........

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.

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CONTEN Foreword Abstract
-.

Stress Rupture Behavior of PostWeld Heat 2-1 /4Cr-1 Mo Steel Weld Metal IM1r

ehl, -iJ/ l Jw-LG B JFK By C. D. n/din LJndii. C. Kelley, R. Menon, U -- 1 -T B. J. Kruse

: - r-- U1--e./
and
r

Treated ,

l 2 B ,-- U _tw&dquo;&dquo;.1

...............................

................................

1 1

introduction ............................ History and Applications Properties Creep Strengthening Mechanisms in Low Alloy Ferritic Steele .................... Availability Literature Review .......................
................. ......................
............................

2
2 2 3 4

a third WRC Bulletin on this subject. That Bulletin will report the results of several long-time stress rupture tests now underway. It is anticipated that the Bulletin will also report the results of work on some other important aspects of the high temperature performance of Cr-Mo steel weld-

be

menta.

The authors are to be commended for this monumental contribution to our knowledge of the high temperature properties of 2Y4-Cr 1-Mo steel weld metaL

4
4 7 9 17 18

Microstructure-Base Metal and Weld Metal Microstructural Effects on Creep Strength .. Alloying Element Effects on Creep Strength . Stress Itnpture Data Analysis..............

W.

L. Wilcox, Chairman on Weld Weld Metals Subcommittee on Metals and and Subcommittee Procedures Pressure
for Welding Vessel Steels, of the Pressure Vessel Research Committee

Summary

..............................

Materials and

Experimental Procedure ....

..................

19
19 19 22

Materials Stress Rupture Testing ................... Transformation Studies

..............................

>

Results and Discussion Stress Rupture Data Analysis ............. Comparison of Data Analysis Techniques
....

...............

23
23 45 46 47

Abstract
The goal of this program was to determine the effect of carbon content and postweld heat treatment (PWHT) on the stress rupture strength of 2-1/4Cr-IMo weld metal In order to establish the correlation between carbon level and rupture strength, weld metals with carbon contents in the range of 0.02-0.13 weight percent were tested. For this, the

Tensile Testing Microstructural Analysis

.

........................

.................

Conclusions ............................. Conclusions Appendix A References

............................. ..............................

62 64 65

first phase of the study, the PWHT selected was 13000 F for 25 hr. For the second phase, the effect of PWHT on rupture strength was evaluated by testing 0.08-0.09 carbon weld metal PWHT at 1175* F for 25.5 hr, comparing the results
with those for the same material PWHT at 1300 F for 25 hr. To gain further insight into the relationship between the rupture strength of 2-1/4Cr-1Mo weld metal and both carbon content and PWHT, additional rupture data were collected from the literature with the restriction that only data from tests of 100 percent weld metal specimens in the PWHT condition be considered. The resulting data base, consisting of data from this program as well as from the literature, was partitioned by both temper parameter and carbon content and analyzed using three separate techniques. The complete data obtained for this study are available upon request from The Metal Properties CouncilThe results of the analysis indicated that the 100,000 hour rupture strength of 2-1/4Cr-IMo weld metal increases as the temper parameter [P = (T + 460)(20 + logt) X 10-3], which charactertzes the PWHT, decreases. This effect is particularly pronounced for weld metal PWHT with P < 32.0 which, at 750 F, has a 100,000-hr rupture strength 40 to 45 KSI higher than that of weld metal PWHT with 32 0 < P < 36 2 This strength diminishes rapidly with increasing temperature and becomes insignificant at approximately y 9000 F. .. e effect content en on The e ff.f...t ect of Car carbon on con on rup t ure strengt .. d epen d s rupture depend strength on the PWHT given to the material For weld metal PWHT < 3 w,th P %%ith DT100,000-hr ru h increases dquo;&dquo; wtth 5 the . 100,000-hr mcreases Creases &with rupture ture stren p Strength carbon level 0B er the entire range of carbon contents typical

Foreword
This WRC Bulletin 315 complements WRC Bulletin 277, issued in May of 1982. Together, these Bulletins address the creep properties of 21/4-Cr 1-Mo steel weld metal deposited with several different welding processes. They contain data obtained from the literature as well as from the many tests conducted on this program. The experimental data, in both reports, are for weld metal of several different carbon contents postweld heat treated at either of two commonly used postweld heat treating temperatures. The welding processes for the experimental work reported in Bulletin 277 were electroslag and submerged arc, whereas the process for the experimental work in this Bulletin is shielded metal arc (covered electrodes). The extensive literature review providof these three processes, as well as for other ed data

,.

welding processes,

The work continues, and sometime in the future there will

foach

The

C. D. Lundin is Professor and Director of 1% elding Research and R Menon is Research Assooate m the Department of materials Science and of a TN S.C. Helleye University Tennessee, Knoxvtlle, V1-eldmg Metalur ist at The Homer Research Laboratories. Bethlehem Steel Corporation is a Staff Engoneer and B J. Kruse The Homer Duke Power Compan. Char. Company Char. Engineer ..,th with The The Duke lotte surth CaroLna this report on rubhcanon of Publication of this the Subcommittee e)d report was %as of sponsored the Pressure bB Vesse) Research Weld Metals and Welding Procedures of the Pressure Vessel Research Committee of the Reldmg Research Council

Engneenng,
_

advantage

and B

2-114Cr-IMo Weld Metal

f##RP%?YG.W*#*ziow* .

.. _
_

..- .

-...*m+ -

-..&dquo;&dquo; . - -II...

strength of weld steel In contrast, the 100,000-hr rupture strength of weld metal given a more extensive PWHT (P > 37.5) appears to increase with carbon content only for levels
up to about 0 05 weight percent. Weld metals having higher carbon contents have similar rupture strengths It should be

noted. however, that the strengthenmg effect of carbon dlminishes as the temperature increases In support of the rupture testing effort, extensive microstructural examination of the above weld metals in the aswelded, PWHT, and rupture tested condition was performed using the SEM and STEM This microstructural work was aimed at characterizing the microstructure as a function of carbon content and PWHT with the ultimate goal of correlating the microstructure with the stress rupture properties. SEM examination of the weld metals revealed the dependence of microconatituent morphology on prior material history. Furthermore, to obtain information on the type, size, morphology, distribution, and composition of the

and handling equipment on a regular basis where temperatures may reach as high as 1000 F to 1100* F.2-3 In the petrochemical industry, pressure vessels and , . petroreactors used in the refining and processing of leum are commonly composed of 2-1/4Cr-1Mo steel.4.-l Such processes as thermal reforming, polymerization, alkylation, and hydrocracking are performed in these vessels at nign vessels high temperatures and pressures.3.6 In the
, . ,

1,
t

,
.

past few years, 2-1/4Cr-lMo steel has also come to be used in the fabrication of heavy-section well-head

temperatures and pressures, in me

to sulfide stressuses in the alternative

j
j

t
i
i

equipment because of its resistance

4 cracking.4

2-1/4Cr-1Mo steel is being favorably considered for

a number of anumber

alloy carbides present, STEM examination of carbide extraction replicas taken form weld metal specimens was also

conducted. la the.... weld metal microstructure - - with Efforts to correlate

.

in the alternative ener energy field. Spurred on by the Arab oil embargo of 1973 and in anticipation of future petroleum shortages resulting from a dwindling supply of a limited resource, research and development in the areas of nuclear energy (fast
uses

obaerved ruputre behavior were successful. Microstructural analysis indicated that the superior rupture strength of the 0.08-0.09 carbon weld metal PWHT 1175 F/25.5 hr is primarily a consequence of the strengthening effect of the fme acicular M2C carbides present within the matriz. In contrast, the rupture behavior of weld metal PWHT 1300 F/25 hr is determined primarily by the major constituents present in the microstructure. The 0.02-0.03 carbon weld metal has a fully ferritic structure and also has the lowest rupture strength. The higher carbon materials (0.04-0.05, 0.08-0.09, and 0.12-0.13 weight percent) have a bainite structure and have similar rupture strengths despite the variations in carbon content. Weld metal specimens were thermally cycled on the Gleeble using a variety of thermal cycles designed to simulate the thermal history occurring in the coarse-grained region of the weld metal HAZ during welding. Cooling conditions were chosen to span the normal range of weld energy inputs characteristic of welds in heavy-section Cr-Mo materials. A dilatometric technique was employed to detect the weld metal transformation during cycling and the data obtained used to construct CCT diagrams. SEM examination of the resulting microstructures was then performed to determine the microconstituents produced as a consequence of the thermal his-

tempered

breeder reactors), and /. r - apd coal -rgascabon/uquifactton. er. . coal synthetic fuels has continued. Although its use was never fully realized in the ill-fated Clinch River liquid metal fast breeder reactor,7,8 2-1/4Cr-lMo steel has been used in the construction of several European fast the breeder reactors asfor superheaters m breeder reactors as well superheaters in the ell as Russian BOR-350 project.9 Coal, a resource which this nation possesses in great supply, is of significant interest as a raw material from which liquid and gaseous products can be made for use as fuels and replace. menta for some of the petrochemicals employed today. 2-1/4Cr-Mo steel is considered the primary material for the fabrication of the pressure vessels required for these processes. These vessels would operate at 750 F
ments for

some

of

the

petrochemicals

employed

today.

to 9M* F at pressures of 1000 to 4000

PSI.10

Properties
ia a a low low carbon, low 2-1/4Cr-1Mo 2-1/4Cr-lMo steel is low alloy ferritic I . I with steel .th a nominal . al composition given in 1. It is is TTable bI 1 particularly well suited to elevated temperature service because of the following properties. First, 2-1/4Cr-lMo steel has good high temperature strength2-14 as characterized by elevated temperature tensile strength, creep strength, and rupture strength.14 It has been called the strongest low alloy steel for high temperature service7 and is second only to austenitic stainless steels in terms of allowable F as specistresses at temperatures exceeding 1050 r specistresses at temperaturesexceeding 1050 fied by the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel

tranaformatlon dunng cycling and the data obtained used to

tory. Both the dilatometric studies and the microstructural analyses indicated that the as-transformed microstructure of
_

steel....

ferritic

the 0.08-0.09 and 0.12-0.13 carbon weld metals is fully bainitic except in the material thermally cycled 150 KJ/IN (2400 F peak temperature, 400 F preheat, 2-inch plate) which contain traces of polygonal ferrite. The bainite morphologies observed include lath-like, granular, and massive. The lath bainite predominates at faster cooling rates and is gradually replaced by granular bainite as the cooling rate decreases. Some massive bainite is present at all cooling rates. Comparison of the as-transformed microstructures of the 0.08-0.09 and 0.12-0.13 carbon weld metals indicated that increasing the carbon content lowers the bainite start and finish temperatures and thus results in a rmer bainitic structure.

Tele 1. Element

1Ioa1nal composition of 2-1/4Cr-1!b steel per ASTM A 387 (11)

Composition (weight Percent)

0.15
..x.
eo.

Introduction

Carbon

History and Applications

Manganese Phosphcrus
Sulfur silicon Chromium

0 30-o so
o 035
..x

Chromium-molybdenum steels have been used in the fabrication of pressure vessels and boiler steam pipes since the 1930s.l 2-1/4Cr-1Mo steel, one member of this family, was originally formulated for use at elevated temperatures where creep resistance is requirted.2 This alloy is employed in steam generating
2

o os o 50

ma.

max

200-.&dquo; 50
.

,olyDGe-u-

0 9o-i 10

WRC Bulletin 315

&dquo;&dquo;-;

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..=

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Table 2.

Comparlson of the properties of 2-i/4Cr-iMo Plate, ASTM A 387 vs ASTM A 542 (11.18)
ci...

microstructure. Brown, et a1.,43 report for quenched 61/4-in thick plate (0 13% carbon) a quarter-thickness
microstructure of 100% bainite. The variation in cooling rate with distance from the plate surface alters the

St.n..r0

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1.4 Inspection of the figure indicates that there is an extensive range of cooling rates over which the resulting microstructure will be bainitic. 2-1/4Cr-lMo steel is used in various conditions ineluding annealed, normalized and tempered, and quenched and tempered. The microstructure of the annealed steel is predominantly ferrite with some gross carbide areas (that sometimes appear pearlitic) and possibly bainite. The exact mix of these microconstituents depends on the carbon content. Klueh8 has reported observing proeutectoid ferrite with a scattering of carbides in annealed 0.009 carbon 2-1/4Cr-lMo steel while higher carbon annealed material (0.12% carbon) also contains some fine pearlite and small amounts of bainite. Normalized 2-1/4Cr-lMo steel contains ferrite and bainite with the amount of bainite increasing with carbon to nearly 100% of the structure for material with carbon levels greater than about 0.12%. Quenched 2-1/4Cr-1Mo steel has the potential to contain martensite. However in most applications, this steel is used in rather thick sections which limits the cooling rate and therefore affects the resulting
&dquo;

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,.
-

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;
to

&dquo;&dquo;

z - - --

i...

&dquo;&dquo; &dquo; ,o,

4-to

Fig.1

ccr diaram for 0.1 percent carbon sceel.

2-l/4CrlMo

Source
-

uada. T. and Eldis, c. r. , &dquo;rransformacion Characteristics of 2-1/4cr-imo steel,&dquo; Application of 2-1/4Cr-IMo Steel for ThickWall Pressure Vessels. ASr.1 STP 755, ASr.1, 343-362 (1982).

fineness (or coarseness) of the bainitic structure, but no martensite is present. Furthermore, despite the quenching treatment, some proeutectoid ferrite may be found at the half-thickness location. Related to the wide bainitic shelf characteristic of the CCT diagram for 2-1/4Cr-1Mo steel, weld metal is primarily bainitic for most welding processes. Exceptions to this rule are those processes which have unusually high or unusually low energy inputs. Richey has shown that for cooling rates characteristic of electroslag welding, a high heat input process, some proeutectoid ferrite does form (in addition to bainite) in 2-1/ 4Cr-lMo steel with a carbon content of 0.12%. At the other end of the spectrum, Sims and Fuchats have determined that the microstructure obtained in the fusion zone of electron beam welded 2-1/4Cr-lMo steel consists predominantly of lath-type martensite, this result atemming from the low heat input and therefore high cooling rate of the weld metal. Examination of the bainite formed in 2-1/4Cr-IMo steel using the scanning electron microscope (SEM) sometimes reveals a structure termed &dquo;granular&dquo; bainite. Klueh8 has defined granular bainite as islands of a second phase dispersed in a bainitic ferrite matrix with a high dislocation density. Habraken and Economopoulos5 have determined that these islands consist of a combination of martensite and retained austenite. Wada and Eldis4 have maintained that the bainite in 2-1/4Cr-1Mo steel with carbon contents less than or equal to about 0.1% is all of the granular variety. They indicate that the bainite is essentially free of carbides and contains only islands of martensite/austenite. This statement has been disputed by others including Kar and Todd who report observing only ferrite and conventional bainite in 2-1/4Cr-lMo steel cooled at rates comparable to those used by Wada and Eldis. Cerbidea The properties of 2-1/4Cr-lMo steel depend primarily on the carbide type, size, morphology, in the microstructure. Baker and Nuttingl7 have described the general sequence of carbides formed in both quenched and in normalized 2-1/ 4Cr-lMo steel during tempering. They indicate that the carbide sequence which describes the tempering of the acicular martensitic structure formed during quenching is almost identical to that for the portion of the normalized steel that is bainite. This sequence is depicted schematically in Figs. 2a and 2b. Prior to tempering, the microstructure contains epsilon carbide which can be described as Fe2 4C.47 This precipitate appears alone in the martensitic structure but is accompanied by cementite (M3C) in the bamite. This difference probably results from the greater period of time available in the normalizing process for carbide formation to occur (i e., due to the slower cooling rate). temttation initiation 0 of p In elt n h er case. h soon results temperingsoon in the in-situ transformation of any epsilon carbide
5

2-l/4Cr-1Mo Weld Metal

1.:... ,

..-

-----

_,

---------...-

I
.

c-carbide -cementite

(a)

Quenched (martensite)

-cement it e
4

Cr7C3 M6C t I
Mo2c K02e

e o

3 6 f:3C6 (

roG e o c 0 0 a 10: e o o GCC 1C

=
0>
0

L.
q

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vec

9pC n o o o..-

40C

&#xb7; !a

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+ .
-

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cement
e cement

05

i0

!0 o0

coo

MoC j
(b)
Normalized (bainite)

t i t ej
[/

T[<f*<:T*<< TIM[ CO!i TIf1lloG

OuENCHED (e) QUENCHED (a)

rp o.

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(e)
Normalized (ferrite)

e M

ll6C 6c

** tOO e-ee j 0 c+r 0 o c

0

00,

wee
000 *&dquo;

& 4*

o 0 o c t e eee&dquo; NC.0
0 e 0

0 o

e* o
a o
e

Soo 0 a

Fig.2Sourct:

Carbide eteel.

evolutionary

Z-I/4Cr-lMo sequence for 2-i/4Cr-tMo aequence

.

0 0.
I IU

<yT &dquo;<)L*-0
. e

o 0
,

Baker. R. G. and Nutting, J.. &dquo;The Tempering of 2-l/4Cr-INO Steel after Quenching and Normalizing,&dquo; JISI, 192. 257-268 (1959).

10 C)O TEWEMC Tom th)

C00

(b) &dquo;OHMtLlEO

ahwing carbides Fig.3- Diagrams steel as a function of

present in 2-114Cr-lMo
,

tempering titee and temperature for quenched and normalized material.

M3C- On further tempering, Mo2C appears in the matrix along with the M3C already in place and seems to precipitate homogeneously from diffuse zones. Mo2C has considerable solubility for other alloying elements, especially chromium, and should probably be referred to as M2C.&dquo;,48 At this point, the carbide sequence splits with the formation of Cr7C3 (generally denoted as M7C3) and M23Ce. The M7C3 probably nucleates at the M3C/matrix interface while the M23C6 nucleates and grows at grain boundaries as large spheroidal particles. The growth of M7C3 and M23C6 is accompanied by a decrease in the number of M3C and M2C particles with the latter going back into solution. The last carbide to form, M6C, grows at the expense of all other carbides and is believed to be the equilibrium precipitate in 2-1/4Cr-lMo steel. The carbide sequence observed in the ferritic portion of the normalized structure is quite different as shown in Fig. 2c. After normalizing, the ferrite is free of any carbides. The first precipitates to appear in the ferrite during tempering are acicular M2C particles which develop from diffuse zones in the matrix similar to those observed in the bainite. These carbides persist in the ferrite, showing no tendency to transform to any of the other metastable carbides observed in the other microconstituents. Eventually, M6C forms in the ferrite and the M2C begins to dissolve. The kinetics of these precipitation and transformation reactions are given in Figs. 3a and 3b. This information is presented as an isothermal diagram which
present to

Source.

Baker. R. G. and Nutting, j.. &dquo;The Tempering of 2-1/4Cr-lMo Steel After Quenching and Normalb1ng,&dquo; JISI, 192. 257-268 (1959).

plots tempering temperature vs. tempering time. The field is divided up into regions which are identified by the carbides present in that time/temperature regime e In a more recent program, Pilling and RidleN,49 have
studied the effect of carbon
6
content
on

the tempering

behavior at 700 C of 2-1/4Cr-IMo steel with typical weld metal compositions. They found that in the range of 0.02-0.09%, the carbon level not only influences the rate at which the carbides evolve but also plays a role in determining what the equilibrium carbides will be. Figs. 4a, 4b, and 4c show the variation in relative amounts of M2C, M7C3, M23C6, and M6C with tempering time and carbon content. Examination of these figures reveals that, in general, the increase in carbon level slows the evolution of the carbides in the microstructure. M7C3, which is totally removed from the structure in the 0.018 carbon material in the 12-hr tempering time, remains fairly stable and even increases in quantity slightly in the 0.09 carbon steel. The dissolution of M2C is complete in the low carbon specimen while, in the high carbon material during the same time interval, tempering removes only 25% of the M2C present. The formation of M6C, which makes up 85% of the carbides in the 0.018 carbon steel after 12 hr at 700 C has barely begun in the 0.09 carbon material. Finally, the effect on the amount of M3C6 present as a function of tempering time is inconsistent and is small relative to that for the other carbides. The net result of the increase in carbon content is to displace the equihbnum structure from M6C in ferrite to M6C and M-Cj m ferrite The carbide sequence proposed by Pilling and Rldley- differs from that of Baker and Bumng and is given in Fig 5

/I
I

II

WRC Bulletin 315

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(a) 0.018 carbon

(b)

0.06 carbon

(c) 0.09 carbon

i
Fig.4The variation in the relative amounts of carbides present in as a function of carbon content and tempering tine.

2<Cr-tMo

steel at

700C

Microstructural Effects on Creep Strength

_ -

material, the microstructure of 2-1/4CrlMo steel determines its properties, creep strength being no exception. The key to creep resistance in this material is the carbides. Such factors as carbide type, morphology, size, distribution, and volume fraction work together to influence the relative effectiveness of the carbides in conferring creep strength. These factors, in turn, are affected by heat treatment and the microconstituents in which the carbides reside. Finally, solute elements in the ferrite and prior austenite grain size have a less significant effect on creep resisAs in any
tance.

impart creep strength is by preventing the migration of boundaries and subboundaries during creep.45 Such migration is a known mechanism for the relaxation of creep stresses. At a rate determined by the starting microstructure (a function of heat treatment), time at elevated temperature causes the carbides to undergo changes. Starting with a microstructure that has been optimized for creep strength through the application of heat treatment, the following may be observed. The
to

Carbides. Of the various alloy carbides to be found in 2-1/4Cr-lMo steel, the carbide which is the primary creep strengthener is M2C.l7.37.45.48.50 This molybdenum-rich precipitate is most effective when present as a fine dispersion of acicular particles that have just lost coherency with the matrix.37,45,50 As indicated by Baker and Nutting,l M2C forms in tempered martensite, bainite and ferrite. During tempering or elevated temperature service, the M2C in martensite and/ or bainite is an intermediate which is eventually replaced by M7C3 or M23C6. However, in proeutectoid ferrite (found in annealed or normalized and tempered 2-l/4Cr-lMo), the M2C is the first carbide to form and persists for a much longer time until finally being replaced by M6C. One means by which M2C is believed

c Mo2c- 112h -M6

acicular precipitates responsible for most of the strength coarsen and then dissolve as they are replaced by more stable carbides (as determined by the carbide sequence for the steel). This occurrence, in itself, is obviously detrimental to the creep resistance. However, considering that the new carbides must have some strengthening effect as well, that influence is further attenuated as the more stable particles coarsen, spheroidize, and agglomerate. Both the growth in size and the increase in spacing (which results from the agglomeration) lower the strength further. This situation can be altered through the addition of such alloying elements as titanium or niobium. These elements are strong carbide formers and produce carbides of the MC type which are much more stable than M2C and are at least as effective in conferring creep resistance. If enough Ti or Nb is added, the MC precipitates totally displace the M2C and take over the strengthening role. Tempering and PWHT. Ignoring the microstructural changes taking place and looking just at the response to tempering and elevated temperature service, one finds that the highest apparent creep strengths
on short time tests) are obtained in 2-1/4CriMo steel that has been tempered at relatively low temper parameters-51 Smiths2 has stated that higher room temperature strength can be obtamed by tempenng at temperatures as low as 1150 F for normalized material and as low as 1050 F for quenched materlals Unfortunately, the microstructures derived in this manner are less stable1 s3 than those pro-

Fe3C.----

(based

tl7C) 3
Fig-5

117C)
typical

steel having Carbide sequence for 2kCr-lyo

weld metal composition

Source
_

Filling. J and Ridley. N . &dquo;Tee,erlng of 2 25:Cr-l :&dquo;0 Steels.&dquo; Met Trans A. 13A(:). 557-563

LO&dquo;o (1982) Carbon

2-1/4Cr-1Mo Weld Metal1

duced
duced

conventional heat more conventional As a beat treatmenla. treatments. Aa by more mcreased result, the strength may be transitory and may decrease during service.51 Smce the rate of microstructural change is temperature dependent, one expects that 2-1/4Cr-1Mo steel with strength enhanced by heat treatment is of use at lower temperature but that the strength advantage diminishes as the service

temperature increases. This is, in fact, the case. Various authors have put the cut-off temperature above
which there is no strength advantage in the range of gppo F to lpppo F.13,14,43.52,54-56 The effect is graphically depicted by Sangdahl and Vorhees-55 in Fig. 6 which is a plot of creep rupture strength vs. room temperature tensile strength. The figure shows that the correlation between the tensile strength and the 100,000-hr rupture strength decreases with increasing temperature until, at 1000 F, there is no correlation (rupture strength constant over the tensile strength range). In

fact, given a high enough temperature or long enough time, the strength of all 2-1/4Cr-IMo steel approaches a common value.40.57 This results from the evolution of
the microstructure to one of overaged equilibrium carbides in a carbon-saturated ferrite matrix.58 In this condition, the carbides are too large to impart any significant creep resistance to the steel and the strength is entirely due to the strength of the ferrite. Microconstituents. Comparing the relative strengths of quenched, normalized, and annealed 2-1/ 4Cr-lMo steel is basically a comparison of the merits of martensite, bainite, and ferrite with respect to creep

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fig.6-

Correlation between creep rupture strength and room temperature tensile strength as a function of test temperature

Source

Sangdahl, cS and Vorhees. H R . &dquo;Quenched and Tempered 2-1/4Cr-1Mo Steel at Elevated iemperacuresTests and Evaluation,&dquo; Current o.aluatlon of
ard

I SOl bCenua Steel in Pressure Vessels 2-1/G Chrome Piping, AS4E-SPC. leu Orleans, LA (1972)

of the resislance. Tbe resistance. The strengtb strength of quencbed 2-1/4Cr-1Mo extensive dislocation steel is mainly derived from the extensive dislocation substructure formed as a result of the shear transformation from austenite to martensite.53 On tempering, this network can become decorated with fine carbides, stabilizing it as long as the carbides remain in an effective condition. It has already been noted however that in the heavy sections usually employed in 2-1/4Cr1Mo steel applications, quenching 2-1/4Cr-lMo steel results in a bainitic or bainitic/ferritic microstructure. Bainite/ferrite microstructures also result from normalizing but the morphology differs from that observed in quenched 2-1/4Cr-1Mo steel. The bainite I morphology varies with the temperature at which it I forms, becoming finer and more acicular as the transformation temperature decreases (faster cooling I i rates).45 Viewanathanbe has indicated that the strength of the bainite increases as the lath-like structure becomes finer. In comparison, ferrite is a much weaker microconstituent than bainite or martensite. Its effect on the rupture strength of a mixed bainite/ ferrite microstructure has not been agreed upon. Both Klueh60 and Viawanathan maintain that the ferrite is detrimental to creep resistance and should be elimii nated by suitable heat treatment or alloying additions. : In contrast, Baker and Nutting17 have alluded to the superiority of normalized and tempered 2-1/4Cr-1Mo steel over the quenched and tempered material at 500 C based on the presence of ferrite in the normalized and tempered steel since the M2C which precipitates out in the ferrite persists much longer than in the bainite. Moreover, Cane and Fidler61 have presented data indicating that the rupture strength of 2-1/4Cr1Mo steel containing a 65% bainite-35% polygonal ferrite mix is superior to that for a similar material consisting of 100% bainite (see Fig. 7). Based on the observation that the rupture mode changes from intergranular to transgranular as the bainite content of the microstructure decreases, they have explained the correlation between rupture strength and polygonal feri rite content as follows. In a fully bainitic microstrucfailure and the formation involves ture, intergranular growth of cavities at the prior austenite grain boundaries. However, the introduction of increasing amounts of ferrite into the microstructure reduces the susceptibility to cavitational damage by eliminating more and more of the prior austenite grain boundaries. The softer ferrite accommodates some of the strain which might otherwise contribute to cavity formation. In the same study, Cane and Fidler61 have heat treated a number of fully bainitic 2-1/4Cr-1Mo steel samples to obtain a range of prior austenite grain sizes. &dquo; They have observed that stress rupture strength increases as the prior austenite grain size decreases. This behavior has been explained as resulting from the increasedgrain boundary area available to contribute to the overall strain during creep. Furthermore, in a fine grained microstructure, a greater amount of boundary crack interlinkmg is required to produce a critical crack size which will propagate to produce rupture
I
,

t
1 1

WRC Bulletin 315

&dquo;0 0

0 %40

1.0

s
&dquo;

&horbar;
B

100

5 ...
-

so

so

/
time

/ /

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Fig-7-

Scress-rupture balglte - r:&dquo;:t:ert::t:/:&dquo;c1.&horbar; polygonal 100 percent. ferrite. the balance of polygonal
For bainite contents lose than ltrese of 17.8 KSI. Is 100 percent, the balance of the 8icroetructure sicrostructure ia ferrice.

function of

content

Souree. Source.

8. Cane, B. Cene.
etructure

J. end and

properties of 2T-1/4Cr-INo Steam Generators, British (1977).

