INTEGRAL (KALKULUS 2)

INTEGRAL (KALKULUS 2)

1. Integral as Anti-Derivative Integration is notated , introduced by Leibniz (1646-1716) from German. The relationship between Integral and Differentiation can be written F (x) = dF/dx = f(x) f(x) dx = F(x) 2. Indefinite Integral Suppose we have : F(x) = 3x2 + 5x - 7 , then F(x) = 6x + 5. F(x) = 3x2 + 5x + 8 , then F(x) = 6x + 5 F(x) = 3x2 + 5x + c , then F(x) = 6x + 5 So we have, f(x) dx = F(x) + C, called as an indefinite integral. C may value 1,2,3, (indefinite) = constant of integration f(x) is integrand and F(x) is common integral function.

A. INDEFINITE INTEGRAL OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTION Suppose a is any real constant, f(x) and g(x) is each an integral function whose common integral function can be defined, then we have some formulas and properties as follows: 1). d ( F (x) ) = F (x ) + C 2). k d x = k x + C 3). xn dx = x n+1 / n +1 + C, with n - 1 4). For n = - 1, formula ( 3 ) can be : 1/x dx = ln x + C 5). k f ( x ) dx = k f (x) dx 6). [ f ( x ) + g (x) ] dx = f (x) dx + g ( x ) dx 7). [ f ( x ) - g (x) ] dx = f (x) dx - g ( x ) dx

Example: 1) Find the result of ( 5x9 3x5 + 2xx + x-1 - 5)dx = 5 x10 3 x6 + 2x5/2 + Ln x + C 10 6 5/2 10 6 = 5 x 3 x + 4 x5/2+ Lnx + C

10 6 5 10 6 = 1 x 1 x + 4x5+ Lnx + C 2 2 5 Exercise: A. Find the result of these integrals ! 1. F(x) dx, where F(x) = 2. F(s) ds, where F(s) = 3. G(t) dt , where G(t) = B. Find function F if the following are given : F(x) = 6x2 , F(0) = 0 C. Given that F(x) = 4x-1 and F(3) = 20. Find the F(x) ! D. The slope of tangent of a curve at each point (x,y) is expressed by dy/dx = 3x2 6x + 1. If the curve passes point (2,-3), find its equation ! Solution :

B. INDEFINITE INTEGRAL OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION The rule of determining the integral of a trigonometric functions based on the differentiation of each function is as follows: 1). If y = Sin x then dy/dx = Cos x dy = Cos x dx dy = Cos x dx y = Sin x + C 2). If y = Cos x dy/dx = - Sin x dy = - Sin x dx dy = - Sin x dx y = Cos x + C dy = Sin x dx y = - Cos x + C 3). If Y= tan x = sin x/ cos x = U/V = (U'.V - V'.U) / V2

Then, Y' = (Cos x Cos x (- Sin x ) Sin x) / Cos2 x = (Cos2 x + Sin2 x) / Cos2 x = 1/ Cos2 x = Sec2 x

So, = Sec 2x dx = tan x + C 4). If Y= Cot x = Cos x/ sin x = U/V = (U'.V - V'.U) / V2

Then Y' = (- Sin x Sin x Cos x Cos x) / Sin2 x = (- Sin2 x Cos2 x) / Sin2 x = - ( Sin2 x + Cos2 x) / Sin2 x = -1/ Cos2 x = - Cosec2 x
So, = Cosec2 x dx = Cot x + C

