Section A [60 Marks] Answer all questions

1. Table 1 shows four substances and their respective for ulae. Substance "odine !opper $aphthalene !opper'""( sulphate !he ical for ula "# !u !10%& !uS)* Table 1

'a( +se infor ation fro Table 1 to answer the followin, questions. 'i( State one substance fro Table 1 which e-ists as a olecule. .................................................... [1 ark] 'ii( /hich substance has the hi,hest eltin, point0 iodine0 copper or naphthalene1

..................................................... [1 ark] 'iii( /hat is the state of atter of copper'""( sulphate at roo te perature1

..................................................... [1 ark] 'iv( State the substance in Table 1 which can conduct electricit2 in the solid state. ..................................................... [1 ark] 'v( 3raw the arran,e ent of particles in the substance in 'a('iv(. [1 ark]

'vi(

/rite the ionic for ula for the substance in 'a('iv(. ................................................... [1 ark]

'b( 4raph 1.1 shows the te perature a,ainst ti e when solid naphthalene is heated. Te perature56! S T1 7 8

T0

9 Ti e5s

'i(

State the

eltin, point of naphthalene.

..................................................... [1 ark] 'ii( :-plain wh2 there is no chan,e in te perature fro 7 to 8.

..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... [# arks] State how the ove ent of naphthalene particles chan,es between 8 and S durin, the heatin,. ..................................................... ..................................................... [1 ark]

'iii(

#. ;i,ure 1 shows the set<up of apparatus to deter ine the e pirical for ula of an o-ide of etal =.

;i,ure 1

The followin, result is obtained> Mass of co bustion tube ? asbestos paper Mass of co bustion tube ? asbestos paper ? copper o-ide Mass of co bustion tube ? asbestos paper ? copper [8elative Ato ic Mass> !u @ 6*0 ) @ 16] 'a( /hat is the function of h2drochloric acid1

@ A&.B6 , @C1.C6 , @&A.#* ,

..................................................................... [ 1 mark ] 'b( /rite the che ical equation of reaction to produced h2dro,en ,as1 ..................................................................... [ 1 mark ] 'c( /hat will 2ou observe durin, the heatin, of copper o-ide1 ..................................................................... [ 1 mark ]

'd( Dased on the result obtained0 calculate the e pirical for ula of copper o-ide.

[ * marks ] 'e( /rite the che ical equation for the reaction in 'd(. .................................................................... [ 1 mark ] 'f( State two safet2 precautions in this e-peri ent. .................................................................... .................................................................... .................................................................... .................................................................... [ # marks ]

',( /hat will happen if copper o-ide is replaced with alu iniu e-peri ent1 /h21

o-ide in this

.................................................................... .................................................................... [# marks ]

B.

a(

The ele ent shown in Table # below are all in 4roup 1 of the 9eriodic Table. Elements Lithium Sodium Potassium Rubidium Symbol Ei $a F 8b Proton B 11 1C BG Table 2 /rite the for ula of 9otassiu ion.

...................................................................... ' 1 ark(

b(

:-plain wh2 the ele ent of the 4roup 1 show si ilar che ical properties. ................................................................ ' 1 ark(

c(

i( /hich ele ent reacts

ost vi,orousl2 with cold water

................................................................ ' 1 ark( ii( /rite a che ical equation for the reaction in 'c('i(. ................................................................ ' 1 ark( iii( :-plain wh2 the ele ent that 2ou have na ed in 'c('i( react water1 ost vi,orousl2 with cold

................................................................ ................................................................ ' 1 ark( d( i( :-plain how does the reaction between sodiu carried out in the laborator2. and chlorine ,as can be

................................................................ ................................................................ ' 1 ark( ii( State two observation in the reaction. ................................................................ ................................................................

'1 iii( /rite a che ical equation for the reaction in 'd('i(.

ark(

................................................................ ' 1 ark(

*. :le ent 8 and S react to for about 8 and S.

a white solid co pound T. Table B provides so e infor ation

:le ent 8 :le ent S 11 & #.&.#.2 Table B Dased on the infor ation in Table 10 answer the followin, questions. 9roton nu ber :lectron arran,e ent a( /hat is the value of i( - @ ......................... ii( 2 @ ......................... '# b( i( 3raw the electronic dia,ra for co pound T and deduce its for ula. arks(

'B ii( "s T a covalent co pound or an ionic co pound1 :-plain.

arks(

...................................................................... ...................................................................... '# arks(

c( +nder what condition's( will co pound T conduct electricit21 :-plain. ...................................................................... ...................................................................... '# arks( d( 4ive one other properties of co pound T.