&dquo;The Effect of MicroflieroFidler, R. S.. S., &dquo;Tfm and Crein si:e on the Creep and Rupture

and 9CrlMo Steela.&dquo; Incernatlonal Conference on Ferritic Steel* for Fast Nuclear Energy teactor somety. London, oR

in the solid solution strengthening of 2-1/4Cr-lMo stee1.41 At low strain rates, &dquo;Mo-C-Mo&dquo; clusters are stationary in the lattice and &dquo;Mo-C&dquo; couples are mobile enough to diffuse along with moving dislocations. Strengthening is due to the interaction of the dislocations with the &dquo;Mo-C-Mo&dquo; clusters. As the strain rate increases, dislocation movement becomes increasingly hindered due to the drag of pulling the associated &dquo;Mo-C&dquo; clusters through the lattice. Eventually, the strain rate is sufficient for the dislocations to break away from the &dquo;Mo-C&dquo; pairs, greatly reducing the solute drag. Under this condition, strengthening is entirely due to dislocation interactions with stationary &dquo;Mo-C-Mo&dquo; and &dquo;Mo-C&dquo; clusters in the lattice. For the effect of interaction solid solution hardening to be significant, the concentration of solute atoms in the lattice must be above ite equilibrium value.40,41 Such supereaturation is achieved by nonequilibrium 0001:-of the steel fro t8mp0?atil?e8. 8U8t8nlt&dquo;&dquo; temperaturea. &&.U6 m aus m Because the elements involved are carbide or nitride e amUnt amount O jUte 8tea eCrea8e8 durur. Of 8c solute gy decreases formers, rmer8, the steadily ing elevated temperature exposure as a result of carbide and nitride precipitation and growth. un Thus, t der stresses where failure dlle to creep occurs in a short interaction solid solution hardrelatively . , <- tie, enlng plays a significant role. However, at lower 8tre88es and longer rupture times, precipitation and growth robs the matrix of solute elements, and strengthening is mainly due to carbide/nitride-dislocation interac-

jt-L

t *T

*
&horbar;

However, Cane and Fidler61 have also noted that the variation in heat treatment required to produce the range of grain sizes also affects the type, size, and distribution of precipitates present in the microstructure. Specifically, the coarse grained specimens contain increased amounts of MCs carbide, the formation of which can result in the dissolution of M2C and lead to reduced rupture strength. In that light, the
apparent dependence of rupture strength on prior austenite grain size may be due, at least in part, to other
variables. The strength of ferrite in 2-1/4Cr-lMo steel, exclusive of the effects of any included carbides, is due to the interaction solid solution hardening effect previously described, with the elements chromium, molybdenum, and carbon playing a significant role.40.41 Comparison of the binding energies of chromium and molybdenum atoms with dislocations and/or carbon atoms indicates that at approximately 1100 F, the molybdenum atoms have about ten times more interaction energy with dislocations than do chromium atoms. At the same time, the interaction energies for chromium and molybdenum with carbon atoms are comparable.&dquo; Based on this, it is concluded that associations of molybdenum and carbon atoms (clusters) are more effective strengthening agents than chromium-carbon clusters. The interaction of these molybdenum-carbon clusters with dislocations is thought to be dependent on strain rate At all strain rates, &dquo;Mo-C-Mo&dquo; clusters are believed to form and are the main strengthenmg agent

tions. The introduction of strong carbide formers such as titanium, niobium, or vanadium into the low carbon steel results in the formation of carbides of these metals in preference to molybdenum and chromium carbides.50.62 In sufficient quantities, these &dquo;stabilizing&dquo; elements effectively remove nearly all of the carbon from solution, leaving the molybdenum in solution to interact with moving dislocations and strengthen the matrix. Similarly, if the carbon content of the steel is low enough, insufficient carbon is present to remove all of the molybdenum from solution and solid solution strengthening due to the molybdenum occurs as

i I

well. 58 Alloying Element Effects on Creep Strength Chromium. One of the major alloying elements in 2-1/4Cr-lMo steel, chromium contributes to the stress rupture behavior of that alloy by way of one of two mechanisms. First, in solid solution, chromium associates with interstitials in the lattice (particularly the carbon atoms) to form clusters like &dquo;Cr-C&dquo; and &dquo;Cr-C-Cr&dquo;.41.53 Depending on the conditions, these clusters can interfere with dislocation movement by a solute drag mechanism or by regular solid solution
since chromium is an excellent carbide former and is, to an extent determined by the carbon content, removed from solution by the formation of chromium carbides,58 solid solution strengthening by chromium atoms is severely limited. This leads to the conclusion that if the carbon level in the

..

hardening. However,

2-1/4Cr-lMo Weld Metal

T--LM - ...&dquo; .&dquo;&dquo;,._..,..7,.._.-&dquo;&dquo;=,-&dquo;,,,,,,./,:,,=,;;:,

,=

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I

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-

t
kept low, less carbon is available for carbide formation, leaving more chromium in solution to strengthen the steel. Despite the loss in strength due to carbide precipitasteel is
can be beneficial to the rupture strength, particularly if they are finely dispersed and are of the acicular variety. However, the carbides formed with chromium (M7C3, MCs)3 are not stable at elevated temperatures, spheroidizing easily and soon grow to become large and blocky. Argent, et al.,53 have indicated that at 600 C, chromium carbides soon grow to where their spacing is greater than the elements of the dislocation network in the matrix and thus lower their ability to strengthen the matrix. In the literature, Ia tradiliterature, increasing increasing chromium has wa tionally been tied to an observed decrease in strength

ro 180

,
.

tion, the presence of carbides in the matrix

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.

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fi-9- Eftect of cluo8118 eoetaat an ta 1000 etreq f Cr-Ift a1 t sso c.

Sousea: &dquo;&dquo;

1 I
I

foralloyswtthchronuumcontentsmtherangeoflto3 weight percent. Data published by the Japan Steel Works63 for Cr-Mo-V-Ti-Nb steels shows that despite variations in austenitizing temperature and tempering time at 690 C, the room temperature tensile strength steadily decreases as the chromium content increases from 2.25 to 3.14% (see Fig. 8). As far back as 1940, the deleterious effect of increasing chromium content on creep strength has been observed. Miller, et al.,si have indicated that for Cr-Mo steels containing 1% molybdenum, the creep strength at 1000 F falls off for chromium levels greater than 2.25%. More recently, preliminary results from Kobe Steel64 have shown that
in the range of 1 to 9% chromium, the 1000-hr rupture

,....

<

a.liaa. Casl a.. ?tW eott, G. R.. araua, c. r., 1IcGGire. v. J...oa Loreuu. 1. a.. &dquo;Report to the A8artcu retro1- in*tit.t. ana ?soeraa to Study

:: -.,.:.B:
Materials for Pressur Vas&dquo;l Service with
at

I
,

Hi86 Taspsratmu

aad PTe&dquo;Bar..,&dquo; MFC

Bydroaen

(1982).

Molybdenum. Molybdenum is the major element responsible for the creep strength of 2-1/4Cr-lMo steel.3.51-m As in the case of chromium, molybdenum
increases the creep resistance of steel when it is present either in solid solution37.41,50.53.58.62,66 or as a

strength of Cr-1Mo steels falls rapidly for increasing chromium up to 5% and then rises slowly for chromium contents greater than that value64 (see Fig. 9).

10

00 0 a

920t 150
Mcc

-110

carbide precipitate.17.37.65.67 In solid solution, molybdenum atoms have a stronger affinity for the interstitial alloying elements than do the chromium atoms and thus pley a more significant role in the interaction solid solution effect.41 Argent, et al., have stated that in ferritic steels, the presence of one weight percent molybdenum in solution is sufficient to saturate the dislocation networks. Thus, the addition of more than 1% molybdenum is of no benefit (assuming that all of the molybdenum is in solution). In a similar manner, Jones and Avylel indicate that 0.5% molybdenum in iron is enough to decorate 75% of the dislocation line. Two effects are possible which can diminish the solid solution strengthen-

75 -

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Effect of chr01tJua
-

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.r.e

of Cr-!Bo-V-!1-! steel

ing effect. First, in the presence of significant amounts of phosphorus and/or arsenic, the molybdenum cosegregates along with those elements to the grain boundaries, depleting the molybdenum in the matrix and thereby weakening it.62 Second, the precipitation of molybdenum carbides can occur.58 Molybdenum is such a strong carbide former that precipitation is limited only by the amount of carbon in the steel above the equilibrium level. This fact suggests that carbide precipitation (and thus the depletion of molybdenum from the matrix) can be limited by lowering the carbon content of the steel.50 Alternatively, other alloying elements with an even stronger affinity for carbon than molybdenum may be added to the steel such as titanium, niobium, or vanadium.50,62 These tie up the carbon in the steel and leave the bulk of the molybdenum
in solution.

I .-d

!etallu:31:a1 Prepert:.. 3C:-7eve.op_ -5&dquo;:r e5e: Prcpertles of aEiezgy .:0/-5Ste.,

me--

cf 3cr- 10-.,-:i-3 or Sew Series ic CLP-C. Iata Sheets, Organization, no Japan $tee! -or&dquo; led (nen

Despite its negative effect on solid solution strengthening, the precipitation of molybdenum carbides may increase the stress rupture strength The

..

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rr.)

10

WRC Bulletzn 315

I
.

carbide which is most effective in this regard is MozC, particularly when present as a fine dispersion of acicular precipitates.3 I 65 . 6- Such a morphology has been observed both in ferrite and bainite in 2-1/4Cr-lMo steel, with the Mo2C being much more stable at elevated temperatures in the ferrite. 17 Test results from the literature have traditionally indicated that increasing molybdenum in Cr-Mo steels is beneficial to strength. Miller, et al.,51 have shown that increasing the molybdenum content from 0.5 to 1.0% increases creep strength at 1000 F (see Fig. 10). The curve for 1.0% molybdenum steel is significantly above that for the 0.5% molybdenum material. Data from the Japan Steel Works63 for 3Cr-Mo-V-TiB steels reveals that for molybdenum contents in the range of 0.5-1.5%, the room temperature yield and tensile strengths increase with percent continuously
mO ellUm see 8ee 1g mol (see ..., ) molybdenum ybdenum -e
.

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j
-90 110

-
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&horbar;&horbar;<e_&horbar;e &horbar;&horbar;&horbar;*&horbar;&dquo;
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----0 28.

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Utect of tolrbdtnmt ifer an the content ea molybdenum eoatwt JCr-flo-V-T1-1 _1. steel. properties of 3Cr-Vo-V-TI-I rt1a.

room roo

Results of recent tests on Cr-Mo steels have not been in total agreement with the traditional view. On .... c., the h positive side, work done by Climax68 on 3Cr-Mo steel at 1000 F has shown that increasing the molybdenum progressively from 0.8 to 1.6% increases both the room temperature and elevated temperature tensile strength as well as the stress rupture strength of these steels (see Fig. 12). However, Kobe Steel68 has found that for 3Cr-Mo steels tested at 550 C, the effect of increasing the molybdenum content from 1.0 to 1.4% on the 1000-hr rupture strength depends on the room temperature tensile strength of the material. For tensile strength levels around 90 KSI, increasing the molybdenum content has a beneficial effect on rupture strength while the opposite is true for steels with tensile strengths around 80 KSI. This behavior is illustrated in Fig. 13. As indicated in the figure, the difference in strength level is due to a tempering treatment given the lower strength material. Since such a
. *.

vrce

IlecbaDical and

I18taUuraiul Properties 3cr-IMoAV-TI-B Pressure Vessel Xr-IIID-IsV-Ti-1 Prenure Vend Steel Steel for for Coal Coal Liquefaction LiquefacUon 1wactor. IfEDO/JSW Data to cm-c. DevelOP88Dt OrS8fttaaUoo. lapaa Suel Energy
a

of

&dquo; &dquo;

seriet po. The

New

Work. Ltd.

Kobe has reported that, for the range of 0-1.8% molybdenum, the rupture strength at 550 C (100-hr and 1000-hr strengths) increases significantly for molybdenum levels up to 0.4% but then falls slowly with further increases in molybdenum content (see Fig. 14). It has been observed that the steels containing less than 0.4% molybdenum have some polygonal ferrite in their microstructures while those with greater molybdenum levels are fully bainitic. Thus, it has been con-

microstructure, particularly the carbides, the observed conflict in response to increases in molybdenum content between the high and low strength 3Cr-Mo steels may be related to these changes. In another study of 2-1/4Cr-Mo-1/4V steels,
treatment alters the
20000

g.i5 000 i I I e to 000 0-5 mo NoQSIfo-LSS -is so

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3 S 3 4 5 &dquo; . P chromium &dquo;&dquo; content, &dquo;&dquo; percent

2 Z

I 1

1 I

leI/I
tf.tML.-

F1 -.10*

Effect of

molybdenum and chromiuo F strength of Cr-No steel at 1000F

content on the creep

:1 12-Effect of molybdenum content on a fixed stress) of 3Cr-Ko steel

the
at

538 C

rupture

time

(for

Source
.

F . Benz, V C . and lnverzagt, t. E , &dquo;The Creep Strength of 17 Low Alloy Steels at 1000or,&dquo; AS. Proc . 40, 771-781 (1940)
Miller, R
&dquo;

Source

Pres-ott. C. R and Braun. c F &dquo;lpda:e on Modified 2- 1(r-IIo and 3Cr-yo Allovs.&dquo; wpC. HB-7 (1983)

2-114Cr-IMo Weld Metal

11 1

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. _.. . _ _

r ... , _

....-

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,
30

addedeteeI.Becaofthesn.I088.,.t ated with mcreased precipitate spacing, it 18 deairable tt%1i#tflt#t2Zll additions to of various levels iff*ct of alloying changing produce a large volume fraction of precipitate lIl the Fi03.1:;the 1000 hour rupture ttrmtth of 3 Cr in re. fe when me thf car the carbides carht<i<a I es <n-nw in steel. microstructure. microatTucture. re. Thus, us, wnen grow m strength the 110 ft data point, 1000 hour indictttd rupture for eceel. Strength levels Strenath temperature ta&dquo;.Ue strength. sponse to elevated temperature ezposuse, tlle particle-particle spacing grows at a slower rate. This argu8ourev: r..eon. C. R. 8IId Braun. C. F.. &dquo;Update&dquo;&dquo; Modified ment leads to the conclusion that higher carbon steels 2-1/4Cr-llIo and 3Cr-llo AlloPa.^ IIPC. HPV-7 (1983).
Alloying
Element w I I.) Element (wt&dquo;1.)
an
are

sc:,o Wr,_ ;,,f,1 0 oos oso 0 n no

- -= &dquo;- is

- S

oss oio ( c , s ,v

A1Io

2 (mo) 0 (Mo)

tc one or strengthening effect can be attributed to of the following (a) its combination with other elements In the steel to produce carbide precipitates, (b) its effect on the transformation kinetics of austenite to lower temperature microconstituents thus determining the microconstituents present for a given heat treatment, and (c) its interaction while in solution with other alloying elements. Carbon readily combines with many elements to produce carbides. Carbide-forming alloying elements often introduced into creep-resistant ferritic steels include chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, titanium, and niobium. The type, size, distribution, and morphology of carbide precipitates that result are controlled by the amount of carbon and alloying elements

bons

more

I
I
.

, I
i

room

cluded that once enough molybdenum has been added to make the steel fully bainitic, no benefit is to be

gained by adding more.

-

Car6on Carbon is
presence

a strengthening element whose distinguishes steel from ordinary iron. Car-

C ccQ.,

300 -

/*0
&horbar;

&

200 / // g
//

I OOn 0 Ck. I 000h OOOh &dquo;0

n

*
g

y/

S
4

j/
100

0 0
?ij 1:- Etfect of

0.4 4

8 0.8

1.2 2

1.6

2.0 0

> mo ( t )
aolyEdenum
steel
at

kCr-lriotV

content c no

on

the nature

sttength

of

Source source

d B raun. C Mo1f1td RR snd nd Braun. CFF ,. &dquo;Udete &dquo;Updttt on Mocifitd Prescott. C C 2-1/4Cr-1=SO and 3Cr-!1o Alloys,&dquo; ec, xPV-7 (1983)

Prtttcott.

h0 should be used to increase the volume Vo I fr. action of carfraction bides. Analyses have indicated that optimum creep properties are obtained for carbon levels in the range of 0.1-0.2 weight percent.37 However, such a practice may lead to a steel with unacceptable ductility, weldability, and impact toughness.37 Because the caibon level in a steel has a pronounced effect on hardenability,65 it is at least partly responsible for determining the microconstituents present as a function of cooling rate and thus indirectly affecta the creep behavior of the steel. In 2-1/4Cr-1Mo steel, the microconstituents normally observed include ferrite and bainite. Martensite is attainable at high cooling rates and may occur in quenched and tempered steel, depending on the thickness. 2-1/4Cr-1Mo weld metal deposited with the SMA or SA process may be fully bainitic or a bainite/ferrite mix depending on such factors as carbon content, preheat/interpass temperature, and energy input. Kotecki69 reports that for SA welds using 2-1/4Cr-IMo filler metal with a manganese content below about 0.7% and a preheat/interpass temperature of 400 F, some polygonal ferrite may form when the weld metal carbon content is less than 0.08-0.10%. A similar effect is observed for SMA welds. However, due to the lower energy inputs characteristic of this welding process, the carbon level below which polygonal ferrite is observed in the microstructure is somewhat lower. Kotecki also indicates that the presence of polygonal ferrite in PWHT 2-1/ 4Cr-lMo SA weld metal leads to significantly inferior impact toughness relative to the fully bainitic materials. Carbon plays a major role in &dquo;interaction&dquo; solid solution hardening,41.53 associating with certain alloying elements to form substitutional/interstitial clusters which can impede dislocation movement In creep referntic steels with relatively low carbon consistant ferritic sista-nt tents, the carbon can be tied up in the form of alloy

iI

i I

relativelylow

12

WRC Bullettn 315

carbides and still leave sufficient quantities of carbide forming substitutional alloying elements in solution to contribute to this strengthening effect. The relationship between carbon level and stress rupture strength has been a source of disagreement for some time. In 1965, Campbell70 published a paper indicating that carbon content is not related to stress rupture strength in 2-1/4Cr-lMo weld metal. His testing was done in the temperature range of 10500 F to 12000 F for rupture times up to 1800 hr and carbon contents of 0.04 and 0.10 weight percent. However, 10 years later, Klueh and Canonico58.71 observed both in 2-1/4Cr-lMo base plate and in weld metal an increase in stress rupture strength with increasing carbon levels. It should be noted however, that their work was done at lower temperatures (8500 F to 10500 F) for carbon contents in the range of 0.003 to 0.13596. Thus, test temperature appears to affect the strength dependence on carbon level with carbon being of little benefit at temperatures exceeding 1000 F.3 Fig. 15 plots strength as a function of carbon content for 2-1/4CrlMo steel.9 Inspection reveals that as the temperature increases, the strengthening effect of carbon decreases. This dependence may be due to the acceleration of carbide growth and evolution in response to increasing temperature and the accompanying depletion of alloying elements from the matrix to feed that

The limited dependence of stress rupture strength carbon content at constant temperature has been observed by others Copeland and Licina9 (see Fig. 15) have stated that the beneficial effect of increasing the carbon level on stress rupture strength holds primarily for carbon contents less than about 0.04%. Zeisloft, et al.,7 have indicated a similar behavior except with the cut-off at 0.0896 carbon. Vanadium. Vanadium is a strong carbide former3,62 which is added to ferritic steels to improve
on

stress strength, particularly rupture strength.3.64.67.68.72 The carbide formed, V4C3, is fme when first precipitated62,67 and is responsible for much of the strengthening effect.5047. V4C3 is relatively sta-

ble72 at intermediate service temperatures but

coarsens

soon

at 6000 C

(11120 F). Vanadium has an even

greater affinity for carbon than does molybdenum62 (or chromium) and, as such, can have an additional

strengthening effect on the steel by tying up the carbon and leaving the molybdenum in solution to strengthen the matrix. The strengthening effects of vanadium are illuetrated in the following examples taken from recent literature. Fig. 16 is a graph of 0.296 proof stress (yield) and tensile strength as a function of vanadium content for
3Cr-lMo-V-Ti-B steels.63 The vanadium level ranges from 0.07 to 0.3196. The plot shows that these room temperature properties improve continuously with in-

growth.

PWNT
.

soot sh

TwW ttre,

. ._

onq

----.

pp .90
,
.

e-----

-6
0---

os

&#xb7; -

_ o+o.--. - . e 2e&dquo; /__ &dquo; eo. rW

1tL.W

-85
a

* .....

So(
_

-60

02 S Pmf Sv&dquo;s

175

&#xb7;- o_..
.

...
..

.,. / r.l
I
I J

.&dquo;
...
-

_ - _ -

I 52.

. ,, .70

o se-

_. .
4B-

-70
2e. - 60

..

v oO-*---

441 ..- .
I

II

-7

Se

20
.

05

10

15

20

25

!O

V Cot.-t Va.dCOM8&dquo;,t

tc &dquo;&dquo;,. wt

Fi ,-

Effect of carbon content on the creep and rupture Each curve Is labeled strength of 2r-IHo steel vith the test temperature and conditions for which the strength ws determined (1.e. creep test or rupture test).

:13 16-

Effect of vanadium content on the room temperature yield and UDI1I1 strength of 3Cr-INo-V-TI-B steel for three different tempering traatmnts.

Source

J F and Licina, C J , &dquo;A Review of 2-1/4CrSteel for LlSFBR Steam Generator Applications.&dquo; Symposium Structural llacerials for Service at Elenaced !et:.eratu&dquo;es 1:; &dquo;uclear Pover ee..,e&dquo;.it1on. AS1.. Houstoo,

Copeland.
on

Source

Mechanical and Metallurgical Properties of a 3Cr-IMo-;L%-TI-B Pressure vessel Steel for Coal Liquefaction Reactor. NEDO/JS, Data Sheet, Sereies CLR-C, Neu Ene:-EB Development Organization. The Japan Steel
:orAs Ltc

(197i)

(19l)

2-114Cr-]Mo Weld Metal

13

fect of titanium on the carbides is evident by the fact that during creep exposure at 565 C, the M2C carbides in the titanium-free steel dissolve while the TiC and titanium-rich M2C particles in the titanium-modified 2-1/4Cr-1Mo steel coarsen only slightly. The benefit to stress rupture strength of titanium additions has been observed to depend on the presence of other alloying elements as well. Viswanathans9 has stated that for 1-1/4Cr-1/2Mo steel tested at 538 C (1000 F), the addition of 300 ppm of titanium can have either a positive or negative effect on rupture strength depending on the impurity elements present in the steel. When phosphorus is a major impurity (300 ppm) with tin and antimony levels low, titanium has a detrimental effect on rupture strength. However, if the phosphorus content is lowered and the antimony and tin levels raised, titanium increases the strength. Finally, if boron is added (50 ppm), titanium is beneficial independent of the impurity levels. Niobium. Relative to vanadium and titanium, niobium forms carbides which are the most stable. Austenitizing temperatures as high as 2370 F76 are required to dissolve the niobium carbides in Nb-stabilized 2-1/4Cr-1Mo steel. The stability of these

precipitates at elevated temperatures makes niobium an attractive alloying addition for the purpose of refming grain size,50 stabilizing the microstructure,75.76 and increasing elevated temperature strengthsl in low alloy ferritic steels. To attain stress rupture strength in 2-1/4Cr-1Mo steel, niobium is added to create a fme dispersion of NbC precipitates in the microstructure. According to Argent, et al.,53 the strength obtained is proportional
to the square root of the volume fraction of NbC pre-

cipitated &dquo;on dislocations.&dquo; Because of the stability of the carbides at elevated temperature and their pinning of dislocation networks in the microstructure, microstructural degradation during creep occurs slowly and the rupture strength is maintained well into the life of the specimen. Husselage and Dortland have reported no significant microstructural changes occur in 2-1/4CrlMoNiNb steel after creep testing for 3100 hr at 650 C. Creep strengthening of 2-1/4Cr-1Mo steel by niobium additions appears to yield superior strength for service temperatures up to about 930 F.6 Tests at 1020 F have shown that after about 5000 hr, the strength advantage over conventional 2-1/4CrlMo steel is lost due to NbC coarsening.76 Gooch62 has indicated that the action of vanadium, titanium, and niobium in weld metal may be somewhat different than in base metal. In addition to carbon, these three elements also have a strong affinity for oxygen. Oxide and silicate inclusions in the weld metal absorb these carbide forming elements from the

V/Ti/Nb is left in the matrix to carbides. Boron. Boron is added to steels to increase their hardenability by retarding the transformation from austenite to fernte and pearlite.6i.68 When used in this capacity, it must be accompanied by sufficient titanium to tie up the nitrogen in the microstructure. Borons influence on creep and rupture strength is indirect and depends on the type and quantity of other alloying elements in the steel. As indicated in the discussion of titaniums effect on the creep strength of 11/4Cr-1/2Mo steel, the addition of 50 to 60 ppm of boron along with 300 ppm of titanium results in improved strength independent of the levels of tramp elements (P, Sb, Sn). In the absence of titanium, adding boron alone to 1-1/4Cr-1/2Mo steel with varying levels of phosphorus, antimony, and tin appears to have an uncertain effect on rupture strength In steels with relatively high phosphorus levels (300 ppm), boron additions increase time to rupture78 but also elevate the minimum creep rate, an apparent inconsistency. Investigation reveals however that the high phosphorus level increases the rupture ductility, allowing greater reduction in area before failure. Silicon and Aluminum. Silicon and aluminum are typically added to steel during its manufacture as deoxidizers.65 Both elements are considered to have a negative effect on creep strength. Silicons effect is particularly detrimental at service temperatures in the range of 950 F to 1200 F.3 Recent work aimed at improving the creep behavior of 2-1/4Cr-1Mo and 3Cr-lMo steels has involved the reduction of silicon levels. Kawasaki Steels study of 2-1/4Cr-1Mo steel has indicated that there is a noticeable improvement in stress rupture strength when the silicon content is reduced from 0.4% to 0.0896.9 Graphically illustrated in Fig. 19, this effect is thought to be due to a slowing of molybdenum-precipitate coarsening resulting from the silicon reduction. Referring back to Fig. 12 is a graph of 1000-hr rupture strength at 550 C as a function of alloy content for 3Cr-lMo steel. This plot shows that rupture strength begins to fall once the silicon content is increased beyond about 0.06%.68 The reduction of creep strength by aluminum is thought to stem from two causes. First, the aluminum in its deoxidizing role forms highly stable oxides which have a grain refining effect on the microstructure during cooling from temperatures above the 3.65J!IJ Traditionally, creep strength is associated with larger grain size. Thus the grain refining action reduces strength. Second, the aluminum combines with dissolved nitrogen to form nitrides, thus preventing it from combining, along with carbon, with the strengthening elements to form carbonitrides.65
metal. Thus,
more

precipitate

out as

surroundmg matrix by virtue of their oxygen content. As a result, in modified 2-1/4Cr-lMo weld metal, the formation of V4C3, TiC, and NbC is suppressed and the carbides formed are more in keeping with those seen m the unmodified steel. In contrast, the inclusion content of base metal is often lower than in the weld

rus,

Tin, Phosphorus, and Antimony. Tin, phosphoand antimony are impurity elements in low alloy

ferritic steels. Their influence on creep and rupture strength has been studied when present individually or in combination with each other. Hopkm and Jenkinsons have mvestigated the effect of0 1 ro tin on the
15 5

2-1/4Cr-lMo Weld Metal

: . i-= ._. -.- - - . -isEgS s&dquo;&dquo; -...... ,- - - . - - -.

-,
-

..r

.:_-

I
.

occur for titanium and titanium plus boron Manganese and Nickel. Manganese and nickel are added to low alloy ferritic steels for a number of reasons. One function of manganese is to tie up the sulfur in steel in the form of MnS inclusions.ss This prevents the formation of FeS which can lead to hot

rity and strengthening alloying elements

such

as recrystallization, produce an abrupt change in slope, replacmg the expected straight Ime with two straight line segments, joined at a point and having differing slopes. Gradual changes such as oxidation, grain growth, or precipitate growth/evolution produce a gradual slope change, causing the line to become curved. Instabilities are more prevalent at high stress-

tearing. Both manganese and nickel increase hardenabihty by retarding the formation of ferrite and pearlite on cooling from austenitizing temperatures.6, Chung, et al.,83 have experimented with 2-1/4Cr-lMo steel, investigating the effect of varying manganese and nickel additions. They report that adding 1.0% manga30% reduction in short time rupture 1000 hr) at 600 C and a 15% decrease at 500 C. An alloy with 0.5% manganese and 0.5% nickel suffers a strength reduction only half that of the 1.0% manganese formulation. Doubling the nickel level to 1.0% while holding the manganese constant does nothing to decrease the strength any further. Sachs, et al.,67 have seen similar trends in 2-1/4Cr-lMo steel tested at 621 C. High levels of manganese and nickel (manganese up to 1.7%, nickel up to 2.2%) reduce rupture life considerably relative to conventional 2-l/4Cr-lMo steeL This negative effect decreases as the manganese and nickel connese a

temperatures. Wilsons has indicated that, for 21/4Cr-1Mo steel, the straight line log stress/log rupture time approach is not dependable for test temperaes or

tures

above about 1000 F.

