Arief Hamdani Gunawan

1. Introduction to LTE 2. OFDMA 3. SCSC-FDMA

5. LTE Radio Procedures 6. LTE Uplink Physical Channels and Signals 7. LTE Mobility

4. LTE Network and Protocol 8. LTE Test and Measurement

Day Two
Arief Hamdani Gunawan

Session 5: LTE Radio Procedures

LTE Initial Access Downlink physical channels and signals Cell search in LTE Primary Synchronization Signal Secondary Synchronization Signal Cell search in LTE, reference signals Downlink Reference Signals Cell Search in LTE, essential system information System Information Broadcast in LTE Random Access Procedure How to derive information in LTE Hybrid ARQ in Downlink Default EPS Bearer Setup

LTE Initial Access

Downlink physical channels and signals

DL Physical Layer Procedures

Cell search and synchronization Scheduling
Dilakukan di base station (eNodeB) PDCCH (Phy DL Control Channel) menginformasikan alokasi time/freq resource dan format transmisi yang digunakan kepada user. Scheduler mengevaluasi berbagai tipe informasi (parameter QoS, pengukuran dari UE, kapabilitas UE, buffer status)

Link Adaptation
Skema modulasi dan coding untuk shared data channel diadaptasi sesuai dengan kualitas link radio. Untuk tujuan ini, UE secara teratur melaporkan Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) ke eNodeB.

Hybrid ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request)

Cell Search in LTE

Synchronization & Cell Search

UE yang ingin mengakses suatu sel LTE, terlebih dahulu harus melakukan prosedur Cell Search. Cell Search terdiri dari serangkaian tahapan sinkronisasi, dimana UE menentukan parameter waktu & frekuensi yang diperlukan untuk mendemodulasi sinyal DL dan untuk mengirimkan sinyal UL dengan timing yang tepat. Tiga kebutuhan sinkronisasi utama:
Symbol timing acquisition Carrier frequency synchronization Sampling clock synchronization

Case Study Cell Search for Multiple Bandwidths - Problem

LTE offers system flexibility by supporting systems and UEs of multiple bandwidths. Challenge in synchronization & bandwidth detection. Unbalance traffic loads may result
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Case Study Cell Search for Multiple Bandwidths - Solution

Step 1: Cell search using synchronization channel detect center 1.25 spectrum of entire 20-MHz spectrum Step 2: BCH reception Step 3: UE shifts to the center of carrier frequency assigned by the system and initiates data transmission

The UE first detect the central part of the spectrum regardless of the transmission bandwidth capability of the UE and that of the cell site (BTS). UE moves to the transmission bandwidth according to the UE capability for actual communication

Source: 3GPP R1-061651, 3GPP TR 25.814 v 1.5.0

10

Synchronization Sequence
Dua prosedur cell search dalam LTE : INITIAL SYNCHRONIZATION
UE mendeteksi suatu sel LTE dan mendekode semua informasi yang diperlukan untuk registrasi. Diperlukan pada saat UE di-ON-kan atau ketika kehilangan koneksi dengan serving cell.

NEW CELL IDENTIFICATION

Dilakukan ketika UE sudah terhubung ke suatu sel LTE dan sedang dalam proses mendeteksi suatu sel tetangga baru. Dalam hal ini UE melaporkan hasil pengukuran yang terkait dengan sel baru ke serving cell, sebagai persiapan untuk handover.

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Cell Search procedure

RS : Reference Signal PBCH : Physical Broadcast Channel PSS : non-coherent detection SSS : non-coherent/coherent detection

PSS (Primary Synchronization Signal) dan SSS (Secondary Synchronization Signal) adalah kanal-kanal fisik yang di-broadcast dalam setiap sel. Pendeteksian dua kanal ini :
memungkinkan dilakukannya sinkronisasi waktu & frekwensi. memberikan identitas phy layer dari sel dan panjang cyclic prefix kepada UE. memberitahu UE apakah sel menggunakan FDD atau TDD.
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Primary Synchronization Signal

