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Electrical Transformers: Electrical Transformers Installation Tips

Electrical Transformers Installation Tips
By Juan Rodriguez
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Photo Courtesy vaxomatic
See More About solutions testing electrical Installing an electrical transformer at the job site can be difficult specially if it is your first time or you are not familiar with electricaltransformers. First of all the electrical transformer must be handled carefully, otherwise it could suffer internal damages leaving you with a useless power equipment. It is important to follow all safety precautions and provide safety equipment to the construction worker handling the transformer. These tips can be used on installation for both dry-type and liquid-filled transformers. It is important that your know what acceptance tests should be carried out. All required acceptance tests should be following ANSI/IEEE and NEMA approved standards.
Electrical Transformer Placing
Ground
When considering the location where the electrical transformer will be installed, is important to evaluate all safety codes and such installation should not present any threat to normal movement of personnel or equipment. If the electrical transformer is installed at ground level, it is important to evaluate soil characteristics and soil behavior. Poor soil conditions can lead to differential settlements damaging your transformer o electrical connections. If the electrical transformer is to be installed over a concrete pad, is must have at least 3,000 psi, with chamfered edges on top of the base extending 20 inches down from each end, and a typical base should be 6 by 7 feet and 12 inches. For pad mount transformers with ratings 75kVA through 500kVA, a typical concrete base would be 5 1/2 by 6 1/2 ft and 10 in. For units with ratings above 500kVA to 2500kVA, a typical concrete base would be 8 ft by 9 ft and 10 in. thick .
Inside a Building or on Top of a Structure
If your electrical transformer is to be installed inside or on top of a building, careful provisions and structural analysis of such load must be analyzed and considered into the structural design. Special provisions should be taken on seismic-prone areas to avoid collapse during an earthquake or seismic movement. For any condition it is highly recommended if your manufacturer can present a schematic or drawing of the electrical transformer. Electrical Transformer Installation Tips An electrical transformer should be inspected for damage prior to installation. Please be sure to check and visible damage, loose or broken parts, dirt, or the presence of moisture. If these signs are not visible, then your transformer should be in good conditions and ready to be installed.
Avoid any additional stress imposed by incoming cables on transformer bushings or connections. Do not remove the protective coating around terminals. They prevent surface oxidation. If aluminum conductors are used, protect them as specified by manufacturer's. The electrical transformer manufacturer should provide instruction or details about torque requirements. Use only UL listed lugs and follow manufacturer's recommendations on how to attached them. Avoid installing washers between terminal lugs and the bus bar . Doing so can overheat the connection. Provide proper clearance for cable and avoid installing them near blades or coils. Followminimum wire bending space clearances at terminals for conductors per NEC. If required follow NEMA standards for transformer sound control depending upon the kVA rating of a unit. Ground, ground and don't forget to ground. Follow NEC recommendations and the check thegrounding of the neutral as applicable. Check the correct function of control circuits by performing an insulation resistance test. BE CAREFUL not all transformers can withstand the applied voltage.
All windings should be checked for continuity. An insulation resistance test shall be made prior to energizing the electrical transformer. If the electrical transformer is going to be operated in parallel, consult with the manufacturer that all voltages, impedances, and turn ratios are appropriate. Before energizing and 3-phase electrical transformer compare the line to ground and line-to-line voltages, they should be similar. After installation is complete, check the output voltage of the electrical transformer.
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Types of Electrical Transformers Tests

Electrical Transformers
By Juan Rodriguez
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Aerial Electrical Transformer. By Beige Alert
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testing site When completing the installation of electrical transformers several tests are required to determine the electrical, thermal and mechanical suitability for the system where they will be applied or used. Most of the tests performed on power transformers are defined in national standards created by IEEE, NEMA and ANSI. Electrical Transformers: Test Types Field testing can be divided into three categories.
Acceptance tests Periodic tests Failure Tests
Electrical Transformers: Acceptance Tests This type of test is required after the product is on site and before beginning its service. Electrical Transformers: Transformer Turns Ratio The Transformer Turns Ratio test is used to make sure that the Turns Ratio between the windingsof the transformer is correct. With this information, you can decide what the output voltage of the transformer will be. The ratio is calculated under no-load conditions. Simultaneous readings of voltage are taken to low voltage and high voltage windings area taken after the voltage is applied to one winding. The ratio is the division between the high reading and low reading. If it is a three-phase transformer, each phase is tested individually. Expected variation should be within .5%. Electrical Transformers: Insulation Resistance Commonly known as the Megger test. It measures the quality of insulation within the transformer. Some variations will be obtained depending on the moisture, cleanliness and the temperature of the insulation. It is recommended that tank and core
should always be grounded when this test is performed. Each winding should be short-circuited at the bushing terminals. Resistances are then measured between each winding and all other windings and ground. Electrical Transformers: Power Factor This test will detect the dryness of transformer insulation. It is the ratio of the power dissipated divided by the input voltampere multiplied by 100. The test is made with acapacitance bridge, and the connections are the same as for the Megger test. Electrical Transformers: Resistance This test can be measured after the current has not passed through the transformer for several hours, reaching the same temperature as its surroundings. Winding resistance is calculated bymeasuring the voltage and current simultaneously, with the current as close to the ratedcurrent as possible. Performing this test will allow you calculate and compensate for major component of load losses as a whole. Electrical Transformers: Transformer Polarity This test on a transformer is either additive or subtractive. When voltage is applied between the primary bushings and the resultant voltage between the secondary bushings is greater, then it means that the transformer has additive polarity. Polarity is a vital concern if transformers are to be paralleled or bank connected. Three-phase transformers are also checked for polarity by the same means. Electrical Transformers: Transformer Phase Relation This test will detect if transformers have been connected in a correct phase relationship. It calculates the angular displacement and relative phase sequence of the transformer, and can be tested at the same time as ratio and polarity tests. The voltages of the phase of primary and secondary can be recorded and comparisons made to get the phase relation. Electrical Transformers: Oil Tests An oil sample will detect several things on a transformer. The following tests can be performed with the oil sample.
Acid number Dielectric breakdown Power factor Moisture content Interfacial tension
Electrical Transformers: Visual Inspection The simplest of all. It can reveal potential problems that may not be detected by diagnostic testing. A standard procedure must be established to perform the visual routine test. Additional Electrical Information Electrical Inspection National Electrical Code-In Your Pocket!! Testing Electrical Components Circuit Testing Electrical Testing Organization
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voiding electrical problems is simple. Each year thousands of fires are the result of common electrical installation problems. As some older homes are remodeled, some electrical outlets are installed without a proper grounded outlet, replacing the old receptacle outlet. This is an error, because in the event of a short circuit, the cover plate can become energized and deadly. Here we will present some common electrical problems and how to avoid them during the remodeling process. 1. Electrical Problem: Recessed Electrical Boxes Sometimes adding paneling to wall surface can cause code violations. Use extension rings to solve the problem. 2. Electrical Problem: Wiring is not Properly Secured
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Some trouble will be present if staples are driven too tight to secure the wire to studs or beams. The wire can be severely damage, if it is not properly attached. 3. Electrical Problem: Wiring Size One of the most common problems and one of the most dangerous one. Using an improper wiring can cause the wire to overheat. 4. Electrical Problem: Wiring Length Code regulation is specific about how much wiring can be stripped. At least six inches are recommended to facilitate handling of the outlet box. 5. Electrical Problem: Protect Wiring
By Myeralan
Unprotected cable can be damaged. Electrical cable must be covered and protected if it is widely exposed to the public, and if it is exposed to harsh weather conditions. 6. Electrical Problem: UF Cable UF cable MUST be protected inside a conduit. This cable commonly used to bring power to other areas, but it is frequently used as an exposed wire, leaving it prone to damage. 7. Electrical Problem: Connectors A cable connector must be used to keep the metal from damaging the cable sheath and causing a short circuit. 8. Electrical Problem: Connection
By Vaxomatic
Remember each wire has its function either the neutral, the live current, or the ground; each one of them must be properly connected and never leave without connection. 9. Electrical Problem: Replacing Wires NEVER replace a two-wire receptacle with a three-wire receptacle. Exception: A two-wire receptacle can be converted to a GFCI receptacle. 10. Electrical Problem: Lights Do not replace light fixtures in older homes without a grounding conductor. Replacement of light fixtures requires grounding if a metal fixture is installed, or install GFCI protection on the circuit. Non metallic fixtures may be replaced without grounding. 11. Electrical Problem: NEC Most important of all-Remember to follow all recommendations and follow all standards as set forth on the National Electrical Code, latest edition. Electrical Installations Arc Fault Circuit Testing Electrical Transformers National Electrical Code App Related Articles
Linux on the Road - Common Problems During Installation Common Causes of Back Pain Video voiding electrical problems is simple. Each year thousands of fires are the result of common electrical installation problems. As some older homes are remodeled, some electrical outlets are installed without a proper grounded outlet, replacing the old receptacle outlet. This is an error, because in the event of a short circuit, the cover plate can become energized and deadly. Here we will present some common electrical problems and how to avoid them during the remodeling process. 1. Electrical Problem: Recessed Electrical Boxes Sometimes adding paneling to wall surface can cause code violations. Use extension rings to solve the problem. 2. Electrical Problem: Wiring is not Properly Secured
Courtesy of Nicolasnova
Some trouble will be present if staples are driven too tight to secure the wire to studs or beams. The wire can be severely damage, if it is not properly attached. 3. Electrical Problem: Wiring Size One of the most common problems and one of the most dangerous one. Using an improper wiring can cause the wire to overheat. 4. Electrical Problem: Wiring Length Code regulation is specific about how much wiring can be stripped. At least six inches are recommended to facilitate handling of the outlet box. 5. Electrical Problem: Protect Wiring
By Myeralan
Unprotected cable can be damaged. Electrical cable must be covered and protected if it is widely exposed to the public, and if it is exposed to harsh weather conditions. 6. Electrical Problem: UF Cable UF cable MUST be protected inside a conduit. This cable commonly used to bring power to other areas, but it is frequently used as an exposed wire, leaving it prone to damage. 7. Electrical Problem: Connectors A cable connector must be used to keep the metal from damaging the cable sheath and causing a short circuit. 8. Electrical Problem: Connection
By Vaxomatic
Remember each wire has its function either the neutral, the live current, or the ground; each one of them must be properly connected and never leave without connection. 9. Electrical Problem: Replacing Wires NEVER replace a two-wire receptacle with a three-wire receptacle. Exception: A two-wire receptacle can be converted to a GFCI receptacle. 10. Electrical Problem: Lights Do not replace light fixtures in older homes without a grounding conductor. Replacement of light fixtures requires grounding if a metal fixture is installed, or install GFCI protection on the circuit. Non metallic fixtures may be replaced without grounding. 11. Electrical Problem: NEC Most important of all-Remember to follow all recommendations and follow all standards as set forth on the National Electrical Code, latest edition. Electrical Installations Arc Fault Circuit Testing Electrical Transformers National Electrical Code App Related Articles
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Power Transformer Testing
Power transformers are critical, capital-intensive assets for utilities and industry. Their failure is unacceptable, because usually severe damage occurs not only to the asset itself but also to the surroundings. Furthermore, also the companys staff and the public may be endangered by defective transformers. However, replacing on a time-based principle is not the alternative since the replacement costs for these assets can be enormous. Therefore, testing and diagnosis of power transformers is of utmost importance. OMICRON offers a wide range of test sets for power transformers according to international standards like IEC 60076-1, IEC 60076-3, IEEE Std C57.12.00, IEEE Std C57.12.90. Diagnosis