Time-Temperature Parametem Another data analysis technique involves the use of time/temperaparameters. These parameters are based on an Arrhenius type equation. Invoking the Arrhenius relation implies that creep to rupture is a thermally activated process governed by a single mechanism. However, as stated by Goldhoff, studies have shown that there can be many deformation mechanisms at work during creep rupture. Thus the basis for the parameter approach is not theoretically rigorous. Despite this fact, parameters are widely used in the analysis of rupture data and can be quite useful. The technique has the advantage that all of the data for a given heat of material taken at various temperatures can be depicted on a single master curve. Four of the more common parameters in use are Orn-Sherby-Dorn, Larson-Miller, Manson-Haferd, and Manson-Sucture

results in

strength (maximum rupture time,

&dquo;

testing is to gather data on rupture time as a function of applied stress and test temperature for a particular material with the goal of characterizing its behavior sufficiently so as to permit establishment of allowable stress levels for design purposes. Structures or components to be used as elevated temperatures are generally expected to operate for a minimum of 100,000+ hr. Since it is impractical to test material for such long periods to determine the design stresses associated with that life, data are collected for shorter rupture times and analyzed to determine the relationship between stress and rupture
time. Then extrapolations to 100,000 hr are made and the stresses thus obtained used to develop design criteria. Log Stress/Log Rupture Time. Many methods have been evolved as suitable for data analysis and extrapolation. By far, the simplest technique involves plotting log stress vs. log rupture time. This method takes advantage of the fact that data plotted in this manner, in general, fall on a straight line. Linear re-

tents are decreased. Stress Rupture Data Analysis The objective of stress rupture

cop.86
The latest data analysis techniques make extensive of computers and are not as rigid in assigning an a priori relationship between stress, rupture time, and temperature. Among others, Booker87.88 and Manson89-91 are currently active in this field. Bookers approach utilizes a computer program which requires an input consisting of a list of the possible terms to be used to construct a parametric relation and the stress rupture data. The program then combines the terms to generate a multiplicity of parametric equations, fits the data to each, then outputs a ranked list of the models which give the best fit. It is then up to the analyst to choose the fit which not only describes the data well but also predicts reasonable behavior for the material upon extrapolation. Minimum Commitment Method. Although originally designed to allow the rupture data to determine the exact form of the parametric relation used to describe a materials stress rupture behavior, Mansons minimum commitment method (MCM)89.90.91 has evolved into a form which uses a fixed analytical expression. In its most general form, the MCM relation is
use

I
I

gression techniques are applied and the coefficients which define the equation of the best fit straight line derived. It is then a simple matter to extrapolate to
rupture times of 100,000 hr and determine the associated stress. However, implicit in this method is the assumption that the behavior is linear to 100,000+ hr. Unfortunately, at elevated temperatures, many metalare not microstructurally stable Sigmficant microstructural change in the rupture specimen during the test will alter the slope of the log stress/log rupture time line. Relatively rapid changes,

..

given by
A1) =G ]og(tr)(1 + + og(tl A +Q(2)
-where &dquo;t,&dquo; is the rupture time in hours, &dquo;Q&dquo; is a function of temperature, &dquo;G&dquo; is a function of stress, and &dquo;A&dquo; is a structural stability factor characteristic of the matenal The value of &dquo;A&dquo; is usually small and is often set to zero The temperature function. &dquo;Q&dquo;, has been defined as
17

lurgical systems
. .

2-1/.ICr-IMo Weld Metal

;&dquo;--=-fJ:oI;S._
-.....-a....- .T.....-.....&#x201e;..

.....-.-.

- -.-..&horbar;&horbar;&horbar;&horbar; ,..

(a) The primary strengthening alloy carbide in 2-1/ (3) R,(T - Tm) + ({1/71 - (1/Tm)) steel is MC This precipitate can Cr-1Mo absolute where &dquo;T&dquo;is is an is the absolute test temperature

absolute temperature at the mid-rangeapplied of the data.

and &dquo;R,&dquo; and &dquo;R2&dquo; are regression constants The minimum

the

form in any of the microconstituents found in 2-

i/4Cr-lMo steel (martensite. bainite, ferrite)

but persists during tempering for a much longer tme in the ferrite. (61 Prolonged exposure to elevated temperatures results in a continuous decrease in stress rupture strength as a result of carbide evolution, spheroidization, and agglomera-

commitment method has been

to the

but persists during

analysis of multiple heats of data. For this application, the stress function. the is given by function, &dquo;C&dquo;. heats is 2 G B + C log(s) + Ds + Es2 (4)
=

In this equation, &dquo;B&dquo;, 16ctv, &dquo;D&dquo;, and &dquo;E&dquo;are constants determined by regression and &dquo;s&dquo; is stress. In the multi-heat case, the terms &dquo;B&dquo; and &dquo;Clog(s)&dquo; are heat centering terms and as such, the values of &dquo;B&dquo; and &dquo;C&dquo; change for each heat of material. suited

(c) The loss of strength described in b above may

as or

Tnelossofstrengthdescribedin-b-abovemay

Manson hashas published aacomputer program9l smted Manson computer pubbshed computer for performs running on a desk-top personal computer areinput inputinto intothe the program program in in aa single single which All data are
values heat of material as well as the average
Summary
The preceding literature review has discussed, in detail, the microstructure of 2-1/4Cr-lMo steel (base metal and weld metal) and its effect on stress rupture properties. In addition, the effects of elevated temperature exposure (PWHT, tempering, in service ex-

coarsening, titanium addition of slowed such by the be significantly carbide formers niobium strong

of data. file. The the program does the analysis and then of the constants which, when inserted in the MCM relation describe the rupture behavior of each behavior of all of the data considered as a single population,

which precipitate as MC carbides. These precipitates are effective creep strengtheners and are more stable than M2C. (d) Significant increases in stress rupture strength

prints out

room temperature tensile strength. However, the strength advantage thus obtained increasing significant significant aboveservice temperature (e) steel, strength
with

, tempering PWHT treatments toproducetempering with high

or

l / fll
decreases

posure) and chemical composition have also been addressed. Finally, a brief discussion of some of the analytical techniques currently being used to characterize
the stress rupture behavior of materials based on data collected during rupture testing has been presented. The important points concerning the microstructure of 2-1/4Cr-lMo steel are summarized as follows:

(a) Depending

temperatures above the A3 during welding or heat treatobtained

on the

cooling

rate from

is inservice temperature and and is above about 900 . The however of all 2-1/4Cr-lMo heat treated, approaches a common value given sufficient time at temperature as the microstructure evolves to one of overaged equilibrium carbides in a carbon-saturated ferrite matrix. (/) The influence on rupture strength of introducing polygonal ferrite into an otherwise bainitic material is not clear. (g) Solid solution strengthening plays a minor role in conferring stress rupture strength to 2-1/ 4Cr-lMo steel. Interactions between substitutional (chromium, molybdenum) and interstitial (carbon, nitrogen) atoms are described. (h) Some evidence exists that the stress rupture

is ment, the microstructure is typically typically rate is conbainitic or ferritic/bainitic. Cooling method trolled by the cooling employed, the the weld energy input, preheat/interpass temsize and thickness. member the perature, and The amount of ferrite formed can also be influenced by the carbon content of the material. Under extremely rapid cooling conditions, martensite may also form. . (6) The alloy carbides in the microstructure precipitate and evolve according to a complea scheme determined by Baker and Nutting. 17 The details of the scheme are similar for martensitic and bainitic microstructures but differ significantly

strength of fullydecreasing bainitic 2-1/4Cr-1Mo steelgrain inprior

creases with . size.
austenite

The effects of individual alloying elements may be summarized as follows:

The alloy carbides in the itate and evolveaccordingto a complexdetails

.,

(a) Decreased rupture strength has been associated with increases in levels of chromium, silicon, aluminum, and manganese. (b) Improved rupture strength is obtained by increasing the levels of molybdenum, vanadium, titanium, and niobium. , as the carbon (c) Stress rupture strength increases content is increased. However, the effect is only

(c) The evolution of the carbides in 2-1/4Cr-1Mo

-

for ferrite.
weld metal appears to be slowed carbon content,

1 d niobium. levels below about is only for as carbon significant the significant for temperatureincreases, the F, strengthening
the strength

by increases in

strength
18

The influence of microstructure on stress rupture may be summarized as follows.

effect decreases until at 1000 advantage becomes insignificant. influence of boron additions on rupture strength is not clear and appears to depend on the levels of other elements present including titanium, phosphorus, tin, and antimony.

WRC Bulletin 315

,.

(e) Tin and phosphorus appear to increase the

creep rate with

the latter also increasing the rupture ductility,. The mfluence of phosphorus is further bolstered by increases m the carbon
con-

CCT diagrams. SEM examination of the resulting microstructures were then performed to determine the
microconstituents thermal history.
Materials

produced

as a

consequence of the

content.

(f)

At levels up to 1.0%, increases in the nickel

tent do not affect

rupture strength.

may may

The discussion of the analysis of stress rupture data summarized as as 10 followa: ows: be summarize

(a) The objective of stress rupture testing is to gather data on rupture time as a function of applied stress and test temperature for a particular material with the

goal of characterizing its behavior sufficiently so as to permit establishment of allowable stress levels for design purposes.

(b) Some of the analytical techniques currently employed in rupture data analysis include the log stress/log rupture time method, various time/ temperature parameter methods, and the Manson

minimum commitment method.

Materials &dquo; an and and Experimental Procedure Procedure oc ure penmen

The goal of this program was to investigate the effect of carbon content and PWHT on the stress rupture strength of 2-1/4Cr-lMo weld metals. In order to establish the correlation between carbon level and rupture strength, rupture testing of weld metals with carbon contents in the range of 0.02-0.13 weight percent was conducted. For this phase of the study, the PWHT selected was 1300 F/25 hr. Second, the effect of PWHT on the rupture strength of 0.08-0.09 carbon weld metal was evaluated using a PWHT of 1175 F/ 25.5 hr. In support of the rupture testing effort, extensive microstructural examination of the above weld metals in the as-welded, PWHT, and rupture tested condition was performed using the SEM and STEM. This microstructural work was aimed at characterizing the microstructure as a function of carbon content and PWHT with the ultimate goal of correlating the microstructure with the stress rupture properties. SEM examination of the weld metals revealed the dependence of microconstituent morphology on prior material history. Furthermore, to obtain information on the

Four 2-1/4Cr-lMo weld metals were used in this program with carbon contents of 0.02-0.03, 0.04-0.05, and weight percent. The carbon is instead d f of fi a fixed ed value al reflecting h e ... range given fl. the observed in the carbon level from variability analysis to analysis. This variation most probably results from the inhomogeneity of weld metal deposits as well as from statistical variation in the analysis results. The chemical compositions of the four weld metals studied are shown in Table 3. The weld metal specimens were made from material eatracted from shielded metal arc weldments. These weldmenta were fabricated in 2-1/4 to 2-1/2 inch thick SA 387 Grade 22 plate using a single-V groove preparation employing a backing bar. The chemical composition of the base plate is given in Table 3. The electrodes used were all of the E9018-B3 type, except for those utilized to make the 0.02-0.03 carbon weldment .. , were which were E9015-B3L E9015-B3L electrodes. Welding was conducted using good low hydrogen practice, a preheat temperature of 300 F, and an interpass temperature of 500* F. Subsequent to the completion of welding, each weldment was postheated at 400 F for 4 hr and cooled in still air. Details of the groove geometry, electrode type and size, as well as welding parameters are summarized in Table 4.

0.08-0.09,

0.12-0.13

Stress Rupture Testing

type, size, morphology, distribution, and composition of the alloy carbides present, STEM examination of
carbide extraction replicas taken from weld metal specimens was also conducted. Weld metal specimens were thermally cycled on the Gleeble using a variety of thermal cycles designed to simulate the thermal history occurring in the coarse-

grained region of the HAZ during welding. Cooling conditions were chosen to span the normal range of weld energy inputs characteristic of welds in heavysection Cr-Mo materials. A dilatometric technique was employed to detect the weld metal transformation during cycling and the data obtained used to construct

To determine the effects of carbon content and PWHT on stress rupture strength, rupture testing of the 2-1/4Cr-1Mo weld metal was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, specimens of weld metal PWHT 1300 F/25 hr and having carbon contents of 0.02-0.03, 0.04--0.05, 0.08-0.09, and 0.12-0.13 weight percent were rupture tested at 850, 950, and 10500 F, temperatures selected as being representative of the current and anticipated operating range of 2-1/4Cr1Mo pressure vessels. The PWHT employed produced Class 2 properties (as defined for SA 387 Grade 22 steel) in the weld metal. The tensile strength range for this class of material is 75 to 100 KSI. In phase 2, only the 0.08-0.09 carbon weld metal was studied. This material, PWHT 1176 F/25.5 hr, was rupture tested at 950 and 1050 F. The phase 2 PWHT produced weld metal properties in agreement with those proposed by the Metal Properties CounCil93 for a new class of SA 387 Grade 22 steel, i.e., Class 3. This proposed class of SA 387 has an allowable tensile strength range of 90 to 110 KSI. Stress rupture specimens tested in this program consisted of 100% weld metal and were fabricated with their longitudinal axis parallel to the welding direction. As shown in Fig. 22, the specimen gage length was 1.125 inches with a gage diameter of 0 125 mches The
19

&dquo;

1 2-114Cr-IMo Weld Metal

._ . --: - ._ _ _ ... f _=,a:_ _,...._ .s...._ _ _ _ _ _ _ . __ _ ,. , :n- ;,:u...-,,,..,:....--...,.

I
.

I,
Table 3.

Chemical composition of base metals and weld metals employed in the study.

Base Metal

Weld Metal

Element t
C
Mn

BP-1 I
1 0.11 9 0.39

BP-2 2 1 0.11 8 0.38

1 0.011

0.02-0.03C
G 0.024

0.04-0.05C C 5 0.045

O.OH-0.09C
1 0.091

0.12-O.l3C 0.13 3 0.52 2 0.010

3 0.013

0.96
0.019 9 G 0.024 0.75 5 1 0.11

0.66
3 0.013

9 0.59 0.010
G 0.014

P S

0.010 0.018 8
0.18

0.022 2
9 0.29

0.018
1 0.31

Si I Cu

0.39
G 0.024

0.37

0.17 0.23 3
2.29 1.15 5

0.15 5 0.15 5 7 2.07

0.08

0.027
0.036
2 2.52

Ni i
Cr

0.09 2.39

0.08
1 2.31 I 1.1l

0.033 3 2.48 8
1.17 ? 5 0.015

Mo
V

0.88
0.004 0.007 7

1.20

1.18 0.008
3 0.003

0.003 3 0.016 0.003 3 0.012 2

0.006
0.026
0.002 2 0.008
ND
ND

0.014
7 0.017

As
Sb
Sn

0.003 3 0.004 0.002 2

4 0.014

0.009 0.012 2
0.008 0.0003 3

0.002 2 0.003 3
ND ND

0.004
2 0.002

Al l
B
*

ND
ND

j
i

0.013 3
0.0004

0.0004

ND - Not Determined

small size of the rupture specimen not only increased the number of specimens which could be fabricated from a given length of weldment, but also kept the load requirements necessary to obtain rupture times in the range of ten to several thousand hours within the capabilities of the testing apparatus. Rupture testing was conducted on eight constant load, dead-weight creep frames. Each frame contains a three-zone furnace with the power level for each zone

being independently adjustable. Each furnace is controlled by a Leeds and Northrup Electromax II controller which utilizes a chromel-alumel thermocouple
to monitor the temperature at the center of the middle

I
I

All furnaces were profiled and the zone controls used to obtain a constant temperature profile over the
zone.

specimen gage length (:i: 10 F). Each specimen was mounted in a testing frame and suspended within the creep frame furnace. See Fig. 23
I

Table 4. Weldment I.D.

Welding procedure
Base Plate I.D. Thickness

and parameters

employed

in fabrication of the

2-1/4Cr-IMo SMA weldments.

Arc

Electrode

Type

AnRle
V

Root

Type
E9015-B3L

Dia.

VoltaRe
24-28 V 24-28 1I 24-28 V 24-28 V 24-28 V
24-28 V

Current

0.02-0.03C

BP-1

1/4&dquo;

Single

25&dquo;

3/4&dquo;

1/8&dquo; 5/32&dquo;

145 A
195 A

0.04-0.05C

BP-1

2 1/4&dquo;

Single

0 18

1/2&dquo;

E9018-B3

1/8&dquo;
5/32&dquo;

135 A 180 A

0.08-0.09C

2 BP-2

2 1/2&dquo;

Single

v V

0 30

3/4&dquo;

&dquo;

3 E9018-B3

5/32&dquo; 3/16&dquo;

160-210 A

I
j
0.12-0.13C

I
220-290 A
160-210 A

BP-2

2 1/2&dquo;

Single

30

3/4&dquo; EI,018-B3

5/32&dquo;

24-28 V 24-28 V

I
20

3/16&dquo;

220-290 A

WRC Bulletm 315

I
-...&horbar;&horbar;&horbar; _ , -_ . , -

I
.......... ..., _ , ,
.,

-l . _:. _ ,_..&dquo;..,aB
I
_,

, . , , , ..

_.

...

k
0 3125 DIA (12 3 mm) >
______

The obtained SMA weld metal rupture data ro 1258 CIA

were

IIII

(32 mm )>

T t
.

t!
GAGE LENGTH
I 1258
-

I II I
-

analyzed using three techniques; (a) the log stress/log rupture time method, (b) the Larson-Miller parameter method, and (c) the Manson minimum commitment
method The results were examined to determme the effect of carbon content and PWHT on stress rupture strength. Comparisons of the 100,000-hr stress predictions derived using each method were also made. In an attempt to gain further insight into the dependence of the rupture strength of weld metal on carbon content and PWHT, additional rupture data were collected from the literature with the restriction that only data from tests of 100% weld metal specimens in the PWHT condition be considered. During the compilation, data from all welding processes were considered. However, because the thesis research dealt primarily with SMA weld metal, a second abbreviated set of data consisting of only SMA material was created. In order to facilitate determination of the correlation between stress rupture strength and both carbon content and PWHT, the augmented data were partitioned using two criteria. First the data were separated

( 28 6 mm)

2 620
( 66 5 mm)

Fig. 22- Stress-rupture

test

specimen.

for a schematic view of the test geometry. A chromelalumel thermocouple wired to the center of the epecimen gage length was connected to a digital temperature meter which, in turn, was used to monitor the temperature of the specimen during testing. To minimize the convection of air through the furnace, both the top and bottom orifices of the furnace were packed with ceramic wool. At the beginning of each test, the specimens were heated to the desired temperature and stabilized there before any load was supplied. Loading was in uniaxial tension with the load a constant throughout the test. In addition to temperature, specimen extension, measured by a dial gauge attached to the testing frame, was also recorded as a function of time.

by temper parameter,
P
=

[(T + 460)(20 + logt)

103],

WOOLB
.
,

c CERAMIC PLUG

B.

FURNACE FURNACE &#xb7; &#xb7; &horbar;&horbar;&horbar;&horbar;&horbar;&horbar;&horbar;

..

BJ ..--.

, , :. , , .- ...
-

RUPTURE

SPECIMEN

fl

T*&dquo; &horbar;
WEIGHTS IIE t GNTS -

-&horbar; EXTENSOMETER

the value of which is directly related to the degree of PWHT. Based on the work done by Baker and Nutting&dquo; to describe the carbides in 2-1/4Cr-lMo steel as a function of tempering time and temperature (see Fig. 3), average temper parameter values characteristic of the regime boundaries in the figure were calculated and used to defme the dividing points for the data base. The resulting temper parameter ranges employed were P < 32.0, 32.0 < P < 36.2, 36.2 < P < 37.5, and P > 37.5. The second partitioning criterion was based on weld metal carbon content. Keeping in mind the dependence of rupture strength on carbon level reported by Copeland and Licina,9 the carbon ranges established were C < 0.02, 0.02 < C < 0.04, 0.04 < C < 0.08, 0.08 < C < 0.12, and C > 0.12. Partitioning by carbon level was performed within each temper parameter range so that observed variations in strength were minimally affected by PWHT variation. For analysis of rupture data using the log stress/log rupture time approach, a model for stress as a function of rupture given by

log(s)
TIMER
was

A + Blog(t)

(5)
I

fi-r**]
T&horbar;&horbar;

&horbar;J<

r
-

f1

&horbar;
&horbar;)

INTERRUPT SWITCH

.
-

- schematic of place

creep frame with specimen in

assumed where &dquo;s&dquo; is stress in KSI, &dquo;t,&dquo; is rupture time in hours and &dquo;A&dquo; and &dquo;B&dquo; are regression constants. Using linear regression analysis, a best fit straight line was calculated. Stress for 100,000-hr rupture was also obtained by extrapolation. Because this model does not include a temperature term, the above analysis had to be performed for each test temperature at which data were available. Analysis of rupture data using the Larson-Miller parameter was also conducted A parameter value for each data point was calculated using the equation,
21 1

..

2-l/4Cr-lMo Weld Metal

,. _ ..__ ,. - _ - &dquo; ,

.., w . y.

: &dquo;,.-.,-.,.....-._

&horbar;--

-.-.

!
LMP
=

I
i

(T + 460)(C + logk P

10-3

(6)

senses

variation in the specimen diameter due to ther.

where &dquo;7- is the test temperature m degrees Fahrenhe it, &dquo;C&dquo; is a constant, and &dquo;t,&dquo; is the rupture time in hours. A value of 20 was used for &dquo;C&dquo; for all analyses and is generally accepted as an average value applicable in most cases. After plotting the data on a log stress
vs.

to

Larson-Miller parameter graph, curves were fitted the data using regression analysis techniques. In a majority of cases, a quadratic equation of the form

log(s)
.

= A + B(LMP) +
,

D(LMP)2
,, ,
,

(7)

used in the analysis where &dquo;s&dquo; is stress in KSI, &dquo;LMP&dquo; is the Larson-Miller parameter, and &dquo;A&dquo;, &dquo;B&dquo;, and &dquo;D&dquo; are regression constants. The resulting curves provided a reasonable data fit except where only few data points were available. In such cases, application of a quadratic fit sometimes resulted in a curve which was concave upward. As an alternative, in such cases, regression was performed using a linear fit of the form,
,,

as well as volumetric from result phase transformations The changes which a multi-channel light beam to is fed dilatometer signal oscillograph where a resulting trace of specimen dilation and temperature as a function of time is recorded. Determination of transformation start and finish temperatures is accomplished by plotting relative dilation a function of temperature Start and finish temas peratures are indicated by the points at which the plot deviates from linear expansion/contraction behavior. Weld metal transformation specimens 0.250 inches

mal

expansion/contraction

I
i

was

were thermally cycled in Weld metaland transformation 4inches longcycles indiameter were thermally cycled in

transformation providedareasonable constants. The where only few the thermal historiesofmaterial immediately adjaplate la llcalflpladlalernatilll n 8ucl , cent inputs in two inch thick steel plate to the fusion line preheated gg gQ g0 KJ/IN, respectively.
log(8)
= A+

were used to deterthe Gleeble. Seven thermal with a peak temeach behavior, mine the of cycles corresponded to perature of 2400 F. Six

);
.

B(LMP)

(8)

The curve fits were used to calculate stress for 100,000hr rupture. p Stress rupture data analysis using the Manson minimum commitment method was performed on an IBM

the thermal fusion line in two inch thick steel of to 400 F and welded with energy These inputs are in the range characteristic of SMAW and SAW, two welding processes commonly used in the fabrication of 2-1/4Cr-lMo pressure vessels. The seventh thermal cycle was obtained by heating the specisame

,
.

mum nllD1tment method was designed by Manson91

fabrication welding processes commonly used in sevthe F at men to 2400 employed other peak temperatemperaHowever, on reaching the peak
rate
as

in the

I
I
i
,

PC using a computer program designed byManson

and modified by Pepe. The details of the Manson method have already been discussed in the literature review. From files stored on magnetic disc, data listed by heat were read and processed using regression analysis. The constants determined were used to construct isotherms which defined the average behavior of the material having data in the input file. Heat constants were also calculated which made it possible to draw isotherms for each individual heat of material. Determination of the 100,000-hr stresses associated with each isotherm as well as the statistical parameters describing the scatter of the data about the fitted

cycles. ture, the Gleeble

on

shut off, allowing the specimen rate determined by the geomemaximum to cool at the try of the sample/cooling jaw assembly. Analysis of the cooling profile indicated that it was roughly equivalent that resulting from an 18 KJ/IN weld in 2-inch plate at room temperature. Fig. 24 is a graphical representation of the thermal cycles employed in the transformation study.
was

&dquo;

accomplished using additional computer by Pepe.98 developed programs

curves was

Transformation Studies

The transformation behavior of 0.08-0.09 and 0.120.13 carbon weld metal was determined with the aid of a 510 Gleeble. Developed at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), the Gleeble is a &dquo;high speed time/ temperature control device&dquo;99 which can impose a preprogrammed thermal cycle on a metallic sample. The specimen is clamped at each end in water-cooled copper jaws which also serve as points of electrical contact. The sample is resistance heated. A small wire thermocouple percussion welded to the sample is used to monitor the specimen temperature both for recording and control purposes. The pre-programmed thermal cycle is achieved by continuously altering the balance between the resistance heating and the cooling resulting from heat flow down the length of the sample to the water-cooled jaws. For conducting transformation studies, the Gleeble is also fitted with a high speed dilatometer which
22

Results and Discussion Stress Rupture Data Analysis Despite the volume of stress rupture data that has been collected for 2-1/4Cr-lMo weld metal, only limited analysis has been done to determine the effects of PWHT and carbon content on stress rupture strength of these materials. Wagner and Seth84 have analyzed rupture data to ascertain the correlation between room temperature tensile strength (related to PWHT) and rupture properties. Their data base consisted of data from tests of weld metal in the as-welded, quenched and tempered, and PWHT condition. By partitioning their data by room temperature tensile strength alone, they ignored the microstructural differences which result from these varying treatments, differences which, although not affecting room temperature strength, can influence rupture behavior. Klueh and Canonico,1 Campbell,7o and Pendley have all investigated the correlation between carbon content and stress rupture strength. The experimental work of Klueh and Canonico7l and Campbell7 yielded conflicting results and therefore did not clarify the relationship between carbon and rupture strength Pendley---5 reviewed the literature for stress rupture data of PWHT weld metal hch he analyzed after

&dquo;

WRC Bulletin 315

-..-

...

-.... _ -.. , , ;,=- &dquo;

log(t) log(t,)

B B,

ln(s) C C, In(,)

+ Ds D, +

2 E, Es2

(ll) (11)
1888 :
: S

Equation (11) can be differentiated with respect to &dquo;s&dquo; and set equal to zero to determine the maxima and minima of the curve described by the equation. Upon simplification, the result is
2Es2 + Ds
+

&dquo;...ULLII LARSO*-MILLER PAAarcret &dquo;..nil ...,,&dquo; AALrsis LITERATURE DATA (ALL WELDING PROCESSES)

,
B:

iI

:
118

!
__

C,

(12) (13)

T i 9

i
---B . ,

Using the quadratic formula, one obtains

s

ssS
I

f
&dquo;
.

[ t !

/
I

= [-D + (D 2 - 8ECI)I/2][1/4E].

11

Assuming that both solutions to Eq. (13) are real, this equation indicates that the curve can have both a
maaimum and a minimum. Stated another way, the its direction twice, much in the same as a described curve way by a cubic equation in &dquo;s&dquo;. data for a Therefore, the particular data set must be best represented by the portion of the Manson curve h hi . f is well fl y from a maximum or f f the maximum or minimum does not occur in the rupture time interval of interest, in order for an acceptable curve fit to be obtained. Unfortunately, this requirement is not always met and problems therefore do arise. Elimination of this difficulty would require modification of the Manson model to remove either the &dquo;log(s)&dquo; or the &dquo;s2&dquo; term. Such an action, however, would sacrifice some of the ability of the obtained curves to conform to the data. The results of the various rupture data analyses are
curve can reverse
....
.

S1.

f
:

-------- 36.2P37.5
- &dquo;s

32 *0 P:M.2
n

<32

%
3>< 33
:IS

&dquo;

Z5
Fl Fi-.25. 25-

Z,

37

39

LAISOIHnWI behavior of 2-1/4Cr-111 PdMITII ...Id _tal..

Streoa vupture Stress behavior of 2-1/4Cr-INo weld metal &a a functim function Tu>ture of temper parameter determined by analysis of literature data for ...ld cal depoited by a variety of welding processes.

i ,

j
I
I

ture data base and for the SMA data only. Table 6 obtained for a function of test temperature and carbon content for data. Table 7 data only.
vs.

contains andtemperature for the SMA only. Table 6 contains base of test anddata carbon data. Table 7 presents derived from the presents the stresses derived SMA
the stresses from the

I
,

.1

the curves in the fall close to one are shown WIthout data to aVOid The confusion which would arise due to data individual curves with all of the data points shown are available upon request from The Welding Research and Engineering group at The University of Tennessee. Requests should be addressed to:
Dr. Carl D. Lundin Materials Science and Engineering 307 Dougherty Engineering Building University of Tennessee Knoxville, TN 37996

presented in the discussionsfigures which follow. Because many of another, they another, they are shown without data points pomts to avoid overlap.