Secondary Synchronization Signal

PSS and SSS frame and slot structure in FDD

15

PSS and SSS frame and slot structure in TDD

16

Cell search in LTE, reference signals

Downlink reference signals

Reference Signals & Channel Estimation

Berbeda dengan jaringan berorientasi paket, LTE tidak menggunakan PHY Preamble untuk memfasilitasi estimasi carrier offset, estimasi kanal, sinkronisasi waktu, dsb. Sebaliknya LTE menggunakan sinyal referensi khusus yang disisipkan dalam PRB. Sinyal referensi tsb dikirimkan selama simbol OFDM pertama dan kelima dari setiap slot untuk short CP, dan simbol OFDM pertama dan ke-empat untuk long CP. Simbol-simbol referensi dikirimkan setiap selang 6 subcarrier. Dalam LTE downlink, terdapat 3 tipe RS :
Cell-specific RS UE-specific RS MBSFN-specific RS

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DL Reference Signal Structure for 2 & 4 Antenna Transmission

20

RS-aided Channel Estimation

Problem estimasi kanal berhubungan dengan model kanal yang diasumsikan, yang ditentukan oleh karakteristik propagasi fisik, termasuk jumlah antena Tx/Rx, bandwidth transmisi, carrier frequency, konfigurasi sel dan kecepatan relatif antara eNodeB dan UE. Kondisi propagasi mencirikan fungsi korelasi kanal dalam 3-dimensi, yaitu : domain frekwensi, domain waktu dan domain ruang (spatial). Frequency-Domain Channel Estimation
menggunakan Linear Interpolation Estimator menggunakan IFFT Estimator

Time-Domain Channel Estimation

menggunakan Finite & Infinite Length MMSE (Min Mean Squared Error) menggunakan Normalized Least-Mean-Square

Spatial-Domain Channel Estimation

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Cell search in LTE, essential system information

Downlink Physical Channels and Signals

P-SCH and S-SCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel Physical Downlink Control Channel Physical Broadcast Channel Physical Control Format Indicator Channel Physical Multicast Channel Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel

P-SCH : Primary Synchronization Channel S-SCH : Secondary Synchronization Channel

23

LTE Downlink Physical Channels 1

24

LTE Downlink Physical Channels 2

25

System information broadcast in LTE

Random Access Procedure

How to derive information in LTE?

Indicating PDCCH format

Channel Coding & Link Adaptation

Prinsip link adaptation menjadi landasan perancangan suatu interface radio yang efisien untuk trafik data berbasis paket-switched. Link adaptation dalam LTE dilakukan dengan mengatur laju data informasi yang dikirim (skema modulasi dan channel coding rate) secara dinamis, sesuai dengan kualitas radio link. Link adaptation mempunyai hubungan yang sangat erat dengan perancangan skema channel coding yang digunakan untuk FEC. Skema channel coding untuk FEC yang digunakan dalam LTE :
Convolutional Coding Turbo Coding LDPC (Low Density Parity Check) coding

Fitur advanced channel coding yang ditambahkan dalam LTE adalah : HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request).

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Link Adaptation
UE: Reports the finest possible granularity
The reporting scheme and granularity depend on the radio channel quality variation!

ENB: Receives mobility and quality information

Incremental feedback information forms a rough picture of the radio channel with the first report (s). The granularity gets finer and finer with each report.

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Adaptive Modulation
Adaptive Modulation & Coding memastikan error rate tetap dibawah limit yang dapat diterima, dengan pengaturan modulasi dan coding rate secara dinamis. Level modulasi yang lebih rendah meningkatkan link budget dan fade margin. Perubahan lingkungan propagasi menyebabkan perubahan skema modulasi dan coding. Dalam perencanaan kapasitas, variasi kanal propagasi jangka-panjang harus diperhitungkan.

32

Typical SNR Performance of LTE Modulation and Coding

33

Adaptive Modulation & Coding

34

QoS parameters for QCI

Hybrid ARQ in the downlink

ACK/NACK for data packets transmitted in the downlink is the same as for HSDPA, where the UE is able to request retransmission of incorrectly received data packets,
ACK/NACK is transmitted in UL, either on PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel) or multiplexed within PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel) see description of those UL channels for details), ACK/NACK transmission refers to the data packet received four sub-frames (= 4 ms) before, 8 HARQ processes can be used in parallel in downlink.