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Transformer
JOHN DECEMBER - 23 - 2011 27 COMMENTS
Most of the electronic circuits used in Circuitstoday.com have different applications of the transformer. Therefore, it is important to know the working principle, construction and types of transformers used in different analog circuits.
Transformer Working Principle

A transformer can be defined as a static device which helps in the transformation of electric power in one circuit to electric power of the same frequency in another circuit. The voltage can be raised or lowered in a circuit, but with a proportional increase or decrease in the current ratings. The main principle of operation of a transformer is mutual inductance between two circuits which is linked by a common magnetic flux. A basic transformer consists of two coils that are electrically separate and inductive, but are magnetically linked through a path of reluctance. The working principle of the transformer can be understood from the figure below.
Transformer Working
1. 2. 3. 4.
As shown above the transformer has primary and secondary windings. The core laminations are joined in the form of strips in between the strips you can see that there are some narrow gaps right through the cross-section of the core. These staggered joints are said to be imbricated. Both the coils have high mutual inductance. A mutual electro -motive force is induced in the transformer from the alternating flux that is set up in the laminated core, due to the coil that is connected to a source of alternating voltage. Most of the alternating flux developed by this coil is linked with the other coil and thus produces the mutual induced electro-motive force. The so produced electro-motive force can be explained with the help of Faradays laws of Electromagnetic Induction as e=M*dI/dt If the second coil circuit is closed, a current flows in it and thus electrical energy is transferred magnetically from the first to the second coil. The alternating current supply is given to the first coil and hence it can be called as the primary winding. The energy is drawn out from the second coil and thus can be called as the secondary winding. In short, a transformer carries the operations shown below: Transfer of electric power from one circuit to another. Transfer of electric power without any change in frequency. Transfer with the principle of electromagnetic induction. The two electrical circuits are linked by mutual induction.
Transformer Construction
For the simple construction of a transformer, you must need two coils having mutual inductance and a laminated steel core. The two coils are insulated from each other and from the steel core. The device will also need some suitable container for the assembled core and windings, a medium with which the core and its windings from its container can be insulated. In order to insulate and to bring out the terminals of the winding from the tank, apt bushings that are made from either porcelain or capacitor type must be used. In all transformers that are used commercially, the core is made out of transformer sheet steel laminations assembled to provide a continuous magnetic path with minimum of airgap included. The steel should have high permeability and low hysteresis loss. For this to happen, the steel should be made of high silicon content and must also be heat treated. By effectively laminating the core, the eddy-current losses can be reduced. The lamination can be done with the help of a light coat of core plate varnish or lay an oxide layer on the surface. For a frequency of 50 Hertz, the thickness of the lamination varies from 0.35mm to 0.5mm for a frequency of 25 Hertz.
Types of Transformers
The types of transformers differ in the manner in which the primary and secondary coils are provided around the laminated steel core. According to the design, transformers can be classified into two: 1. Core- Type Transformer In core-type transformer, the windings are given to a considerable part of the core. The coils used for this transformer are form-wound and are of cylindrical type. Such a type of transformer can be applicable for small sized and large sized transformers. In the small sized type, the core will be rectangular in shape and the coils used are cylindrical. The figure below shows the large sized type. You can see that the round or cylindrical coils are wound in such a way as to fit over a cruciform core section. In the case of circular cylindrical coils, they have a fair advantage of having good mechanical strength. The cylindrical coils will have different layers and each layer will be insulated from the other with the help of materials like paper, cloth, micarta board and so on. The general arrangement of the coretype transformer with respect to the core is shown below. Both low-voltage (LV) and high voltage (HV) windings are shown.
Core Type Transformer Cruciform Section
Core Type Transformers
The low voltage windings are placed nearer to the core as it is the easiest to insulate. The effective core area of the transformer can be reduced with the use of laminations and insulation. 2. Shell-Type Transformer In shell-type transformers the core surrounds a considerable portion of the windings. The comparison is shown in the figure below.
Core Type and Shell Type Transformer Winding
The coils are form-wound but are multi layer disc type usually wound in the form of pancakes. Paper is used to insulate the different layers of the multi-layer discs. The whole winding consists of discs stacked with insulation spaces between the coils. These insulation spaces form the horizontal cooling and insulating ducts. Such a transformer may have the shape of a simple rectangle or may also have a distributed form. Both designs are shown in the figure below:
Shell Type Transformers Rectangular Form
Shell Type Transformers Distributed Form
A strong rigid mechanical bracing must be given to the cores and coils of the transformers. This will help in minimizing the movement of the device and also prevents the device from getting any insulation damage. A transformer with good bracing will not produce any humming noise during its working and will also reduce vibration. A special housing platform must be provided for transformers. Usually, the device is placed in tightly-fitted sheet-metal tanks filled with special insulating oil. This oil is needed to circulate through the device and cool the coils. It is also responsible for providing the additional insulation for the device when it is left in the air. There may be cases when the smooth tank surface will not be able to provide the needed cooling area. In such cases, the sides of the tank are corrugated or assembled with radiators on the sides of the device. The oil used for cooling purpose must be absolutely free from alkalis, sulphur and most importantly moisture. Even a small amount of moistures in the oil will cause a significant change in the insulating property of the device, as it lessens the dielectric strength of the oil to a great extent. Mathematically speaking, the presence of about 8 parts of water in 1 million reduces the insulating quality of the oil to a value that is not considered standard for use. Thus, the tanks are protected by sealing them air-tight in smaller units. When large transformers are used, the air tight method is practically difficult to implement. In such cases, chambers are provided for the oil to expand and contract as its temperature increases and decreases. These breathers form a barrier and resists the
atmospheric moisture from contact with oil. Special care must also be taken to avoid sledging. Sledging occurs when oil decomposes due to over exposure to oxygen during heating. It results in the formation of large deposits of dark and heavy matter that clogs the cooling ducts in the transformer. The quality, durability and handling of these insulating materials decide the life of the transformer. All the transformer leads are brought out of their cases through suitable bushings. There are many designs of these, their size and construction depending on the voltage of the leads. Porcelain bushings may be used to insulate the leads, for transformers that are used in moderate voltages. Oil-filled or capacitive-type bushings are used for high voltage transformers. The selection between the core and shell type is made by comparing the cost because similar characteristics can be obtained from both types. Most manufacturers prefer to use shell-type transformers for high-voltage applications or for multi-winding design. When compared to a core type, the shell type has a longer mean length of coil turn. Other parameters that are compared for the selection of transformer type are voltage rating, kilo-volt ampere rating, weight, insulation stress, heat distribution and so on. Transformers can also be classified according to the type of cooling employed. The different types according to these classifications are: 1. Oil Filled Self-Cooled Type Oil filled self cooled type uses small and medium-sized distribution transformers. The assembled windings and core of such transformers are mounted in a welded, oil-tight steel tanks provided with a steel cover. The tank is filled with purified, high quality insulating oil as soon as the core is put back at its proper place. The oil helps in transferring the heat from the core and the windings to the case from where it is radiated out to the surroundings. For smaller sized transformers the tanks are usually smooth surfaced, but for large size transformers a greater heat radiation area is needed, and that too without disturbing the cubical capacity of the tank. This is achieved by frequently corrugating the cases. Still larger sizes are provided with radiation or pipes. 2. Oil Filled Water Cooled Type This type is used for much more economic construction of large transformers, as the above told self cooled method is very expensive. The same method is used here as well- the windings and the core are immersed in the oil. The only difference is that a cooling coil is mounted near the surface of the oil, through which cold water keeps circulating. This water carries the heat from the device. This design is usually implemented on transformers that are used in high voltage transmission lines. The biggest advantage of such a design is that such transformers do not require housing other than their own. This reduces the costs by a huge amount. Another advantage is that the maintenance and inspection of this type is only needed once or twice in a year. 3. Air Blast Type
This type is used for transformers that use voltages below 25,000 volts. The transformer is housed in a thin sheet metal box open at both ends through which air is blown from the bottom to the top.
E.M.F Equation of a Transformer
Transformer EMF Equation
Let, NA = Number of turns in primary NB = Number of turns in secondary max = Maximum flux in the core in webers = Bmax X A f = Frequency of alternating current input in hertz (HZ) As shown in figure above, the core flux increases from its zero value to maximum value max in one quarter of the cycle , that is in frequency second. Therefore, average rate of change of flux = max/ f = 4f maxWb/s Now, rate of change of flux per turn means induced electro motive force in volts. Therefore, average electro-motive force induced/turn = 4f maxvolt If flux varies sinusoidally, then r.m.s value of induced e.m.f is obtained by multiplying the average value with form factor. Form Factor = r.m.s. value/average value = 1.11 Therefore, r.m.s value of e.m.f/turn = 1.11 X 4f max = 4.44f max Now, r.m.s value of induced e.m.f in the whole of primary winding = (induced e.m.f./turn) X Number of primary turns Therefore, EA = 4.44f NAmax = 4.44fNABmA Similarly, r.m.s value of induced e.m.f in secondary is
EB = 4.44f NB max = 4.44fNBBmA In an ideal transformer on no load, VA = EA and VB = EB , where VB is the terminal voltage
Voltage Transformation Ratio (K)