Figs. 25 and 26 depict the bestfit curves for log

stress

Larson-Miller parameter for each temper

parameter range. Fig. 25 represents the entire data

Examination of 5the from thecorresponding figures stresses in Table reveals the followingtrends. First, the stress for 100,000-hr
rupture generally decreases
the temper parameter increases. This holds true at least for service temperatures in the range of 7501050 F. However, the strength advantage gained by lightly tempering 2-1/4Cr-1Mo weld metal (P < 32.0)
as

base while

Fig. 26 is derived from the SMA data only.

i
j

The complete data base for both the literature data and UTK experimental data is available upon request from Metal Properties Council, 345 E. 47th Street, New York, NY 10017.
Larson-Miller Parameter Analysis. Literature Data Analysis (Larson-Miller Parameter). Figs. 2532 are plots of log stress vs. Larson-Miller parameter for the stress rupture data collected from the literature for PWHT 2-1/4Cr-1Mo weld metal. Figs. 25, 27, 29, and 31 are derived from all of the data considered

LAleS011-ftILLei PfiRMETER ANALYSIS S IiTJ<uarur: sfaw A1A

1881 i

:
S T e
.

)
)
----&dquo;--.

Ii

I,

J
,

Ss
1 s I

1. :

---= --=:

:
.
te

&dquo;&dquo;

--&dquo;

-.:::::: &dquo;&dquo;&dquo;-

&dquo;
]
1

-............ .......
..
n---

-...::::::

..

single population regardless of welding process while Figs. 26, 28, 30, and 32 have been prepared for SMA data only. Table 5 presents the stress for
as a

.. __.._ P.32
- 3z<3.s

P&dquo;2 0

I
27

(1
.

function of test temperature 100,000-hr rupture and temper parameter calculated from regression and analyses of log stress vs Larson-Miller parameter plots. Values are given for both the entire stress rupas a

12S
&dquo;

29 1

31

33

35

37

39

LA RSOIHI I LLER PARft1rrU

.. , .&dquo;&dquo; &dquo;;.ro SPSaVtOt C 1-Wacr-Wc 5 , &dquo;e d re 3S u&dquo;ctlo ...=-. ?>r deter-!nco 0 .raVS1$ 0 : I..ur. data

24

WRC Bulletin 315

L
.

j I
I

Table 5.

Stress for 100,000 hour rupture as a function of test temperature and temper parameter determined by Larson-Miller analysis of 2-1/4Cr-IMo weld metal literature data.

Data

Temper Parameter Range

P<32.0 32.0<P<36.2 36.2<P<37.5 P>37.5

Stress for

100,000 Hour Rupture (KSI)

750F
92.7

800F
67.7 39.5

850F
41.6 31.1

900F
-

950F
-

F 1000F
-

1050F
-

All

47.3 49.3
40.4

23.8 22.5 19.0

-

17.1

13.0
11.0

7.9
-

39.6
32.9 66.4
44.1

30.0 25.3

15.8 13.4
-

9.3
-

6.0
-

SMA

P<32.0 32.0<P<36.2

90.6
53.9 47.4
-

37.8 34.0 29.9

24.5

Only
25.7 23.0 17.0 18.2 t6.8
12.2

12.8 12.2 9.4

8.3
-

36.2<P<37.5 P>37.5

38.5
-

decreases as the temperature increases from 750 F until, dt about 875 F, it is not significant. Second, the 100,000-hr rupture stresses for the various temper parameter ranges approach a common value as the service temperature increases. At 750 F, the spread in stresses is 40 to 50 KSI but decreases to 4 KSI as the temperature approaches 1000&dquo; F. Figs. 27 and 28 show the best fit curves for 2-1/4CrIMo weld metal PWHT with 32.0 < P < 36.2 for each carbon content range. Considering these figures along
Table 6.

with Tables 6 and 7, it is apparent that the 100,000-hr rupture stress increases with carbon content. However, this increase does not appear to be uniformly continuous. The lowest 100,000-hr stresses are indicated by the C < 0.02 and 0.02 < C < 0.04 curves which fall together. At a higher stress level, the curves for the 0.04C < C0.08 and 0.08 < C < 0.12 data fall together. This behavior is best illustrated by Fig. 27. Finally, the 100,000-hr stresses for C > 0.12 are consistently above those for all the lower carbon materials. Unfortunate-

Stress for 100,000 hour rupture as a function of test temperature, carbon content, and temper parameter determined by Larson-Miller analysis of 2-1/4Cr-IMo weld metal literature data considered independent of deposition process.

Temper
Parameter

Carbon Content

Stress for

100,000 Hour Rupture (KSI)

750F
38.9
-

800F
32.5
-

850F
25.7
-

900F
19.9
-

950F
14.5 13.2 18.0
t6.9
-

1000F
-

F 1050F
-

32.0<P<36.2

C<0.02 0.02<C<0.04 0.04<C<0.08 0.08<C<0.12 C>0.12

9.4 12.7 12.2

-

6.5 8.2
-

24.6
-

53.7
47.0

45.7 37.9 38.0

43.8
-

37.8

31.3

36.2<P<37.5
.

0.02<C<0.04
0.04<C<0.08

28.7
29.0 34.0
-

21.3
21.6 26.2 14.9 17.5 21.3

14.7
15.1

46.9
54.0
-

10.4
14.2

0.08<C<O.12
P>37.5
-

19.3
Ii.l

0.02<C<0.04

8.5

0.04<C<0.08
0.08<C<0.12

35.7

28.6 36.3

22.3
28.3

13.4
14.8

10.3
10.1

43.5

6.3

2-1 /4Cr-1 Mo Weld Metal

25

/
/
-.
-,.

&#xb7; ^.t,r-. r_ <o ._ ..-..... _ v

.__ 7&dquo;.-.9&.,-,W.c--f.^,.-fiX;l:e-t-S ::fl----:, -&dquo;S&dquo; =&dquo;rrv_ :.

.l.&dquo;&dquo;-&dquo;Wl!.&dquo; -_6-

I
.

Table 7.

Stress for 100,000 hour rupture and temper parameter determined metal literature data.

as

by

d function of test temperature, carbon content. Larson-Hiller analysis of 2-)/<Cr-tMo SMA weld

Temper
Parameter

Carbon
Content
F 750F
-

Stress for

100,000 Hour Rupture (KSI)

800F
-

850tf
-

900F r
-

950F F
13.2 2 19.8 a

t000F F
4 9.4

1050F F
6.5 5

32.0<P<36.2

0.02<C<0.04

0.04<C<0.08 0.08<C<0.t2 00.t2 2 36.2<P<37.5 5 2

24.5 5
22.1 I

14.7 7 12.2 2
-

9.5 5
-

17.2 2
-

53.7 7

7 45.7

8 37.8 1 29.t

31.3 3 22.0 25.5 S

14.9 9

0.04<C<0.08
0.08<C<0.12
2

46.9 9
50.9 9
-

38.0
41.5 5
-

15.6 6
1 l9.1 1 11.1

11.0

6 32.6
-

14.3 3 S 8.S it.6 6

P>37.5 S

0.02<C<0.04 0.04<C<0.08

9 23.9

18.9 9

16.7

ly, the data in the high carbon range are such that the curve does not extend to LMP values above approximately 34. A1?, a result, the 100,000-hr rupture stresses
.

can not be determined for temperatures above 900 F without extrapolating. Figs. 29 and 30 show the best fit curves for 2-1/4Cr1Mo weld metal PWHT with 36.2 < P < 37.5 as a function of carbon content. When examined along with Tables 6 and 7, a trend of increasing 100,000-hr rupture strength with increasing carbon content is once again observed. Curves from the entire data base show the strength of 0.02 < C < 0.04 weld metal and 0.04 < C < 0.08 weld metal to be comparable with that for 0.08 < C < 0.12 material falling significantly higher. In comparison, curves for the SMA data alone indicate a strength increase when the carbon level increases from 0.04 < C < 0.08 to 0.08 < C 0.12%.

Figs. 31 and 32 show the best fit curves for weld metal PWHT with P > 37.5 (see also Tables 6 and 7). The rupture strength appears to be directly related to carbon content. The curve for 0.02 < C < 0.04 falls consistently below that for the higher carbon material. Further examination reveals that the 0.08 < C < 0.12 weld metal has a higher 100,000-hr rupture strength than the 0.04 < C < 0.08 material. However, the strength advantage diminishes continuously as the temperature increases from 750 F (strength difference 9 KSI) to 1000 F (difference only 0.2 KSI). The dependence of the stress-rupture strength of 21/4Cr-1Mo weld metal on welding process has not been specifically addressed in this program. However, using Tables 6 and 7, the strengths predicted from the analysis of the total literature data base (data from a variety of welding processes) can be compared to those

LARS011-NiLLIt PIIRMETEI /lllALVSIS LITtBIITUit MfA (ALL NEL11lK ?tOCBSStS)

tma: 1818.
.

TMMPMMttTH

12.0<P.36.2 &dquo;&dquo;

1&dquo; .
S , T , 1

MMM-H)HM tAtHfItTtt MALYSIS UT!Mn)M SMM 11TI1ATUIt III lATA MTO

TB)P&euro;X PI1IWETEI!

I
I

I S T . I I 1.

&#xb7;

;?;

J2.0P<36

I1. I
S 1 )

.
&dquo;
.

:
.

&horbar;&horbar;

----- ---_________

1.

.
__

.
-

----

----

&dquo;

le:
:
.

---0 - C.O D2.C.O D2

27

--&horbar;OM.C.OO. ()I -- - 000.(.008 ... n 0.08.(.0 12 _. _ c.o lz 1z

-_ B
&dquo;, I

... S :
,
a o <c.o j.&horbar;&horbar;&horbar;&horbar;.otC.t.OO.)

&dquo;
&dquo; .

- - - 0 0<1-(0.08
-- co u

- 0 D8.(.0.12

1 Z5
- - Sess
as

29 ,
c

, I

29

31 . 31
o

, I

33

35

3? 31

3l 39

t ZS
)
,:

27

29 , t 29

31 ,

, I

, I

, J

3i

33

35 3S

37 31

39

LARSOIHII LLER tRAAffE7EA

rupture

LaRSOA-NILLEA PARAtILTER
d rt-< !j:

benwer
mbft

*--

:.:

. , ..r
er &dquo;01-

)<&dquo;.

functir

-. ;-. 5 .fSi
as

:.:--

aata

or vrle ..a . ,.s

r:: &dquo;B

-f
e .

.. cr

3-tSK : W-t-t ..f C -- ..)(:es&dquo;s-

...

r,_l.e bravlnr of PBoif&dquo; 2-1/t.,r-!&dquo;Bo Su veld t-tttt ()2 0<p<]t n carben ,.,so. <-n...< C-11-e&dquo;lt a.<.,=i..; ...- .< otten::1&dquo;1ftJ bv ,.,iv,i. 8&dquo;131.,s. o< of >i<.,,<u,. Htcttmtt

2)

26

WRC Bulletin 315

--

_. - IL-{4

LAISOIHULLD PATOMB MMLYStS LITILMAT MM (ALL MtmXt fOMKStS)

im
.

LMMtWOLLn MMMTM ANALYSIS LITI&Mlt MM (IIIU 1I1L81111i fMCMtS)

less

i:

tmEw pwnirw TMR PAKWIEN

s 5 x 2-P-37 36 ?.p.3>

1:

mnmEw imw Ptft<MT[)) TERKR

p. 3> S P-37 s

s T I 9 s S

fl
.

In ::
.

&horbar;
-

s T I I s S

1
.

in
:
.

- - _

=
s I

- _
&dquo;

- _

is

r :

____
. .

&I dquo; s ;

IN

I :

&horbar;&horbar; &horbar;o 06 <t-0.12 ..........OOOoe

I

____ 0.02<.O.C
-

&dquo;&dquo;*-%, &dq uo;--

---0.08<.12
I
I I

26

Z8

38

32

34

1I :J6 J1I 31 Z8 26

34

:J6

J1I

LAITSO&dquo;ILLU MMmm
Fig.29ttl (36.2cPc37 5) rupture behador of NIT 2-t/tCr-tKo )!<) m* function of e*rbon eootMt <ttttrmla*d by 811.8]1818 of literaturl Str*<*

WSOIHI1LLD MUMMm
FiJ 31- Stre&dquo;
prmosses
a rupture babovi&dquo; of NIT !-t/*Ct-)))o wId .tal (f.i7 5) as fmttio* of arbaa contnt deterw1.oed b7 Mttytit ot litttttur* data of for **M mtal <ttp<tttt*d by t Mfttty wldlng prmeems.

d*M for w a

doposit*d by t ttrl*ty of weldina

derived from the analysis of the SMA data alone. In some temper parameter or carbon content ranges, the predictions based on the SMA data are a few KSI higher than those for the total data base, while in others the revere is true. Thus, based on this analysis of the data available, it appears that the stress-rupture strength of2-1/4Cr-1Mo SMA weld metal is comparable in magnitude with that determined for weld metal

deposited by a variety of welding processes. UTK Data Analysis (Larson-Miller Parameter). Figs. 33 through 35 are log stress vs. Larson-Miller parameter plots derived from analysis of UTK data. Figures are presented showing the effect of PWHT and carbon content on stress rupture strength. Tables
8 and 9 list the calculated 100,000-hr rupture stresses derived from the fits in the figures. Fig. 33 depicts the effect of PWHT on the rupture behavior of the weld metals independent of carbon content. Inspection of the figure along with the values

in Table 8 indicates that the 100,000-hr rupture strength of the Class 3 material is significantly higher than that for Class 2 weld metals. As expected, the strength advantage diminishes with increasing temperature, decreasing from 14 KSI at 750 F to 3 KSI at 10500 F. Fig. 34 shows the effect of carbon content on the stress rupture strength of the Class 2 weld metal Examination of the figure reveals that the strength of the 0.02-0.03C material is noticeably below that of the 0.04-0.05,0.08-0.09, and 0.12-0.13 carbon weld metals which are comparable in strength. This observation is confirmed by inspection of Table 9. Even at lower service temperatures, the spread in strengths of the higher carbon materials is only 1.5 KSI. Considering the results obtained above, the Class 2 data were reanalyzed, combining the 0.04-0.05, 0.080.09, and 0.12-0.13 carbon data into a single popula-

LABSO&dquo;ILL91 MMMTM ANALYSIS LITIIIITIIII StMM UTA

LMSMHHU.H I*MITZI MMLYStS UTCMTUM NMM MM

tM*

188 .
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TBfH PARAWTER K.2-P.!7.;

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LARSOIt-nILLEJ PARMETEI

LAISOIHIILLII PARNirrU
:;- Strf* --pturt
data

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data

Stft-.* ruptutt b.h.v1or of fi-X*

SM veld ttt Ob :<P<!: >; cont.,t det.ri&dquo;e&dquo;: bB .nalvt&dquo; o. I1t.t.tute

c:c.arbon

0 FWHT 2-/4Cr-l-W SNTA veld metal (P>37 s> 5) conte&dquo;Bl determined by an.lv.i. of literalure

2-/4Cr-MoWcMAal

27

.
LAISON-ftILLII TAAAfICtAA AlIALYSIS S
11EA SMAW DATA

LAASON-IIILLAA MA11I1LTAA ANALYSIS 1111 9fA11 DATA lm

S T 1 A I

1881 :

1- :
&dquo;
.

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WS8HtILLD PdMIITII
S.r... Pig.]]-Stnu Pig.33-1< -........ eul w a tvmctioo ot :-.-. beluviot of 7-1/t:r-t!b 9N vwlW rvptore behavior r. of temper parameter r denrvlMd by analysis of If date. 6tnu ruptun bobevur gf 0.0Z-0.07 aed 9.0&dquo;.13 earbon 2-1/6(0-1110 or &dquo; earbaa &horbar;&horbar;&horbar;&horbar; t fUDCtl.&oelig; &dquo; - wId nul !11ft lJOO&dquo;/Z5 bn. u &dquo; determined by analysis et Vft dau.

TJ. .*

I
,

tion. Fig. 35 shows the curves obtained and more clear. .

previous figures for SMA literature data. Tables 10 and 11 contain the calculated 100,000-hr rupture
stresses for each temper parameter range and carbon content range, respectively. Fig. 36 is a plot of log stress vs. Larson-Miller parameter as a function of temper parameter for com-

in strength between the and that of the higher weld metal carbon 0.02-0.03 carbon materials. Table 9 lists the stresses calculated for the combined data population. Analyses to determine the effect of carbon content on the rupture strength of the Class 3 weld metal were not performed. Testing of the Class 3 material was limited to only one lot of filler metal with a carbon level of 0.08-0.09%. Combined Analysis of Literature and UTK Data (Larson-Miller Parameter). The effect of expanding the SMA data base with the addition of the UTK data is shown in Figs. 36-38 and Tables 10 and 11. These figures are summary plots constructed to compare the curves for various temper parameter ranges and carbon contents. Only those curves which were altered by the addition/combination of the data are shown. For the curves not affected, the reader is referred to the

ly illustrates the difference

bined SMA literature data and UTK data. Extrapolated 100,000-hr stresses for the curves in the figure are given in Table 10. Comparing Tables 5 and 10 shows that the addition of UTK data to the SMA literature data base has a negligible effect on the predicted 100,OOO-hr stress values. Comparison of Figs. 36 and 26 bears this out as the curves are essentially unchanged, the only exception being that the curve for weld metal PWHT with P > 37.5 is extended to lower Larson-Miller parameter values. Fig. 37 shows the effect of carbon content on rupture behavior of PWHT weld metal (32.0 < P < 36.2) as indicated by combined SMA literature and UTK data. The only curve to be altered by the addition of the new data is that for 0.08 < C < 0.12. Comparison with Fig. 28 indicates that that curve has been extended to lower values of the Larson-Miller parameter, crossing the

1811 : i
:
.

LAISOIHIILUI ..MlI1I1 ANALYSIS Lql sw DATA NIT J30dIf IZ5 ..s

Tablo B.

S T 1 I S

,
,

100.000 hour rupture as a function of temperature. and PWHT determined by Larson-Miller analysis of UTK 2-1/4Cr-lfb SMA veld metal daca.
Stress for

test
1

!
.

I.: I
, , .

Stress for

^-s : 1 ,j
.

Temperature

(oF)

Class 3 (P.35.0)
1 51 1 1.. 0

100,000 Hour Rupture (RS1) Class 2 (P-37 7)

. i

- ,

A I S I
.

II

: : -- IIH) ox
-0 04-0 osc

**&dquo;

7:0 750
800

36 9 5 30
8 23

B50
900

5 35
7 :77

--- o ae-0 o9c

1
.

Zb Zb 2b
.

28 2B 18

-,(, -S[r<nru-tu!t!..f.it:-/-fr-t-.-:..t--.....

,3 kARSO*-Q, , l k i 32 ?AiMiTER 34
OU-01K

18 3
2 13 13 2
-

950

:9 1 21
-

3
39

3Z
32

i4
34

],

36 3b

38
loeo D50 MO&dquo;:-*
-..

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0:

tarc.. C:o., &dquo;&dquo;It

t..tC.:&dquo;1-C::: ;t&dquo;,iIV5!.S

1.-. a

28

WRC Bullettn 315

Table 9.

Stress for 100,000 hour rupture as a function of test temperature and carbon content for 2-1/4Cr-1Mo SMA weld metal PWHT hrs. determined by Larson-Miller analysis of UTK data.

1300F/25

Carbon Content t

Stress for

100,000 Hour Rupture (KSI)

750F
32.0

800F
25.8
1 31;7

850 0F F
19.6
24.9
i 25.1

900F
I 14.7

F 950F

1000F
-

1050F F
-

0.02-0.03 3
0.04-0.05 5

10.3
14.6
1 14.1

38.6
2 38.2

19.5 5
19.4

0.08-0.09

31.8 32.5

0.12-0.13
Combined

39.8

25.2 2

19.3 3

13.9

(0.04-0,13)

38.9

32.0

I 25.1

4 19.4

14.2 2

curve for 0.04 < C < 0.08 and approaching that for C > 0.12. This marks a reversal in the strength ranking of the 0.04 < C < 0.08 and the 0.08 < C < 0.12 weld metals for values of LMP < 34. Comparison of Tables 11 and 7 reveals how the predicted stress for 100,000-hr rupture has been affected by the data addition. Except for temperatures greater than 900 F (where the 0.04 < C < 0.08 weld metal has a greater strength than the higher carbon 0.08 < C < 0.12 material), the 100,000hr rupture strength increases with carbon content. Fig. 38 is a plot for weld metal PWHT with P > 37.5 and is constructed using SMA literature data and UTK data. It is in this parameter range that the addition of the new data has had the greatest effect on the curves describing rupture behavior as a function of carbon content. This is probably because the litera-

ture

data for this parameter range is limited (11 data points, C < 0.07, test temperatures 1000-1100 F) and is insufficient to adequately characterize the weld

metal behavior. The introduction of the Class 2 UTK data increases the data base by a factor of 10 to 109 data points and doubles the range of both the LarsonMiller parameter and the carbon content. Comparing Figs. 38 and 32, both the rupture curves for the 0.02 < C < 0.04 weld metal fall consistently below those for the higher carbon materials. Fig. 38 indicates that the rupture behavior of weld metals with carbon contents greater than 0.04% is independent of carbon leveL This fact is verified by inspection of Table 11. The stress for 100,000-hr rupture of the 0.04 < C < 0.08, 0.08 < C < 0.12, and C > 0.12 are of nearly identical magnitude over the entire temperature range. In summary, rupture data analysis using the Lar-

LARSON-ftILLII *iM1Tu AltA1YSIS CONIIBB1 L1TBIATUAB A111 1111 MM IATA

im :

:
1 S T 1 B s
.

1
I T 1

LAISOIHII LLlI Nlllllnll AMLYSI S MMtMt uTBAATUAB AlII 1111 2M KM

ropn HUMXJBt TUM ruru 32.0-P-36.2 st.oP.3s.:

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55

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LARSOHI LUI ARAfIETBA

.

LAISOIHII ml 1RRl1ITIA
rupture Dehavlar af P..1IT
content

- Stress

rupture behavior of

I.Jf tp-pt. rar&eth;C1eter

)n ..it

2-t/-Cr-tMo SA veld metal os a function determined bv ana&dquo;slS of combined literature

:-)/..Cr-]*to S&dquo;1.A veld eetal (1: 0P7o :)

dettrriined
bv <-.)hi

I rbon l!ter.tuff ..nd un. dua

of combined

l 2-1/4Cr-1Mo Weld Metal

29

,t l_ . , .&dquo;&dquo;&dquo;&dquo;.: :- 1i-&dquo; ,- -&dquo;.,.;itf_ _. _s- , : ._-._:. .:. &dquo;.,;>;-.,;;-;

. -

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...<-

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.,

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LAtS-IIILLL1 MtNflBT AMALYSIS S CCHttXH tilterrtutc Mtt trrk 2M MA

I
s T 1 in 9

TEJPEN PAIGlETEP

r11 S

;
I
_ (

39-44 are plots of log stress vs. log rupture time derived from the SMA literature data partitioned by temper parameter. Figs. 39, 40, 41, and 42 have been determined for the data in the parameter ranges P <

Figs.

&#xb7;

> 32.0,32.0<P<36.2,36.2P<37.5,andP>37.5, respectively. Each figure depicts individual curves for

ss
I s

tt

:
;
I
________

: 26

each test temperature of interest. Table 12 presents the extrapolated 100,000-hr rupture stress values as a function of temper parameter and test temperature for the SMA literature data. In general (at least at temperatures below 10000 F), the

j&horbar;&horbar;c-e.&horbar;_j 3i 3t 34 te
MB<xm!un MUMmm
eoocec

_ _ o:a; .......... e.o-e.t2

100,000-hr weld metal rupture strength decreases as the temper parameter increases. In particular, at 8500
,

3s

30

,*.. Fig.38-Stmas n.,

rca ,,.,.> tr>17.s) --* e.n..rnr of ner:aW cr-luo su weld -,. ruptu&dquo; dateralmd

nMMtur. md of Madets c rtxm

by malyals

of co*Lmd

F, weld metal PWHT with P < 32.0 has a significantly higher strength than material given a more extensive PWHT. However, as the temperature increases, this strength advantage diminishes untiL at 900 F, it is insignificant. These trends are in general agreement with conclusions drawn from the IArson-MMer analysis. Little can be said about the 100,000-hr stresses at temperatures greater than 1000* F since the scatter in the stress values is sufficient to mask any trends. No clear cut dependence of rupture strength on carbon content is apparent from the results of the log stress/log rupture time analysis of the SMA literature data. Due to data availability, comparisons by carbon content are limited to one temper parameter range (32.0 < P < 36.2) and two temperatures (1068 and 1100* F) (see Figs. 43 and 44). The relationship between carbon level and rupture strength indicated by these figures as well as by Table 13 is inconsistent. Fig. 43 would seem to indicate that strength falls with an increase in carbon content. Fig. 44 shows the strength of the highest and lowest carbon weld metals to be similar while that for the intermediate carbon material is superior. No clear cut trend is therefore discernible. UTK Data Analysis (Log StressILog Rupture Time). Figs. 45-54 are log stress vs. log rupture time plots obtained for the UTK data. Values of 100,000-hr rupture stress determined by extrapolation of the curves in the figures may be found in Tables 14 and 15.

son-Miller parameter indicates that the rupture strength of 2-1/4Cr-lMo weld metal ia improved by decreasing the time and/or temperature of PWHT (decreasing temper parameter) with the greatest improvement obtained for PWHTs characterized by temper parameter values below 32.0. However, the strength advantage thus obtained is only realized for applications at temperatures less than about 900* F. At higher temperatures, sufficient additional tempering occurs during service to lower the rupture strength to a value more comparable with that of weld metals given a more extensive PWHT. The addition of carbon to 2-1/4Cr-lMo weld metal, in general, increases rupture strength for materials PWHT with P < 37.5. However, for weld metals given a more extensive PWHT (P > 37.5), the beneficial effects of increasing the carbon content is limited to carbon levels below 0.04 weight percent. At higher carbon levels, little additional strengthening is realized. Log Stress/log Rupture Time Analysis. Literature Data Analysis (Log StressILog Rupture 7Yme).

Table 10.
,

Stress for 100,000 hour rupture of 2-l/4Cr-lMo SMA weld metal as function of test temperature and temper parameter determined by Larson-Miller analysis of combined literature and UTK data.

i!

Temper Parameter
Range
P<32.0

Stress for 100,000 Hour Rupture (KSI)

750F
90.6 6

800F F
4 66.4 4 44.4 5 38.5

F 850F

900F
-

950F
-

1000F
-

1050F F
-

,>

37.8 8
4 34.4

32.0<P<36.2
36.2<P<37.5
-

54.0
47.4 4 8 36.8

26.0

4 18.4

12.8 8

8.3 3
-

29.9 9
7 23.7

23.0
18.2 2

16.8 8 2 13.2

12.2 2
4 9.4

P>37.5 5

30.3 3

30

WRC Bulletin 315

Table

I1.

100.000 hour rupture of 2-1/4Cr-IMo SMA weld metal as a function of temperature and temper parameter determined by Larson-Miller analysis of combined literature and UTK data.
Stress for
test

Temper
Parameter

Carbon Content 2

Stress for 100,000 Hour

Rupture (KSI)
F 950F

750P
-

800F F
-

850F
-

900F
-

F 1000 0

1050F F
6.5 5
9.5 5
-

32.0<P<36.2

0.02<C<0.04

2 13.2 19.8 8 18.2 2

-

4 9.4

0.04<C<0.08
0.08<C<0.12 C>O.12 2 2

24.5 5
6 26.6

14.7
12.0 0
-

51.0

44.3 3
45.7 7 38.0

3 35.3
8 37.8 1 29.1 6 32.6

7 53.7
9 46.9

3 31.3 22.0 25.5 5 15.2 2

36.2<P<37.5 0.04<C<0.08 0.08<C<0.12 P>37.5 5

0.02<C<0.04 2

6 15.6

11.0

50.9 9 31.3 3 3 38.3

61.5 5 25.5 5 31.3 3

31.8

1 19.1 1 Il.l

14.3 3
1 9.1

19.7
6 24.6 1 25.1 2 25.2

0.04<C<0.08
0.08<C<0.12
C>0.12 2 2

19.5 5 19.4 4

14.8
I 14.1

11.3 3
-

2 38.2 8 39.8

32.5 5

19.3 3

13.9 9

- ,

Figs. 45-47 illustrate the effect of carbon content on

rupture behavior for four carbon content weld metals tested in the Class 2 condition at 850, 950, and 1050 F. It is apparent from these figures that, at all three temperatures, the rupture curve for the low carbon weld metal (0.02-0.03C) is consistently below those for the higher carbon materials with the latter curves falling together. The extrapolated stress values given in Table 14 confirm this trend. Thus, for these Class 2 materials, rupture strength is relatively insensitive to carbon content variations except for levels below 0.04% where it appears to increase with increasing carbon levels.

