata/Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca and Echinodermata.

6.3 Animalia (Invertebrates) In this chapter, well take a brief tour of the invertebrate world, using the phylogenetic tree as a guide, try to explore all invertebrate phyla and examine its characteristics.
Figure 3. Phylogenetic tree of animals kingdom.

Source: http://terra.dadeschools.net/books/biology/biologyexploringlife04/0-13-1150758/text/chapter23/concept23.9.html

6.4

Porifera

This phylum includes all sponge. Sponges are an aquatic with 9000 species are known and just 100 of them are freshwater species. It is found in the marine environment and attached to the rock surface in ocean.
Figure 4. Sponges

Source: http://news.discovery.com

Sponges are diverse and have a variety of colour, shaped like hollow tube and single body cavity. It is a simplest form of multicellular animals. Sponge doesnt have internal organs and muscles or nervous system. Its structure were consists with many small pores called ostia that allow the water containing with many plankton flow into its body.
Figure 5. Sponge body structure

Source: http://www.tutorvista.com

The structure of a sponge is simple. One end is attached to a base such as rock surface while the other end, is open for water leaves by way of a terminal osculum. Sponge also has an endoskeleton called as spicules located in mesohyl layered between sponge walls. These spicules are made up from silica, or sponging fibres (protein) and calcium carbonate. Most of it was characterized based on their spicules.

Asexual reproduction is by budding or regeneration. Sexual reproduction involves of both male and female gametes. Fertilization occurs in the mesoglea and the zygotes develop into multicellular free-living larvae which will develop into new individuals.

How the changes in water currents can effect sponge reproduction?

6.5

Coelenterata/Cnidaria

Coelenterates are made up from a group of simple aquatic animals which is much differs from one another. Include all jellyfish, corals, and sea anemones. They are radially symmetrical and have a single opening for ingestion and egestion. Cnidarians are sessile so they do not actively move from one place to another. Hence, they capture their prey like small fishes, crustaceans, and other kind of animals with their tentacles.
Figure 6. Examples of phylum Coelentrata

The tentacles and body of Coelenterata have stinging cells, cnidocytes which contain small but powerful called nematocysts, containing a coiled thread and small quantity of poison. When a cnidocil is stimulated, the tube is suddenly turned inside out, spearing the prey and injecting the poison. The tentacles contracts and pulling the prey toward the mouth. Reproduction is both asexual (by budding or strobilation) and sexual. Cnidarians can have two basic body forms, that is: a) Polyp is the cylindrical and sessile form, usually found attached to a substrate. It may be solitary or colonial. b) Medusa is the active, free-living form and is often umbrella-shaped with a mouth and tentacles.

Figure 7: Life cycle of Cnidarians Source : http://www.cabrillo.edu/~jcarothers/lab/notes/radiata/index.html

6.6

Platyhelminthes

Platyhelminthes are flatworms found in marine and freshwater habitats, as well as moist places on land. They are bilaterally symmetrical and tripoblastic, whereby the body wall is made up of three layers, the ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm. Flatworms are unsegmented and flattened dorso-ventrally from top to bottom.
Figure 8: Examples of flatworms

Sources: http://binder-science.wikispaces.com/Flatworms

Flatworms are acoelomates (without a coelom). Hence, they have their organs crammed in the body, giving it a fairly dense and solid appearance. The gut has only one opening, the mouth. Muscular contractions in the upper end cause a sucking force allowing the worm to ingest food. Flatworms are heterotrophic. Most species are parasitic, occurring within the bodies of many types of animals. Other flatworms are free living.
Figure 9: Platyhelminthes anatomy

Source: https://shsapbiop2-taxa.wikispaces.com/Animalia-platyhelmithes

Platyhelminthes do not have circulatory system and carry out gaseous exchange by diffusion. The nervous system is very simple and the central nervous system is placed at the anterior of the body. Most of it was hermaphrodite. Each individual contains both male and female sexual structures. In many of them, fertilization is internal.

How tape worms can survive without a coelom, a mouth, a digestive system, or an excretory system

6.6.1 Platyhelminthes as a parasite Most platyhelminthes are endoparasites, living within the bodies of many types of animals. They do not kill their host in order to obtain nutrients, instead they feed off the living tissues or absorb nutrients within the body of the host.