From the above equations we get EB/ EA = VB/ VA = NB/NA = K This constant K is known as voltage transformation ratio. (1) If NB>NA , that is K>1 , then transformer is called step-up transformer. (2) If NB<1, that is K<1 , then transformer is known as step-down transformer. Again for an ideal transformer, Input VA = output VA VAIA = VBIB Or, IB/IA = VA/VB = 1/K Hence, currents are in the inverse ratio of the (voltage) transformation ratio.
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H ome / Technical Articles / Power Transformer Construction Core
Power Transformer Construction Core

Posted AUG 23 201 2 by EDV ARD in TRANSFO RM ERS with 12 COM M ENTS
Power Transformer Construction - Core (on photo transformer cores showing silicon steel top; by Megawatt)
The construction of a power transformer varies throughout the industry. The basic arrangement is essentially the same and has seen little significant change in recent years, so some ofthe variations can be discussed in this article.
Core
The core, which provides the magnetic path to channel the flux, consists of thin strips of highgrade steel, called laminations, which are electrically separated by a thin coating of insulating material. The strips can be stacked or wound, with the windings either built integrally around the core or built separately and assembled around the core sections.
Core steel can be hot or cold-rolled, grain-oriented or non-grain oriented,and even laserscribed for additional performance.
Thickness ranges from 0.23 mm to upwards of 0.36 mm. The core cross section can be circular or rectangular, with circular cores commonly referred to as cruciform construction. Rectangular cores are used for smaller ratings and as auxiliary transformers used within a power transformer. Rectangular cores use a single width of strip steel,while circular cores use a combination of different strip widths to approximate a circular cross-section.
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The type of steel and arrangement depends on the transformer rating as related to cost factors such as labor and performance. Just like other components in the transformer, the heat generated by the core must be adequately dissipated. While the steel and coating may be capable of withstanding higher temperatures, it will come in contact with insulating materials with limited temperature capabilities. In larger units, cooling ducts are used inside the core for additional convective surface area, and sections of laminations may be split to reduce localized losses. The core is held together by, but insulated from, mechanical structures and is grounded to a single point in order to dissipate electrostatic buildup. The core ground location is usually some readily accessible point inside the tank, but it can also be brought through a bushing on the tank wall or top for external access. This grounding point should be removable for testing purposes, such as checking for unintentional core grounds. Multiple core grounds, such as a case whereby the core is inadvertently making contact with otherwise grounded internal metallic mechanical structures, can provide a path for circulating currents induced by the main flux as well as a leakage flux, thus creating concentrations of losses that can result in localized heating. The maximum flux density of the core steel is normally designed as close to the knee of the saturation curve as practical, accounting for required overexcitations and tolerances that exist due to materials and manufacturing processes. For power transformers the flux density is typically between 1.3 T and 1.8 T, with the saturation point for magnetic steel being around 2.03 T to 2.05 T. There are two basic types of core construction used in power transformers: core form and shell form. In core-form construction,there is a single path for the magnetic circuit. Figure 1 shows a schematic of a single-phase core, with the arrows showing the magnetic path.
Figure 1 - Schematic of single-phase core-form construction.
Figure 2 - Schematic of three-phase core-form construction
For single-phase applications, the windings are typically divided on both core legs as shown. In three-phase applications, the windings of a particular phase are typically on the same core leg, as illustrated in Figure 2.
Figure 3 - 'E'-assembly, prior to addition of coils and insertion of top yoke
Windings are constructed separate of the core and placed on their respective core legs during core assembly. Figure 3 shows what is referred to as the E assembly of a three-phase coreform core during assembly. In shell-form construction, the core provides multiple paths for the magnetic circuit. Figure 4 is a schematic o fa single-phase shell-form core, with the two magnetic paths illustrated. The core is typically stacked directly around the windings,which are usually pancake type windings, although some applications are such that the core and windings are assembled similar to core form.
Figure 4 - Schematic of single-phase shell-form construction
Due to advantages in short-circuit and transient-voltage performance, shell forms tend to be used more frequently in the largest transformers,where conditions can be more severe. Variations of three-phase shell-form construction include five- and seven-legged cores, depending on size and application.
Video Illustrating The Construction of Distribution Transformer
Reference: Electric Power Transformer Engineering, published May 16, 2012 by CRC Press // chapter Power Transformers authored by H.J. Sim and S.H. Digby (Get this ebook from CRC Press)
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H ome / Technical Articles / Principles of Transformers in Para lle l Connect ion (part 1)
Principles of Transformers in Parallel Connection (part 1)

Posted AUG 6 2012 by JI GUPA RM AR in ENERGY AND PO WER, TRANSFO RM ERS with 8 CO MM ENTS
Principles of Transformers in Parallel Connection (Part 1)
Introduction
For supplying a load in excess of the rating of an existing transformer, two or more transformers may be connected in parallel with the existing transformer. The transformers are connected in parallel when load on one of the transformers is more than its capacity. The reliability is increased with parallel operation than to have single larger unit. The cost associated with maintaining the spares is less when two transformers are connected in parallel. It is usually economical to install another transformer in parallel instead of replacing the existing transformer by a single larger unit. The cost of a spare unit in the case of two parallel transformers (of equal rating) is also lower than that of a single large transformer. In addition, it is preferable to have a parallel transformer for the reason of reliability. With this at least half the load can be supplied with one transformer out of service.
Condition for Parallel Operation of Transformer

For parallel connection of transformers, primary windings of the Transformers are connected to source bus-bars and secondary windings are connected to the load bus-bars. Various conditions that must be fulfilled for the successful parallel operation of transformers: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Same voltage and Turns Ratio (both primary and secondary voltage rating is same) Same Percentage Impedance and X/R ratio Identical Position of Tap changer Same KVA ratings Same Phase angle shift (vector group are same) Same Frequency rating Same Polarity Same Phase sequence
Some of these conditions are convenient and some are mandatory. The convenient conditions are: Same voltage Ratio and Turns Ratio, Same Percentage Impedance, Same KVA Rating, Same Position of Tap changer. The mandatory conditions conditions are: Same Phase Angle Shift, Same Polarity, Same Phase Sequence and Same Frequency. When the convenient conditions are not met paralleled operation is possible but not optimal.
1. Same voltage Ratio and Turns Ratio (on each tap)
If the transformers connected in parallel have slightly different voltage ratios, then due to the inequality of induced emfs in the secondary windings, a circulating current will flow in the loop formed by the secondary windings under the no-load condition, which may be much greater than the normal no-load current. The current will be quite high as the leakage impedance is low. When the secondary windings are loaded, this circulating current will tend to produce unequal loading on the two transformers, and it may not be possible to take the full load from this group of two parallel transformers (one of the transformers may get overloaded). If two transformers of different voltage ratio are connected in parallel with same primary supply voltage, there will be a difference in secondary voltages. Now when the secondary of these transformers are connected to same bus, there will be a circulating current between secon darys and therefore between primaries also. As the internal impedance of transformer is small, a small voltage difference may cause sufficiently high circulating current causing unnecessary extra I 2R loss. The ratings of both primaries and secondarys should be identical. In other words, the transformers should have the same turn ratio i.e. transformation ratio.
2. Same percentage impedance and X/R ratio

If two transformers connected in parallel with similar per-unit impedances they will mostly share the load in the ration of their KVA ratings. Here Load is mostly equal because it is possible to have two transformers with equal per-unit impedances but different X/R ratios. In this case the line current will be less than the sum of the transformer currents and the combined capacity will be reduced accordingly. A difference in the ratio of the reactance value to resistance value of the per unit impedance results in a different phase angle of the currents carried by the two paralleled transformers; one transformer will be working with a higher power factor and the other with a lower power factor than that of the combined output. Hence, the real power will not be proportionally shared by the transformers. The current shared by two transformers running in parallel should be proportional to their MVA ratings. The current carried by these transformers are inversely proportional to their internal impedance.
From the above two statements it can be said that impedance of transformers running in parallel are inversely proportional to their MVA ratings. In other words percentage impedance or per unit values of impedance should be identical for all the transformers run in parallel. When connecting single-phase transformers in three-phase banks, proper impedance matching becomes even more critical. In addition to following the three rules for parallel operation, it is also a good practice to try to match the X/R ratios of the three series impedances to keep the threephase output voltages balanced. When single-phase transformers with the same KVA ratings are connected in a Y- Bank, impedance mismatches can cause a significant load unbalance among the transformers Lets examine following different type of case among Impedance, Ratio and KVA. If single-phase transformers are connected in a Y-Y bank with an isolated neutral, then the magnetizing impedance should also be equal on an ohmic basis.
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Otherwise, the transformer having the largest magnetizing impedance will have a highest percentage of exciting voltage, increasing the core losses of that transformer and possibly driving its core into saturation.
Case 1: Equal Impedance, Ratios and Same kVA