Hybrid ARQ Operation

Default EPS bearer setup

Session 6: Uplink Physical Channels and Signals

Scheduling of UL Data UL Frequency Hopping Demodulation Reference Signal (DRS) in the UL Sounding Reference Signal (SRS) in the UL PUSCH power control & timing relation Acknowledging UL data packets on PHICH Physical UL Control Channel

Uplink physical channels and signals

Scheduling of uplink data

Uplink Physical Channels and Signals

Physical Random Access Channel Physical Uplink Shared Channel Physical Uplink Control Channel

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel): used for uplink shared data transmission. PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel): used to carry ACK/NACK, CQI for downlink transmission and scheduling request for uplink transmission.
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Uplink Data Transmission

Pada uplink, data dialokasikan dalam beberapa resource block (RB). Ukuran RB untuk uplink sama dengan yang digunakan untuk downlink, tetapi untuk menyederhanakan disain DFT dalam pemrosesan sinyal uplink, tidak semua kelipatan bulat digunakan (hanya kelipatan 2, 3 dan 5). Interval waktu transmisi uplink adalah 1 ms (sama dengan downlink). User data dibawa pada Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH), yang ditentukan oleh BW transmisi dan pola frequency hoping. Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) membawa informasi kontrol uplink, seperti : laporan CQI dan informasi ACK/NACK, yang terkait dengan paket-paket data yang diterima pada arah downlink.

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UL frequency hopping
Intra- and inter-subframe hopping, Intra-subframe hopping. UE hops to another frequency allocation from one slot to another within one subframe, Inter-subframe hopping. Frequency allocation changes from one subframe to another one, Two types of hopping, Type I. Explicit frequency offset is used in the 2nd slot, can be configured and is indicated to the UE by resource block assignment / hopping resource allocation field in DCI format 0, Type II. Use of pre-defined hopping pattern, allocated BW is divided into sub-bands, hopping is done from one sub-band to another from one slot or subframe depending on configured frequency hopping scheme.
Screenshots of R&S SMU200A Vector Signal Generator

Demodulation Reference Signal (DRS) in the UL

Sounding Reference Signal (SRS) in the UL

PUSCH power control & timing relation

Random Access
Suatu LTE UE (User Equipment) hanya dapat di-scheduled untuk transmisi uplink, apabila uplink transmission timing-nya sinkron. Oleh karena itu LTE RACH (Random Access Channel) memainkan peran penting sebagai interface antara non-synchronized UE dan skema transmisi othogonal pada akses radio uplink LTE. Prosedur LTE random access mempunyai dua bentuk, yaitu : contentionbased atau contention-free. Dalam prosedur contention-based, suatu random access preamble signature dipilih secara acak oleh UE, yang kemungkinan dapat menyebabkan lebih dari satu UE mengirimkan signature yang sama secara simultan. Dalam prosedur contention-free, eNodeB memiliki opsi untuk mencegah terjadinya contention dengan mengalokasikan suatu dedicated signature kepada UE.

48

Contention-based Random Access Procedure

Step 1 : Preamble transmission Step 2 : Random Access Response Step 3 : L2/L3 message Step 4 : Contention resolution message

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Contention-free Random Access Procedure

Prosedur contention-free random access dapat diterapkan dalam hal diperlukan low latency, seperti handover dan new downlink data.

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UL Transmission Procedures
Uplink scheduling
Dilakukan oleh base station (eNodeB) PDCCH (Phy DL Control Channel) menginformasikan alokasi time/freq resource dan format transmisi yang digunakan kepada user. Scheduler mengevaluasi berbagai tipe informasi (parameter QoS, pengukuran dari UE, kapabilitas UE, buffer status)

Uplink Adaptation
Untuk keperluan adaptasi uplink, dapat digunakan : transmission power control, adaptive modulation & channel coding rate, serta adaptive transmission BW.

Uplink timing control

Diperlukan untuk menyelaraskan waktu transmisi dari UE-UE yang berbeda, dengan receiver window dari eNodeB.