Figure 10: A flatworm parasite called Ribeiroia ondatrae infects a species of frogs just as they are developing their limbs, causing assortment of defects by multiple its legs that just out at weird angles from the frog bodies.

Source: http://ofpaperandponies.tumblr.com

For example, Taenia solia a species of tapeworm, infects pigs and humans. They bury their heads in the gut walls of their host and absorb predigested food of the host, through the cuticle. 6.7 Nematoda

An example of this phylum is the roundworm. Nematodes are abundant and diverse in the marine and freshwater habitats. Many also live in the soil. Most species are microscopic but few reach 30 cm in length.
Figure 11: Examples of Nematoda

Source: http://www.biodiversitysnapshots.net.au

Nematodes are tripoblastic, bilaterally symmetrical, cylindrical and unsegmented worms. It is elongated and round with pointed ends. They covered by a flexible, thick cuticle which is shed as the worms grow. The worms are recognized by their continual twisting and bending movements. This is due to the contraction of muscles which allows the body to flex in opposite directions.

Figure 12: Nematode anatomy

Source: http://www.okc.cc.ok.us/biologylabs

Nematodes have a through gut (a gut with both a mouth and an anus) which allows food to be continuously processed. They have excretory ducts that permit them to conserved water and live on land. Nematodes are heterotrophic. Some are free-living but many live as parasites in animals and plants. Reproduction is sexual. The sexes are usually separate. 6.7.1 The Elephantiasis causing agent The nematode, Brugia malayi which is found in the tropical regions of Asia, is a threadlike worm. It lives in the blood and lymph vessels of human, birds and mammals. It is transmitted from one primary host to another through biting insects such as mosquitoes.
Figure 13: The Elephantiasis

Source: http://www.globalpost.com/photo/5669941/elephantiasis

In severe infection, large numbers of these worms may block the passage of fluids within the lymph vessels. This causes elephantiasis, a condition in which the affected part of the body swells enormously.

6.8 Annelida This is an example of phylum Annelida, ragworms, earthworms and leeches.
Figure 14: Examples of Annelida

There are bilaterally symmetrical worms found in the marine, freshwater or terrestrial habitats. A distinct feature is the ringing of the body which is called metameric segmentation or segmentation. Each ring called a segment. Internally the segments are separated from each other by partitions called septa. Each segment contains organs such as circulatory, excretory, neural elements and locomotor organ (setae). Annelids also have fluid-filled coelom and creates hydrostatic skeleton. The muscles in the body aid annelids movements. The alternate contractions of these muscles produce a pressure in the coelomic fluid that forces the body to elongate or expand.

Figure 15: Annelids anotomy Source: http://bio1151b.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch33/earthworms.html

Annelids exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with the environments through their body surface by diffusion. Oxygen reaches the different parts of the bodies through blood vessels. They also have a through gut. This has allowed different gut regions to carry out different digestive functions. 6.8.1 Roles of annelid Soil aeration when the earthworms burrow through soil, they suck in organic and other materials by expanding their pharynx. The materials (soil and vegetation) they ingest pass through their digestive tracts and were deposited outside of its burrow in the form of castings. This activity aerates and mixes the soil and promotes the formation of humus. Therefore, earthworms play an essential part in improving soil fertility. Medical use Leeches are specialized external parasites that suck the infected or dirty bloods of vertebrates.
Figure 16: Soil aeration and medical use of Annelida

Sources: http://envirovigil.org/Products/Products-Vermi.html and http://hirudo.onepagefree.com/?id=17505

What is the ecological role of earthworms?

6.9

Arthropoda

Phylum Arthopoda includes crustaceans, centipedes, millipedes, arachnids and insects.