The standard method of connecting transformers in parallel is to have the same turn ratios, percent impedances, and kVA ratings. Connecting transformers in parallel with the same parameters results in equal load sharing and no circulating currents in the transformer windings. Example Connecting two 2000 kVA, 5.75% impedance transformers in parallel, each with the same turn ratios to a 4000 kVA load. Loading on the transformers-1 =KVA1=[( KVA1 / %Z) / ((KVA1 / %Z1)+ (KVA2 / %Z2))]X KVAl kVA1 = 348 / (348 + 348) x 4000 kVA = 2000 kVA. Loading on the transformers-2 =KVA1=[( KVA2 / %Z) / ((KVA1 / %Z1)+ (KVA2 / %Z2))]X KVAl kVA2 = 348 / (348 + 348) x 4000 kVA = 2000 kVA Hence KVA1=KVA2=2000KVA
Case 2: Equal Impedances, Ratios and Different kVA

This Parameter is not in common practice for new installations, sometimes two transformers with different kVAs and the same percent impedances are connected to one common bus. In this
situation, the current division causes each transformer to carry its rated load. There will be no circulating currents because the voltages (turn ratios) are the same. Example Connecting 3000 kVA and 1000 kVA transformers in parallel, each with 5.75% impedance, each with the same turn ratios, connected to a common 4000 kVA load. Loading on Transformer-1=kVA1 = 522 / (522 + 174) x 4000 = 3000 kVA Loading on Transformer-1=kVA2 = 174 / (522 + 174) x 4000 = 1000 kVA From above calculation it is seen that different kVA ratings on transformers connected to one common load, that current division causes each transformer to only be loaded to its kVA rating. The key here is that the percent impedance are the same.
Case 3: Unequal Impedance but Same Ratios and kVA

Mostly used this Parameter to enhance plant power capacity by connecting existing transformers in parallel that have the same kVA rating, but with different percent impedances. This is common when budget constraints limit the purchase of a new transformer with the same parameters. We need to understand is that the current divides in inverse proportions to the impedances, and larger current flows through the smaller impedance. Thus, the lower percent impedance transformer can be overloaded when subjected to heavy loading while the other higher percent impedance transformer will be lightly loaded. Example Two 2000 kVA transformers in parallel, one with 5.75% impedance and the other with 4% impedance, each with the same turn ratios, connected to a common 3500 kVA load. Loading on Transformer-1=kVA1 = 348 / (348 + 500) x 3500 = 1436 kVA Loading on Transformer-2=kVA2 = 500 / (348 + 500) x 3500 = 2064 kVA It can be seen that because transformer percent impedances do not match, they cannot be loaded to their combined kVA rating. Load division between the transformers is not equal. At below combined rated kVA loading, the 4% impedance transformer is overloaded by 3.2%, while the 5.75% impedance transformer is loaded by 72%.
Case 4: Unequal Impedance and KVA Same Ratios

This particular of transformers used rarely in industrial and commercial facilities connected to one common bus with different kVA and unequal percent impedances. However, there may be that one
situation where two single-ended substations may be tied together via bussing or cables to provide better voltage support when starting large Load. If the percent impedance and kVA ratings are different, care should be taken when loading these transformers. Example Two transformers in parallel with one 3000 kVA (kVA1) with 5.75% impedance, and the other a 1000 kVA (kVA2) with 4% impedance, each with the same turn ratios, connected to a common 3500 kVA load. Loading on Transformer-1=kVA1 = 522 / (522 + 250) x 3500 = 2366 kVA Loading on Transformer-2=kVA2 = 250 / (522 + 250) x 3500 = 1134 kVA Because the percent impedance is less in the 1000 kVA transformer, it is overloaded with a less than combined rated load.
Case 5: Equal Impedance and KVA Unequal Ratios

Small differences in voltage cause a large amount of current to circulate. It is important to point out that paralleled transformers should always be on the same tap connection. Circulating current is completely independent of the load and load division. If transformers are fully loaded there will be a considerable amount of overheating due to circulating currents. The Point which should be Remember that circulating currents do not flow on the line, they cannot be measured if monitoring equipment is upstream or downstream of the common connection points. Example Two 2000 kVA transformers connected in parallel, each with 5.75% impedance, same X/R ratio (8), transformer 1 with tap adjusted 2.5% from nominal and transformer 2 tapped at nominal. What is the percent circulating current (%IC) %Z1 = 5.75, So %R = %Z1 / [(X/R)2 + 1)] = 5.75 / ((8)2 + 1)=0.713 %R1 = %R2 = 0.713 %X1 = %R x (X/R)=%X1= %X2= 0.713 x 8 = 5.7 Let %e = difference in voltage ratio expressed in percentage of normal and k = kVA1/ kVA2 Circulating current %IC = %eX100 / (%R1+k%R2)2 + (%Z1+k%Z2)2. %IC = 2.5X100 / (0.713 + (2000/2000)X0.713)2 + (5.7 + (2000/2000)X5.7)2 %IC = 250 / 11.7 = 21.7 The circulating current is 21.7% of the full load current.
Case 6: Unequal Impedance, KVA and Different Ratios

This type of parameter would be unlikely in practice. If both the ratios and the impedance are different, the circulating current (because of the unequal ratio) should be combined with each transformers share of the load current to obtain the actual total current in each unit. For unity power factor, 10% circulating current (due to unequal turn ratios) results in only half percent to the total current. At lower power factors, the circulating current will change dramatically. Example Two transformers connected in parallel, 2000 kVA1 with 5.75% impedance, X/R ratio of 8, 1000 kVA2 with 4% impedance, X/R ratio of 5, 2000 kVA1 with tap adjusted 2.5% from nominal and 1000 kVA2 tapped at nominal. %Z1 = 5.75, So %R = %Z1 / [(X/R)2 + 1)] = 5.75 / ((8)2 + 1)=0.713 %X1= %R x (X/R)=0.713 x 8 = 5.7 %Z2= 4, So %R2 = %Z2 / [(X/R)2 + 1)]= 4 / ((5)2 + 1) =0.784 %X2 = %R x (X/R)=0.784 x 5 = 3.92 Let %e = difference in voltage ratio expressed in percentage of normal and k = kVA1/ kVA2 Circulating current %IC = %eX100 / (%R1+k%R2)2 + (%Z1+k%Z2)2. %IC = 2.5X100 / (0.713 + (2000/2000)X0.713)2 + (5.7 + (2000/2000)X5.7)2 %IC = 250 / 13.73 = 18.21. The circulating current is 18.21% of the full load current.
3. Same polarity
Polarity of transformer means the instantaneous direction of induced emf in secondary. If the instantaneous directions of induced secondary emf in two transformers are opposite to each other when same input power is fed to the both of the transformers, the transformers are said to be in opposite polarity. The transformers should be properly connected with regard to their polarity. If they are connected with incorrect polarities then the two EMFs, induced in the secondary windings which are in parallel, will act together in the local secondary circuit and produce a short circuit. Polarity of all transformers run in parallel should be same otherwise huge circulating current flows in the transformer but no load will be fed from these transformers. If the instantaneous directions of induced secondary emf in two transformers are same when same input power is fed to the both of the transformers, the transformers are said to be in same polarity.
4. Same phase sequence

The phase sequence of line voltages of both the transformers must be identical for parallel operation of three-phase transformers. If the phase sequence is an incorrect, in every cycle each pair of phases will get short-circuited. This condition must be strictly followed for parallel operation of transformers.
5. Same phase angle shift (zero relative phase displacement between the secondary line voltages)
The transformer windings can be connected in a variety of ways which produce different magnitudes and phase displacements of the secondary voltage. All the transformer connections can be classified into distinct vector groups. Group 1: Zero phase displacement (Yy0, Dd0, Dz0) Group 2: 180 phase displacement (Yy6, Dd6, Dz6) Group 3: -30 phase displacement (Yd1, Dy1, Yz1) Group 4: +30 phase displacement (Yd11, Dy11, Yz11) In order to have zero relative phase displacement of secondary side line voltages, the transformers belonging to the same group can be paralleled. For example, two transformers with Yd1 and Dy1 connections can be paralleled. The transformers of groups 1 and 2 can only be paralleled with transformers of their own group. However, the transformers of groups 3 and 4 can be paralleled by reversing the phase sequence of one of them. For example, a transformer with Yd1 1 connection (group 4) can be paralleled with that having Dy1 connection (group 3) by reversing the phase sequence of both primary and secondary terminals of the Dy1 transformer. We can only parallel Dy1 and Dy11 by crossing two incoming phases and the same two outgoing phases on one of the transformers, so if we have a DY11 transformer we can cross B&C phases on the primary and secondary to change the +30 degree phase shift into a -30 degree shift which will parallel with the Dy1, assuming all the other points above are satisfied.
6. Same KVA ratings

If two or more transformer is connected in parallel, then load sharing % between them is according to their rating. If all are of same rating, they will share equal loads
Transformers of unequal kVA ratings will share a load practically (but not exactly) in proportion to their ratings, providing that the voltage ratios are identical and the percentage impedances (at their own kVA rating) are identical, or very nearly so in these cases a total of than 90% of the sum of the two ratings is normally available. It is recommended that transformers, the kVA ratings of which differ by more than 2:1, should not be operated permanently in parallel. Transformers having different kva ratings may operate in parallel, with load division such that each transformer carries its proportionate share of the total load To achieve accurate load division, it is necessary that the transformers be wound with the same turns ratio, and that the percent impedance of all transformers be equal, when each percentage is expressed on the kva base of its respective transformer. It is also necessary that the ratio of resistance to reactant in all transformers be equal. For satisfactory operation the circulating current for any combinations of ratios and impedance probably should not exceed ten percent of the full-load rated current of the smaller unit.
7. Identical tap changer and its operation

