CALORIMETRY

G.C.C. AGUILA1, J.J.A. AGUILA1, L.E.G. FLETA1 AND E.C.D. VALLEJERA1 DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES, DILIMAN QUEZON CITY, PHILIPPINES
DATE PERFORMED: NOVEMBER 19, 2013 INSTRUCTORS NAME: CHARMAINE M. ALCANTARA

INTRODUCTION A chemical reaction can happen in two ways: absorb heat from its surroundings (endothermic reaction) or release heat to its surroundings (exothermic reaction). Measuring this heat requires using a process called calorimetry. Calorimetry is the quantitative measurement of heat released or absorbed by a chemical reaction. It requires the use of a calorimeter, a device that measures the heat of a reaction (figure 1). It measures heat by absorbing the heat of an exothermic reaction and shows an increase in temperature or the reaction absorbs heat from it and shows a decrease in temperature. The calorimeter is an adiabatic system, meaning heat is not gained or lost to its surroundings. The chemical reaction is solely considered the system while the calorimeter, including the test tube, thermometer, etc. are the surroundings.

1. ( Where

( )

Before the change in enthalpy of a reaction can be measured, the calorimeter must be calibrated first to obtain the calorimeters heat capacity, Ccal, from a reaction with a known value. For this experiment, the neutralization reaction of a strong acid by a strong base will be used: H+(aq) + OH-(aq) H2O(l) = -55.85 kJ

Heat that is measured at constant volume is called the change in enthalpy while heat that is measured at constant volume is called the change in internal energy. Usually, *delta H* is measured instead of *change in internal energy* because the world we live in is at constant pressure. With *delta H* being a state function, only the enthalpies of the products and reactants are needed. The theoretical *delta H* of a reaction is equal to the difference of the total enthalpy of the products and the reactants:

Because the system is adiabatic, heat is only transferred between the reaction and the calorimeter. Therefore: 2. Where = heat of calorimeter = heat of the reaction The heat of the calorimeter and the heat of reaction can be further defined by: 3. 4.

Where = heat capacity of the calorimeter = change in temperature = moles of limiting reactant = change in enthalpy of reaction Equation 2 can be further expanded and manipulated to solve for the heat capacity of the calorimeter:

= specific heat of water = initial temperature of water = final temperature of water and metal To calculate the specific heat of the metal, Equation 8 can be manipulated: 9. =( ( ) )

After the Ccal has been obtained from the calibration of the calorimeter, various change in enthalpies of different reactions can be measured using the same calorimeter and from manipulating Equation 5: 6.

The purpose of this experiment is to determine the various change of enthalpies of reaction systems using calorimetry which for this experiment are neutralization reactions, displacement of one metal by another and precipitation reaction while considering the necessary specific heats for each reaction. This experiment also aims to determine the specific heat of a metal, specifically iron, and identify if it is pure or not by comparing its theoretical and experimental specific heat.

The specific heat of a metal can also be determined using calorimetry. Specific heat is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1oC. A metal is raised to a known temperature and dropped into the coffee-cup calorimeter. The calorimeter used is also adiabatic. The water absorbs the heat of the metal and the change in temperature is measured. For this part of the experiment, it is assumed that only the water will absorb the heat from the metal. At some point, both the water and the metal will have the same temperature. Using Equation 2: 7. And further expanding this equation, we will get: 8. ( Where ( ) )=

REFERENCES [1] Rossi, R.C.; Slowinski, E.J.; Wolsey, W.C. Chemical Principles in the Laboratory, Tenth Edition; Cengage Learning: Belmont, 2011. [2] Bissonnette, C.; Herring, F.G.; Madura, J.D.; Petrucci, R.H.; General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications; Pearson: Toronto, 2011.

= mass of metal = specific heat of metal = initial temperature of metal = mass of water