...................................................................... '1 ark(

A.

;i,ure # shows a voltaic cell for ed fro

Hinc and lead.

Salt brid,e Iinc electrode "ron electrode

Iinc sulphate solution Deaker A ;i,ure # a( /hat is the function of salt brid,e1 Deaker D

"ron '""( chloride solution

............................................................. '1 ark( b( /hat is the conversion ener,2 that take place in the cell1 ............................................................ '1 ark( c( i( "n which direction do electrons flow throu,h the circuit in fi,ure 11 ............................................................ '1 ark( ii( /hich is the anode of the cell1

............................................................ '1 ark( iii( 4ive a reason for 2our answer in 'b('ii(. ............................................................. '1 ark( d( i( $a e the product for ed at the iron electrode.

.............................................................. '1 ark(

ii( /rite an equation for the reaction that occurs. ............................................................. '1 ark( e( /rite an equation for the overall reaction that occur in the voltaic cell. ............................................................. '1 ark( /hat happen to the cell volta,e if iron electrode is replaced with copper electrode1 ............................................................. '1 ark(

f(

6. Solution pH V 1 W * X G Table 4 Y 10 Z 1B

a( State one solution which isJ i. A stron, acid. ................................................................ [1 ii. A stron, alkali. ................................................................ [1 b( /hich solution is likel2 be a onia solution5 ark] ark]

...................................................................... [1 ark] c( :-plain wh2 solution K has a lower p% value than solution /. ...................................................................... ...................................................................... [# d( State one e-a ple of solution =. ...................................................................... [1 ark] e( :-plain briefl2 wh2 the p% of solution I chan,es when solution K is added to it drop b2 drop until K is in e-cess. ...................................................................... ...................................................................... arks]

[# f( State two solution which can produce a neutral solution when i-ed to,ether.

arks]

..................................................................... ..................................................................... [# arks]

SECT !" # G. 'a( :le ent 9 7 8 9roton nu ber 6 & 1# Table A Table A shows the proton and nucleon nu bers of three ele ents0 90 7 and 8. /hich of these ele ents will co bine to for a covalent co pound1 :-plain how this co pound is for ed based on chan,es in electron arran,e ent. [A arks] :-plain wh2 ele ent 7 e-ist as diato ic olecules0 7#. [* arks] $ucleon nu ber 1# 16 #*

'b(

'c(

:le ent M co bines with ele ent L to for a covalent co pound with the olecular LM#. :le ent M has a proton nu ber of C. Su,,est one possible electron arran,e ent for the ato for ele ent L. 4ive reason for 2our answer. [A arks] Compound Potassium )hloride Carbon disulphide $eltin% point &'C( GG# <110 #oilin% point &'C( 1A00 *6

'd(

!o pare the eltin, and boilin, points of potassiu chloride and carbon disulphide. :-plain the differences. [6 arks]

&.

;i,ure below shows the set up of the apparatus to investi,ate the electrol2sis of two different electrol2tes.

Aqueous potassium iodide solution 0.001 moldm-3 Carbon electrod

Molten of

potassium iodide

Ele)trolysis

Ele)trolysis

a( /hat is the

eanin, of electrol2sis and electrol2te1 [# arks]

b( :-plain how the products for ed at the anode and cathode for both electrol2sis " and :lectrol2sis "". [1# arks]

c( /hat is the product if aqueous potassiu iodide solution 0.001 old <B is replaced b2 aqueous potassiu iodide solution 1.0 old <B in :lectrol2sis ""1 :-plain 2our answer. [B arks] d( State three uses of electrol2sis in dail2 life.