The only important point to be remembered is the tap changing switches must be at same position for all the three transformers and should check and confirm that the secondary voltages are same. When the voltage tap need change all three tap changing switches should be operated identical for all transformers. The OL settings of the SF6 also should be identical. If the substation is operating on full load condition, tripping of one transformer can cause cascade tripping of all three transformers. In transformers Output Voltage can be controlled either by Off Circuit Tap Changer (Manual tap changing) or By On Load Tap Changer-OLTC (Automatic Changing). In the transformer with OLTC, it is a closed loop system, with following components: 1. AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator) an electronic programmable device). With this AVR we can set the Output Voltage of the transformers. The Output Voltage of the transformer is fed into the AVR through the LT Panel. The AVR Compares the SET voltage and the Output Voltage and gives the error signals, if any, to the OLTC through the RTCC Panel for tap changing. This AVR is mounted in the RTCC. 2. RTCC (Remote Tap Changing Cubicle) This is a panel consisting of the AVR, Display for Tap Position, Voltage, and LEDs for Raise and Lower of Taps relays, Selector Switches for Auto Manual Selection In AUTO MODE the voltage is controlled by the AVR. In
manual Mode the operator can Increase / decrease the voltage by changing the Taps manually through the Push Button in the RTCC. 3. OLTC is mounted on the transformer - It consists of a motor, controlled by the RTCC, which changes the Taps in the transformers. Both the Transformers should have same voltage ratio at all the taps and when you run transformers in parallel, it should operate as same tap position. If we have OLTC with RTCC panel, one RTCC should work as master and other should work as follower to maintain same tap positions of transformer. However, a circulating current can be flown between the two tanks if the impedances of the two transformers are different or if the taps of the on-load tap changer (OLTC) are mismatched temporarily due to the mechanical delay. The circulating current may cause the malfunction of protection relays.
REFERENCES

Say, M.G. The performance and design of alternating current machines. Application Guide, Loading of Transformer, Nashville, TN, USA. Toro, V.D. Principles of electrical engineering. Stevenson, W.D. Elements of power system analysis. MIT Press, Magnetic circuits and transformers, John Wiley and Sons.
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TAGS
circulating current, impedance, kva, load, parallel connection, transformer, transformers, two transformers, voltage

Energy and Power Transformers

jiguparmar - Jignesh Parmar has completed his B.E(Electrical) from Gujarat University. He is member of Institution of Engineers (MIE),India. Membership No:M-1473586.He has more than 12 years experience in Transmission -Distribution-Electrical Energy theft detection-Electrical Maintenance-Electrical Projects (Planning-Designing-Technical Review-coordination -Execution). He is Presently associate with one of the leading business group as a Assistant Manager at
Ahmedabad,India. He has published numbers of Technical Articles in "Electrical Mirror", "Electrical India", "Lighting India", "Industrial Electrix"(Australian Power Publications) Magazines. He is Freelancer Programmer of Advance Excel and design useful Excel base Electrical Programs as per IS, NEC, IEC,IEEE codes. He is Technical Blogger and Familiar with English, Hindi, Gujarati, French languages. He wants to Share his experience & Knowledge and help technical enthusiasts to find suitable solutions and updating themselves on various Engineering Topics.
8 Comments
1. 8 Important Checks To Do Before Powering Up The Dry-Type Transformer | EEP
OCT 23, 2013
[...] or more of them, but not operated in parallel, just skip to the next check.Learn more about principles of transformers in parallel connection.Parallel connection of transformers 3rd Check (connections: cables, bus bars)Make sure all [...]
(reply)
2. Debashish Paul
SE P 2 1 , 2 0 1 2
its realy nice information..

(reply)
3. Power Transformer Construction - Core | EEP

AUG 23, 2012
[...] Core (on photo transformer cores showing silicon steel top; by Megawatt) The construction of a power transformer varies throughout the industry. The basic arrangement is essentially the same and has seen little [...]
(reply)
4. Rajneesh.Hpsebl
AUG 09, 2012
You have mentioned that difference in phase voltage should be 0.4%. How it has been derived and whether the percentage is of primary voltage or secondary. Please explain. Thanking you
(reply)
5. Wale Adereti
AUG 08, 2012
Thank you so much for making this article available. I am presently working on a project (1500kVA+500kVA) typically as Case 2 Above, two transformers of different kVA ratings would deliver each based on kirchoff current law: i total = i1 + i2, all other conditions fulfilled.
(reply)
6. Principles Of Transformers In Parallel Connection (2) | EEP

AUG 08, 2012
[...] Principles of Transformers in Parallel Connection (part 2) Continued from first part Principles of Transformers in Parallel Connection (1) Other necessary condition for parallel operationAll parallel units must be supplied from the same [...]
(reply)
7. Edvard
AUG 06, 2012
Excellent write up Jignesh! Thank you very much!

(reply)
8. Saad1966
AUG 06, 2012
Thanks so much this is very useful for me

(reply)
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H ome / Technical Articles / Electrical Thumb Rules Yo u M UST Follow (Part 6)

Posted NO V 29 2013 by JI GUPARM AR in ENERGY AND PO WER with 0 CO MM ENTS
Electrical Thumb Rules You MUST Follow, Part 6 (On photo: View in the Transformer Room in the underground area during White House renovation on March 26, 1952 - via trumanlibrary.org)
Continued from: Electrical Thumb Rules You MUST Follow (Part 5)
12 electrical thumb rules to follow:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Transformer earthing wire / Strip size Motor earthing wire / Strip size Panel earthing wire / Strip size Electrical equipment earthing Earthing wire (As per BS 7671) Area for transformer room: (As per NBC-2005) Span of transmission line (Central electricity authority) Max. lock rotor amp for 1-phase 230V motor (NEMA)
9. Three phase motor code (NEMA) 10. Service factor of motor 11. Type of contactor 12. Contactor coil
1. Transformer earthing wire / Strip size

Size of T.C or DG <315 KVA 315 KVA to 500 KVA 500 KVA to 750 KVA 750 KVA to 1000 KVA
Go back to Rules
Body Earthing 253 mm Cu / 406 mm GI Strip 253 mm Cu / 406 mm GI Strip 253 mm Cu / 406 mm GI Strip 253 mm Cu / 406 mm GI Strip
Neutral Earthing 253 mm Cu Strip 253 mm Cu Strip 403 mm Cu Strip 503 mm Cu Strip
2. Motor earthing wire / Strip size

Size of Motor < 5.5 KW 5.5 KW to 22 KW 22 KW to 55 KW >55 KW
Go back to Rules
Body Earthing 85 SWG GI Wire 256 mm GI Strip 406 mm GI Strip 506 mm GI Strip
3. Panel earthing wire / Strip size

Type of Panel Body Earthing
Lighting & Local Panel Control & Relay Panel D.G & Exciter Panel D.G & T/C Neutral
Go back to Rules
256 mm GI Strip 256 mm GI Strip 506 mm GI Strip 506 mm Cu Strip
4. Electrical equipment earthing

Equipment LA (5KA,9KA) HT Switchgear Structure Cable Tray Fence / Rail Gate
Go back to Rules
Body Earthing 253 mm Cu Strip 506 mm GI Strip 506 mm GI Strip 506 mm GI Strip 506 mm GI Strip
5. Earthing wire (As per BS 7671)

Cross Section Area of Phase, Neutral Conductor(S) mm2 S<=16 16<S<=35 S>35 Minimum Cross Section area of Earthing Conductor (mm2) S (Not less than 2.5 mm2) 16 S/2
Go back to Rules
6. Area for transformer room: (As per NBC-2005)

Transformer Size Min. Transformer Room Area (M2) Min. Total Sub Station Area( Incoming HV,LV Panel, T.C Roof) (M2) 90 118 91 121 93 125 167 130 172 132 176 135 181 149 197 Min. Space Width (Meter) 9 13.5 9 13.5 9 13.5 18 14.5 19 14.5 19 14.5 14 14.5 19
1 x 160 2 x 160 1 x 250 2 x 250 1 x 400 2 x 400 3 x 400 2 x 500 3 x 500 2 x 630 3 x 630 2 x 800 3 x 800 2 x 1000 3 x 1000
14 28 15 30 16.5 33 49.5 36 54 36 54 39 58 39 58
- The capacitor bank should be automatically switched type for substation of 5MVA and higher. - Transformer up to 25 KVA can be mounted direct on pole.
- Transformer from 25 KVA to 250KVA can be mounted either on H frame of plinth. - Transformer above 250 KVA can be mounted plinth only. - Transformer above 100 MVA shall be protected by drop out fuse or circuit breaker. Go back to Rules
7. Span of transmission line (Central electricity authority)

Voltage 765 KV 400 KV 220 KV 132 KV 66 KV
Go back to Rules
Normal Span 400 to 450 Meter 400 Meter 335,350,375 Meter 315,325,335 Meter 240,250,275 Meter
8. Max. lock rotor amp for 1-phase 230V motor (NEMA)

HP 1 HP 1.5 HP 2 HP 3 HP 5 HP 7.5 HP Amp 45 Amp 50 Amp 65 Amp 90 Amp 135 Amp 200 Amp
10 HP
Go back to Rules
260 Amp
9. Three phase motor code (NEMA)

HP <1 HP 1.5 to 2.0 HP 3 HP 5 HP 7 to 10 HP >15 HP
Go back to Rules
Code L L,M K J H G
10. Service factor of motor

HP 3600 RPM 1 HP 1.5 to 1.25 HP 150 HP 200 HP 1.25 1.15 1.15 1.15 1800 RPM 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 Synchronous Speed (RPM) 1200 RPM 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 900 RPM 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 720 RPM 1 1.15 1.15 1.15 600 RPM 1 1.15 1.15 1 514 RPM 1 >1.15 1 1
> 200 HP
Go back to Rules
1.15
11. Type of contactor