In light of the observed strength dependence on carbon content, experimental data for the 0.04-0.05, 0.08-0.09, and 0.12-0.13 carbon weld metal have been combined and analyzed as a single population. The resulting curves, shown in Figs. 48, 49, and 50, summarize the rupture behavior of the Class 2 weld metal as a function of test temperature and carbon content. Figs. 51 and 52 compare the rupture behavior of the Class 2 and Class 3 weld metal at 950 and 1050 F independent of carbon content. Examination of these plots reveals the superior rupture strength of the Class 3 weld metal. Corresponding values of 100,000-hr stress given in Table 15 indicate that the Class 3 weld

)
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.

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L0C ST19SS/LOG RUMPS TIME AlIALYSIS S LITtIATUIL 2M MM

terpEa TMR PARAFEM Purcp wst.0 N$2.0

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L0i 51IISSlLOC lUITUIL TIME AlWLYIIS LITLIATtIIt snAIl IATA

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L0C STItSS/LOC NUMIS T)Ht ANALYSIS

.

L0C STAtSSI0C AUfTUAt TtHt ANALYSIS

in

LITLAATUAE SlfAl1 IATA

TEPIPER DARAlETER tE)<K< PAPAWTER 36 :-P-37 76 2-P-37 5

LITLAATUAE STlAl1 IATA

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.

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TEPWERATURE TEIPEIGTIIRE

jt

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-&horbar;-

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s

,
11

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.

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<t &dquo;

&dquo; ieee &dquo; tMM &dquo;

&dquo;*

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ue

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= ...... ................... lee tM Isee t<M teeee iMM neaee !MeM

MnUMTtm-tMS
5) Pig 41- Strw rupcure EeMvcor of W9i 2-1/Kr-1!b S11A veld rul p6 7dc77 S) 6

... teti ot t..t t.r.r. .t.Tn.< b,

data

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nt 1066-T u fmccian
lit.t.turw d.t.

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FJFTM Ting - ms &dquo;**.,*.,,,

metal 100,000-hr rupture stress is roughly 11/2 times that for Class 2 material at both temperatures. The stress rupture behavior of the Class 2 and Class 3 weld metals illustrated in Figs. 51 and 52 is somewhat affected by the fact that the Class 2 data employed in the analysis is from testing of four carbon content weld metals. A more accurate comparison of Class 2 and Class 3 rupture behavior is shown in Figs. 53 and 54 in which the curves are derived form the analysis of 0.08-0.09 carbon weld metal. Examination of the figures indicates that the superior strength of the Class 3 weld metal remains evident. Combined Analysia of Literature and UTK Data (Log Stress/Log Rupture Time). Figs. 55-61 are plots of log stress vs. log rupture time derived from regression of SMA literature and UTK data combined. Figs. 55 and 56 present the curves for 32.0 < P < 36.2 and P > 37.5, respectively, as modified by the addition of UTK data. Figs. 57 and 58 show the effect of carbon level on the rupture behavior of weld metal PWHT

with 32.0 < P < 36.2 at 950 and 1050* F, respectively. Similarly, Figs. 59, 60, and 61 illustrate the carbon effect for PWHT material (P > 37.5) at 850, 950, and 10500 F. In general, only those curves which have been altered by the data addition have been included. Tables 16 and 17 list the 100,000-hr stresses for various test temperatures extrapolated from the figures above. Table 16 lists the stresses as a function of temper parameter. Table 17 illustrates the effect of carbon content on the 100,000-hr rupture stress within each temper parameter range. Comparing Tables 12 and 16, it is evident that, in the temper parameter range 32.0 < P < 36.2, the 100,000-hr stress at 950* F remains essentially unchanged. However, the 1050* F stress increases by a third. Comparison of Figs. 55 and 40 indicates that the increase is due to a decrease in slope of the curve in response to the data addition. For the temper parameter range, P > 37.5, the addition of the UTK data only increases the number of test temperatures studied as the two data bases in this range

!
,

L0C

j&dquo;

sTAtssit0i AUPTUAt RlIALYSIS CiTEAATUAI NMHTlnt DATA

lUpER PARMETEA f.!75 5

:1
S T

L0C srAtssiLOC NUMIT TM ANALYSTS UTtMYUM NMH IATA

11e ,
s T e ,

&dquo;
&dquo;
.

TUKN PARAFWM St oD)6.7

TEIPERATORF

1)OOdF

1
.

t, T 8i
s S E

.
.
,

- , _ ,

)
)

.,__

io

&dquo;
.

&dquo; &dquo;

8
s

- - ,

...._ _ ..

__ &dquo;

,s
,

..
i, ; Is

&dquo;

&dquo;,._

&dquo;.,,.__

- - - - - 1022OF1 - 1100F
.............,

........ 00 02:E:O
01

- o OBtU 17
........

to
.

too

1M8

toooo

t le

ieeeea
5 Pdt_p

.............,

too

........

leee

18808

1808M
-

AUPTUAE T111E - HRS _ _ _ $.ie55 . s,.,-,,&dquo;.H!--.--s,,,(,;, f5

a O . c1 f

AUPTUIlL T)Ht - HIS

_
-

t-=-er<tt[;f.er-<-..

-, S O a , .

$(re55 rUDtUle be1v10! ol ISHT :-i/.Of-IYO $YA vlld w.(1 () U<p.c =) <t!&dquo;-&dquo;nc[f-fi..][b-c=tei[dc[ff-[n<vj]vir
O

32

WRC Bulletin 315

Table 12.
.

as a fuacU&oelig; of test u.pentun and ctear parter determined by log stress/log rupcure u- analysis of 2-1/loCr-11Io SMA weld rcal literature data

Stream for 100.000 hour rupture

Lpl &dquo;

mDllLOC IUPTUII TIlII AIMI.YSIS &dquo;&dquo;*&dquo;

,a
.

&dquo;-.B.tuLti un SPW ..
xs

wn

iico/K

TII{UTUR

8%GF

Stress for

100,000

Hour Itupture

(KSI)
5

S s
5

*<nptrtturt(F)
750 850
900 950 1000 1022 1050

P<J2
-

32 OP36 2
sJ 8 39 9 19
-

76 :<P<J7
-

P>37
-

7i.8 71.8

T IS
1 S

B
.

***T?-<&_
___________

&dquo;-

&dquo;

9 29
-

8 31)
-

27 1
-

4 12

7 0 70

9 4 94 10 3 &dquo;&dquo;
-

8 8 88
-

---018-009C
o u-o.lx

0 oz-a ox
-00ll05C

9 4 &dquo; 9 S

11

I .. ,. ,- 1........, ..............

..............,

.-Ieeeee
of UM ft

1058 1067 1100 1112 1200

IIJPTUII TI18 - l1li

-

7.9

ptg.tt;-StrM*50 rtuM b<h**t<r e[ !-)/<Ct-ttt) mx <t Mt (Mt)T t300/!t ttM.) Klytit by lysis
at
as

t a

funcciac tmetl= of carbm earboD cmtmt detorulmd caettat det8ntD8d

5.8 8
5.5 3
-

7.2 2
-

4.8 8
-

data

3 .o

ture stresses are entirely a result of the addition of the UTK data to the literature data base. Consequently, the same dependence of strength on carbon content is

possess

no common

temperatures.

_ -

Because of the variation in the 100,000-hr stresses obtained using the log stress/log rupture time analysis, the effects of PWHT and carbon content on rupture strength are difficult to observe. At temperatures below 1050 F, Table 16 shows some evidence of decreasing rupture strength with increasing temper parameter. In Table 17, the only consistent relationship between carbon level and rupture strength is observed for the weld metal PWHT with P > 37.5 and tested at 850,950, and 1050 F. However, these 100,000-hr rup-

observed as that sein for the UTK data alone. In summary, the results of the log stress/log rupture time data analysis are in general agreement with those obtained using the Lareon-Miller parameter technique. For temperatures below 1000 F, the weld metal rupture strength decreases with increasing temper parameter. The influence of PWHT on the 100,000-hr rupture stress at temperatures above 1000 F is masked by data scatter effects. Determination of the relationship between carbon content and rupture etrength using log atress/log rupture time analysis is

Table l3.

Stress for 100,000 hour rupture as a function of test temperature, carbon content, and temper parameter determined by log stress/log rupture time analysis of 2-l/4Cr-tMo SMA weld metal literature data.

Stress for

100,000

Hour Rupture

(KSI)

Condition

F F 1050F F 850F F 900F 950F F 1022F 750 0 1000F

F F 1112, F 1100F 1058F 1067 0

32.0<P<36.2
0.02<C<0.04

2
-

4.7

0.04<C<0.08 0.08<C<0.12 C>O.12 2

2

7.0 o
-

4 9.4
-

9.5 5
-

8.9 9 5.6 6
-

7.0 0
4.6 6
-

5 5.5
-

9 53.8 39.9 5
-

27.1 1

36.2<P<37.5
0.04<C<0.08
0.08<C<0.12

8 31.8
-

15.6 6
-

4 9.4
-

I0.1 1
-

6.0 0

P>37.5 5 0.02<C<0.04 0.04<C<0.08

4
-

4.8 8
-

8.8 8

l 2-1/4Cr-IMo Weld Metal

33

>< .->

_ y:4.W
r

&dquo;

F. 41_

;,.

,*&dquo;$.s%

. ,&dquo;

...- _

__

..

,,,,

i
LOC tTtt<!/u<c LOG III 111 , S T 1 g 9
s
.

.
ttt un tttTttM SIWI
!Mtc MIA
Table 14

NIT PU/K ms

Uts
,

gm WA

Stress for 100.000 hour rupture as a tunecion of test temperature and carbon content determined by ctaa analysis 2 UTK UTK data data malyaia of atrasa/log rupture ruptura time log strase/log log of C1. Cl. 2 Stress for

TUR TENEPATURE 95&F WfF

Carbon Content

100.000 Hour Rupture (KSI)

asoor
24.4
6 32.6
4 28

950oF
13.2 15.5 S
7 16.7

1050OF
6 2

002-003

0.04-0 OS 0.08-0 09

92
7 7 1 8.1

S t s I 1

,
.

0 12-0.13 12-0.1J
08-0 09. 0.04-0 OS. 0.0-0 OS. 0 oa-o 0 12-0 13 Combined

29.9

15 2

-0.03cl 0 0&dquo; OK
-

- 0.02-11 03C
osc

30 3

15 7

8 4

- - 0 12-G.1X

II

......................................

I@

in

leee

low

1-

I1IPIUII TIfIL - HIS

Fig 46-

!n... data. at SOO?nt.T.

b.h.i of 2-L/4Cr-lho SMA -t< *.t.t crrrt moofa hre.) > I u a fUDCt1oa. of &dquo;rbm cooteat d8tara11Wd by -..1,.18 of Ufr

limited to weld metal PWHT P > 37.5 due to the limited data availability. In this temper parameter range, rupture strength increases with carbon content up to 0.04-0.05 weight percent. The rupture strength of higher carbon weld metals appears insensitive to carbon leveL Manson Minimum Commitment Method. Literature Data Analysis (Manson MCM). Figs. 625 are stress rupture curves for the SMA literature data as determined using the Manson MCM technique. These four figures present isothermal rupture curves for each temper parameter range including P < 32.0, 32.0 < P < 36.2, 36.2 < P < 37.5, and P > 37.5, respectively. The isotherms are projected to 100,000 hr except in those instances where the fit calculated by the Manson method predicts long term behavior which is in gross contradiction with reality. In those cases, the curves have been truncated at the approximate point where the prediction becomes unreasonable. Table 18 lists the extrapolated 100,000-hr rupture stresses associated with Figs. 62-65. The rupture strengths listed for weld metal PWHT with P < 32.0

have been obtained using the iterative program previously described and are for test temperatures at which there is no data available. Although the isotherms for 850 and 900 F (for which some data exist) are not well behaved, the point at which the individual curves become unreasonable moves to longer rupture times as the test temperature decreases. Based on this trend, the stress for 100,000-hr rupture at 750 and 800 F have been determined and have been used to give
some

values

idea of the magnitude of those stresesea. The are enclosed in parentheses to indicate that

they are extrapolations.

Some correlation between temper parameter and the 100,000-hr rupture strength of PWHT SMA weld metal can be discerned by eumining Table 18. In general, the rupture strength decreases with increasing temper parameter. This is especially evident at temperatures below about 950 F where the magnitude of the stresses is large compared to the uncertainty introduced by data scatter effects. In the case of weld metal PWHT with P < 32.0, the 750 and 800 F stress values indicate that, in this low temperature regime, the rupture strength of mildly PWHT weld metal is significantly higher than that of material given a more extensive PWHT. This same trend has been observed in the results of both the Larson-Miller parametric analysis and the log stress-log rupture time
stresses for weld metal PWHT with 32.0 < P < 36.2 and 36.2 < P < 37.5 indicates that the former has a higher strength but that the strength difference decreases with increasing temperature until
I
i

La STRCSSAX gunvu tint MlALVSIS Lx MMYSIS in 8 I T t t I

analysis. Comparison of the

Uri swu mu
13111&dquo;fm
I8S

ton

TDKMNK

1lBPF

:
.

I
, S I

Table I5.

,
r

Stress for 100.000 hour ruptura of 2-1/Kr-1!(o BHA vald aatal u a function of temperature and PIIBT <<t*rmintd by lot screas/1og rupture tie* analysis of unt dau.

I
-

Tamer
a02 OH
DSC OC-0

I 004-0 -0 OX q fl 1 Class ......... ........

I

..

.. 18

13C

le

0 0 ou&dqo;1

Da:a .

Po;:: . r

Stress for 650r

F
-

100,000

9:0F F
28 S 28 5

Hour

Rupture (KST)

)050f F
2 )3: 13

Class 3 3

35 0 3S

IBA

ieee

ism

188888
o

2 Class

7 37

9 29

is 6

8 3

RUPTURE TIME HIS

:.
&dquo;

- ior..-porc. e.n...aor 7-l.r-irw su .n.I..&dquo; ..i ..u.i rw; b, ttnn&dquo;I ris nr.7 v/o 033C :: - 3C ..,.,oln.. un 01 lunetlon 01 ,..bon oon.n<
,

C1.ass

at
IUSO F ...

7 )7 , 37

3 30 30

7 15 15

:. 8 :

34

WRC Bulletln 31

__

---_.--.--

. ...

, ._

.
_

.y- &dquo; .1.:&dquo;--

Table

16

Strttt for tOO.000 hour rupture of 2-1/iCr-1YO wId -..1 function of test temperature and temper parameter by log stress/log rupture time analysis of combined literature and un data
as a

Table

18

determ1nad
Temperature T*mp*rature
750

Stress for 100.000 hour rupture of 2-1/4Cr-IMo S1A weld metal as a function of test temperature and temper parameter determined by Manson MCM analysis of literature data
for Strtss !or Screu

Stress for

100,000 Hour Rupture (KSI)

2<P<37 S 5 36 2-F37
-

(or) F)

F02 0 P<32
-

32 OP.36 0<P<76 2
53 8 39 9
-

5 >37 P37
,

eap,r,wre
-

0 (of)

P-32 0

32 0<]t !

HOur Rupture 100,000 Hour &dquo;< aapcum (KSI) 2 16 3<P<77 5

---

P-37 5
---

7 w M
-

(98 0) t

2 52 7 42 2
71 7 22 0
14 2

850
900

71 8
9 29
-

9 29
-

gp0 no

(77 ))
--

___

31 8
-

--

___

950 1000
1022

27 8
-

is 6
-

900 950 1000 10:2

__-

17 8
11 7 7 8 6 6

--

12 4
9 4

--

---

7 0 11 6

e8 83
-

--

8 9
7

---

10SO 1058

10.3
-

--

8-

9.5

10SO IOS! 1067 1100

5 6

A6 65 6.3 1 5 8
-

1067
ltoo 1Il2

7.9 5.8
5 3.3
-

5. 3
1 9

> S.

--

7.2
-

4 a
-

48 3 8 s 3.S i.i 2.1

&dquo;

3.7
33 7
&horbar;

nn

--

ltoo

3.0

i ioc 1200

---

at about 1050 F, it becomes insignificant. The analysis indicates that the rupture stresses for extremely PWHT weld metal (P > 37.5) are higher than the corresponding stresses for the weld metals given a less severe PWHT. However, these values are based on the analysis of only ten data points taken at only two temperatures. Examination of Fig. 65 shows that the curves derived from the analysis decrease in slope with increasing rupture time, behavior which results in ele-

vation of the 100,000-hr stresses relative to those which would be obtained if the curves had the more typical concave down shape. With the amount of data available, it is impossible to say whether the curve shape observed in Fig. 65 is an accurate representation of the rupture behavior of severely tempered weld metal or is just an artifact of the data analysis technique. Based on the results of previous analyses using different methods, the latter is suspected.

Table 17.

Stress for 100,000 hour rupture of 2-t/4Cr-!Mo SMA weld metal as a function of test temperature, carbon content, and temper parameter determined by log stress/log rupture time analysis of combined literature and UTK data.

Stress for

100,000 Hour Rupture (KSI)

Condition 32.0<P<36.2 0.02<C<0.04

2

750 a F 850F 900F 950F tooo 0 F 1022oF 1050 0 F F 1058 0 1067 0 F 1100 0F 1112 0F
-

4.7

0.04<C<0.08

7.0 0
-

4 9.4

9.5 5
-

8.9 9 5.6 6
-

7.0 0

5.5 5
-

0.08cC<0.12 2
C>0.12 2 36.2<P<37.5
0.04<C<0.08 5

28.5 5

2 13.2
-

4.6 6
-

53.8 8

39.9 9

1 - 27.1

8 31.8
-

6 15.6
-

4 9.4

10.1 1
-

0.08<C<0.12
P>37.5 5 0.02<C<0.04

6.0

I
-

4 24.4

2 13.2 15.5 5

6.6 6
9.8 8

4.8 8
-

0.04<C<0.08
-

6 32.6
4 28.4

8.8 8
-

0.08<C<0.12
C>O.12 2

16.7
2 15.2

7.7
8.1 1

9 29.9

38

WRC Bulletin 315

- v.rri.a7&dquo;-

,_pE T ^.G.

.... .... . -n .. iv.&dquo; - I

Table 19
1

Stress for 100.000 hour rupture of 2-1/4Cr-lMo S4A weld metal as a function of test tempera-

1N111S0111tQ1 MMLYSIS 1/11 SMII tATA 188

ture, carbon content, and temper parameter

determined by Manson MCM analysis of literature data S T
Stress for 100.000 Hour Rupture (II51)

NO RRS (LASS (CLASS 11 2) p,, IyOpo,?5 1 ns IfRS

CAM04 (001[111 CARWo COm7tWT

0 02-C 0 1B 002.( 13

:---&#xb7;

-i

1
5 0 0B.C.0 12
-

T_sru... ( f)
7so
800 130

7x
0 ot.c.0 06
-

Od<)e
C.0 u

)6

xJa77

0 0A.C.0 ce
-

I S

---- - -- &dquo;&dquo;&dquo;&dquo;--- B

---....
B
-..............

---

31 7
45 0

II:
t

38 1

;.

900
930

900

)11
--

31 1

24 3

23 8 o

20)
i 13 1
--

1000 1022 loso 10)8

e o s 6

I-105&F - - f9if I
..........................................
,.

-n*

1000 I* two 10
7 7

IBM 18000

1100*0

/11
1067
1100 1112

1 2

_l
.Q 7 6 6 1

3 2

IUmJII TIIII - HIS

Pig

/1
50 0
t9

?2-Stn.. rupture tM>h..101 of 21/4Ct-ltIo Ch.. 2 SMA _ld tut tR8p8uture by anal,.18
of d8t....t.ned

wtal as tantttm

of UTK due

42 2
4 0

S S
-

1200

x 5

material (0.0.03C) is of significantly lower magnitude than that of the three higher carbon content weld metals. As a result, an additional analysis of the Class 2 weld metals has been performed excluding the 0.020.03C data. The resulting curves are depicted in Fig.
73.

effect of carbon content on rupture strength. Within each temper parameter range, the 100,000-hr stresses at any one temperature are not known for more than one of the carbon content ranges thus limiting com-

parison.
UTK Data Analysis (Manson MCM). Figs. 71, 72, and 73 are stress rupture curves derived from the Manson analysis of UTK data obtained during this program. Fig. 71 shows the rupture behavior of 2-1/ 4Cr-1Mo SMA weld metal PWHT 11750 F/25.5 hr to Class 3 properties. Similarly, Figs. 72 and 73 have been constructed for weld metal PWHT 1300 F/25 hr to Class 2 strength. Fig. 72 is based on the analysis of the four lots of weld metal with carbon in the range of 0.02-0.13 weight percent. Previous analysis has indicated that the rupture strength of the lowest carbon

Table 20 lists the 100,000-hr stresses calculated for the Class 2 and Class 3 weld metals. Comparison of the stresses in the rust two columns reveals that, in the temperature range of 850-10500 F, the 100,000-hr rupture strength of the Class 3 material is 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 times greater than that determined for the Class 2 weld metal based on all of the Class 2 data (0.02-0.13 carbon range). In addition, when the 0.02-0.03C weld metal data are not included in the Class 2 characterization (column 3), the strength determined for the Class 2 weld metal is noticeably greater. Figs. 74-77 are stress rupture curves for Class 2 SMA weld metal having carbon contents of 0.02-0.03, 0.04-0.05, 0.08-0.09, and 0.12-0.13 weight percent. Table 21 lists the associated 100,000-hr rupture stress-

IIMSOII IlOl ruml.vsls S lira vw wrre

IWISOIIIIOI _LYSIS
0 08.0 09

181 ,:
.

PI8IT

u75&dquo;Fns

s IllS cwss 3)

cuaa ooarctrt

S1
I f S

.-

Poffi3w*FnsE
I 3 II : I
,

188 .,

PI8IT

l7ooacas

Na

trri21 SIWItN&oelig;OI lATA ,

ASS 2) L&QM

COOOO C=Vn

0 04-C-0 000(00 13 u

II :

---- -

-..... B

rp -......1 . sI &:dquo;
. .
. -_

*d+ IVAF

esd I
-

t
s

to

Joe

IBBE &dquo;&dquo;88BB . losses

1
Fig

to ... &dquo; ... &dquo;e ... &dquo;8S . &dquo;B88B8

RUMIT TIME - Has
of all 2-I/Cr-11o Clu8 2 SI&dquo;.A Wlttd _ul ucept .I.. rllnnlon of tIPU 411111-I.d
i

IUPTUJE Tlllt - HIS

Fig 72-Stre..
SMA rupture behavior *1 0 01-0 09 carbon Weld IMtaJ .I.&dquo; (une-c1on o! Celt teeverare determine&dquo; by .n.1....15 i. of l7Y data

x-i/eer-tNO eians )

7)-Stn.. tn. 0ruptun 01-0 0] boPh,1V1or clfon UIPth!

a-alvsls 0.

L- C4 ) o

40

5 WRC Bulletin 315

M Nt
.

Table 23.

Stress for 100,000 hour rupture of 2-1/4Cr-IMo SMA weld metal as a function of test temperature. carbon content, and temper parameter determined by Manson MCM analysis of combined literature and UTK data.

Stress for 100,000 Hour

Rupture (KSI)

j
ttt

Condition

F 800F 850F 900F 950F 7OoF

1000F

1022F

1050F

10670F

)00F

1200F

32.0<P<36.2
0.04<C<0.08

2
-----------

---

8.7

8.2 2
---

7.6 6
---

1 6.1
---

---

NB 0.08<C<O.I2 &horbar; &horbar;&horbar; &horbar; &horbar; 22.4

)3.2 23.8
---

---

ttt 00.t2
36.2<P<37.5 0.04<C<0.08
5

51.7

45.0 38.1

31.1

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

24.3 3
---

1 13.1
---

---

---

---

---

---

---

tNt
tttt

0.08<C<0.12
P 3,,3r. 5

&horbar;&horbar;

---

---

6.0 0

6 5.6

5.2 2

4.9 9

4.2 2

2.5 5

0.02<C,cO.04 --0.04<C<0.08 0.08<C<0.12

C>0.12 2
2
&horbar;&horbar;
---

22.8 25.6
1 27.1

t4.8
17.9 18.7 17.3 3

9.7
10.6
---

6.9
9.7
---

6.!
8.8
---

5.3
---

4.9
---

4.2
---

jNs
MNjj

13.3
10.0 0
1 13.1

---

---

---

---

&horbar;

tt
N t N N NM

--

---

24.3 3

4 10.4

9.5 5

8.6 6

---

---

&horbar;

rameter technique, the log stress/log rupture time technique, and the Manson minimum commitment method indicates the following: (a) The 100,000-hr rupture strength decreases as the temper parameter increases. However, the strength difference arising from variations in PWHT diminishes with increasing test temperature. This effect is particularly pronounced

1. 0.0s-{}.09 carbon weld metal PWHT to

proposed Class 3 condition exhibits iiignif. icantly higher rupture strength at 950 and
1050* F than does the same material PWHT to Class 2. 2. Rupture test results for weld metal PWHT 1300- F/25 hr (Class 2) indicate that the rupture strength of 0.02-0.03 carbon material is significantly lower than that exhibited by the higher carbon weld metals. Furthermore, the strengths of the latter are of similar magnitude. Rupture testing of 2-1/4Cr-lMo SMA weld metals conducted during this program has contributed significantly to the understanding of the rupture behavior of these materials. 1. The effect of carbon content on the rupture strength of Class 2 SMA weld metal *has been determined and may be employed to define proper industrial practice in the use of higher carbon filler metals to achieve improved strength. 2. The rupture behavior of 2-1/4Cr-lMo SMA weld metal PWHT to proposed Class 3 strength has been characterized, contributing to the data base to be used to evaluate the feasibility of using 2-1/4CrIMo steel in the Class 3 condition 3. The rupture data acquired for the Class 2 weld metal increases by a factor of ten the amount of data available for 2-1/4Cr-lMo

tti

t;

j
jm t m t t t tt

for weld metal PWHT with P < 32.0 which, at 750* F, has a 100,000-hr rupture strength 40-45 KSI higher than that for weld metal PWHT with 32.0 < P < 36.2. This strength advantage falls rapidly with increasing test temperature and disappears at approximately 900* F. (b) For weld metal PWHT with P < 37.5, the 100,000-hr rupture strength appears to increase with increasing carbon content. However, the strengthening effect of carbon diminishes as the test temperature is increased. (c) For weld metal PWHT with P > 37.5, the 100,000-hr rupture strength appears to increase with carbon content for levels up to about 0.040.05 weight percent. Weld metals having higher carbon contents have similar rupture strengths.

(d) The stress rupture strength of PWHT 2-1/4CrIMo SMA weld metal compares well with that determined from data for weld metal deposited

by a variety of welding processes.

(e) With respect
in

to the data obtained from testing this program, the following conclusions may be drawn:

44

WRC Bulletin 315

1
-

SMA weld metal PWHT with P > 37.5.

Comparison of Data Analysis Techniques The same stress rupture data were analyzed usmg three different techniques. The 100,000-hr stresses obtained from each of the methods have been compared and the methods ranked based on the degree of conservatism exhibited by the stress value. Furthermore, using the &dquo;r2&dquo; values determined during regression as a guide, the analytical techniques were also compared to discover which method best described the rupture behavior of the weld metal. The value of &dquo;r-&dquo; varies between zero and one can be used to characterize the quality of the curve fit to the data. As &dquo;rz&dquo; approaches one, the quality of the fit increases. Table 24 lists the 100,000-hr rupture stresses obtained from the analysis of combined literature data and UTK data for PWHT 2-1/4Cr-1Mo SMA weld metal Stresses are given as a function of temper parameter and test temperature. The table presents the stresses determined using the Larson-Miller parameter, log stress-log rupture time, and Manson minimum commitment techniques and is constructed in such a way as to facilitate comparison of the values. The most conservative 100,000-hr stress values are given by the Manson method while the log stress-log

rupture time stresses are the least conservative. The obtamed usmg the Larson-Miller technique fall between except at temperatures less than about 850 F where they are comparable to those determined using the Manson method. The greater magnitude of the log stress-log rupture time values is probably a result of the use of a model which assumes a linear relationship between log stress and log rupture time Modification of the model to include a &dquo;(log[tr])z&dquo;
stresses term would

likely bring the 100,000-hr stresses more in line with those obtained using the other two analytical
of Table 24 reveals that the best curve fits to the data are obtained using the Larson-Miller approach. This is based on the observation that the 44 r29 values for the Larson-Miller technique are consistently greater than those for the more conservative Manson method. Larson-Miller &dquo;r2&dquo; values are, in general, greater than 0.90 while those for the Manson technique fall in the 0.70-0.90 range.

techniques. Inspection

Of the three techniques employed to analyze the stress rupture data in this program, the Larson-Miller parameter method appears to be the most favored. The economy of time and effort involved in plotting all
of the rupture data for a material on one curve coupled with the fact that the 100,000-hr stresses thus ob-

Table 24.

Stress for 100,000 Hour Rupture of 2-l/4Cr-lMo SMA Weld Metal and Temper Parameter Determined

as a

Function of Test Temperature

by Analysis

of Combined Literature and UTK Data

Stress for 100,000 Hour Rupture (KSI)

.

