BS 1

BENDING STRESSES IN BEAMS Bending is usually combined with the shearing action. However, to simplify, the effect of shear may be neglected ( this is true when the maximum bending moment is considered---- shear is ZERO) in calculating the stresses due to bending only. Such a theory wherein stresses due to bending alone is considered is known as PURE BENDING or SIMPLE BENDING theory.

BS 2

Example of pure bending W A a VA= W + SFD C W D a B VB= W

Wa + BMD

Wa

Pure bending between C & D

BS 3

BENDING ACTION:

Sagging

M
NEUTRAL AXIS
NEUT RAL LAYER

Neutral Axis

BS 4

Hogging
Neutral layer

Neutral Axis

BS 5

BENDING ACTION

Sagging : Fibres below the neutral axis (NA) get stretched [Fibres are under tension] Fibres above the NA get compressed [Fibres are in compression] Hogging -> Vice-versa The trace of this layer on the c/s is called the Neutral Axis. In between there is a fibre or layer which neither undergoes tension nor compression. This layer is called Neutral Layer (stresses are zero).

BS 6

Assumptions made in Pure bending theory 1) The beam is initially straight and every layer is free to expand or contract. 2) The material is homogenous and isotropic. 3) Youngs modulus (E) is same in both tension and compression. 4) Stresses are within the elastic limit. 5) The radius of curvature of the beam is very large in comparison to the depth of the beam.

BS 7

6) A transverse section of the beam which is plane before bending will remain plane even after bending. 7) Stress is purely longitudinal.

BS 8

DERIVATION OF PURE BENDING EQUATION PART I: Relationship between bending stress and radius of curvature

BS 9

Consider the beam section of length dx subjected to pure bending. After bending the fibre AB is shortened in length, whereas the fibre CD is increased in length. In b/w there is a fibre (EF) which is neither shortened in length nor increased in length (Neutral Layer). Let the radius of the fibre EF be R . Let us select one more fibre GH at a distance of y from the fibre EF as shown in the fig. EF= EF = dx = R d The initial length of fibre GH equals R d After bending the new length of GH equals

BS 10

GlHl = (R+y) d

= R d + y d

Change in length of fibre GH = (R d + y d) - R d = y d Therefore the strain in fibre GH = change in length original length => = y d R d = y R

If is the bending stress and E is the Youngs modulus of the material, then strain = E

BS 11

y R

=> =

E R

y --------(1)

i.e. bending stress is proportional to distance y, and hence maximum bending stress occurs at the farthest fibre from the neutral axis. Part II : Moment of resistance y da A Consider an elemental area da at a distance y from the neutral axis.

BS 12

da A

The force on this elemental area = da = E R y da {from (1)}

moment of this force the moment of resistance = about neutral axis. offered Therefore, dM = E R y da y = E R y da

BS 13

Total moment of resistance offered by the beam section, M=

E R y da

E R

y da E R

y da = second moment of the area = moment of inertia about the neutral axis. E R = M INA --------(2)

@M =

INA

BS 14

Note: (1) For equilibrium the moment of resistance equals bending moment at that section (2) Neutral axis coincides with the horizontal centroidal axis of the cross section From equation 1 & 2, M INA = E R = y ----BENDING EQUATION.

(Bernoulli-Euler bending equation) Where E= Youngs modulus R= Radius of curvature, M= Bending moment at the section

BS 15

INA= Moment of inertia about neutral axis = Bending stress y = distance of the fibre from the neutral axis SECTION MODULUS: M INA = => M = y INA y Where, Z = INA ymax

=> M = (max)

INA ymax

=> M = (max) Z = section modulus (property of the section)

Unit ----- mm3 , m3

BS 16

Where b(max) = maximum permissible bending stress M = maximum bending moment on the section (1) Rectangular cross section
b d/2 N A

Z=

INA ymax bd3 d 2

12 bd2 6

Ymax=d/2

BS 17

(2) Hollow rectangular section

B D/2 N Ymax=D/2 b d/2 A D

Z=

INA ymax

BD3 - bd3 = 12 BD3 - bd3 = 6D d4 = = 64 d3 32 D 2

D 2

(3) Circular section

Ymax=d/2
N A

Z=

INA ymax

BS 18

(4) Triangular section Z=

h N Y max = 2h/3 A

INA ymax bh3 2h 3

36 bh2 24

BS 1

PRACTICE PROBLEMS

1) Find the width x of the flange of a cast iron beam having the section shown in fig. such that the maximum compressive stress is three times the maximum tensile stress, the member being in pure bending subjected to sagging moment. ( Ans: x= 225 mm)
25m m

N WEB 25m m

100m m A

BS 2

2)A cast iron beam has a section as shown in fig. Find the position of the neutral axis and the moment of inertia about the neutral axis. When subjected to bending moment the tensile stress at the bottom fibre is 25 N/mm. Find, a) the value of the bending moment b) the stress at the top fibre. ( Ans: M= 25070 Nm, c =33.39 N/mm)
120

20 20
150

20

0 300m m

BS 3

3)A cast iron beam has a section as shown in fig .The beam is a simply supported on a span of 1.25 meters and is used to carry a downward point load at midspan. Find the magnitude 120m m of the load if the maximum tensile stress on the beam section is 30 N/mm. Determine also the maximum compressive stress. (Ans. W= 174.22 N, c =40.73 N/mm)

30

80m m

BS 4

4)A groove 40mm 40mm 40mm is cut symmetrically throughout the length of the circular brass section as shown in fig. If the tensile stress shall not exceed 25 N/mm, find the safe uniformly distributed load which the brass can carry on a simply supported span of 4 meters. ( Ans: 5150 N/m)

40

100mm

40

BS 5

5) A simply supported beam of rectangular cross section 100mm200mm has a span of 5m. Find the maximum safe UDL, the beam can carry over the entire span, if the maximum bending stress and maximum shear stress are not to exceed 10 MPa & 0.60 MPa respectively.

( Ans: w = 2.13 KN/m)

BS 6

6) A cantilever beam of square cross section 200mm200mm which is 2m long, just fails at a load of 12KN placed at its free end. A beam of the same material and having rectangular cross section 150mm 300mm is simply supported over a span of 3m.Calculate the central point load required just to break this beam.

(Ans: P = 27KN)

BS 7

7) In an overhanging beam of wood shown in Fig., the allowable stresses in bending and shear are 8MPa & 0.80MPA respectively. Determine the minimum size of a square section required for the beam.
60KN 30 KN

A
3m 3m

B
2m

( Ans: 274mm274mm)