Type AC1 AC2 AC3 AC4,AC5,AC5a, AC5b,AC6a AC 5a AC 5b AC 6a AC 6b AC 7a AC 7b AC 5a AC 8a Application Non Inductive Load or Slightly Inductive Load Slip Ring Motor, Starting, Switching OFF Squirrel Cage Motor Rapid Start & Rapid Stop Auxiliary Control circuit Electrical discharge Lamp Electrical Incandescent Lamp Transformer Switching Switching of Capacitor Bank Slightly Inductive Load in Household Motor Load in Household Hermetic refrigerant compressor motor with Manual Reset O/L Relay Hermetic refrigerant compressor motor with Automatic Reset O/L Relay Control of Resistive Load & Solid State Load Control of Resistive Load & Solid State Load with
AC 8b
AC 12 AC 13
Transformer Isolation AC 14 AC 15
Go back to Rules
Control of small Electro Magnetic Load (<72 VA) Control of Electro Magnetic Load (>72 VA)
12. Contactor coil

Coil Voltage 24 Volt 48 Volt 110 to 127 Volt 220 to 240 Volt 277 Volt 380 to 415 Volt
Go back to Rules
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Suffix T W A B H L

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SEPTEMBER 2, 2013

AUGUST 23, 2013
TAGS
earthing wire, earthing wire strip, electrical thumb rules, motor earthing wire, strip size, three phase motor, transformer room

Energy and Power

jiguparmar - Jignesh Parmar has completed his B.E(Electrical) from Gujarat University. He is member of Institution of Engineers (MIE),India. Membership No:M-1473586.He has more than 12 years experience in Transmission -Distribution-Electrical Energy theft detection-Electrical Maintenance-Electrical Projects (Planning-Designing-Technical Review-coordination -Execution). He is Presently associate with one of the leading business group as a Assistant Manager at Ahmedabad,India. He has published numbers of Technical Articles in "Electrical Mirror", "Electrical India", "Lighting India", "Industrial Electrix"(Australian Power Publications) Magazines. He is Freelancer Programmer of Advance Excel and design useful Excel base Electrical Programs as per IS, NEC, IEC,IEEE codes. He is Technical Blogger and Familiar with English, Hindi, Gujarati, French languages. He wants to Share his experience & Knowledge and help technical enthusiasts to find suitable solutions and updating themselves on various Engineering Topics.
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An overview of the transmission and distribution network of New Zealand

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Advertisement Science at Glance

Posted AUG 23 201 3 by JI GUPARM AR in ELECTRI CAL LECTURES , ENERGY AND PO WER with 10 CO M M ENTS
Electrical Thumb Rules For:

Cable Capacity Current Capacity of Equipment Earthing Resistance Minimum Bending Radius Insulation Resistance Lighting Arrestor Transformer Diesel Generator Current Transformer Quick Electrical Calculation
Cable Capacity
For Cu Wire Current Capacity (Up to 30 Sq.mm) = 6X Size of Wire in Sq.mm Ex. For 2.5 Sq.mm = 62.5 = 15 Amp, For 1 Sq.mm = 61 = 6 Amp, For 1.5 Sq.mm = 61.5 = 9 Amp For Cable Current Capacity = 4X Size of Cable in Sq.mm, Ex. For 2.5 Sq.mm = 42.5 = 9 Amp.
Nomenclature for cable Rating = Uo/U where Uo = Phase-Ground Voltage, U = Phase-Phase Voltage, Um = Highest Permissible Voltage Go to Content
Current Capacity of Equipment

1 Phase Motor draws Current = 7Amp per HP. 3 Phase Motor draws Current = 1.25Amp per HP. Full Load Current of 3 Phase Motor = HPx1.5 Full Load Current of 1 Phase Motor = HPx6 No Load Current of 3 Phase Motor = 30% of FLC KW Rating of Motor = HPx0.75 Full Load Current of equipment = 1.39xKVA (for 3 Phase 415Volt) Full Load Current of equipment = 1.74xKw (for 3 Phase 415Volt) Go to Content
Earthing Resistance
Earthing Resistance for Single Pit = 5, Earthing Grid = 0.5 As per NEC 1985 Earthing Resistance should be < 5. Voltage between Neutral and Earth <= 2 Volt Resistance between Neutral and Earth <= 1 Creepage Distance = 18 to 22mm/KV (Moderate Polluted Air) or Creepage Distance = 25 to 33mm/KV (Highly Polluted Air) Go to Content
Minimum Bending Radius

Minimum Bending Radius for LT Power Cable = 12 x Dia of Cable. Minimum Bending Radius for HT Power Cable = 20 x Dia of Cable. Minimum Bending Radius for Control Cable = 10 x Dia of Cable. Go to Content
Insulation Resistance
Insulation Resistance Value for Rotating Machine = (KV+1) M. Insulation Resistance Value for Motor (IS 732) = ((20xVoltage (L-L)) / (1000+ (2xKW)). Insulation Resistance Value for Equipment (<1KV) = Minimum 1 M. Insulation Resistance Value for Equipment (>1KV) = KV 1 M per 1KV. Insulation Resistance Value for Panel = 2 x KV rating of the panel. Min Insulation Resistance Value (Domestic) = 50 M / No of Points. (All Electrical Points with Electrical fitting & Plugs). Should be less than 0.5 M Min Insulation Resistance Value (Commercial) = 100 M / No of Points. ( All Electrical Points without fitting & Plugs).Should be less than 0.5 M. Test Voltage (A.C) for Meggering = (2X Name Plate Voltage) +1000 Test Voltage (D.C) for Meggering = ( 2X Name Plate Voltage). Submersible Pump Take 0.4 KWH of extra Energy at 1 meter drop of Water. Go to Content
Lighting Arrestor
Arrestor have Two Rating: 1. MCOV=Max. Continuous Line to Ground Operating Voltage. 2. Duty Cycle Voltage. (Duty Cycle Voltage > MCOV). Go to Content
Transformer

Current Rating of Transformer = KVA x 1.4 Short Circuit Current of T.C /Generator = Current Rating / % Impedance No Load Current of Transformer =< 2% of Transformer Rated current Capacitor Current (Ic) = KVAR / 1.732xVolt (Phase-Phase) Typically the local utility provides transformers rated up to 500kVA For maximum connected load of 99kW, Typically the local utility provides transformers rated up to 1250kVA For maximum connected load of 150kW.
The diversity they would apply to apartments is around 60% Maximum HT (11kV) connected load will be around 4.5MVA per circuit. 4No. earth pits per transformer (2No. for body and 2No. for neutral earthing), Clearances, approx.1000mm around TC allow for transformer movement for replacement. Go to Content
Diesel Generator
Diesel Generator Set Produces = 3.87 Units (KWH) in 1 Litter of Diesel. Requirement Area of Diesel Generator = for 25KW to 48KW = 56 Sq.meter, 100KW = 65 Sq.meter. DG less than or equal to 1000kVA must be in a canopy. DG greater 1000kVA can either be in a canopy or skid mounted in an acoustically treated room DG noise levels to be less than 75dBA at 1 meter. DG fuel storage tanks should be a maximum of 990 Litter per unit. Storage tanks above this level will trigger more stringent explosion protection provision. Go to Content

Current Transformer
Nomenclature of CT: Ratio: input / output current ratio Burden (VA): total burden including pilot wires. ( 2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 30VA.) Class: Accuracy required for operation ( Metering: 0.2, 0.5, 1 or 3, Protection: 5, 10, 15, 20, 30). Accuracy Limit Factor: Nomenclature of CT: Ratio, VA Burden, Accuracy Class, Accuracy Limit Factor.Example:1600/5, 15VA 5P10 (Ratio: 1600/5, Burden: 15VA, Accuracy Class: 5P, ALF: 10) As per IEEE Metering CT: 0.3B0.1 rated Metering CT is accurate to 0.3 percent if the connected secondary burden if impedance does not exceed 0.1 ohms. As per IEEE Relaying (Protection) CT: 2.5C100 Relaying CT is accurate within 2.5 percent if the secondary burden is less than 1.0 ohm (100 volts/100A). Go to Content
Quick Electrical Calculation

1HP = 0.746KW 1KW = 1.36HP 1Watt = 0.846 Kla/Hr 1Watt = 3.41 BTU/Hr 1KWH = 3.6 MJ 1Cal = 4.186 J 1Tone = 3530 BTU 85 Sq.ft Floor Area = 1200 BTU 1Kcal = 4186 Joule 1KWH = 860 Kcal 1Cal = 4.183 Joule
Go to Content
Star Connection Line Voltage = 3 Phase Voltage Line Current = Phase Current Delta Connection Line Voltage = Phase Voltage Line Current = 3 Phase Current

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10 Comments
1. Annu
OCT 28, 2013
Thanks Dear sharing Such valuable data

(reply)
2. Nmr
OCT 03, 2013
sirs, for aluminium cables and wires current carrying was not indicated in the thumb rules.
(reply)
3. Aakifnouman
SE P 0 2 , 2 0 1 3
Thank You For This and for those u cant understand this is only a thumb rule just to understand and remember
(reply)
4. Sumitfloyd
SE P 0 2 , 2 0 1 3
On the section current capacity of Equipments, it is written # 1 Phase Motor draws Current = 7Amp per HP. # 3 Phase Motor draws Current = 1.25Amp per HP. I am not quite clear on these points. Please clarify. Does it mean if we have 3HP single phase motor then it will draw 21Amp current throughout its operation or during its starting?
(reply)
5. Kriloter
AUG 28, 2013
These rules could be a little bit tricky unless you dont know further connections Not all of them are aplicable in a different distribution systems worldwide, especially constants like Current Rating of Transformer = KVA x 1.4, etc. I suggest author should notice the conditions and input values in which are these rules aplicable and users should modify them according to a specific distribution system.
(reply)
6. Shaijal100
AUG 24, 2013
pls tell me the difference between wire and cable.You mentioned different capacity for cu wire and a cable. You mean cable with aluminium conductor or something else..?Pls tell me..
(reply)
Kriloter
AUG 28, 2013
cable is bunch of wires

(reply)
7. Manjunatha_pm
AUG 24, 2013
Please give me the solution for below mentioned problem.. Actually in our plant we having two 500 kva DG set and One dg is new one and other one is old efficiency is different, so when switch on both and synchronizing.. some problem is occurring and i am not able to synchronizing. .. please give any solution for this problem my mail id is manjunathapm8@gmail.com
(reply)
Srinivas Subramani
NOV 19, 2013
Dear friend, just find the settings configuration in PCC2100 relay for parameter settings:)
(reply)
8. ChAliGhafoor
AUG 23, 2013
kindly inform frm where did u get this useful information?