FORMULAS OF INTEGRAL TRIGONOMETRIC

1). Sin x dx = - Cos x + C 2). Cos x dx = Sin x + C 3). tan x dx = ln | Sec x | + C = - ln | Cos x | + C 4). Cot x dx = ln | Sin x | + C 5). Cosec x dx = ln | Cosec x Cot x | + C = ln | tan x/2 | + C 6). Sec x dx = ln | Sec x + tan x | + C = ln | tan ( x/2 + /2 | + C 7). Cosec2 x dx = - Cot x + C 8). Sec2 x dx = tan x + C 9). Cosec x Cot x dx = - Cosec x + C 10). Sec x tan x dx = Sec x + C 11). Sin ax dx = -1/ Cos x + C 12). Cos ax dx = 1/a Sin ax + C 13). Sin (ax + b) dx = 1/- Cos ( x + b ) + C 14). Cos( ax + b) dx = 1/ Sin ( x + b) + C 15). Sin x Cos x dx = 1/n+1 Sinn+1 x + C

16). Cos x Sin x dx = - 1/n+1 Cosn+1 x + C NOTES : Please Remember some importants Formulas to help you find the integral of Trigonometric functions !

Cos x +Sin x = 1 Sin x = (1 Cos 2 x ) Cos x = (1 + Cos 2 x ) 1 + tan x = Sec x

2 Sin Cos = Sin ( + ) + Sin ( - ) 2 Cos Sin = Sin ( + ) - Sin ( - ) 2 Cos Cos = Cos ( + ) + Cos ( - ) - 2 Sin Cos = Cos ( + ) - Cos ( - )

Examples:
1). (5 Sin x 3Cos x + 2 Sec2 x)dx = 5 (- Cos x ) 3Sin x + 2 tan x + C = - 5 Cos x 3Sin x + 2 tan x + C 2). (5 Sec2 x 2 Sin x + 3 Cosx) dx = 5 tan x + 2 Cos x + 3 Sin x + C

C. INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION METHOD

Suppose by applying a substitution of u = g(x), where g is a function with derivation so that f(g(x)).g(x)dx can be changed into f(u)du. If f(u) is an anti-derivative of f(x), then f(g(x)).g(x)dx = f(u)du = F(u) + C = F(g(x)) + C. To get better understanding about the above formula, study the following example: 1). Find the results of: a) x (3x2 5 x)10 dx Solution: Suppose U = 3x2 5 du/dx = 6x du = 6x dx 1/6 du = x dx So, x (3x2 5 x)10 dx = U10 .1/6 du = 1/6 .1/11U11 + C = 1/66 U11 + C = 1/66 ( 3x2 5 )10 + C b) (Sin 7x) Cos x dx Solution : Suppose U = sin x du/dx = Cos x du = Cos x dx So, (Sin 7x) Cos x dx = U7 . du = 1/8 U8 + C = 1/8 Sin x8 + C C) ( x4 + 3x )30 ( 4 x3 ) dx Solution : Suppose U = x4 + 3x du/dx = 4 x3 + 3 du = 4 x3 + 3 dx So, ( x4 + 3x )30 ( 4 x3 ) dx = U30 .du = 1/31 U31 + C = 1/31 ( x4 + 3x )31 + C

d) Cos ( 3x +1). Sin ( 3x + 1 ) dx Solution : Suppose U = Sin ( 3x + 1 ) du/dx = Cos (3x + 1).3 du = Cos (3x + 1).3 dx 1/3 du = Cos (3x + 1) dx So, Cos ( 3x +1). Sin ( 3x + 1 ) dx = 1/3 du . U = U. 1/3 du = U2. 1/3 du = .1/3 U2 + C = 1/6 U2 + C = 1/6 Sin2. (3x +1)+ C e). Sin5 x2 ( x . Cos )2 dx Solution: Suppose U = Sin x2 du/dx = Cos x2 . 2x du = 2x Cos x2.dx du = x cos x2 .dx So, Sin5 x2 ( x . Cos )2 dx = U5. du = 1/6 U6. du = . 1/6 U6 + C = 1/12 U6 + C = 1/12 ( Sin x2 )6 + C Exercises : By Using the substitution method find the following integrals ! 1) ( x4 - 1 ). x2 dx = . 2) 3y dy 2y2 +5 3) (7x+4) dx =