Figure 17: Examples of Phylum Arthopoda

Arthropods are tripoblastics coelomates. They are metamerically segmented and bilaterally symmetrical. Their bodies have distinct part that is the head, thorax and abdomen. The bodies of all arthropods are covered by exoskeleton or cuticle that contains chitin. The cuticle is waterproof and the inner surface of the exoskeleton provides a surface for muscle attachment. Arthropods have an open circulatory system, that is, their blood flows through cavities between internal organs and not through closed vessels. They also have a dorsal heart and body segments. Each segment bears a pair of jointed appendages used for locomotion, feeding or sensory purposes.
Figure 18: Internal anatomy of Arthropoda Female Crayfish

Source: http://universe-review.ca/R10-33-anatomy.htm 6.9.1 Success of Arthropoda as compared to other animals There are number of factors or feature that enables arthropods to be more successful in surviving when compared to other types of animals. They had a tough exoskeleton that protects arthropods from predators and helps prevent water loss. Furthermore, the segmented exoskeleton permits mobility and flexibility. The jointed appendages are adapted for various types of feeding, sensory functions and different types of locomotion such as walking, jumping and

swimming. The various mouthparts of arthropods are adapted for biting and chewing leave, sucking, nectar and blood as well as to pierce. Hence, they are able to feed on variety of food. Metamorphosis divides the life cycles into different stages. This reduces intraspecific competition as the larval forms have different lifestyles and so will not compete with adults for food or habitats. Some have stingers for offence and defence mechanisms such as bees and waps. Some have cryptic coloration, blending beautifully with their habitat or background to hide from predators. Other mimics a poisonous insect for protection while others remain motionless.

Can you tell the differences between species of insects and other Arthropods? What makes each of them specials?

6.10

Mollusca

Molluscs include snails, slugs, cockles, mussels, octopuses and squids.

Figure 19: Examples of Phylum Mollusca

They are abundant in aquatic and damp terrestrial habitats. They can be sessile of freeliving. Molluscs are coelomate, tripoblastic animals which have little trace of segmentation. They also have a distinct bilateral symmetry. It has a soft body which is covered by a shell, although this may reduce or lost. The shell made up from calcium carbonate (a calcerous skull).

What is the radula? What is the function of this organ?

Figure 20: Molluscs anatomy Source: http://sciencewithme.com/learn-about-mollusks/

Molluscs have a well-develop digestive system which includes a stomach and digestive glands. They have rasping organ, called radula in the mouth that is used to break off plant material or to bore into the flesh of preys. They are heterothropic. Molluscs creep along the ground on their muscular foot. Many mollusks have separate sexes except most gastropods which are hermaphrodites. Some species are able to change from one sex to another. 6.11 Echinodermata

Echinoderms are all marine animals with spiny skins such as starfish, brittle star, sea cucumber and sea urchins.

Figure 21: Example of Phylum Echinodermata

The echinoderms are tripoblastic, coelomate, unsegmented organisms. The larva is bilaterally symmetrical while the adults exhibit a five-way radial symmetry (pentameric symmetry). Echinoderms have a water vascular system which is a network of fluid-filled tubes that surround the mouth and pass into the arms.

Adults depend on tube feet for locomotion, a suction pumplike structure at the end of the tube feet grips substrates and is used to pry open the shell of bivalve mollusks. Echinoderms have spiny skin due to possession of calcerous ossicles (composed of hard calcium-rich plates) just beneath the delicate skin which forms the endoskeleton. Echinoderms can produce asexually and sexually. The sexes are separate. 6.11.1 Roles of Echinodermata A sea starfish called crown-of-thorns is a major threat to coral reefs in the sea. This echinoderm is thus named for its rows of poisonous spines located along its arm. It feeds almost exclusively on corals. Some variety of Holothuroidea (sea cucumber) are said to have excellent healing properties. Extract from the sea cucumbers are prepared and made into oil, cream or cosmetics.

Figures 22: Crown-of-thorns feeds on coral and Sea cucumber as a medicine Sources: http://www.divegallery.com/crownofthorns.htm and http://www.fuzing.com

Quick check
1) Describe how sponges feed. 2) Describe the structure and function of the stinging cells for which cnidarians are named. 3) Describe two adaptations that enabled insects to thrive on land. 4) How can the presence, localization and function of muscular tissue of the phylum Annelida be explained? 5) Can corals reef fisheries be sustainable? What can we do to save coral reefs?

References Johnson, George B. (2005). Biology, Visualizing Life. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. ISBN 0-03016723-X. OCLC 36306648. Campbell, Neil (2004). Biology (7th ed.). Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company. ISBN 08053-7146-X. OCLC 71890442. Sylvia S. Mader, Michael Windelspecht. (2011). Essentials of Biology. McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 0071315950, 9780071315951.