KEMAHIRAN PROSES SAINS

SCIENCE PROCESS SKILL (SPS) @ KEMAHIRAN PROSES SAINS Bahagian A 4 langkah utama : 1. Pastikan anda membaca soalan sekali lalu. Pastikan anda tahu apa yang disoal. 2. Baca sekali lagi dan tandakan kata kunci soalan. 3. Tentukan tajuk yang disoal. 4. Abaikan jawapan pengganggu. Bahagian B langkah utama : 1. Pastikan anda membaca soalan sekali lalu. Pastikan anda tahu kehendak soalan. 2. Baca sekali lagi dan tandakan kata kunci soalan. 3. Tentukan dan tuliskan pemboleh ubah ! "a#iables$ dalam soalan te#sebut. 4. Tentukan tajuk yang disoal. . Tulis jawapan mengikut %o#mat jawapan yang betul.

MAKING INFERENCE/ MEMBUAT INFERENS &sing in%o#mation %#om obse#"ations to make #easonable ea#ly conclusions. 'enggunakan data da#i peme#hatian untuk membuat pene#angan awal. 'aking "a#ious possible inte#p#etations %#om single obse#"ation 'embe#ikan pelbagai andaian da#i peme#hatian tunggal &sing in%e#ences as a tool to dete#mine the app#op#iate additional obse#"ations. 'enggunakan in%e#ens sebagai alat untuk mengenalpasti peme#hatian tambahan yang jitu Testing the accu#acy o% in%e#ences th#ough additional obse#"ations. 'enguji ketepatan in%e#ens melalui peme#hatian tambahan (i"e #eason to an obse#"ation o# making an ea#lie# conclusion %#om what ha"e been obse#"ed. 'embe#ikan sebab kepada peme#hatian yang telah dibuat The Inferen e!/Menginferen! )ogical in%e#ence * any #eason as long as it is logic. +n%e#ens logik, seba#ang sebab yang logik -ompa#ing * any logical #eason but the answe# must be in

a %o#m o% compa#ing. Bandingan * seba#ang sebab yang logik dalam bentuk bandingan -ont#olled.e/act * only one speci%ic #eason is accepted. 0itu * hanya satu jawapan sahaja 1/amples o% 2uestions 3tate two #easons based on the obse#"ation abo"e. 3tate an in%e#ence %o# the condition o% the %ish in the a2ua#ium. (i"e a #eason %o# the answe# gi"en in !a$ 4hy is the distance o% the mo"ing t#olley dec#easing5 CONTROLLING "ARIABLES/ MENGA#AL PEMBOLEH UBAH The 6a#iables. Pemboleh ubah,pemboleh ubah 1. 4hat to change !wc$ . yang be#ubah 2. 4hat to obse#"e.measu#e !wm$ . yang diuku#. dipe#hatikan 3. 4hat to keep the same !same$. yang sama 1. 4hat to obse#"e.measu#e , Thing that is being obse#"ed . measu#ed .in"estigated . #eco#ded . the #esult o% an in"estigation. 2. 4hat to change !tc$

, Thing that is changed o# being manipulated in an in"estigation and it has an e%%ect on thing that is obse#"ed. 3. 4hat to keep the same , Thing that is always the same and kept constant in an in"estigation. INTERPRETING $ATA/ MENTAFSIR MAKLUMAT The 2uestions based on the n Table n (#aph n Ba# cha#t n 7iag#am To state: 8 The aim.pu#pose o% the in"estigation 8 The t#end o# patte#n o% the data gi"en 8 The #elationship between the thing to change and thing to obse#"e. 8 By making conclusion o# what you ha"e lea#nt Aim . Pu#pose o% the in"estigation o# things to %ind out. 1/amples o% 2uestions 9 4hat is the aim.pu#pose o% the in"estigation abo"e5 9 4hat ha"e you %ound out %#om the in"estigation5 9 3tate the pu#pose o% the in"estigation. 9 4hat is. state the aim o% the in"estigation.e/pe#iment. %ai# test

9 4hat is. state the pu#pose o% the in"estigation. e/pe#iment. %ai# test 9 4hat a#e you going to %ind out5 The 3entence. -a#a 'enjawab 8 To in"estigate the #elationship between..!what to change$..and ..!what to obse#"e$:. 8 To %ind out the e%%ect o% :.!what to change$:on.to :. !what to obse#"e$:.. 8 'engkaji hubungan di anta#a ::: yang be#ubah :: dan ::.yang diuku#:.. &ntuk mengkaji kesan ::..yang be#ubah :.. te#hadap. kepada :.. yang diuku# PRE$ICTING/MERAMAL

3tating the outcome o% a %utu#e e"ent based on p#io# knowledge gained th#ough e/pe#iences o# collected data.

Able to dete#mine the outcomes %#om an action. &sing patte#n o% data e/plicitly to make p#ojections. -on%ident with the accu#acy o% the p#ediction.

Able to "e#i%y a statement o% #elated to %utu#e e"ents based on e"idence o# past e/pe#iences.

1/t#apolating and inse#ting data as a tool to p#edict

Two ways to make p#ediction. 1. Based on the calculation %#om the data gi"en. Answe#s obtained %#om the calculation is always e/act !one whole numbe#$ 2. +% the answe# obtained is not e/act o# in #ange; w#ite down only one whole numbe# %#om that #ange <ote: 7epends on the 2uestions. 1/amples o% 2uestions P#edict the length o% the st#ing i% a kg load is used P#edict in which pot the seeds will g#ow the healthiest. P#edict the condition o% the animal in containe# B a%te# 2 weeks. 4hat will happen to the plant i% it is co"e#ed with a bo/5 MAKING H%PHOTESIS/ MEMBUAT HIPOTESIS =ypothesis: 'aking a statement o% which can be p#o"en by doing an e/pe#iment o# in"estigation o# %ai# test =ypothesis sentence

1/amples: n The mo#e the time taken to heat the wate#; the mo#e the tempe#atu#e is. n As the time taken to heat the wate# inc#eases; the tempe#atu#e also inc#eases. n The longe# the st#ing; the lesse# the numbe# o% swings. n Plants need wate# to g#ow well n +% the type o% objects a#e di%%e#ent; the ability to abso#b o% wate# also di%%e#ent. 1/amples o% 2uestions a$ 3tate a hypothesis based on the in"estigation abo"e. b$ 4hat is the hypothesis o% this in"estigation5 c$ 4#ite a hypothesis based on the in%o#mation abo"e.

Techni2ue o% answe#ing: :..! t#end.patte#n$:. :!wtc$:..; ::!t#end patte#n $:: ::!wto$ ::: 2. As.+%.4hen ......!wtc$:. :.!t#end.patte#n$:.; :.!wto$ : also :..!t#end.patte#n$:.

-lue: 1. +denti%y the 4T- and 4T>

2 +denti%y the t#end.patte#n o% the 4T- and 4T> !i% any$ 3..?elate the 4T- and 4T> to %o#m hypothesis sentence