Temper
Parameter

_____________________________________

*****&dquo;**MMMt*
7Mf

8WF

esor

9oor

9SO*F

tooos

1022f

10504F

i o6 7F

1100*F

1200*F

r2

P<320 o
LM

6 906
-

4 664
---

37 S 7t 8
&horbar;

ou

&horbar;

&horbar;

___

U.

096
*

LSLRT

299 9
&horbar;

---

__

---

___

/
&#xb7;

MCM

(98 0)
2

42 2)

___

---

&horbar;

&horbar;

......

&horbar;

082

320<P<362
LM

540 0
8 53

444 4
--_

4 344

260 0
___

4 184

128 8
___

---

83

&horbar;

&horbar;

094
**

LSLRT

399 9
2 352

27 8 183 3

7 0

t 1 6
76 6

7 9 65 5

5 8

--

I
j
.

MCM

532 2

443 3

263 3

120 0

99 9

48 8

073

362<P<375
LM

5
4 474
---

5 38
---

299 9
-

23 0
318 8
1/8 8

168 8
---

t2 2
4 124

&horbar;

no

u.

092
&dquo; *

LSLRT
MCM

4 94

3 103
4 54

72 2 38 a

30 p
1 2

_u

_u

tt 7

78 8

6 66

48 II

084
i

P>37

S
8 36
.-

LM LSLRT MCM

3 303
___

7 237

t 8 1

132 2 156 6

4 94
___

--

--

---.

094
.. &#xb7;

9 299
7

8 8

8 3
b0

48 8
47

--____24

8 tb8

11 4

1 8

7 0

5 S

:; 71)

&dquo;r valucs umque to each temperature

2-114Cr-IMo Weld Metal

45

*bk< ,

= &dquo;*

.<,s;a,f+

tm ,

_&dquo;
,
_
.

r.

..,, , +,

, . --&dquo;.... ,

N M t m t t N t N t

t t

M N M BM

are interpolated and are not extrapolations based on anticipated future behavior make it an lnviting method to use. As indicated above, the &dquo;r2&dquo; values which characterize the Larson-Miller curves derived by regression are consistently higher than those obtained for the other technique. It is true that the 100,000-hr rupture stresses obtained using the Larson-Miller approach are not as conservative as those derived using the minimum commitment method. However, the Manson curves do not fit the data as well, casting doubt on the accuracy of the associated 100,000-hr rupture stress predictions. Thus, of the three analytical techniques employed in this study, the Larson-Miller parameter method appears to the best technique for the analysis of stress rupture data. For a comparison of the weld metal stress rupture behavior to that of annealed 2-1/4Cr-lMo base metal, the reader is directed to Appendix A of this report. In Appendix A, the base metal mean and maximum lines from ASTM Data Series Publication DS 6S2 have been superimposed on the literature and UTK data for SMA weld metal for all carbon contents over the temper parameter range 32.0 < P < 38.5. Figure Al shows that the behavior of the annealed base metal and SMA weld metal is similar if the data for low carbon (<0.04% C) weld metal are excluded from the compari-

tained

content. No correlation between content was observed

ductility and carbon

son.

N
EN

Tensile Testing Tensile tests of the 2-1/4Cr-1Mo weld metals were performed at room temperature and at 850, 950, and 1050 F. The tensile properties were observed to be a function of carbon content and PWHT.

t N Nt
j m
m tt

The tensile

room

properties

temperature and elevated temperature of the 0.02.03, 0.04-0.05, 0.08-

0.09, and 0.12-0.13 carbon weld metals PWHT 1300 F/25 hr are compared in Table 25. This table shows that the strength (UTS and 0.2% YS) of the 0.02-0.03
carbon weld metal consistently falls below those of the three higher carbon content materials. The strengths of the latter three weld metals are comparable in magnitude although there is, in general, a relatively small
increase in

strength

in response to
1-1/vcr-1!b 2-1/4Cr-imo
0 2J YS

increasing carbon
300 Qf/!5
Z bduct ion 1. Are.
Arr hr.

The stress allowables speclfied by Divisions 1 and 2 of Section VIII of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code00 and the tensile strengths determined for the individual weld metal/PWHT combinations are compared in Table 26. As indicated, the values for Division 1 and Division 2 stress allowables have been derived by multiplying the tabulated values in the code by four and three respectively. This is in accordance with Appendix P of Division 1 and Appendix 1 of Division 2 which describe the basis for establishing the stress allowables.100 Inspection of Table 26 indicates that the 0.02-0.03 carbon weld metal does not comply with Class 2 allowables under either division of the code except at 1050 F. However, it does meet Class 1 in most cases with the exception of a lower strength at 850 and 950 F. Examination of Table 26 also reveals that the 0.04-0.05, 0.08-0.09, and 0.120.13 carbon weld metals PWHT 1300 F/25 hr meet the Class 2 strength requirements of both divisions of Section VIII* except at 850 F. At this temperature, these materials satisfy the Class 1 but not the the Class 2 requirements. Table 27 presents the tensile test data obtained for the 0.08-0.09 carbon weld metal as a function of PWHT. Test results are also included for as-welded material to serve as a baseline to which the PWHT values may be compared. Three PWHTs are represented in the table; Class 2 (1300 F/25 hr), Class 3 (1175 F/25.5 hr), and aged Class 3 (1175 F/25.5 hr plus 1193 F/21.5 hr). Examination of the table confirms that the 0.08-0.09 carbon weld metal PWHT 1175 F/25.5 hr meets the proposed room temperature tensile strength requirements of 90 to 110 KSI for Class 3 SA 387 Grade 22 stee1.93 Furthermore, in comparing the Class 2 and Class 3 tensile properties, it is evident that the strength of the Class 3 weld metal is significantly greater than that exhibited by the Class 2 material. At room temperature, the Class 3 tensile strength is 20% greater, a strength advantage which increases with temperature to 50% at 1050 F. The
Table 26

Comparison of

stress

allowables from ASME Boiler and

for Pressure Vessel Code and tensile teat results &dquo;

Tnbl n Table I5

rmnlle East Ten811e resr results reslu for !or

reWt -tal wid PYRT vrtsl PWHT

2-)/4Cr-)Mo weld metal PMHT t300*F/25 hrs.

Stress Allowable/UTS (KSI) 950F 850F )050-t
57.6 65.2
46 0 44

Tttxr.tUTt (r)
go

Weld

UTS

Paent

ver,t 0 01-0 03C

0 04-0.OSC

(KSI
70.) 19 3
809 9 s

(ysi)
41

clonaalton
33 5
24 7

51 3
71 3 71 9

Code/Material
see. VI11. xc VIII, Div.

RT
a 8 a Class 2

66 9

008-o09C

0.12-0 IX 8
t
M
$so

63 4

62

25 0

1. 1,

&0.0 60.0

23.2
2 23.2
--

33
0 28 5

720
71 7

Sec. VIII. Div. 1.

Sec. VIII. Div

75 0

44 0
--

0.02-0 03C 0.04-o.01e 0.08-0.091: 0 11-0 tx

53 1 60 1
v el

Is a

15 0

2.

52 1 51 8 s1 9
29 2
4 as

t7 9 26 0 n 0 7s 9 J2 7
!<o 0
44 0

Sec c

Div. 2. 2, VIII. Div. v111,

b Ib 60.0 4) 5 Clas 2 8 2b75.0 Class 75.065.4 65.4 -Class

--

--

1s 3
e1 s

.
7 32.7

e7.o
w 1 St 2 51 e 51 8
)2 7
60 4

0.02-0.03C
0.04-0.OSC 0.08-0 09C 0 12-0.13C

70.3 3 78 3
80 9 5 84

1 53.1

1 41.1 2 51.2 52.8

8 51

vso

a 02-0 03C
o.oa-0 Ole 0 oe-0 ox
0 12-0 13C

oi 5
80 1 el a
R6 5

60.I
61 4 63 0

40 4

43.0
47 5

679 9
46 4

1050

0 01-0 OIC O Oa-0 O5C

0 OR-0 O9C 0 12-0 17c

2. 5 37 9 7B 9 39 5

53 1
6 76

88 7
4 .tt

a Fcom UCS 23 Values for 850, 950. and IOSOF the allowable given in the chart

are

4 till>(>

43 0

42 0 55 0

As A 90 9

*3 5

From

ACS 1.

Value at 850 Is 3 ttmes the allowable

given

in the chart

46

WRC Bulletm 315

ductilities of the two materials are similar at room temperature but diverge considerably as the temperature is increased with the

often

experience multiple PWHTs during fabrication/weld repair, the effects of which could add up to

ductility of the Class 3 weld

metal failing well below that of the Class 2 material

Table 27 may also be employed to illustrate the changes in the Class 3 weld metal tensile properties as a result of an aging treatment designed to simulate 100,000-hr service at 950 F. Comparison of the Class 3 and the aged Class 3 weld metal properties indicates that the aging treatment has little effect on the strength and ductility of the Class 3 material. Comparison of the room temperature and elevated temperature tensile strengths of the four carbon content weld metals PWHT 1300 F/25 hr with the observed rupture behavior of those materials reveals a similar dependence on carbon content. In both instances, the strength of the 0.02-0.03 carbon weld metal is significantly below that of the other three carbon content materials. This indicates that tensile test results may possibly be useful in predicting relative stress rupture behavior. It is apparent from Table 26 that the use of low carbon 2-1/4Cr-lMo filler metals with carbon levels below about 0.04 weight percent in construction of Class 2 vessels will not permit the allowable strengths to be obtained. The carbon material tested

an effect similar to that observed for the 1300 F/25 hr PWHT. The use of lower temperature PWHTs to achieve enhanced tensile properties has been demonstrated using the 1175 F/25.5 hr PWHT. However, this strength advantage is gained at the expense of lost ductility Using the Class 2 weld metal tensile properties for comparison, the ductility of the Class 3 weld metal is comparable to the Class 2 material at room

produce

&dquo;

temperature. However, as the temperature increases, the difference in ductility between the Class 2 and Class 3 weld metals grows in magnitude with the Class
3 material exhibiting lower ductility. The tensile properties of the Class 3 weld metal appear to be relatively stable at 950* F. Comparison of the properties of the Class 3 and the aged Class 3 weld

metals determined at room temperature, 950, and 1050* F indicate that strength and ductility of 0.080.09 carbon Class 3 weld metal are relatively unaffected by an aging treatment designed to simulate 100,000-hr service at 9500 F.
Microstructural Analysis

0.02-0.03

the

in this study failed to meet Class 2 requirements at all

temperatures below 1050 F. It is recognized that the 13000 F/25 hr PWHT employed is more severe than
that recommended by Section VIII of the ASME Code00 and that under less stringent conditions, the 0.02-0.03 carbon weld metal might possibly conform in vessels vessels weldsin to the the Class Class 22 requirements. requirements. However, However, welds

Microstructural characterization of the 2-1/4Crorder2-l/4CrIMo weld metals metals was was performed performed in in order enhanced to provide enhanced derstanding of the elevated temperature 0.13 carbon weld metals thermally cycled on thearrived Gleeblewas conclusions accomplished to thermally at during dilatometric studies. were the conclusions described as arrived transformed microstructures
the asmicrostructures were described as a function of carbon content and weld energy input. Further-

I
I

transformed
UTS

Table 27.

Tensile test results for 0.08-0.09 carbon 2-l/4Cr-lMo weld metal condition. Weld Metal

as

function of

! j

Temperature

Temper
Condition As-Welded Parameter
--

0.2X YS

Percent

X Reduction
in Area

(OF)
80

(KSI)
0 134.0 7 97.7

(KSI)
0 125.0

Elongation
18.0 0
0 23.0

0.08-0.09C

9 38.9 68.8 8 68.9 9 71.9 9 72.8 8 69.9 81.8 8 77.3 3 77.0 0 88.8 8

Class

3a
Class
b 3

0 35.0 6 35.6
7 37.7

85.6 6
E 88.4 E 63.4

Aged
Class

101.5 5 80.9 9 70.3 3 72.8 52.8 8 62.8 8

1 65.1 0 43.0

21.5 5 25.0 0 14.9 9

2c
Class 3

950

0.08-0.09C

Class 3

0 35.0

64.3 3 63.0 47.9 9

0 60.0

f
1050 0.08-0.09C

Aged

35.6
7 37.7 0 35.0 6 35.6

19.6
29.0 0 17.9 9 24.6 6

Class 2 Class 3

Aged

Class 3

60.6 6

Class 2

7 37.7

38.9 9

42.0 0

aclass

3 - PWHT

1175F/25.5 hrs. H75F/25.5 hrs. , Aged 1193F/21.5

hrs.

baged

Class 3 - PWHT 2 - PWHT

CClass
-

1300F/25 hrs.

2-114Cr- IMo Weld Metal

47

. -

z
.

<

-_
_

_ _

..

&dquo;.,_

I
<t
_

more, the observed trends were explained in terms of the mechanisms operable during the on-cooling transformations In the studies related to the stress rupture testing effort, the 0.02-0 03, 0.04-0.05, 0.08-0.09, and 0.12-0.13 carbon weld metals were examined in the as-

CONlINUOUS COOLING TRANSFOR&dquo;&dquo;) 10

DIAGRAM

0 1Z-0 13C 2-i/&dquo;c!-iio WELD METAL

250C

welded, PWHT, and rupture tested condition. Using

the SEM and STEM, the microstructures were characterized as a function of carbon content. Microstructural changes resulting from elevated temperature exposure during PWHT and rupture testing were also examined. Finally, to galn an understanding of the structural changes which occur during prolonged service, 2-1/4Cr-IMo weld metal with 15 years of service at 1050 F was examined.

2000

1 ;

*WELD &dquo; WELD ENERGY INPUT (WIN) KJ/IN)

dC3
E
ism

BBB

t!

Acl
cl

BB

BBBB

BV
BF

1000 *&dquo;
500
;

B$!& : BS

BB BB

,
BD

150
1

Transformation Studies. Transformation studies

<

of the 0.08-0.09 and 0.12-0.13 carbon weld metals using a dilatometric method were conducted on the

35 60 100 127
100

N &horbar;

t M t

Gleeble. Specimens were . ced designed to simulate the thermal history experienced by previously deposited weld metal during the placef &horbar; conditions beads Cooling ment of subsequent weld beads. were chosen to span the normal range of weld energy inputs characteristic of welds in heavy-section Cr-Mo materials. A peak temperature of 2400 F was employed in order to simulate the coarse-grained region

subjected to

thermal cycle

- 100 iooo

TIME

1000

t-

TIllE ($ECIID$I <stcao)S)

mentof Subsequent

tunofonoation diagrw for 0.12-0.13 O.H-0.13 Fl;.S6-Con[inuou< a.- &#x201e; . cooling coollng crmafrmecfon dilgr.. for
carbon 2-1I4Cr-11Io velW wtol.

t
N

t M

of the HAZ. The coarse-grained region was singled out for investigation because of its propensity to form microconstituents associated with weldability problems. The results of the transformation effort have shown that the as-transformed microstructure of the 0.080.09 aad 0.12-0.13 carbon weld metals is primarily bainite. Continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagrams obtained for the two materials are shown in Figs. 85 and 86. Cooling curves characteristic of the seven thermal cycles used in the study are shown with the transformation start and finish temperatures indi-

CONTINUOUS COOLING TRANSFORMATION

DIAGRAM

N
t

t N N

t
-

2500

0 08-0 o9c z-m4cR-mo WELD rTal

Zs
2000

2000 .

WELD ENERGY IIIPUT *WELD INPUT (KJ/IN) (WIN)

:.&dquo;3
:

1500 -n1 .

BB.
BB,

low ;

BBB BBB! gs &horbar;&horbar; B.

500 . s B 60 100 . ..,........ Ie .........&dquo; ....

<B

150 t
35

tt*

12

io

M
M

TIME fsecootosr &dquo;

(SECONDS) 100

1000

-. &dquo;
.

tra-sfor=,lon coo.-.n; -Ccr.i-c-s COO-&dquo;1 tro.s(on&dquo;.tlo&dquo;

0 &dquo; for 0,-0 OE-0 09 d.agrat &dquo; d.ogr.o &dquo;&dquo;

00<- ,-, -Cr. &dquo;:

-= ae.al

each curve. Included in the figures are the determined during the rapid of the weld thermal cycle. Examinaheating portion tion of the figures reveals that the and finish temperatures decrease with increasing coolrate. Furthermore, at corresponding cooling rates, the transformation temperatures for the 0.12-0.13 carweld metal are 50 to 100 F lower than those observed for the 0.08-0.09 carbon material. Metallographic examination of the transformation specimens for both the 0.08-0.09 and 0.12-0.13 carbon metals has confirmed the Gleeble dilatometric studies, i.e., that the as-transformed microstructure is primarily bainitic. This is true over the entire range of energy inputs employed. The bulk of the microstructure has a morphology characteristic of upper bainite, identifiable by its lath-like arrangement of ferrite with elongated constituents (composed of a combination of carbide and retained austenite)4.45.95 located at the tath boundaries and aligned parallel to the longitudinal lath axis. The predominantly bainitic microstructure of the 0.08-0.09 and 0.12-0.13 carbon weld metals is as expected. Fig. 1, a CCT diagram for 0.1% carbon 2-1/ 4Cr-IMo steel,4 shows a wide bainite shelf which projects out beyond the ferrite/pearlite nose, indicating that a fully bainitic structure results over a wide range of cooling rates. The absence of martensite in the weld metal structure is understood when one notes that for martensite to form, a cooling rate of approximately 5000 C per minute must be achieved. The 50-100* F difference between the bainite start temperatures of the 0 08-0.09 and 0.12-0.13 carbon weld metals is attributable to the higher carbon content of the latter material. Inspection of the compositions as gIven m Table 3 for the two weld metals

cated and

,,,..,,....

on

A,3 temperatures

Acl

transformation start

born

weld

1,
jr

latter material. Inspection the 1

48

WRC Bulletin 315

.
.

--

--

reveals that the levels of the other elements in each are

t
I
. &dquo;

almost identical. There is a factor of two difference in the vanadium contents with the 0.12-0 13 carbon weld metal having half the vanadium of the lower carbon material However, the levels present are well below that expected to significantly affect behavior Microstructure of the 0.08-0.09 Carbon Weld Metal. Three bainite morphologies have been observed in the 0.08-0.09 carbon weld metal microstructures; lath-like, granular, and massive. An example of the lath-like morphology which predominates at low energy inputs is shown in Fig. 87. As the cooling rate decreases (energy input increases), not only does the fraction of the microstructure that is lath-like decrease, but the laths grow wider, making the structure coarser. Furthermore, the stringers of carbide/austenite present at the lath boundaries at low energy inputs are gradually replaced with constituents which are less elongated and more widely spaced. Eventually at high energy inputs, these constituents become less rod-like and more equiaxed. Observed variations in bainite morphology as a function of energy input and carbon content may be explained on the basis of the austenite to upper bainite transformation. The formation of upper bainite is initiated by the nucleation and growth of a lath of ferrite from the austenite.IN.95 The driving force for the transformation is the free energy difference between the austenite and the bainitic ferrite.95 Because the first ferrite formed is low in carbon, extensive carbon migration occurs to the ferrite/austenite interface and then into the austenite. As the ferrite lath grows, carbon is continuously rejected into the austenite ahead of the advancing interface. There is significant evidence that the austenite

determining the upper bainite morphology. Researchers94 95 have observed rapid side-by-side nucleation of ferrite laths to form a bundle of parallel laths. Evidence appears to indicate that this sympathetic nucleation phenomenon arises as a result of the transformation strains. As these laths grow together, the austenite trapped between becomes increasingly enriched in carbon. In low carbon alloy steels like 2-1/4Cr-lMo,
this austenite may be retained at the lath boundaries partially transform to ferrite and carbide.45 Any ferrite that forms does so epitaxially on the edge of the
or

adjacent

lath. The final structure is therefore

or an

one

of

parallel ferrite laths with austenite

austenite/

transforms to bainitic ferrite by a shear procesa.95 As a

result, transformation strains arise which lead

to de-

formation in both the ferrite and the austenite. The

deformation atraina, in turn, play a significant role in

.

I
.

I*

1
,

carbide aggregate at the lath boundaries. Furthermore, since the austenite to bainite transformation can initiate at more than one location within a grain, the fully transformed prior austenite grain may contain numerous lath bundles, each with its own orientation. Closer inspection reveals that the ferrite laths in upper bainite do not continuously grow by a diffusional mechanism after nucleation. Instead, each lath consists of substructural units, 10-15 microns in length, which are aligned end to end with their longitudinal axis parallel to the longitudinal axis of the lath.IN It is thought that the limited length of these subunits is dictated by the strains which accumulate in the austenite as the subunit growa. Apparently a strain level is finally achieved which terminates subunit growth and leads to the nucleation of a new unit. The length of the laths themselves is apparently only constrained by how far the lath can grow before encountering either a prior austenite grain boundary or already transformed material.95 Considering the above discussion, morphological changes observed in lath bainite in response to changes in cooling rate (weld energy input) may be explained. It has been noted that the austenite to bainite transformation temperature decreases as the cooling rate increases (see Figs. 85 and 86). As the temperature of the transformation is diminished, the diffusivity of carbon required for the ferrite laths to grow decreases. As a result, the lateral growth of the laths is inhibited and the laths become narrower.95 Furthermore, since the lath boundaries are the sites of the carbide/austenite stringers, these constituents become closer together as well. These mechanisms therefore explain the finer lath structure observed at low
energy inputs.

Ilk

I
,

The tendency for the stringers of carbide/austenite

at the lath boundaries to become more continuous at higher cooling rates (lower energy inputs) has been

j
-

Fi.3-;-Lath

weld SE!1.

bainite in 0 08-0 09 carbon 2-1/4Ct&dquo;-J1o metal thermally cycled 18 KJ/IN, 1000OX,

addressed by Pickering.96 He has indicated that the amount of carbon enrichment in the austenite (at the lath boundaries) required to initiate the tranaformation of the austenite to ferrite plus carbide is reduced with a decrease in transformation temperature. Because the maximum availability of carbon is limited by the carbon content of the weld mental decreasing the amount of carbon necessary to enrich a given amount
49

l 2-l/4Cr.lMo Weld Metal

,,

of austenite

austenite may be produced. The resulting mcreased availability of carbide/austenite leads to more continuous stringers of that constituent at the lath boundaries. As the lath-like microconstituent decreases in response to slower cooling rate (increasing weld energy input), it is replaced by a more granular constituent as illustrated in Fig. 88. The granular microstructures consist of a bainitic-ferritic matrix that contains small islands of irregular outline which show no evidence of internal structure at magnifications to 10,OOOX. The islands appear to be elevated above the surrounding ferrite matrix, indicating that they are etchant resistant. They also seem to be randomly distributed throughout the non-lath regions of the prior austenite gr. grams.

.tenite

that a greater imph.. implies that. g.eater amount of enriched

1
.*

ir

kvf

I
&dquo; .89-lIaat&dquo;ftl
b.iass. ta o.os.o9 catoa 2-1/4Cr-Ufo weld metal &dquo;&dquo; thenall, 60 &dquo;&dquo; IJ/D, 10000g. &dquo;&dquo; cycled SEK.

-4,

Massive constituents significantly larger than the islands in the granular bainite have been observed in all transformation specimens to varying degrees, apparently independent of cooling rate (weld energy input). These constituents, indicated by arrows in Fig. 89, are irregular in shape and resistant to etchant attack. Some of the massive regions are elongated in one direction and are aligned with their longitudinal axis parallel to the surrounding lath bainite. In some cases, particles may be discerned within the massive constituents.

&dquo;
.

(see Fig. 89). X-ray analysis indicates that these particles are two-phase, austenite-martensite.46 Shackleton and KeUy96 have reported similar massive coD8tuents which they have identified as plates of massive bainitic ferrite embedded with carbides The precise mechoinig- of formation of these granular and massive constituents is not well understood and will not be discussed in great detail. However, Habraken and Economopoul0846 have noted that they appear to occur only as a result of continuous cooling. Furthermore, they have found that such structures only occur over a particular range of cooling ratea To illustrate the concept, they have presented a general CCT diagram in which the cooling time range over which bainite occurs has been divided up into three vertical bands (see Fig. 90). They have found that in many of the steels studied, granular/massive conatituents only occur in region 11 of the figure. This observation in only in partial agreement with the occurrence

Granular and massive bainites are known upper bainite morphologies. Granular bainite, as observed in the weld metals in this study, has been described by Klueh8 as islands of a second constituent dispersed in a bainitic-ferritic matriz Habraken and Economopoul0845 have determined that these islands are composed of a combination of martensite and residual austenite. Massive bainite occurs as coarse plates of irregular outline with little internal structure discernible without the aid of transmission electron microscopy. Sometimes, faint evidence of particles may be detected which appear to be embedded within the plates

..

J
_

a...

1;Ol
_ .

&dquo;&dquo;.1-:b xc c nmo .e no n

Fig.90-Three

zones in the intermediate transformation range defined in terms of temperature and cooling time between 800 and 500*C.

Source

Fig.88-Granular

bainlte in 0.08-0.09 carbon

2-l/4Cr-1Ko veld metal thermally cycled 80 KJ/IN. 10000X. SEM.

Habraken, L. T and Economopoulos, M.. &dquo;Bainitic lficroatructures in Lov-Carbon Alloy Steels and Their Mechanical Properties,&dquo; Symposium on Transformation and Bardenabi11ty in Steels, Climax lfolybdenum Co (1967).

50

5 WRC Bulletin 315

.?...

..
.

..

!
.

I
I

of granular and massive constituents in the weld metal transformation specimens. Although the portion of the microstructure with a granular aspect increases as the cooling rate decreases (energy mput increases), the massive constituents observed in the weld metals are present over the full range of weld cooling rates. The only deviation from a fully bainitic structure occurs in weld metal subjected to a thermal cycle corresponding to 150 KJ/IN. Traces of polygonal ferrite may be found at the prior austenite grain boundaries in the microstructure which otherwise consists of granular bainite (see Fig. 91). However, the polygonal ferrite is not uniformly distributed throughout the weld, occurring only in the weld metal at the interpass

al

traces of

cycled with an energy input of 150 KJ/IN contains polygonal ferrite in the regions adjacent to

boundaries.
-

The formation of polygonal ferrite in the weld metal subjected to a 150 KJ/IN thermal cycle is a result of the relatively slow cooling rate characteristic of that thermal history. The restriction of the ferrite to the weld metal in the interpass boundary region is due to the reduced hardenability of that region as a result of the grain refining action of the original weld thermal cycle. The formation of polygonal ferrite was not detected by dilatometric means because the volumetric change accompanying the formation of trace amounts of ferrite was of insufficient magnitude to be resolved by the dilatometer. Microstructure of the 0.12-0.13 Carbon Weld Metal. The observations made concerning the 0.08-0.09 carbon weld metal microstructures and their dependence on cooling rate (weld energy input) are, in gener-

al, the
.

same for the 0.12-0.13 carbon material. The lath bainite predominates at low energy inputs and is gradually replaced by granular bainite as the energy input increases. Massive structures are also in evidence, although occurring to a lesser degree. As in the lower carbon material, the 0.12-0.13 carbon weld met-

the fusion line of each individual weld bead. Despite these similarities. the higher carbon content of the 0 12-0.13 carbon weld metal does have a noticeable effect on the as-transformed microstructures The most significant is the occurrence of a previously absent constituent in the rapidly cooled material (18 KJ/IN). Shown in Fig. 92, the constituent occurs as elongated regions whose internal structure consists of a fine dispersion of particles. At the limits of the resolution of the SEM (300 angstroms), the particles appear to be randomly distributed and have a spheroidal morphology. Habraken and DeBrouwer9 have identified similar constituents in tool steel as auto-tempered martensite. However, Habraken and Economopoulos45 have indicated that in low carbon, low alloy steels, it is difficult to distinguish between auto-tempered martensite and lower bainite. The identity of this constituent is therefore uncertain. All other microstructural differences between the 0.08-0.09 and the 0.12-0.13 carbon weld metal are matters of degree. With respect to the lath-like upper bainite, the structure of the higher carbon weld metal appears to be finer, i.e., the laths are narrower than those observed in the corresponding 0.08-0.09 carbon material having experienced the same thermal history. Furthermore, the amount of carbide/austenite constituent present at the lath boundaries of the 0.12-0.13 carbon weld metal appears to be greater than that observed in the lower carbon content weld metal. In particular, at energy inputs equal to or less than 80 KJ/IN, the carbide/austenite stringers appear to be more continuous, occupying a greater percentage of the lath boundaries. This dependence of morphology on carbon content is apparent in Fig. 93 which compares the two weld metals cycled at identical energy

I
0

%01

2#9
Fig.91-Polygonal
_

austenite bainite matrix Material is 0.08-0.09 carbor 2-1/4Cr-ixo weld metal thermally cycled 150 KJ/IN. 5000X. SEM.

ferrite at the
a

grain boundaries of

prior granular

Fi.92- Upper

bainite matrix

containing

second

constituent, possibly lower bainite or auto-tempered martensite. Material is 0.12-0.13 carbon 2-1/4Cr-IMo weld metal thermally cycled 18 KJ/IN, 10000X, SEH.

l 2-1/4Cr-IMo Weld Metal

51

# ,.,. FJ t ; r ,a n.,
= yi

.
.
.

.&dquo; .

_ Q#,s

.::.: 3

<

_,....