Hybrid ARQ

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Acknowledging UL data packets on PHICH

Physical Uplink Control Channel

PUCCH carries Uplink Control Information (UCI), when no PUSCH is available, If PUSCH is available, means resources have been allocated to the UE for data transmission, UCI are multiplexed with user data, UCI are Scheduling Requests (SR), ACK/NACK information related to DL data packets, CQI, Pre-coding Matrix Information (PMI) and Rank Indication (RI) for MIMO, PUCCH is transmitted on reserved frequency regions, configured by higher layers, which are located at the edge of the available bandwidth Minimizing effects of a possible frequency-selective fading affecting the radio channel, Inter-slot hopping is used on PUCCH, A RB can be configured to support a mix of PUCCH formats (2/2a/2b and 1/1a/1b) or exclusively 2/2a/2b,

PUCCH

CQI / PMI / RI are only signaled via PUCCH when periodic reporting is requested, scheduled and a periodic reporting is only done via PUSCH

Physical Channel Procedure (1/2)

Physical Channel Procedure (2/2)

Test
Carries the DL-SCH and PCH Cell ID detection, radio frame detection Operation BW, CP length, MIMO config, cell ID, etc SCH symbol timing detection, frequency offset detection RB assignment, transport format, RSN#, HARQ Proc#, TCP Command, Cyclic shift for DMRS, UE identification

1 2 3 4 5

A B C D E

Answer
SCH symbol timing detection, frequency offset detection Cell ID detection, radio frame detection Operation BW, CP length, MIMO config, cell ID, etc RB assignment, transport format, RSN#, HARQ Proc#, TCP Command, Cyclic shift for DMRS, UE identification Carries the DL-SCH and PCH

Session 7: LTE Mobility

Handover (Intra-MME / Serving Gateway) LTE Interworking with 2G/3G: Two RRC States: Connected and Idle LTE Interworking with CDMA2000 1xRTT and HRPD MIMO LTE MIMO downlink modes LTE downlink transmitter chain Downlink transmitter diversity - Space Frequency Block Coding (2 Tx antenna case) Downlink Spatial Multiplexing - codebook based precoding LTE MIMO UL Schemes

Logical High Level Architecture for The Evolved System

GERAN

GB GPRS Core Iu S4 S6 Rx+ S7 IASA

Operators IP Services (e.g. IMS, PSS, etc,)

UTRAN

SGSN

S3 MME UPE S5a EPC (SAE)

Trusted non 3GPP IP Access

eNB eNB eNB Evolved RAN (LTE)

eNB

S1

3GPP SAE S2b anchor S5b anchor S2a

EPDG

SGi
WLAN 3GPP IP Access WLAN Access Network

EPS uses the concept of EPS bearers to route IP traffic from a gateway in the PDN to the UE. A bearer is an IP packet flow with a defined Quality of Service (QoS) between the gateway and the UE. The E-UTRAN and EPC together set up and release bearers as required by applications.

SAE Bearer Model

Overview of the evolved system architecture

User and bearer information exchange for inter 3GPP access system mobility

C-Plane : S1-C between eNB and MME U-Plane : S1-U between eNB and UPE

MME : Mobility Management Entity UPE : User Plane Entity 3GPP Anchor : Mobility anchor between 2G/3G and LTE access systems (based on GTP) SAE Anchor : Mobility anchor between 3GPP access systems (2G/3G/LTE) and non-3GPP access systems (e.g. WLAN, WiMAX).

Transfer of subscription and authentication data for user access to the evolved system (AAA interface)

SAE Architecture Functions per Element

SAE Architecture 3GPP2 Operator detailed view, non-roaming case, 3GPP2 accesses

SAE Roaming support extending todays successful model

SAE impact on IMS overview

Handover (Intra-MME/Serving Gateway)

LTE Interworking with 2G/3G Two RRC states: CONNECTED & IDLE

LTE Interworking with CDMA2000 1xRTT and HRPD (High Rate Packet Data)

Introduction to MIMO:
gains to exploit from multiple antenna usage
Transmit diversity (TxD) Combat fading Replicas of the same signal sent on several Tx antennas Get a higher SNR at the Rx Spatial multiplexing (SM) Different data streams sent simultaneously on different antennas Higher data rate No diversity gain Limitation due to path correlation Beamforming

Multiple Antenna Technique: Four Basic Model

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Multiple Antenna Technique

Two popular techniques in MIMO wireless systems:

Spatial Diversity: Increased SNR

Receive and transmit diversity mitigates fading and improves link quality

Spatial Multiplexing: Increased rate

Spatial multiplexing yields substantial increase spectral efficiency

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Spatial Diversity
Transmit Diversity Space-time Code (STC): Redundant data sent over time and space domains (antennas). Receive SNR increase about linearity with diversity order Nr Nt Provide diversity gain to combat fading Optional in 802.16d (2x2 Alamouti STBC), used in 3G CDMA