[B

arks]

C.

a( 3escribe0 with reasons0 the trends of chan,es across period B in i. the eltin, pointsM ii. the ato ic radii0 iii. the electrone,ativit2M b( 3escribe the trend of the [A [A [A arks ] arks ] arks ]

etallic propert2 of the ele ent across 9eriod B [ A arks ]

*+, 'a( Sulphur dio-ide0 S)#0 is one of the b2<products of the !ontact 9rocess. "t can cause environ ental pollution like acid rain. Sulphur dio-ide ,as dissolves in rain water to produce sulphurous acid 'i( /rite the che ical equation for the reaction between sulphur dio-ide ,as and rain water. 'ii( State three effects of acid rain to the environ ent.

[*

arks]

'b( 3ia,ra

10 shows an industr2 preparation of sulphuric acid b2 the !ontact 9rocess.

Sta%e S )-2,en S!-

Sta%e S!. )-2,en

Sta%e X

Sta%e V H-S!/ /ater

!oncentrated sulphuric acid

0ia%ram *+ 'i( $a e the co pound =. 'ii( /rite the che ical equation of the reaction at sta,e "". 'iii( The che ical equation below shows the reaction between sulphur and o-2,en ,as at sta,e ". S ? )# 111112 S)# olar volu e of an2 ,as is #* d B <1 ol

4iven that the relative ato ic ass of S @ B#0 ) @ 16 and the at roo te perature and pressure. !alculate the o-2,en ,as. a-i u

volu e of sulphur dio-ide ,as produced if *& , of sulphur is burnt co pletel2 in [6 marks]

'c( Drass is an allo2 of copper. 9ure copper is ductile and harder than copper. 'i( :-plain wh2 pure copper is ductile and alleable1

alleable whereas brass is stron,er and

[A marks] 'ii( $a e the ele ent which is added to copper to ake brass. :-plain wh2 brass is stron, and harder than copper. 3raw a dia,ra to show the arran,e ent of ato s in brass.

[A marks]

3nswers 4or 4inal E5am o6 Chemistry> 1. 'a( 'i( "odine5naphthalene 'ii( !opper 'iii( Solid 'iv( !opper 'v( [1 [1 [1 [1 [1 ark] ark] ark] ark] ark]

'vi( !u#?5!u? 'b( 'i( T16!

[1 [1

ark] ark]

'ii( %eat is absorbed to overco e the inter olecular attraction between naphthalene particles. Therefore0 the te perature re ains constant even thou,h heatin, continue. [# arks] 'iii( $aphthalene particles will ove faster. [1 ark]

<<<<<<<<<<<< 10 arks <<<<<<<<<<<< #. 'a( To dr2 the h2dro,en ,asJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ.J....1

'b( #%!l 'aq( ? In 's(

In!l# 'aq( ? %# ',( JJJJJJJJJJJ1 etalJJ..JJ..1

'c( Dlack powder of copper o-ide has chan,ed to brown copper

'd( Mass of copper produced @ ' &A.#* N A&.B6 (, @ #6.&& , Mass of o-2,en in copper o-ide @ ' C1.C6 N &A.#* (, @ 6.G# , 8atio of ole @ #6.&& > 6.G# 6* 16 @ 0.*# > 0.*# @ 1 > 1

>. The e pirical for ula of copper o-ide is !u)JJJJJJJJJJ.JJ.* 'e( %# ',( ? !u) 's( !u 's( ? %#) 'l( JJJJJJJJJJJ.1

'f( 'i( Defore heatin, the co bustion tube0 h2dro,en ust be allowed to flow in the apparatus for several inutes to ensure that all the air has been e-pelled55 'ii( The flowin, of h2dro,en in the apparatus ust be continuous throu,hout the :-peri ent55 'iii( %eatin,0 coolin, and wei,hin, are repeated until a constant ass is obtained to ensure that all copper o-ide has chan,ed into copper. JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ..# ',( $o reaction occur. Decause h2dro,en is less reactive than alu iniu in reactivit2 seriesJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ..J#

B.

a( F? b( The2 all have one electron in the outer ost shell c( 'i( 8ubidiu 'ii( #8b ? #%#) 'iii( 8ubidiu #8b)% ? %#