__

__

_.
_

,.
_

I
the

t!
inputs. Considering the granular bainite, the islands in higher carbon weld metal appear more numerous Finally, the massive structures so obvious at all energy
inputs in the 0 08-0 09 carbon weld metal appear to far less frequently in the 0.12-0.13 carbon material. Those observed in the higher carbon weld metal at 150 KJ/IN appear to be less resistant to etchant attack, revealing more evidence of internal structure. The finer structure of the lath bainite in the 0.120.13 carbon weld metal is a consequence of the higher
occur
I

(a)
0.08-0.09 carbon

7--

u
(b)
o. v z-o.13 carbon
of 0.08-0.09 and 0 12-0.13 carbon

Flg.93-Comparlaon

2-1/4Cr-lMo weld aetel thermally cycled 60 KJ/I:1, loowx. SEM.

carbon content. During the transformation of austenite to lath bainite, ferrite laths nucleate and grow into the austenite. Growth of the ferrite is accomplished by the rejection of carbon into the austenite ahead of the moving ferrite/austenite interface. When the carbon content of the weld metal is increased, the rate of carbon diffusion is reduced because of the decreased carbon gradient between the ferrite and the surmunding austenite. This, in turn, inhibits lateral growth of the ferrite laths and produces a finer atructure The increase in the amount of carbide/austenite constituent at the lath boundaries may also be explained in terms of the increased carbon level of the weld metal. More carbon is available to produce carbide/austenite which, in turn, results in greater amounts of this constituent at the lath boundaries.95 As-Welded Weld Metal Microstructure. SEM examination of the four carbon content SMA weld metals in the as-welded condition has revealed that their microstructure are fully bainitic (Figs. 94 and 95) with the exception of the 0.02-0.03 carbon weld metal which contains traces of polygonal ferrite (Fig. 96). The bainite morphologies observed are all typical

i
t
-
I

:
!

i
1

t,
,

I
5;t
,

(a)

0.04-0.05 carbon

(b)

0.08-0.09 carbon

(c)

0.12-0.13 carbon

r--=z
-

-COtB!I3fl50n of the as-welded nicrostructure of 2-1/(_r-I-o oIeld r-etal, 20130- S[L

0.04-0.05, 0.08-0.09, and 0.12-0.13 carbon

,

52

WRC Bulletin 315

J _
,

, _

....,

.-

. .

&dquo;....,

,..... f .. - [ & d q u o ; _ _ ( -4 ...&dquo;. ,&dquo;. , -B:.. f.. p -,...&dquo;. . _?&dquo;,. , : -,2<...jy---- . 6 v7mt 1 i B.J - &#xb-. 7 ; L 1 A , : 1 , <&dquo;. IL ,.,
.
,C

li CB w.&dquo;p
Ilk

,
,>&dquo;

&dquo; 1:&dquo;..,..
t..

4 ....

-r .

1r

.
.:

,&dquo; ...
.

. w - 90 <. 1 : l i>. &#xb7; .- 1(It .. ,

&dquo;. _.

.! &dquo; ) B . , 1fi .Y l . &dquo;,.

r
t
v

t4

- ...

;...,

&dquo;

T&dquo;

,...

.;

...
_

IL

-.

--, &dquo;

.-&dquo;&dquo;
..

,.,;- ,

&dquo;

. - t; . - ; - . . (b)

--.... l&dquo;B.

-, ,-.

...

Br, .2 :Yr ..
, . -

-,? j ..r,...,

..-T!.
h

(a)

0.04-0.05

carbon

0.08-0.09 carbon

(c)

0.12-0.13 carbon

Fig.97-Carbide morphology

and distribution of as-velded 0.04-0.05. 0.08-0.09, and 0.12-0.13 carbon 2-1/4Cr-IMo veld metal as ahovn by carbide extraction replica, 9000X, STEM.

M3C found has no consistent morphology, occurring as rod-like precipitates, irregular particles, and sometimes as triangular-shaped plates (See Fig. 97a). In isolated locations, clusters of rod-like M3C precipitates have been observed, presumably
tent increases. The
The occurrence of various carbon content and PWHT.

having precipitated during the decomposition of an island of retained austenite. The other alloy carbide found in the as-welded microstructures, M2C, is a molybdenum-rich carbide37 which occurs as a fine dispersion of acicular precipitates within the bainitic/ferrite
2-1/4Cr-INo veld metal
function of

Table 28.

alloy carbides

in

as a

Weld Metal
PSffIT PWHT

1175*F/
As-Welded 0.08-0.09C 0.12-0.13C B.1a
H NF NF

1300*F/25

hrs.

Carbide
C m3c m2c m7c3 m23c6

0.02-0.03C
a NFa

0.04-0.05C
NF NF

0.08-0.09C
NF NF

0.12-0.13C
NF

25.5 hro. 0.08-0.09C

NF
K

B.m

Mb c H,b
b Bc,i

NF

ll,b
B.m
NF
!1

M.b
B,m
NF !1

H,b
5.0 B.!1

M.b B.NF !1 NF

NY NF NY
NF

H2)C6+M6Cd NF
C H6C c &dquo;6C+M2C NF
!t

NF

NF
NF

NF

NF

NF

NF .

aCarbide

not

found.

bCarbide
cCarbide

found In the matrix.

found
at constituent
two

Capital

letter indicates

predominant

location.

boundaries.

Capital

letter indicates

predominant location.

dPlus
54

sign (+) indicates

carbides bound together.

WRC Bulletin 315

_flfi ik

11
matrix.
_

The

occurrence

of only MIC and M2C in the

as-

welded microstructures appears consistent mth the Baker and Nutting-, carbide evolutionary sequence
for 2-1/4Cr-1Mo steel. Thermal cycling of the weld metal by subsequent weld passes reheats the microstructure, transformmg any epsilon carbide to M3C and initiating the precipitation of some M2C. However, time at temperature is insufficient to form MiCa, M23C6, or M6C carbides which appear later in the evo-

to

lutionary sequence. Postweld Heat Treated Weld Metal Microstructure. For discussion purposes, the four carbon content weld metals PWHT 13000 F/25 hr (Class 2) may be divided into two categories. In the rust is the 0.02(a)
sce.c.

i
- near
sae.... so.a.r,

..

I
J

0.03 carbon weld metal whose microstructure has been so altered by PWHT that no trace remains of the bainitic structure in existence prior to heat treatment. The second category contains the 0.04-0.05, 0.08-0.09, and 0.12-0.13 carbon weld metals. Their microstructures have only been modified by PWHT and may be characterized as tempered bainite. SEM examination of the PWHT 0.02-0.03 carbon weld metal reveals a microstructure which consists of equiaxed ferrite grains with alloy carbides present within the grains as well as at the grain boundaries. No traces remain of the retained austenite stringers evident in the as-welded material, those stringers having transformed during tempering to carbides and ferrite. Inspection of the weld metal located near the interpass boundaries (see Fig. 98a) reveals a microstructure consisting of an irregular distribution of small equiaxed ferrite grains in a coarser ferrite matrix. Carbides occur predominantly at the grain boundaries of

li

(11)

Strmtw any fn8 laterp&dquo;o bous&dquo;.

F1.g. 98- VarbUoa

In a1uoetroeture of O.02-o.0 ear&dquo;&dquo; 2-llEcr-lllo weld _tal NIT ... a functim of i.cs. ( 2)

lzoo1/z3
9

hr.. sm.

the smallergrains a fewvisible withinthe grainswith with only of is reminiscent the smaller The structure that seen cause in a cold worked materialheated long heated long

matenal, the microstructures of the 0.04-0.05, 0.080.09, and 0.12-0.13 carbon weld metals PWHT 1300
F/25 hr still retain some of the features characteristic of upper bainite. This IS is particularly evident m in those pper regions posaesaing a lath-like structure prior to post-

..

that seen

I
,
,

enough to cause recrystalhzation but for an insufficient period to allow significant grain growth. The prevalence of carbides at the grain boundaries may indicate that grain growth has been inhibited by the precipitates.
In contrast, the material at
some

cold worked material

b8lD1.

prtlcularly eV1dnt

distance from the

.. ;

interpass boundaries, shown in Fig. 98b, has carbides both within the grains as well as at the grain boundaries. Furthermore, the ferrite grains are much larger than those in the fine-grained weld metal. There is some evidence of grain growth in the microstructure. Fig. 99 shows a grain boundary in the coarse-grained region whose curvature may be indicative of grain boundary migration.
The recrystallization of bainitic 2-1/4Cr-lMo steel
..

i
<

during tempering has been observed by Baker and Nuttingl7 as well as Woodhead and Quarrel 37 Recrystallization has been associated with a decrease in the number of carbides present within the matrix. Furthermore, Baker and Nuttmgl7 have noted that M23C6 carbides often appear at the boundaries of the recrystallized tarized ferrite grains. 8lIls. taIlizedferritegrains. Unlike that seen m the PWHT 0.02-003 carbon

,>
i: -

---e1:

of =.tal l.HT

&dquo;,etal ?HT 1300

showing of grain grain boundary curvature indicative bou.,:arv rnir3tio. 10000X. SEI

03 carbon 2-, /4Cr-IMo 0.02-0 1300F/15 F/25 hrs. (Class 2)

weld

2-I/4Cr-lMo Weld Metall

55

. ,

, ,
_
,
,

_ ;

- .

;;-<.

+ , ,

-4

,_

,..

weld heat treatment. In those locations, the directionality of the lath structure has been preserved although the morphology of the ferrite has been altered somewhat. The ferrite exists as elongated islands aligned parallel to one another with carbides at the island boundaries as well as within the ferrite matrix. These islands are significantly wider than the laths from which they formed, gming the effect of a coarsened microstructure. Such a structure is illustrated in Fig. 100. The coarsening of lath-hke constituents during tempering has been addressed by Krauss.47 He has indicated that the coarsening mechanism is based on the elimination of the low angle boundaries between laths having a similar orientation. According to Pickering,95 the orientation difference between neighboring bainite laths is often quite small, perhaps as low as 6 degrees. The elimination of low angle boundaries effectively merges neighboring laths to produce wider elongated structures similar to those observed in the PWHT weld metal microstructures.

0.05, 0.08-0.09, 0.12-0.13) discussed above, no dependence of microstructure on changes in carbon content
haBe been detected
in

the SEM micrographs. The mi-

crostructures of the latter look very similar. The carbides visible during SEM examination all appear to be somewhat spheroidized, having no consistent shape. This may be attributed to the extensive thermal treatment required to attain Class 2 properties (1304DO F/25

hr, temper parameter P

A
more

37.7).

&dquo;!

Other than the gross microstructural differences between the PWHT 0.02-0.03 carbon weld metal and the

other three

higher

carbon PWHT materials (0.04-

jg
(8) 2000x. sat

j
(b) >

lOOOOX.

SEM bainitc structure of 0.08-0.09 carbon weld metal PWHT hrs

Fig.100- Tempered

2-1/4Cr-l&dquo;lo (Clas 2).

56

1300OF/25

detailed analysis of the carbides present in these weld metal microstructures as a function of carbon content has been obtained by STEM examination of carbide extraction replicas. The types of carbides found in the PWHT microstructure are given in Table 28. Inspection of the table shows that M7C3, M23C, and M6C occur in all four of the weld metals with an additional carbide, M2C, present in the 0.02-0.03 carbon material Again, this is in agr.eement with the carbide sequence of Baker and Nutting.17 In the three higher carbon content weld metals, tempering has eliminated all traces of M3C and M2C and has resulted in the formation of the more stable precipitates, MCs, M7C3, and KC. The persistence of M2C in the 0.02--0.03 carbon microstructure may be a reault of the presence of polygonal ferrite in the as-welded microstructure. As indicated by Baker and Nutting,17 the MzC that forms in ferrite during tempering appears early in the tempering process and persists until ultimately being replaced by M6C. This is in contrast to the occurrence of carbides in bainite where the M2C is soon replaced by M7C3 and M23C6In two instances, the table contains references to carbides which are &dquo;bound together&dquo;. For the 0.020.03 carbon weld metal, M6C and M2C have been found together whereas in the 0.12-0.13 carbon weld metal, MCs and M6C occur together. Baker and Nutting17 have indicated that M6C is believed to nucleate at existing carbide particles. It is therefore possible that what is observed as two carbides bound together is actually M6C nucleating at the interface of a precursor precipitate. In the case of the 0.02-0.03 carbon material, M6C is known to follow M2C in the carbide sequence for polygonal fenite. Furthermore, in bainite, M6C forms from M7C3 and M2,3C6STEM analysis has also provided an enhanced understanding of the carbide morphologies found in the PWHT weld metals. Considering the gross microstructural difference between the 0.02-0.03 carbon weld metal and the three higher carbon materials, the carbide morphologies observed in the lowest carbon weld metal are quite different from those seen in the other three. Three distinct precipitate morphologies may be found in the 0.02-0.03 carbon material; acicular needles, massive precipitates, and fringes. These may be seen in Fig. 101. The acicular needles are believed to be M2C carbides which have precipitated within the polygonal ferrite. M2C would not be expected to persist in bainite based on the Baker and Nuttingl7 sequence. The massive precipitates are M7C3, M23C6, or M6C, depending on their location. M7C3

I
, ,

I
!

/
..

and

WRC Bulletin 315

III

I:
--<...,!..-.-....-..-
&dquo;

I i q I, ir, / f] * .>
-

&dquo;

&dquo;

% .

%, j ,
- )q .
,

&dquo;

( 44

t J,
. -

, .
.

i,

( :. 1=,( .
(
(a)
Needles
as

j , ,

,
, &dquo;

-i 4
., ,
(b)

fA
m

.ll t Ei i,$l
Fig.101-Carbide morphologies
shown

li? I; .

0A
(c)

OAK
Fringes

Massive precipitates

in 0.02-0.03 carbon 2-1/4Cr-INo weld metal PHBT by carbide extraction replica, 37000X, STEM.

t300&dquo;F/2S

hrs.

M23C6 do not form within polygonal ferrite, appearing only in the bainite. However, M6C can appear in either constituent. The fringes are M2C. Many researchers 17,37 have reported the occurrence of such structures
within ferritic/bainitic 2-1/4Cr-lMo steels. The mode of formation of fringed M2C at ferrite/ austenite interfaces during cooling has been discussed by Baker and Nutting. 17 Because of the relative solubilities of ferrite and austenite for carbon and molybdenum, on cooling from the A,-3, the newly formed polygonal ferrite is enriched in molybdenum while the remaining, yet-to-be transformed, austenite becomes enriched in carbon. At the ferrite/austenite interface, the concentration of molybdenum and carbon is relatively high, making the nucleation of M2C possible. Once precipitated, the M2C carbides can grow, obtaining molybdenum and carbon from the surrounding matrix. The growth direction most favored is that in which the greatest supply of carbon and molybdenum can be maintained at the carbide/matrix interface. Because of the higher diffusivity of the carbon atoms relative to the molybdenum atoms, it is easier for the carbides to grow into the molybdenum-rich phase, minimizing the distance which the slowly diffusing molybdenum atoms must travel to reach the carbide/ matrix interface. Thus the carbides grow into the ferrite. The formation of M2C fringes can be inhibited if the cooling rate is sufficiently high.&dquo; However, if some austenite is retained in the microstructure on cooling, as in the case of the as-welded 0.02-0.03 carbon weld metal, then, during tempering, fringes of M2C may

nucleate and grow at the retained austenite/ferrite interface, drawing carbon from the enriched austenite. The carbide distribution and morphologies apparent in the extraction replicas for the 0.04-0.05, 0.080.09, and 0.12-0.13 carbon weld metals are essentially the same. As indicated in Table 28, the carbides present include M7C3, M23C6, and M6C with the M7C3 and M6C precipitates occurring predominantly in the matrix and the M23C6 at grain/lath boundaries. Independent of location, the majority of the carbides are spheroidal although a few rod-like precipitates may be seen within the matrix. Woodhead and Quarrel37 have warned of the pitfalls of identifying carbides by their morphology and distribution and have given many examples where such a practice leads to erroneous conclusions. The usefulness of this approach is well illustrated by Fig. 102 which shows the similar morphologies exhibited by M7C3, M23C6, and M6C precipitates in 0.04-0.05 carbon weld metal. Carbide morphologies and distributions characteristic of the 0.04-0.05, 0.08-0.09, and 0.12-0.13 carbon weld metals PWHT 13000 F/25 hr are shown in Fig. 103. Comparison of the micrographs in the figure indicates that the number of carbides in a given area generally increases with carbon content The general microstructure of 0.08-0.09 carbon weld metal PWHT 11750 F/25.5 hr (Class 3), as revealed by SEM examination, retains many of the features characteristic of the as-welded microstructure. No coarsening of the ferrite constituents is apparent. The substructure within the prior austenite grains, whether lath-like or granular, remains quite evident,
l 57

j
)

i
:

1I

)
,

tI
,

: .

2-7/4Cr-2MotVefdMeta<

;
i

-77

analysis has shown them to be mostly M7C3 and M6C. The occurrence of M1C in the Class 3 weld metal
microstructure is
m

tionary sequence.7 gmde (P, 1= 37.7, P, 1 3 = 35.0), it is expected that the evolution of carbides toward the equilibrium precipitate (M,6C) during the Class 3 PWHT occurs to a lesser degree than during the Class 2 treatment. As previously indicated, the Class 2 microstructure contains only M7C3, M23C6, and M6C, the last three carbides in the evolutionary chain. In the Class 2 material, the M2C

agreement with the carbide evoluUsing the temper parameter as a

..

5
SEM 200(IX. SEN 2000x (a)

forms and then dissolves prior to the completion of PWHT. In contrast, the time and temperature of the Class 3 PWHT is sufficient to precipitate M2C but insufficient to dissolve it. M7C3, M23C6, and M6C are also present. The M7C3 and M23C6 carbides are associated with the disappearance of M3C in the microstructure while MeC is the last precipitate to appear, growing at the expense of all other carbides.

Stress-Rupture Specimen Microstructure. SEM easmination of Class 2 weld metal removed from tested stress-rupture specimens indicates that, even after 5000 hr at 1050 F, the microstructure is essentially the same as that observed in the PWHT material (see Fig. 106). This appears to be true for all Class 2

I
,

(b)
,

lOOOOX, SEM

Fig.104-

Microstructure of
veld metal PWHT

0.08-0.09 1175 F/25.5

carbon 2-1/4Cr-IHD
hrs.

(Class 3).

in 2-1/4Cr-1Mo steeL 17,37,45,48,50 Also visible in the replicas are much larger carbides at the lath and prior

austenite grain boundaries which are predominantly M23C6. Some larger precipitates can also be found in the matrix, although not in significant quantities. The
I

I
e
_

jjE

I , &copy; t
!
I
3s
l

t(

I r. ; C. ). 41 l&dquo. %,rA - d11 d. .

y,,.

<

(a)

PWHT

&dquo; 13OO0F/25

hrs

(Class 2).

&#xb7; -

fl.

j
ri
,
_

, .-&dquo; lw
.,/

: 1 w .

fta . .te 1a!s 1&dquo;a&#xb7;&#xb7; .

i

.a. 1yc /w1 -.

,

11

&dquo;

W _

/
,
.

-b

_.- . F1.a: .105-

,
.

- . ; .,

(b)

PIf! + rupture te&dquo;ted

10SO F/5200
WW/25

hrs.

Carbide

morphology and distribution in 0.08-0.09 carbon 2-1/4Cr-lMo weld metal

as

B
_

PWHT 1175F/25.5 hrs. (Class 3) by carbide extraction replica,

ahwn

100001, STEIl!

Fig.: -(I&dquo;I;>rl-&dquo;

1[ 0 t2-o ts , ,rhum
hr

2-1/lr-I&dquo;
(Liiss 2) IOOOOx. SE

veld meta p,&dquo; before nd ittr

rupttjrt- te4Llrw-.

2-114Cr-IMo Weld Metal

59

777-,-

&dquo;;.>....:,-, &dquo;:.- :.:. . . . ._ .

,,.

,
I
Such a treatment is equivalent to 36 hr at 11750 F.
The microstructure of the aged weld metal is shown in Fig. 108. There is still a significant amount of M2C present in the matrix, not as much as in the material rupture tested at 9500 F for 3000 hr but certamly more than in the same weld metal rupture tested at 10500 F for an identical period. In some places, the boundary carbides appear to be larger and more prevalent than in the rupture tested specimens. The matrix adjacent to these boundary precipitates is devoid of any M2C. As indicated, the carbide condition in the aged weld metal falls somewhere between that observed in the 9500 F rupture tested material and that seen in the 10500 F rupture tested weld metal. Using the temper parameter, the time at 11750 F which corresponds to the various post-PWHT treatments of each of these materials can be calculated. The values for the rupture tested samples are 2 hr and 48 hr for the 950 and 10500 F rupture tested materials, respectively. In comparison, the aging treatment is equivalent to 36 hr at 11750 F. Ranking these values in the order of increasing time, one finds that the order is the same as that obtained by ranking the specimens in the order of
I
,

i
to
J
I
,

presence of M2C. Thus, the observed trends are in agreement with the predictions based on the temper parameter Microstructure of Pipe Weld Metal Having Seen Extensive Service. Microstructural evaluation of 2-1/4Cr-lMo pipe weld metal subjected to 15 years of service at 10500 F was performed using the SEM. As seen in Fig.109, the microstructure consists of a ferrite matrix with islands of a second qkicroconatituent scattered throughout. Other than having a rough surface texture, the islands exhibit no internal structure. Their shape and size vary considerably from place to place within the microstructure. Spheroidized carbides are also apparent within the microstructure. These precipitates are located within the ferrite matrix and at the boundaries of the island constituent. Closer inspection indicates that the carbides are not randomly scattered throughout the ferrite matrix but define a network within the ferrite. These precipitates are probably located on the boundaries of individual ferrite grains. Using the carbides to mark the position of the ferrite grain boundaries, it is apparent that, in most of the microstructure, the ferrite grains are generally equiaxed. In light of the extensive tempering experienced by

decreasing

OW77

1,7
5p
(a)

2000X,

SEM

j
i

(a)

10001.

5EK

i
,

I
.

Jjg
(b) l0000X. SEM

40

vo;

I
microstructure
-

(b)
of 0 OS-0.09 carbon

500OX, SEM

2-1/4Cr-JIo

I
-

weld metal Puqir 11930F/21 3 rrs F 950F

117Su/2S 5 hrs. after aging to sinulaze 100,000 hours at

_ _ __-imro>tructure
subjected
to

0:0:-1/4Cr-I:-10 pipe veld metal

1050

for

15 ycars.

l 2-I/4Cr-IMo Weld Metal

61

%14;g .. %# , ( .

MJt M M M N t N t M M

Nt

s stress

VIOl. e lDU45D 0 e IDlCl&dquo;O ur y&18

this weld metal (equivalent to 35.5 hr at 1300* F), the equiaxed grain structure of the ferrite is likely a result of recrystallization made possible by a combmation of elevated temperature and carbide growth and dissolution. Furthermore, the occurrence of carbides at the boundaries of newly recrystallized grains is typical of the process. The island-like microconstituent scattered within the ferrite matrix is considered to be a significantly overtempered form of the granular structures found in granular bainite. These structures consist of martensite and/or retained austenite m the as-welded microstructure. Sufficient tempering not only causes transformation of these constituents to ferrite and carbides but can, through carbide evolution, induce dissolution of the carbides within the structures in favor of nucleation and growth of M6C at the boundaries. Correlation of the Results of the Microstructaral Analyeis wit6 Observed Stress Rupture Behavior. The findings of the microstructural analysis

apheroidized condition. These precipitates probably

do not confer as much rupture strength to the weld metal as do the finer carbides existing m the Class 3 weld metal, making the overall strength a strong function of the bamitic morphology of the microstructure. Because of the extensive PWHT given the Class 2 weld metal (1300 F/25 hr), the microstructural stability of the Class 2 material is high for service use. The carbides present in the matrix, as has already been indicated, are the last three in the evolutionary sequence. Any microstructural change caused by extended service at elevated temperature would likely consist of further spheroidization of the carbides with the amount of M6C increasing at the expense of the M7C3 and MCs precipitates. This should have little effect on the rupture strength.

Conclusions

has cast eome light on the reasons behind the observed

aVlor of 0 the e 2-1/4Cr-1Mo r0 weld we metme. ess rupture rup ure behavior al tested during this program. The superior rupture strength of the 0.08-0.09 carhr (Class 3) is primarily a result of the strengthening effect of the

of . oal of this program g effect

of carbon content and PWHT on u t

the stress rupture behavior of 2-1/4Cr-1Mo weld metaL The folis a summary of the conclusions obtained durI.... lowing

has been to investigate the

this

The superior rupture strength of the 0.08-0.09 car...

acicular MZC carbides present in the matris. A secondary factor may be the fineness of the bainitic structure. In contrast to that observed in the 0.08-0.09 carbon

ing the course of the study.

the 4Cr-lMo weld logstress/log stress/logrupture rupture tune time techManson nique, and the od d testhefollowing: following:
techcommitment meth&dquo;

2-1/ 4Cr-1Mo weld metal usIDg the Larson-Miller parame-

The analysis of stress rupture data for PWHT

lca

M t tt t N N t

M N

weld metal PWHT 1300 F/25 hr (Class 2), the Class 3 microstructure retains most of the features characteristic of the as-welded (as-transformed) material, with little or no evidence of any coarsening of the ferritic constituents. The fme bainitic substructure also contributes to the overall strength due to the increased presence of numerous boundaries between the bainitic ferrite structures which serve as barriers to dislocation
movement.

(a) The 100,000-hr rupture strength decreases as the temper parameter increases. However, the
from variations in PWHT diminishes with increasing test temperature. This effect is particularly pronounced for weld metal PWHT with P < 32.0 which, at 750 F, has a 100,000-hr rupture strength 40 to 45 KSI higher than that for weld metal PWHT with 32.0 < P < 36.2. This strength advantage falls rapidly with increasing test temperature and disappears at approximately 900* F. For weld metal PWHT with P < 37.5, the 100,000-hr rupture strength appears to increase with increasing carbon content. However, the strengthening effect of carbon diminishes as the test temperature is increased. For weld metal PWHT with P > 37.5, the 100,000-hr rupture strength appears to increase with carbon content for levels up to about 0.040.05 weight percent. Weld metals having higher carbon contents have similar rupture strengths. The stress rupture strength of PWHT 2-1/4Cr1Mo SMA weld metal compares well with that determined from data for weld metal deposited by a variety of welding processes. With respect to the data obtained from testing in this program, the following conclusions may be drawn: 1. 0.08-0.09 carbon weld metal PWHT to proposed Class 3 condition exhibits significantly higher rupture strength at 950 and 1050 F

strength difference arising

N N t N

t N jM N N N M M N J M

The observed dependence of 2-1/4Cr-IMo Class 2 weld metal rupture strength on carbon content is apparently a result of the major microconstituents present in the microstructure. SEM examination of the weld metals indicates that the lowest carbon content material (0.02-0.03% carbon) consists of nonbainitic ferrite while the higher carbon weld metals possess a tempered bainite structure. This correlates with the results of rupture tests which indicate that the 0.02-0.03 carbon weld metal rupture strength is significantly lower than the strengths of the other three higher carbon materials. The 0.02-0.03 carbon weld metal which appears bainitic in the as-welded condition may recrystallize during PWHT to form the non-bainitic ferrite structure, lowering the rupture strength. In contrast, the higher carbon weld metals remain bainitic during PWHT. Some coarsening of the bainitic structure does occur accompanied by the growth and evolution of the alloy carbides. STEM analysis shows that the carbides present in these materials consist of the last three precipitates in the evolutionary chain (M23C6, M7C3, M6C) existing in a
62

(b)

(c)

(d)

io

(e)

WRC Bulletin 315

1
-

than does the 2.

2.

same

material PWHT to Class

I
,

(n

test results for weld metal PWHT 1300 F/25 hr (Class 2) indicate that the rupture strength of 0 02-0.03 carbon material is significantly lower than that exhibited by the higher carbon weld metals. Furthermore, the strengths of the latter are of similar magnitude. Rupture testing of 2-I/4Cr-IMo SMA weld metals conducted during this program has contributed significantly to the understanding of the rupture behavior of these materials. 1. The effect of carbon content on the rupture s tt. of fr-) Class t been me<t. has ass 2 2SMA SMA we weld ld metal strength

Rupture

hr with their rupture behavior indicates that tensile test results may be useful in predicting relative stress rupture behavior. (c) The tensile strength of 0.08-0.09 carbon weld metal PWHT 1175 F/25 5 hr (Class 3) is stgmficantly greater than that exhibited by the same weld metal PWHT to the Class 2 condition. However, the enhanced strength is gained at the expense of elevated temperature ductility. (d) The strength and ductility of 0.08-0.09 carbon Class 3 weld metal are relatively unaffected by an aging treatment designed to simulate 100,000-hr service at 950 F.

strength. crupture arbon Strengm.