(reply)
Leave a Comment

Posted SEP 2 2013 by JI GUPA RM AR in ELECTRI CAL LECTURES , ENERGY EFFI CENCY with 7 CO MM ENTS
Electrical Thumb Rules You MUST Follow (photo by megstewart via Flickr)
Continued from second part: Electrical Thumb Rules You MUST Follow (Part 2)
Size of Capacitor for Power Factor Correction

For Motor Size of Capacitor = 1/3 Hp of Motor ( 0.12x KW of Motor) For Transformer < 315 KVA 5% of KVA Rating
315 KVA to 1000 KVA >1000 KVA
6% of KVA Rating 8% of KVA Rating
Earthing Resistance value

Earthing Resistance Value Power Station Sub Station Major Sub Station Minor Distribution Transformer Transmission Line Single Isolate Earth Pit Earthing Grid 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 10 5.0 0.5
As per NEC Earthing Resistance should be <5.0
Voltage Limit (As per CPWD & KEB)

Voltage Limit (As Per CPWD) 240V 415V 11KV 22KV < 5 KW <100 KVA <3 MVA <6 MVA
33KV 66KV 110KV 220KV
<12 MVA <20 MVA <40 MVA >40 MVA
Voltage Variation
> 33 KV < 33 KV Low Voltage (-) 12.5% to (+) 10% (-) 9% to (+) 6% (-) 6% to (+) 6%
Insulation Class
Insulation Class A Class E Class B Class F Class H Class N Temperature 105C 120C 130C 155C 180C 200C
Standard Voltage Limit
Voltage ELV LV MV HV EHV
IEC (60038) < 50 V 50 V to 1 KV
IEC (6100:3.6)
Indian Elect. Rule
<=1 KV <= 35 KV
< 250 V 250 V to 650 V 650 V to 33 KV > 33 KV
> 1KV
<= 230 KV > 230 KV
Standard Electrical Connection (As per GERC)

As per Type of Connection Connection LT Connection HT connection EHT connection As per Electrical Load Demand Up 6W Load demand 6W to 100KVA(100KW) 100KVA to 2500KVA Above 2500KVA HT Connection Earthing H.T Connections Earthing Strip CT & PT bodies 20mmX4mm Cu. Strip 2Nos 1 Phase 230V Supply 3 Phase 440V Supply 11KV,22KV,33KV 66KV Voltage <=440V 440V to 66KV >= 66KV
PT Secondary CT Secondary I/C and O/G Cable+ Cubicle Body
1Nos 1Nos 2Nos
Standard Meter Room Size (As per GERC)

Meter Box Height Upper level does not beyond 1.7 meter and Lower level should not below 1.2 meter from ground. Meter Box should be at front area of Building at Ground Floor. 4 meter square Size
Facing of Meter Box
Meter Room / Closed Shade
Electrical Load as per Sq.ft Area (As per DHBVN)

Sq.ft Area < 900 Sq.ft 901 Sq.ft to 1600 Sq.ft 1601 Sq.ft to 2500 Sq.ft > 2500 Sq.ft For Flats :100 Sq.ft / 1 KW For Flats USS /TC: 100 Sq.ft / 23 KVA Required Load (Connected) 8 KW 16 KW 20 KW 24 KW
Contracted Load in case of High-rise Building
For Domestic Load For Commercial Other Common Load
500 watt per 100 Sq. foot of the constructed area. 1500 watt per 100 Sq. foot of the constructed area For lift, water lifting pump, streetlight if any, corridor/campus lighting and other common facilities, actual load shall be calculated 11KW/Flat Ex: 200Flat=20011=2.2KW
Staircase Light Sanctioned Load for Building Up to 50 kW 50 kW to 450 kW (500 kVA)
The L.T. existing mains shall be strengthened. 11 kV existing feeders shall be extended if spare capacity is available otherwise, new 11 kV feeders shall be constructed. 11 kV feeder shall be constructed from the nearest 33 kV or 110 kV substation
450 kW to 2550 kW (3000 kVA)
2550 kW to 8500 kW (10,000 kVA) 33kV feeder from 33 kV or 110 kV sub station 8500 kW (10,000 kVA) 110 kV feeder from nearest 110 kV or 220 kV substation
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7 Comments
1. Jbuda54
NOV 16, 2013
@Tarekdia From a simple google search I returned the following assumptions: GERC = The Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission Dakshin Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam, also known as DHBVN Limited is an Indian state owned electric utility company
(reply)
2. BG Tilak
NOV 14, 2013
The information, indeed is very useful. It would be much more useful, if you also indicate the corresponding code, where applicable.

Posted AUG 28 201 3 by JI GUPARM AR in ELECTRI CAL LECTURES , ENERGY EFFI CENCY with 2 CO MM ENTS
Electrical Thumb Rules You MUST Follow // PART 2 (on photo: Osprey Lunch Among The Electrical Wires! by Kathleen Jackson via Flickr)
Continued from first part: Electrical Thumb Rules You MUST Follow (Part 1)
Useful Electrical Equations
For Sinusoidal Current: Form Factor = RMS Value/Average Value = 1.11
For Sinusoidal Current: Peak Factor = Max Value/RMS Value = 1.414 Average Value of Sinusoidal Current (I av) = 0.637 x Im (Im = Max.Value) RMS Value of Sinusoidal Current (I rms) = 0.707 x Im (Im = Max.Value) A.C Current = D.C Current/0.636. Phase Difference between Phase = 360/ No of Phase (1 Phase=230/1=360, 2 Phase=360/2=180) Short Circuit Level of Cable in KA (Isc) = (0.094 x Cable Dia in Sq.mm) / Short Circuit Time (Sec) Max.Cross Section Area of Earthing Strip (mm2) = (Fault Current x Fault Current x Operating Time of Disconnected Device ) / K K = Material Factor, K for Cu = 159, K for Al = 105, K for steel = 58 , K for GI = 80 Most Economical Voltage at given Distance = 5.5 x ((km/1.6) + (kw/100)) Cable Voltage Drop (%) = (1.732 x current x (Rcos+jsin) x 1.732 x Length (km) x 100) / (Volt(L -L) x Cable Run. Spacing of Conductor in Transmission Line (mm) = 500 + 18 x (P P Volt) + (2 x (Span in Length)/50). Protection radius of Lighnting Arrestor = h x (2D-h) + (2D+L). Where h= height of L.A, D-distance of equipment (20, 40, 60 Meter), L=V x t (V=1m/ms, t=Discharge Time). Size of Lightning Arrestor = 1.5x Phase to Earth Voltage or 1.5 x (System Voltage/1.732). Maximum Voltage of the System = 1.1xRated Voltage (Ex. 66KV = 1.1 66 = 72.6KV) Load Factor = Average Power/Peak Power If Load Factor is 1 or 100% = This is best situation for System and Consumer both. If Load Factor is Low (0 or 25%) = you are paying maximum amount of KWH consumption. Load Factor may be increased by switching or use of your Electrical Application. Demand Factor = Maximum Demand / Total Connected Load (Demand Factor <1) Demand factor should be applied for Group Load Diversity Factor = Sum of Maximum Power Demand / Maximum Demand (Demand Factor >1) Diversity factor should be consider for individual Load Plant Factor (Plant Capacity) = Average Load / Capacity of Plant Fusing Factor = Minimum Fusing Current / Current Rating (Fusing Factor>1). Voltage Variation (1 to 1.5%) = ((Average Voltage Min Voltage) x 100)/Average Voltage Ex: 462V, 463V, 455V, Voltage Variation= ((460 455) x 100)/455 = 1.1%. Current Variation (10%) = ((Average Current Min Current) x 100)/Average Current Ex: 30A,35A,30A, Current Variation = ((35-31.7) x 100)/31.7 = 10.4% Fault Level at TC Secondary = TC (VA) x 100 / Transformer Secondary (V) x Impedance (%) Motor Full Load Current = Kw /1.732 x KV x P.F x Efficiency
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2 Comments
1. Aakifnouman
SE P 0 2 , 2 0 1 3
A.C Current = D.C Current/0.636


Posted NO V 15 2013 by JI GUPARM AR in ENERGY AND PO WER with 1 CO MM ENT
Electrical Thumb Rules You MUST Follow - part 4 (on photo: distribution substation bus on a clear night in February by Eli Nelson) at Flickr
Eight rules to follow:

1. Substation Capacity and Short Circuit Current Capacity (As per GERC) 2. Substation Capacity and Short Circuit Current Capacity (As per Central Electricity Authority) 3. Minimum Ground Clearance and Fault Clearing Time 4. Busbar Ampere Rating
5. 6. 7. 8.
Busbar Spacing Sound Level of Diesel Generator (ANSI 89.2 and NEMA 51.20) IR Value of Transformer Standard Size of MCB, MCCB, ELCB, RCCB, SFU and Fuse
1. Substation Capacity and Short Circuit Current Capacity

As per GERC Voltage 400 KV 220 KV 132 KV 66 KV 33 KV 11 KV 415 V 220 V
Go back to Rules
Sub Station Capacity Up to 1000 MVA Up to 320 MVA Up to 150 MVA Up to 80 MVA 1.5 MVA to 5 MVA 150 KVA to 1.5 MVA 6 KVA to 150 KVA Up to 6 KVA
Short Circuit Current 40 KA (1 to 3 Sec) 40 KA (1 to 3 Sec) 32 KA (1 to 3 Sec) 25 KA (1 to 3 Sec) 35 KA (Urban) (1 to 3 Sec) 25 KA (Rural) (1 to 3 Sec) 10 KA (1 to 3 Sec) 6 KA (1 to 3 Sec)
2. Substation Capacity and Short Circuit Current Capacity