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Spatial Multiplexing
MIMO Multiplexing Data is not redundant less diversity but less repetition Provides multiplexing gain to increase data-rate Low (no) diversity compared with STC

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MIMO Operation

75

Diversity & MIMO

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LTE MIMO: downlink modes

Transmit diversity:
Space Frequency Block Coding (SFBC) Increasing robustness of transmission

Spatial multiplexing:
Transmission of different data streams simultaneously over multiple spatial layers Codebook based precoding Open loop mode for high mobile speeds possible

Cyclic delay diversity (CDD):

Addition of antenna specific cyclic shifts Results in additional multipath / increased frequency diversity

LTE downlink transmitter chain

Downlink transmit diversity

Space-Frequency Block Coding (2 Tx antenna case)

Downlink spatial multiplexing

codebook based precoding

LTE MIMO: uplink schemes

Uplink transmit antenna selection:
1 RF chain, 2 TX antennas at UE side Closed loop selection of transmit antenna eNodeB signals antenna selection to UE Optional for UE to support

Multi-user MIMO / collaborative MIMO:

Simultaneous transmission from 2 Ues on same time/frequency resource Each UE with single transmit antenna eNodeB selects UEs with close-to orthogonal radio channels

Multi User Scheduling

Scheduler (untuk transmisi unicast) secara dinamis mengontrol resource waktu dan frekwensi mana yang akan dialokasikan kepada suatu user pada suatu waktu tertentu. DL control signalling memberitahu UE, resource dan format transmisi seperti apa yang sudah dialokasikan. Scheduler dapat secara dinamis memilih strategi multiplexing terbaik dari beberapa metode yang ada, misalnya : localized atau distributed allocation. Scheduling berinteraksi erat dengan link adaptation dan HARQ. Pertimbangan scheduling antara lain didasarkan pada :
minimum & maximum data rate daya yang tersedia untuk di-share Persyaratan target BER parameter QoS laporan CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) kapabilitas UE

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Channel-Dependent Scheduling
Shared channel transmission Select user and data rate on instantaneous channel quality
Time-domain adaptation used already in HSPA

Scheduling in time and frequency domain

Link adaptation in time domain only

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Packet-scheduling framework
Packet scheduler adalah entitas pengendali untuk seluruh proses scheduling. Berkonsultasi dengan modul LA (Link Adaptation) untuk memperoleh estimasi data rate yang dapat disuport untuk user tertentu dalam sel. LA dapat menggunakan frequencyselective CQI feedback dari user, untuk memastikan estimasi data rate yang sesuai dengan target BLER tertentu. Modul Offset calculation dalam proses link-adaptation dapat digunakan untuk menstabilkan performansi BLER dalam kondisi LA yang tidak pasti.

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Session 8: LTE Test and Measurement

LTE RF Testing aspects eNB Modulation quality measurements ACLR in DL (FDD) eNB Performance Requirements UE RF Testing Aspects Transmit Modulation Inband Emission IQ Component ACLR Measurement Receiver characteristics LTE Wireless device testing from R&D upto conformance Stages of LTE terminal testing LTE Terminal Interoperability testing Test Scenarios for LTE Terminal IOT LTE Conformance Testing LTE Terminal Certification LTE Field Trials

System architecture for 3GPP access networks

PCRF
It is responsible for policy control decision-making, as well as for controlling the flow-based charging functionalities in the Policy Control Enforcement Function (PCEF) which resides in the P-GW. The PCRF provides the QoS authorization (QoS class identifier and bitrates) that decides how a certain data flow will be treated in the PCEF and ensures that this is in accordance with the users subscription profile.

P-GW
The P-GW is responsible for IP address allocation for the UE, as well as QoS enforcement and flow-based charging according to rules from the PCRF. The P-GW is responsible for the filtering of downlink user IP packets into the different QoS based bearers. This is performed based on Traffic Flow Templates (TFTs). The P-GW performs QoS enforcement for Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR) bearers. It also serves as the mobility anchor for inter-working with non-3GPP technologies such as CDMA2000 and WiMAX networks.