2. The
.

determined and may be employed to define proper industrial practice in the use of higher carbon fiuer filler metals to achieve achieve improved improved

determined andmay be employed to define

The The following following conclusions have been drawn con.f .1. of 0.08-0.09 and 0,12-0.13 carbon 2-I/4Cr-IMo weld metal using ther-

n i. n,/.. ,tt u )
, HAZ. al

conclusions have

mal cycles designed to simulate the thermal history metoccurring in the -grained region of the weld

I
.

behavior of 2-1/4Cr-lMo 2-1/4Cr-lmo SMA weld metal PWHT to proposed Class 3 strength has been characterized, contributing to the data base to be used to evaluate the feasibility of using 2-1/4Cr-lMo steel in the Class 3 condition. 3. The rupture data acquired for the Class 2 weld metal increases by a factor of ten the amount of data available for 2-1/4Cr-lMo SMA weld metal PWHT with P > 37.5.

rjty

th

(a) The microstructure of the as-transformed weld metal is fully bainitic except in the material thermally cycled 150 KJ/IN (2400 F peak temperature, 2-in. plate, 400 F preheat) where

thethree three rupture data analysis techComparison Comparison ofofthe rupture data m in s this m indicates cates the niques employed DIques employed in this study study study indicates the the following: following:

following:

(a) The
are

most conservative

100,000-hr stress values

given by the Manson method while the log

time stresses are the least conservative. (b) The best curve fits to the data are obtained using the Larson-Miller technique with the associated &dquo;r2&dquo; values being consistently greater than those for the more conservative Manson method.

stress-log rupture

polygonal ferrite occur at the prior austenite grain boundaries. (b) The bainite start and finish temperatures decrease with increasing cooling rate as well as increasing carbon content. (c) The bainite morphologies observed in the as* f transformed weld metal are lath-like, //fl granular, ; 8D810rm e, granf/&dquoar, and d. massive. The The I lath th b bainite ..te ed . tes at predominates faster cooling rates and is gradually replaced by granular bainite as the cooling rate decreases. Some massive bainite is present at all cooling

traces of

/?are wei me

at

rates.

(d) Increasing the cooling rate and/or weld metal

carbon content increases the fmeness of the bainitic microstructure. Eation ofthe examination theas-welded as-welded 2-l/4Cr-lMo 2-1/4Cr-1Mo weld weld metals reveals the following:

(c)
J

The Larson-Miller parameter method technique analysis

to be the best ture data.

for the

appears of rup-

(a) The microstructure of the four carbon

content

Roomtemperature elevated tentennRoom temperature and elevated temperature temperature sile tests 0 of 2-1/4Cr-1Mo - 4 rweld me 0 we metal m e 10 folindicate lcate the lowing:

t of the of polygonal ferrite. traces of polygonal ferrite.

weld metals are fully bainitic with the exception of the 0.02-0.03 carbon material which contains

(b) The as-welded microstructure becomes finer as

the weld metal carbon content increases.

..

(a) For weld metal PWHT 1300 F/25 hr, the tensile strength and yield strength of the 0.02-0.03 carbon weld metal falls consistently below those of the higher carbon content materials which are comparable in magnitude. Moreover, the 0.02-0.03 carbon weld metal given this PWHT IU1B to meet the Class 2 requirements of Section failstomeettheClass2requirementsofSection VIII of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. (b) Comparison of the room temperature and elevated temperature tensile strengths of the four carbon content weld metals PWHT 1300 F/25

(c) Carbides found in the as-welded weld metal inelude M3C and M2C in agreement with the Baker and Nuttingl7 carbide evolutionary sequence for 2-1/4Cr-lMo steel.

ii.
.; 1

Mi cros truct ur alexamination of the weld metals in the PWHT condition indicates thefollowingthePWHTconditionmdicatesthefoUowmg:

(W .

(a) The structure of the 0.02-0.03 carbon weld metal PWHT 1300 F/25 hr consists of an equiaxed
ferrite matrix containing carbides. The carbides are M2C, M7C3, MCs, and M6C and exist in the microstructure as needles, large spheroidized
63

2-114Cr-lMo Weld Metal

i ,
&dquo;1

t
t
j

References
1

,
,

&dquo; >

s,
&dquo;

R t se of Quenched and Tempered 2 114Cr-Ikfo 2 Lauttenhetser Steel, SWRI Project No 07-1579 Southwest Research Institute (1965)1 3 Properties of Carbon and 411o% Stainless Steel Tubing for HighTemperature and High Pressure Serure. Technical Bulletin No 6G. Bab cock and %k ilool Co (195511 4 W ada. T and Eldis, G T , &dquo;Transformation CharacrUltlcs of 2 1/ 4Cr-IMo Steel. 4ppluauon of 2-114Cr-IMo Steel for Thick- Wall Pressure Vessels, ASTM STP 755, ASTM, 343-362 (1982) &dquo;The Arc-Welding of 2 25%Cr-I%Mo Alloy Steel Pipe,&dquo; Weld J.. 35(4) Res Suppl, 181 to 194-s (1956) 6 Mandtch. L S . Fogelmen, E L, and Gulya. A. &dquo;Elevated Temperature Properties of Heavy Gauge Cr-Mo Steel Plates,&dquo; on Heat Sympostum Treated Steels for Elevated Temperature Service, ASME, New Orleana, LA (19661 .f.nutu;c r. H. H A , &dquo;Low , Carbon 2-1/ Domain, u.... 4Cr-IMo Steels,&dquo; Lou Carbon and Stabilized 2-I l4o Chromtum I ,c Molybdenum Steela. ASM (1970) 8. Klueh. R. L.. The Effect of Carbon on 2 25Cr-lMo Steel (1) Micro-

ASTh1 166-1 B8 t 198_1C

tmn of ?-I NCr-IMo Steel/or Thick

Composmon Compcrs>tion e 5W1ft R A. Mtchan)ca)Propert.esof300-mmnMe2)/4Cr-lMoStf&euro;)P)ate.

&dquo;effects of , , n ...cff
...-

_,.. and Heat Treatment Treatment

on

the

Wall Pressure VesveIs, ASTM

Applaco STP 755

39 Verhoeven, John D . &dquo;DIffusion&dquo; &dquo; Funda-entaL8 of Physical MetallurgB.John Wiley and Sons. 117-167 (1975) 40 Klueh R L Heat Treatment Effects on Creep crp and Rupture Behav um of Annealed ? 25Cr-1 Wo Steel f7ro9A())).)6)9-1623(I978)

5 Bland. J .

7 Zetaloft, R.

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.tructum) and_Temik Proptrt.e<.&dquo;J Nar Man<.t<t. 5 55-63 (1974) Steel for Review 0(2-1/4Cr-lMo 9. Copeland, J.F and LlcmmG J. A LMFBR Steam G.t.rApDue.t.om.. Sympoatum on Structural Maten,

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Chromium Molybdenum, Alloy Steel. Part 4. ASTM. 3W-= (1982). darda. 12. Bynum, J E.. EIha. V, and
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oum

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GeDeration, ASME. Houston, TX (1975)

Roberts, B. W . &dquo;Creep. Tensile Properties, and Collllbtudve Equations (or 2-1/4Cr-lMo Steal,&dquo; Symposium on Structtual Materials for Samoa at Elevated Temperatures m Nuclear Power

Creep Strength m2.2KCr-l%MoSteeIa,&dquo; Met TraIu.A,I4A(7),1443-1449 (1983) 51 Miller, R. F.. Be&oelig;. W G and Unvussgt, W E.. &dquo;The Creep Strength of 17 Low Alloy Steelut l000F.&dquo; ASTM Proc., 40,771-781 (1960). 52. Smith, G V., &dquo;Supplementel on the Elevated-Temperature Report Properties of ASTM Data Senes, h o&dquo; A S..m ASTM,

Creep-Rupture Steele,&dquo;,lfetTYana A,13A1j1557-563( r-196MoLoreCerbon 50 Pillmg, J , Ridley, N, and Gooch. D J . &dquo;The Effect of 71tanium
on

(1967) 46 Kar. R. J and Todd, J A. &dquo;Discussion on Transformation Characteristics.&dquo; Application of 2-114Cr-IMo Steel for T7uch- Wall Pressure Vessels, ASTM STP 755, ASTM, 361-362 (1982) 47 Krause, G &dquo;Tempering of Steel.&dquo; Pnnctplea of Heat Treatment of Steel, ASM, 187-227 (1980) 48 Mhy, M C 8Dd Branch, G &dquo;Metallurgical Changes m2 25CrIMo Steeta During Test, JISI, 209,5M-66l (1971) 49. P Jmd R&.. , -Tempering of 22Wr-I%Mo low Carbon

IIM8) 1275-1286 119801 42 Reed-Hill, Robert E, Solid Solutions &dquo; Physical Metallurgy Pr,nclples, 2nd Ed . D Van Nostrand Co 326-357 (1973) 43 Brown R M , Rege R H and Spaeder, C E Jr , &dquo;The Properties of Normalized and Tempered and of Quenched and Tempered 6-1/4 Inch Thick Plates of 2-1/4Cr-1 Mo Steel Sytaposmm on Heat Treated Steels for Elevated Temperature Service, ASME, New Orleans, LA (1966) 44 Rtchey, M W &dquo;The Weldability of Cr-Mo Steels for Fossil Energy Applications,&dquo; M S Thesis. UmBOrslty of Tennessee, Kno:vtlle. TN (1984) 45 Hebraten, L T and Economopoulos, M. &dquo;Bamltlc Mlcroatructures 10 Low-Carbon Alloy Steels and The.. Mechamcal Properttes.&dquo; SymPOSIum on TransCormauon and Hardenablllt) m Steels Chmei Molybdenum Co

41 Junes W Band B an Den A,-N le Substructure and Strengthening &dquo; &dquo; &dquo; Mechamsms)n225Cr-iMoStee!atEteatedTemp&euro;ratures.&dquo;Mftrronj/t A,

D,

DS 6S2

Chromium-Molybdenum SteeIa,
&dquo;

iMo as a 1 MolybdeSteel In Presattre Veeeels and Plpmg, ASMFMPC, Denver. CO (1970) 14. Smith. G. V.. &dquo;The Strength of 2-1/4Cr-IMo Steel at Elevsted TemSteel m Preasure emel and Piping. ASME-MPC, Denver, CO (1970) 15. Carpenter. 0. R. and Emmanuel, G N , &dquo;13e Use of Quenched and Tempered 2.25Cr-IMo Steel for the Fabrication of Advanxd Dea1gn Presa V_Is, &dquo; !3poeium on Heat Treated Steel$ for Elevated Tempera-

Smmenuel, G., W E. and Roac, E J , &dquo;Versatthty of 2-1/4Cr-

Pressure Vessel Materud,&dquo; Sympaiuum on 2-1/4 Chrome

53. Argent B B . Van Ntekert. M. N., and Redfern, G. A.. &dquo;Creep of Femtic Steels,&dquo; JISI, 208, 830-843 (1970) 54 Emmanuel, G. N and Leyda, W , &dquo;Long.Time High Temperature

peratures,&dquo; Sympo81um on 2-1/4 Chrome 1 Molybdenum

ture Sem&oelig;. ASME, New Orleans, LA (1966) Ruoff, S., Wanagel, J and 1.1, C Y., H Attack m 16 Stone, Cr-Mo Steels D at,Elevated Temperatures, Fond Energy Materials Program

Quart<rhReporORNlMP-84/1.53-172(1984)

17
a
-

and Tempered Chromium Molybdenum,&dquo; 1982 Attnuol Alloy Steel. ASTAI Quench Book o/ Standards Part 4. ASTM, 498-500 (1982) 19. Sims, J E and &dquo;Influence of Proceases
grew. St. Lowa. MO (1982)

.--.-8<9) A t) o. !* 542.79_Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates,

Mechsniml Properttes oI2-1/4Cr-lMo
Fuehs, R..

Bater, R. G. and Nutttttg, J ,1be Tempenng of

2-1/4Cr-IMo Stcel

at Elevated Temperaturea, A WS, Clucago, n. (1968). 55 Sangdahl, G S and R., &dquo;Quenched and Tempered 2-1/ 4Cr-IMo Steel at Elevated Tempture.-T.!S.SE3u.tCn< Steel in Pressure Vessels and Rptng, AS2, NW, New Orleans, LA (1972) 56. Smith, G V &dquo;Elevated Temperature Strength and Ductility of Queached and Tempered 2-1/4Cr-IMo Steel,&dquo; Currml EuaGratton of 2-1 /4 Chrome 1 Moly bdenum Steel in Prtastoe Vessels and A ASME-MPC, Near Orleens, LA (1972) 57 Wilson, D J , -The Influence of Simulated Service Exposure on the Rupture Strengths of Grade 11, Grade 22, and Type 204 Steels,&dquo; Journal of &dquo; &dquo; &dquo;&dquo;&dquo; &dquo;&dquo;. *t. Enpneenn.MaterM<m<<7echo<oxy.Tr<!nMMMO/tA<.JME.96(l)).

&dquo; pet.Cr-MoWeMMe<.d/pumPropJt...3dm

Vorhem7

Eua4satwn oI2-1/4 Chrome 1 Molybdenum

10-21 (1974)

)I
.

an the Welding Weld Metals,&dquo; AS}.! for Metals Can-

Rupture Properuea,&dquo; J Nucl Mat , 54, S3- (1974) 59 Vl8W8I18than. V &dquo;Effect of M and IS+B Additions on the Creep Properties of 125Cr-0 5Mo Steels,^ Met Tran.. A, 571 (1977). 60. Klueh, R. L. &dquo;Creep and Behavior of a Baizutic (Normalized Rupture and Tempered) 2-1f4Cr-lMo Steel. 0RNL-5273, Oat Rttlge Nattone! Lsboratory (1977).
Size
on

_58K!ueh.R.L..-rheEHecto.Carbonon2.25Cr-lMoStMt(n).CrMp-

J E. and Sikora, 0 G , &dquo;Fabrication of Heavy-Wall Pressure 20 Boata, 77uck- Wall Preaatue VesVeeeels.^ AppGeatton o 8-Jl4Cr-!Mo set., ASW S7? 755. ASTM, 255-274 Steel (1982) jor
.

61. Cane, B J and Fidler, R S . &dquo;The Effect of Microstructure and Gram

the

21 Thomas, R. D., &dquo;Welding Technolagy Aaaeaament for Pressure Vessels Proceedings of the Sympostum on the Behavtor otJomta in High Temperature Materials, Pettln, Neth_

erlands, 63415 (1981)

22

ead Componenta for Cael Cooveretoa Proxesee,

Steels,&dquo; International Conference on Femtic Steels for Fast Reactor Stem Generators, British Nuclear Energy Society. London, UK (1977)

Creep

and

Rupture Properties of 2.1/4CrlMo and 9CrlMo

and

AWS. 226-248 (1978) 7th 23 Ed . Metals Handbook, Vol 6. 9th Ed , ASM, 2256,9th &dquo;E3ectroslag Weldmg,&dquo; Welding,&dquo; Metat. 237 23 -Shielded (1983) &dquo;Electroalag 24 Metal Arc Weldmg.&dquo; Metals Metat. Handbook, Vol 6, 9th Ed. Welding,&dquo; Ed , ASM. 75-95 (1983).
25. &dquo;Shielded Metal Arc
26

-Electroalag and Electrogas Welding.&dquo; Welding Handbook, Volume 2.

Steel Works Ltd (1981) 1

AWS, 43-76 (1978)

,

Welding,&dquo; Welding Handbook, Vol 2, 7th Ed ,

,;
.

]
.
,

609-64628 27 E&dquo;Electron lectron (1983) Beam Welding,&dquo; Welding Handbook, Vol 3, 7th Ed, AWS,
169-215 (1980)

FarreU,WJ,&dquo;A Portable 100-kW Electron Beam Welding System for Pressure Vessel FahncaboD,&dquo; App 4eatton of 2-114Cr-IMo Steel for ThickWall Pressure Veaaela, ASTM STP 755, ASTM, 297-325 (1982) Beam Welding,&dquo; Metals Handbook, Vol 6,9th Ed.. ASM,

peratures and Preuures. MPC (1982) 65 FIDDle, Lam and Heller. William R,

R.. Braun. C F , McGwre. J, Lorentz, R E., Report to the Amencon Petroleum /nstuute on a Progrom to Study Matena4for Pressure Vessel Service unth Hydrogen Htgh TemW and

Steel 64 Works Rawhna. Lid Carl (1981) E , Prescott, G

Metals, &dquo; Creep
66

Ductility of Low Carbon 2.25Cr-lMo Steels. Met &1, IS-54 (1981) 63 &dquo;Mechanical and Metallll!1caI Properties of a 3Cr-IMo-l/4V.T1-B Pressure Vessel Steel for Coal Irquefacuoa Reactor,&dquo; NEDO/JSW Data Sheet, Series CLR-C, New Energy Development OrganlZ8tlon, The Japan

62. Gooch. D J . &dquo;Effecta of Trace Etementa on 15(2) Creep Strength

at

I
I

Tensile

McGraw-HiU, 90-113 (1959) Engtneenng MatertaG, Wade, To/8Dd &dquo;Restoration of Elevated Temperature B... A
Strength
m

&dquo;Creep Behavior

of

Specific

)
I

225Cr-lMo Steel,&dquo; Met Trans A, 14A(5), 8lGS-855

34. Shoec]L. Gunther, &dquo;Theories Behautor o/Matenob at Elevated Temperatures, McGraw.Hill, 79-107 (1961) 35 : Reed-HtU, Robert E.. &dquo;PreetptteGoa Hardenmg,&dquo; Phyatcal Metallur1 gy Pnnctplea, 2nd Ed , D Van Nostrand Co , 358-377 (1973) 36 36 Iheter, George E, Creep and Stress Rupture,&dquo; Mechanical MelallurBj,2nd Ed , McGraw-HJI. 451-489 (1976) 37 Woodhead, J H and Quarrel, A G &dquo;Role of Carbides in Low AUy Steels.&dquo; JISI, 203. 60520 (1965) Creep-Restshng 38 Reed-HtU, Robert E. &dquo;tffusion in Subetttuuonal Solid Soluttons,&dquo; . 1 Physical Metallurgy Principles, 2nd Ed , D Van Nostrand Co , 37S-43O (19731

29 &dquo;Gas Metal Arc Welding,&dquo; Metal, Handbook, Vol 6, 9th Ed., ASM, 153-181 (1983) 30 &dquo;Gas Metal Arc Welding,&dquo; Welding Handbook, VoL 2, 7th Ed , AWS, 113-152 (1978). Nuttinz.J and Anowamtth. J M.. The MetaUogrephy of CreepNo. 70.147-165 (1961). Steels,&dquo; ISI 32. Verhoeven. John D.. &dquo;PrecipitaUon from Sohd Solutions,&dquo; FundaWiley 8Dd Scma. 363-420 (1975) 33. Guard, Ray W &dquo;AJ1oym for Creep Resistance,&dquo; Mechanteal Behatr tor of Materials at Elevated Temperatures, MeGrew-Hill, 270-287 (1961).

and3Cr-MoADoyB&dquo;MPCHPV7(l983)

Secbs. K , Baldock, A J, and Evans, D G , &dquo;The Creep Strength of Steamptpea,&dquo; Procesetnp of the conference on Welding Creep-ResIStant Steels, 92Tridge, UK (1970) 68 Prescott, G R. and Braun, C F , &dquo;Update on Modified 2.1f4Cr-lMo
Welda in Thick

(1983) 67

31 Resistant

Spedal Report

mentala o/ Phyaicaf Metal(urgy John

of Creep,&dquo;Mechanical

Teledyne McKay, Nov 6, 1984 70 CempbeU, H C . &dquo;Influence of Carbon on Streu-Rupture Properttee of Cr-Mo Weld Metal,&dquo; Weld J, 42(6) Re SuppL 64-. to 71 Klueh, R L. and Canomoo, D A.. &dquo;Creep Rupture Properties of 2- 1/ 4Cr-lMo Steel Weldments with Carbon C&oelig;teDts.&dquo; Weld J., 55(12) Res Su LL. j38all -8 Ito 388-5 (1976) 72. Murakamt, Y , Ohatsht, It, and Watanabe, J., &dquo;A 2-1/ Vessel Steel with Creep Rupture Strength,&dquo; Application of 2.25Cr-1Mo Steel for Tluck Wall Preaaure Vessels,.&dquo;eover. Denver, CO (1980) 73 Bette, A D. and Murphy. M C . &dquo;Creep. Rupture Properties of 2 1/ 4Cr-1 Mo Weld Deposlls,&dquo; Weld J , 52(6) Res. SUPlt. 261-a to 267-s (1973) 74 Rogers. P , Phelps, ,and Murph). M C , The Creep-Rupture Properties of 2-i/4l6Cr-l9EMo Submerged Arc Weld Metal,&dquo; Proceedmgs of the Conference on W eldinlg Creep-Resistant Steels. Cambndge, UK (1970) 75 MtUer. R F , Benz, W G , and Day M J , &dquo;The Creep Strength Stability of Microstructure, and Oxidation Resistance of Cr-Mo and ISCr8Ni Steels.&dquo; Trans ASM, 32,381-4W (1944)

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76 Egnell L. &dquo;Mechanical Properttes and Weldablhty of a Cotumbtum Hydrogen Service.&dquo; Front<er<19831 Stabtlized Steel with 2 1/4I Chrome and 1% Molvbdenum for Sodtum .fu<f)/fhfMftoiPropfrf;fsCount-tt.l2<))(Feb 94 Oblak J M and Hehemann R F Structure and Growth of WidCooled Fast Reactor Sv..ems Lou Carbon and Stabilized 2 1/4&dquo;;. Chromion manstatten Ferrite and Bamlte. SBmposlUm Transformation and Har um / e, Mohhdrnum St.. 4;14 tig-,Oi &dquo; Husslage Yo and C,)rtland Yo denabilit) in Steels Climax Molvbdenum Co (196,) Creep Behavior of2-1/4CrIMoNI:>b 95 F B . &dquo;The Structure and Properties of Bamne in Steels,&dquo; Steel Internauonal Conference on Ferritic Steels for Fast Reactor Steam Generators British Nuclear Energy Societ) London UK (1977) SB1T1p8lUm on TransformatIon and Hardenabilit) in Steels Climax Molybdenum Co (1967) 78 Viswanathan R , Effect of Sb P, Sn and B on the Microstructure 96 Shat kleton, D N and Kelly. P M .&dquo;Morphology of Bamte,&dquo; Ph),sical and Creep Properties of ormahzed and Tempered I 25Cr-O 5Mo Steels, Met Trans A, 1135-1141 (19,51 Properties of Martensite and Bamte Special Report 93, Iron and Steel 79 Section Insutute, London, UK (1965) 2.1/ / h Temperature Properties of Heavy 9 Habraken, L and DeBrouwer, J De Ferri Metallographta-Metallo4Cr-I Mo (1982) Corporation 80 Miller, R F and Kearny, N J , &dquo;Effect of Deondauon Practice on graphic Atlas of Iron, Steels and Cost Irons, Vol 1, Presses Academiques Europeennes, Bruxelles, Belgum (1966) Creep Strength of Carbon-Molybdenum Steels at 850 and 1000*F,&dquo; ASME 98 Pepe, J J , Private Communication, Turbine Technology Laboratory, Trans, 65, 309-314 (19431 General Electnc Co . Dec 10, 1984 81 L M T and Jenkmaon, E A , &dquo;Creep Resistance and Metal99 Savage, W F &dquo;Apparatua for Studytng the Effects of Rapid Thermal Tin Structure of a without 2-1/4Cr-1Mo Steel vnth and Addtuon,&dquo; lographtc Strain Rates on the Elevated Temperature Behavtor of JISI, 200(5). 356-359 (19621 Cycles and Matenals.&dquo; Journal of Apphed Polymer Science, VI(21). 303-315 82 Pllhng, J , Ridley. N . and Gooch, D J , &dquo;The Effect of Phosphorus on 100 ASME Botier and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII Rules for Creep In 2 25%Cr-I%Mo Steels,&dquo; Acta Net , 30(8), 1587-1595 (1982) Construction of Pressure Vessels, ASME, New York, NY (1984) 83 Chung, D W. Todd. J A , and Parker, E R , &dquo;DesIgn of Low Alloy 101 Lundin, C D , Kruse, B J , and Pendley, M R , &dquo;Htgh Temperature Steels for Thick Walled Vessels,&dquo; Fosal Energy Matertela Program Quarterly ReProperuea of 2 1/4Cr-IMo Weld Metal,&dquo; WRC Bulletm 277. Report. ORNL/FMP-81/4,53--66 (1982) search Council (May 1982) 84 Wagner, L & and Seth. B B , &dquo;Creep Rupture Behavior of 2 1/4%Cr102 &dquo;Elevated of I%Mo Weld Metal,&dquo; Properties of Steel Weldment. for Elevated Temperature Properties Weld-Depoetted Metals and Weldments,&dquo; ASTM STP 226, ASTM 15-58 (1966) (1978) teP)-<MtreContnm<nApDtt<!<MM,PC-9.ASME. 103-108 103 Brumato, R Temper Embnttlement and Creep Embnttlement of 2 85 Pendley, M R, &dquo;Htgh Temperature Properties of 2-1/4Cr-1Mo Steel 1/4Cr-1Mo Shielded Metal Arc Weld Depowta.&dquo; Weld J , 49(4) Rea SuppL, Weld Metala,&dquo; M S Theme. Umvemly of Tennessee, Kno:l.:ie. TN (1980) 148-1 w 156-a (1970) 86. Goldhoff, R M , &dquo;The Evaluation of Elevated Temperature and 104 Leyda, W 8.. Ket:, L, Gold, M- and Snyder, R L. &dquo;Sbe8 Rupture Strength Data. An Historical Perspective,&dquo; Charactenzatwn Rupture tench for Seruue at Elevated Temperatures, MPC-7, ASME. 247-265 ee ofC-Mo. Cr-M% Stamlesa Steel, and fdt Cr-Fe Weldt,&dquo; Proyerttes of Steel for Elevated Temperature Pressure Conuunment Ap(1978) 87 Booker, M K. and Booker, B. L- P , &dquo;New Methods for Analysis of p4catwns, MPC and ASME, San FranC18CO. CA (1978) 105 Wtlhamaon. J and Brench, G D , &dquo;Internal Pressure Creep-Rupture Matenals Strength Data for the Aame Boder and Pressure Vessel Code. Use Testing of Butt-Welded 1I2%Cr-l/2%Mo-I/4%V Tubee,&dquo; of Computers in Managing Mter&41 Property Data, MPC-14, ASME. Conference on WelduJg Creep-Re818tant Steels, Cambrtdtte UK (19FO) 88 Booker, M K-, &dquo;Use of Generalized Regression Models for the Analy106. Hopkm, L. M T sis of Stress D, md Duval. D. &dquo;Creep Properties of Data,&dquo; Charactenzotton of Mater&418 for Service at Some Butt Welds in Steam JISI, 203,819-825 (1965) Elevated Temperature., MPC-7, ASME, 459--499 (1978) 107 Kaufman, W J , 89 Manson, S S and Emign, C R; &dquo;Interpolation and Extrapolation of of Long-Tune Creep Tests on Steel with ProaedI%Cr-0.5%Mo, with 2 1/4%Cr-I%Mo, and wtth Creep Rupture Data by the Mmunum Commttment Method-Part I Focal Pomt Convergence,&dquo; Charactertzatwn of Materials for Service at Elevated mgs of the International Conference on High Temperature Steele, ERA Tran8latlon JIEI1215, Du88eldorf. FRG (1960) Temperatures, MPC-7, ASME, 299-397 (1978) 108. Summons. W and Cross. H D. &dquo;The Elevated Temperature Prop90 Manson, S S and Enatgn, C R, &dquo;Interpolauon and Extrapolation of erties of Chromium ASTM STP 151, ASTM (1953) Creep Rupture Data by the Mmtmum Commttment Methad-Part II 109 LundUJ. C D and Kruse. B J., &dquo;H1Jh Temperature Properhn of 2 1/ Oblique Translation,&dquo; Charoctenzatwn of Materials for Seruu:e at Elevated 4Cr-1Mo GTA-HW Weld Metal,&dquo; Unpubliahed Report, ChelD1ca1, MetallurTemperatures, MPC-7, ASME, 399-425 (1978) 91 Manson, S S and Murahdharan, V , .. Analy18 of Creep Data rocal, and Polymer Engineering, Umvemty of Tennessee, Knoxvik, TN for Five Multiheat Alloys by the Mmtmum Commttment Method Using 110 Lundin, C D and Kruse, B J , &dquo;Stress-Rupture Evaluation of ElecDouble Heat Term Centenng Techmque,&dquo; Progress in Analysis of Fatigue tron Beam Weldments,&dquo; Unpublished Report, and Stress Rupture, MPC-23, ASME. 1-5 (1984) and Engi92. Lundtn, C D and Kelley, S C , &dquo;Elevated Temperature Properties of UniversiGroup, Chemical, Metallurgtcal, and of 2-1/4Cr-IMo Weld Metal,&dquo; Unpubhahed Quarterly Report, Weld ReTennessee. Kno:rville, TN ty search and Engineerin .t Group, Chemtca! MetaUllfllcaI, and neenng, University of Tennessee. Knoxvule. TN (Jan 1984)

93 &dquo;Matenala for Pressure Vessels for

Pickerint

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Hopkm,

High

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