As per Central Electricity Authority Voltage 765 KV 400 KV 220 KV Sub Station Capacity 4500 MVA 1500 MVA 500 MVA Short Circuit Current 31.5 KA for 1 Sec 31.5 KA for 1 Sec 40 KA for 1 Sec
110/132 KV 66 KV
Go back to Rules
150 MVA 75 MVA
40 KA or 50 KA for 1 Sec 40 KA or 50 KA for 1 Sec
3. Minimum Ground Clearance and Fault Clearing Time

Voltage 400 KV 220 KV 132 KV 66 KV 33 KV 11 KV
Go back to Rules
Min. Ground Clearance 8.8 Meter 8.0 Meter 6.1 Meter 5.1 Meter 3.7 Meter 2.7 Meter
Fault Clear Time 100 mille second 120 mille second 160 mille second 300 mille second -
4. Busbar Ampere Rating

For Phase Busbar For Phase Busbar For Neutral Busbar Aluminium 130 Amp / Sq.cm or 800Amp / Sq.inch. Copper 160 Amp / Sq.cm or 1000Amp / Sq.inch Same as Phase Busbar up to 200 Amp than Size of Neutral Busbar is at least half of Phase Busbar.
Go back to Rules
5. Busbar Spacing
Between Phase and Earth Between Phase and Phase Busbar Support between Two Insulator
Go back to Rules
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26mm (Min) 32mm (Min) 250mm.
6. Sound Level of Diesel Generator (ANSI 89.2 and NEMA 51.20)

KVA <9 KVA 10 KVA to 50 KVA 51 KVA to 150 KVA 151 KVA to 300 KVA 301 KVA to 500 KVA
Go back to Rules
Max. Sound Level 40 DB 45 DB 50 DB 55 DB 60 DB
7. IR Value of Transformer
IR Value of Transformer Voltage >66KV 22KV to 33KV 6.6KV to 11KV 30C 600M 500M 400M 40C 300M 250M 200M 50C 150M 125M 100M
<6.6KV 415V
Go back to Rules
200M 100M
100M 50M
50M 20M
8. Standard Size of MCB, MCCB, ELCB, RCCB, SFU and Fuse

MCB, MCCB, ELCB, RCCB, SFU, Fuse Standard Ratings MCB MCCB ACB MCB Rating MCCB Rating Up to 63 Amp (80Amp and 100 Amp a per Request)
Up to 1600 Amp (2000 Amp as per Request) Above 1000 Amp 6A,10A,16A,20A,32A,40A,50A,63A 0.5A,1A,2A,4A,6A,10A,16A,20A,32A,40A,50A,63A,80A,100A (Domestic Max 6A) 6A,10A,16A,20A,32A,40A,50A,63A,80A,100A 30ma (Domestic),100ma (Industrial),300ma
RCCB/ELCB Sen. of ELCB
DPIC (Double Pole Iron Clad) 5A,15A,30 A for 250V main switch TPIC (Triple Pole Iron Clad) main switch DPMCB TPMCCB TPN main switch TPNMCB 30A, 60A, 100A, 200 A For 500 V
5A, 10A, 16A, 32A and 63 A for 250V 100A,200A, 300Aand 500 A For 660 V 30A, 60A, 100A, 200A, 300 A For 500 V 16A, 32A,63A For 500 V, beyond this TPNMCCB: 100A, 200A, 300A, 500 A For 660 V
TPN Fuse Unit (Rewirable) Change over switch (Off Load) SFU (Switch Fuse Unit) HRC Fuse TPN (Bakelite) HRC Fuse DPN (Bakelite)
16A,32A,63A,100A,200A 32A,63A,100A,200A,300A,400A,630A,800A
32A,63A,100A,125A,160A,200A,250A,315A,400A,630A 125A,160A,200A,250A,400A.630A 16A,32A,63A
MCB/MCCB/ELCB Termination Wire / Cable Up to 20A MCB 20A to 63A MCB MCCB 6A to 45A ELCB 24A to 63A ELCB 80A to 100A ELCB Max. 25 Sq.mm Max. 35 Sq.mm Max. 25 Sq.mm 16 Sq.mm 35 Sq.mm 50 Sq.mm

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Energy and Power

jiguparmar - Jignesh Parmar has completed his B.E(Electrical) from Gujarat University. He is member of Institution of Engineers (MIE),India. Membership No:M-1473586.He has more than 12 years experience in Transmission -Distribution-Electrical Energy theft detection-Electrical
Maintenance-Electrical Projects (Planning-Designing-Technical Review-coordination -Execution). He is Presently associate with one of the leading business group as a Assistant Manager at Ahmedabad,India. He has published numbers of Technical Articles in "Electrical Mirror", "Electrical India", "Lighting India", "Industrial Electrix"(Australian Power Publications) Magazines. He is Freelancer Programmer of Advance Excel and design useful Excel base Electrical Programs as per IS, NEC, IEC,IEEE codes. He is Technical Blogger and Familiar with English, Hindi, Gujarati, French languages. He wants to Share his experience & Knowledge and help technical enthusiasts to find suitable solutions and updating themselves on various Engineering Topics.
One Comment
1. Merksab
DE C 0 1 , 2 0 1 3
Excelleng
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Posted NO V 20 2013 by JI GUPARM AR in ENERGY AND PO WER with 3 CO MM ENTS
Electrical Thumb Rules You MUST Follow, part 5 (photo by engineeringourfreedom.blogspot.com)
Eight rules to follow:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Standard Size of Transformer (IEEE/ANSI 57.120) Standard Size of Motor (HP) Approximate RPM of Motor Motor Line Voltage Motor Starting Current Motor Starter Impedance of Transformer (As per IS 2026) Standard Size of Transformer
1. Standard Size of Transformer (IEEE/ANSI 57.120)
Single Phase Transformer 5KVA, 10KVA, 15KVA, 25KVA, 37.5KVA, 50KVA, 75KVA, 100KVA, 167KVA, 250KVA, 333KVA, 500KVA, 833KVA, 1.25KVA, 1.66KVA, 2.5KVA, 3.33KVA, 5.0KVA, 6.6KVA, 8.3KVA, 10.0KVA, 12.5KVA, 16.6KVA, 20.8KVA, 25.0KVA, 33.33KVA
Go back to Rules
Three Phase Transformer 3KVA, 5KVA, 9KVA, 15KVA, 30KVA, 45KVA, 75KVA, 112.5KVA, 150KVA, 225KVA, 300KVA, 500KVA, 750KVA, 1MVA, 1.5MVA, 2MVA, 2.5MVA, 3.7MVA, 5MVA, 7.5MVA, 10MVA, 12MVA, 15MVA, 20MVA, 25MVA, 30MVA, 37.5MVA, 50MVA, 60MVA, 75MVA, 100MVA
2. Standard Size of Motor (HP)

Electrical Motor (HP) 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1250, 1250, 1500, 1750, 2000, 2250, 3000, 3500 and 4000
Go back to Rules
3. Approximate RPM of Motor

HP < 10 HP 10 HP to 30 HP 30 HP to 125 HP 125 HP to 300 HP
Go back to Rules
RPM 750 RPM >600 RPM 500 RPM 375 RPM
4. Motor Line Voltage

Motor (KW) < 250 KW 150 KW to 3000KW 200 KW to 3000KW 1000 KW to 1500KW
Go back to Rules
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Line Voltage >440 V (LV) 2.5 KV to 4.1 KV (HV) 3.3 KV to 7.2 KV (HV) 6.6 KV to 13.8 KV (HV)
5. Motor Starting Current

Supply 1 Phase 1 Phase 3 Phase 3 Phase 3 Phase
Go back to Rules
Size of Motor < 1 HP 1 HP to 10 HP 10 HP 10 HP to 15 HP > 15 HP
Max. Starting Current 6 X Motor Full Load Current 3 X Motor Full Load Current 2 X Motor Full Load Current 2 X Motor Full Load Current 1.5 X Motor Full Load Current
6. Motor Starter
Starter DOL HP or KW <13 HP (11KW) Starting Current 7 X Full Load Current Torque Good
Star-Delta Auto TC VSD
13 HP to 48 HP > 48 HP (37 KW)
3 X Full Load Current 4 X Full Load Current 0.5 to 1.5 X Full Load Current
Poor Good/ Average Excellent
Motor > 2.2KW Should not connect direct to supply voltage if it is in Delta winding
Go back to Rules
7. Impedance of Transformer (As per IS 2026)

>MVA < 1 MVA 1 MVA to 2.5 MVA 2.5 MVA to 5 MVA 5 MVA to 7 MVA 7 MVA to 12 MVA 12 MVA to 30 MVA > 30 MVA
Go back to Rules
% Impedance 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 12.5%
8. Standard Size of Transformer

Standard Size of Transformer Power Transformer (Urban) KVA 3, 6, 8, 10, 16
Power Transformer (Rural) Distribution Transformer

Go back to Rules
1, 1.6, 3.15, 5 25, 50, 63, 100, 250, 315, 400, 500, 630
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3 Comments
1. SYAMLAL
NOV 23, 2013
very usefull .thank you

(reply)
2. Ahmed Imam
NOV 21, 2013
Its very good and quick reference thanks

(reply)
3. Deepakdj18
NOV 21, 2013
grt info jignesh..thank you

(reply)
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Case 1: Equal Impedance, Ratios and Same kVA

Case 2: Equal Impedances, Ratios and Different kVA

Case 3: Unequal Impedance but Same Ratios and kVA

Case 4: Unequal Impedance and KVA Same Ratios

Case 5: Equal Impedance and KVA Unequal Ratios

Case 6: Unequal Impedance, KVA and Different Ratios

4. Same phase sequence