S-GW
All user IP packets are transferred through the S-GW, which serves as the local mobility anchor for the data bearers when the UE moves between eNodeBs. It also retains the information about the bearers when the UE is in idle state (known as ECM-IDLE) and temporarily buffers downlink data while the MME initiates paging of the UE to reestablish the bearers. In addition, the S-GW performs some administrative functions in the visited network such as collecting information for charging (e.g. the volume of data sent to or received from the user), and legal interception. It also serves as the mobility anchor for inter-working with other 3GPP technologies such as GPRS and UMTS.

MME
The MME is the control node which processes the signaling between the UE and the CN. The protocols running between the UE and the CN are known as the Non-Access Stratum (NAS) protocols. The main functions supported by the MME are classified as:
Functions related to bearer management. This includes the establishment, maintenance and release of the bearers, and is handled by the session management layer in the NAS protocol. Functions related to connection management. This includes the establishment of the connection and security between the network and UE, and is handled by the connection or mobility management layer in the NAS protocol layer.

HSS
Home Subscription Server (HSS) is the subscription data repository for all permanent user data. It also records the location of the user in the level of visited network control node, such as MME. It is a database server maintained centrally in the home operators premises. The HSS stores the master copy of the subscriber profi le, which contains information about the services that are applicable to the user, including information about the allowed PDN connections, and whether roaming to a particular visited network is allowed or not. For supporting mobility between non3GPP ANs, the HSS also stores the Identities of those P-GWs that are in use. The permanent key, which is used to calculate the authentication vectors that are sent to a visited network for user authentication and deriving subsequent keys for encryption and integrity protection, is stored in the Authentication Center (AuC), which is typically part of the HSS. In all signaling related to these functions, the HSS interacts with the MME. The HSS will need to be able to connect with every MME in the whole network, where its UEs are allowed to move. For each UE, the HSS records will point to one serving MME at a time, and as soon as a new MME reports that it is serving the UE, the HSS will cancel the location from the previous MME.

EPS Connection Management

To reduce the overhead in the E-UTRAN and processing in the UE, all UErelated information in the access network can be released during long periods of data inactivity. This state is called EPS Connection Management IDLE (ECM-IDLE). The MME retains the UE context and the information about the established bearers during these idle periods. To allow the network to contact an ECM-IDLE UE, the UE updates the network as to its new location whenever it moves out of its current Tracking Area (TA); this procedure is called a Tracking Area Update. The MME is responsible for keeping track of the user location while the UE is in ECM-IDLE. When there is a need to deliver downlink data to an ECM-IDLE UE, the MME sends a paging message to all the eNodeBs in its current TA, and the eNodeBs page the UE over the radio interface. On receipt of a paging message, the UE performs a service request procedure which results in moving the UE to ECM-CONNECTED state.

MME connections to other logical nodes and main functions

S-GW connections to other logical nodes and main functions

P-GW connections to other logical nodes and main functions

PCRF connections to other logical nodes and main functions

Each PCRF may be associated with one or more AF, P-GW and S-GW. There is only one PCRF associated with each PDN connection that a single UE has.

LTE RF Testing Aspects

Base station (eNodeB) according to 3GPP
Measurements are performed using Fixed Reference Channels (FRC) and EUTRA Test Models (E-TM), Tx characteristic (= Downlink)
Base station output power Output power dynamics: RE Power Control dynamic range, total power dynamic range, Transmit ON/OFF power: Transmitter OFF power, transmitter transient period, Transmitted signal quality: Frequency Error, Error Vector Magnitude (EVM), Time alignment between transmitter antennas, DL RS power, etc. Unwanted emissions: Occupied Bandwidth, Adjacent Channel Leakage Power Ratio (ACLR), Operating band unwanted emissions, etc. Transmitter spurious emissions and intermodulation,

Rx characteristics (= Uplink): Reference sensitivity level, Dynamic range, In-channel selectivity, Adjacent channel selectivity (ACS) and narrow-band blocking, Blocking, Receiver spurious emissions, Receiver intermodulation Performance requirements,
for PUSCH: Fading conditions, UL timing adjustment, high speed train, HARQ-ACK multiplexed in PUSCH, for PUCCH: DTX to ACK performance, ACK missed detection PUCCH format 1a (single user), CQI missed detection for PUCCH format 2, ACK missed detection PUCCH format 1a (multiple user) PRACH performance: FALSE detection probability, detection requirements

3GPP TS 36.104: Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception

eNB modulation quality measurements

Frequency error
If frequency error is larger than a few subcarrier, demodulation at the UE might not work properly and cause network interference, Quick test: OBW, Limit for frequency error after demodulation 0.05 ppm + 12 Hz (1ms),

Error Vector Magnitude (EVM),

Amount of distortion effecting the receiver to demodulate the signal properly, Limit changes for modulation schemes QPSK (17.5%), 16QAM (12.5%), 64QAM (8%),

Time alignment,
Only TX test defined for multiple antennas, measurement is to measure the time delay between the signals for the two transmitting antennas, delay shall not exceed 65 ns,

DL RS power
Comparable to WCDMA measurement CPICH RSCP; absolute DL RS power is indicated on SIB Type 2, measured DL RS power shall be in the range of 2.1 dB,

ACLR in DL (FDD)

ACLR in DL (FDD):
No filter definition in LTE!

eNB performance requirements

PRACH and preamble testing I
PRACH testing is one of the performance requirements defined in 3GPP TS 36.141 E-UTRA BS conformance testing,
Total probability of FALSE detection of preamble (Pfa 0.1% or less), Probability of detection of preamble (Pd = 99% at defined SNR), Two modes of testing: normal and high-speed mode,
Different SNR and fading profiles are used (table shows settings for normal mode),

eNB performance requirements

PRACH and preamble testing I
Depending on the mode different preambles are used to check detection probability (table shows preamble to be used for normal mode),

eNB performance requirements

PRACH and preamble testing II
According to 3GPP TS 36.211 the NCS value is not set directly instead it is translated to a NCS configuration value, This value is set in the signal generator R&S SMx or R&S AMU,

Screenshot taken from R&S SMU200A Vector Signal Generator

UE RF testing

LTE RF Testing Aspects

User Equipment (UE) according to 3GPP
Tx characteristic Transmit power, Output power dynamics, Transmit Signal Quality,
Frequency error, EVM vs. subcarrier, EVM vs. symbol, LO leakage, IQ imbalance, Inband emission, spectrum flatness,

Output RF spectrum emissions,

Occupied bandwidth, Spectrum Emission Mask (SEM), Adjacent Channel Leakage Power Ratio (ACLR),

Rx characteristics Reference sensitivity level, UE maximum input level, Adjacent channel selectivity, Blocking characteristics, Intermodulation characteristics, Spurious emissions, Performance requirements Demodulation FDD PDSCH (FRC), Demodulation FDD PCFICH/PDCCH (FRC)

Spurious Emission, Transmit Intermodulation,

3GPP TS 36.101: User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception

Transmit modulation

According to 3GPP specification LO leakage (or IQ origin offset) is removed from evaluated signal before calculating EVM and in-band emission.

In-band emission

IQ component
Also known is LO leakage, IQ offset, etc., Measure of carrier feedthrough present in the signal, Removed from measured waveform, before calculating EVM and in-band emission (3GPP TS 36.101 V8.3.0, Annex F), In difference to DL the DC subcarrier in UL is used for transmission, but subcarriers are shifted half of subcarrier spacing (= 7.5 kHz) to be symmetric around DC carrier, Due to this frequency shift energy of the LO falls into the two central subcarrier

ACLR measurement I

Receiver characteristics
Throughput shall be >95% for
Reference Sensitivity Level, Adjacent Channel Selectivity, Blocking Characteristics,

using the well-defined DL reference channels according to 3GPP specification

LTE wireless device testing from R&D up to conformance

Stages of LTE terminal testing

LTE terminal interoperability testing

motivation
Interoperability testing is used to verify
Connectivity of the UE with the real network (by means of base station simulators) Service quality, end-to-end performance Different LTE features and parametrizations Interworking between LTE and legacy technologies

The complete UE protocol stack is tested. IOT test scenarios are based on requirements from real network operation and typical use cases.

LTE terminal interoperability testing

example test scenarios
Registration UE initiated detach Network initiated detach Mobile originated EPS bearer establishment Mobile terminated EPS bearer establishment Cell (re-)selection GUTI reallocation Tracking are update Plus: end-to-end scenarios (video streaming, VoIP, ) Plus: intra-LTE mobility, inter-RAT mobility

Test scenarios for LTE terminal IOT

different sources for maximum test coverage

LTE conformance testing

motivation
Verifying compliance of terminals to 3GPP LTE standard
by validated test cases implemented on registered test platforms in order to ensure worldwide interoperability of the terminal within every mobile network

3GPP RAN5 defines conformance test specifications for

RF Radio Resource Management (RRM) Signaling

Certification organizations (e.g. GCF) define certification criteria based on RAN5 test specifications

LTE field trial testing and coverage measurements

LTE field trials

requirements from different deployment scenarios

Bandwidths from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz Different LTE FDD and TDD frequency bands Combination with legacy technologies (GSM/EDGE, WCDMA/HSPA, CDMA2000 1xEVDO) Spectrum clearance and refarming scenarios Femto cell / Home eNB scenarios

LTE field trials

scope of test tools
Field trials provide input for:
Calibration and verification of planning tools for different deployment scenarios Network optimization (capacity and quality) Quality of service verification Definition of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and verification, also from subscribers point of view

Parallel use of scanners / measurement receivers for comparison with UE and base station behaviour Support of IOT activities

Example result from the field

scanner measurements for LTE

10 Steps to Determine 3G/4G IP Data Throughput

1. Will my device connect? 2. Do I have a good quality transmitter? 3. Do I have a good quality receiver? 4. Can I achieve max E2E tput under ideal conditions with UDP 5. What about with TCP and simultaneous UL/DL? 6. What happens if I try real application? 7. What happens under nonideal conditions? 8. Is it robust? 9. Does it work closed loop? 10. How good is my battery life?

Step 1: Will my device connect?

Step 1: Will my device connect?

Is the UE able to sync to the DL? Can I get through the connection set-up Can I ping my UE? If not take a log and de-bug message exchange Make edits as required with Message editor

2. Do I have a good quality Transmitter? RF test

High data throughput testing relies on good quality UL transmissions Look for the following:
Ensure you have appropriate power and attenuation settings High EVM for high order modulation schemes High EVM at the band edge Spurs both in band and out of band Linearity issues/ spectral growth Switching transients, LO settling time Repeat tests with any other radios active

3GPP Tx Measurements

UL RF Measurements

3. Do I have a good quality receiver?

High Data throughput testing relies on good a quality receiver Look for the following:
sensitivity for different modulation schemes Max input level performance susceptibility to interference (simultaneous UL/DL, other radios, spurs from digital board, )

3. Do I have a good quality receiver?

DL Data Throughput for TD LTE

(20MHz channel, 2x2 MIMO, UL/DL config 5, special subframe config 6)

Measurement Technique: UDP vs FTP (TCP)

UDP + Unacknowledged + removes flow control complexity + removes higher layer acks + Less susceptible latency - Not the full story for file transfers - Not suitable for used in shared networks FTP + Simulates real-world file transfers +Transferred files can be viewed and/or compared - Adds flow control complexity - Add higher layer acks and retransmissions - TCP Control algorithms sensitive to multiple parameters - Test system configuration can affect results

5. Can I achieve max E2E tput under ideal conditions with TCP?

TCP adds higher layer support for error detection, re-transmissions, congestion control and flow control TCP flow control algorithms interpret lost packets as congestion Careful consideration of parameters such as window size, number of parallel process, segment size etc. need to be considered

TCP Flapping

6. What happens if I try a real application? (Voice, video, ftp )

7. What happens under non-ideal conditions?

Typically fade the DL and use robust UL Perform test mode and E2E testing Measure MAC (BLER & Tput) and IP layer throughput Use TCP with care!

8. Is it robust?

E2E IP tests PHY, MAC, PDCP, and IP layers all working together at full rate Check processor can handle multiple real time activities add SMS and voice calls during E2E IP Check there are no memory overflow/leakage issues

9. Does it work closed loop?

BLER/Tput Testing Supports Test Mode and E2E Testing

10. How good is my battery life?

Case Study
Automated Measurements Give Repeatable 21Mbps Results!

Case Study
Device Performance: MIPS Matter!

Case Study
Cat14 (21Mbps) Devices Better the second time around

Case Study
Not All HSDPA Cat 6 Devices Have the Same Throughput

Final Note

The End

Thank You