'1

ark(

has bi,,er ato ic radius. The electrons further fro

nucleus0 so that it is

easier to loose the valence electrons to achieve octet structure d( 'i( Sodiu is heated until it be,ins burnin,0 then placed it in a ,as Oar filled with

chlorine ,as. 'ii("t burns with a bri,ht 2ellow fla e and produce a white solid 'iii( #$a ? !l# * a( i( - @ 1 ii( 2 @ 6 #$a!l

b( i(

-1

8 8#S ii( An ionic co pound because it is c( "t conducts electricit2 in d( "t has hi,h

S ade up of ions of

8 etal 8 and non< etal S. obile ions.

olten state or in the aqueous state because it has

eltin, point and boilin, points or it dissolves in polar solvents. :.,. %#)

A.

a( A salt brid,e co pletes the circuit between # half<cells. b( !he ical ener,2 to electrical ener,2. c( i( ;ro Hinc chloride to iron electrode via e-ternal circuit. ii( Iinc electrode iii( Iinc is ore electropositive than iron. d( i( "ron ii( ;e#? ? #e< e( In ? ;e#? f( ;e In#? ? ;e

!ell volta,e increases.

6. a. i. solution K ii. solution I b. solution P c. solution K ioniHed ore than solution / in water. Therefore0 the concentration oh %? ions in solution K is hi,her than in solution /. d. distilled water e. the p% of the solution ,raduall2 decreases until it is less than G. f. Solution / and solution P.

G. 'a( ;or ation of a covalent co pound.

;or ed between 9 and 7 ele ents.

[1] needs four

The electron arran,e ent of an ato of 9 is #.*. The 9 ato electrons to achieve the stable octet structure. [1]

The electron arran,e ent of an ato 7 is #.6. The 7 ato needs two electrons to achieve the stable octet structure. [1] Therefore0 two 7 ato s will share four pairs of valence electron with one 9 ato to for two double covalent bonds with the for ula 97#. [1] .. .. Eewis structure > 7@9@7 [1] .. ..

'b(

;or ation of /#

olecule. [1]

:ach ato

of ele ent / has an electron arran,e ent #.6.

Two atoms of element W will contribute two electrons from the valence shell to each other for sharing so as to achieve a stable electron arran,e ent respectivel2. [1] "n so doin,0 the two ato s / share two pairs of electron that bind the to,ether0 to for a double covalent bond. [1] .. .. Eewis structure > /@/ [1] .. .. As a result0 diato ic olecule0 /# is for ed.

'c(

)ne possible electron arran,e ent of ato

L is -,8 or -,9,8

[1] [1] [1]

:lectron arran,e ent of ato M is #.G Ato M has G valence electrons. Thus0 M is non< etal.

A covalent co pound is for ed when non< etal ato co bines with non< etal ato . To for a covalent co pound with olecular structure LM #0 element : must be a non1metal atom with 8 ;alen)e ele)tron. [#]


'd(

Eewis structure >

.. .. .. >M<L<M> .. .. ..

9otassiu chloride has hi,h eltin, and boilin, points0 whereas carbon disulphide has low eltin, and boilin, points. [#] The oppositel2<char,ed potassiu ions and chloride ions in potassiu chloride are held to,ether b2 stron, ionic bonds 'or electrostatic forces of attraction(. [1] A lot of heat ener,2 is required to break the stron, ionic bonds durin, eltin, or boilin,. %ence0 it has hi,h eltin, and boilin, points. [1] !arbon disulphide consists of covalent forces of attraction 'Kan de /aals ;orce(. olecules held to,ether b2 weak [1]

)nl2 little heat ener,2 is needed to overco e the weak forces between the olecules. %ence0 it has low eltin, and boilin, points. [1]

&.

a(

1.

:lectrol2sis is a process of deco position of che ical substance it to substituances b2 usin, electrical current. '1 ( #.:lectrol2te is a che ical substances that can conduct electricit2 at the olten state and aqueous solution '1 (
J#

b(

n Ele)trolysis 1. 9otassiu ion5 F? attracted to cathode and iodide ion attracted to anode. '1 ( then # iodine ato '1 ( '1 ( '1 ( '1 (

#. At anode0 iodide ions release an electron to beco e iodine ato ato s co bine to for iodine olecule B. %alf<equation at anode " < " ? e 5 #" < "# ? #e< *. At cathode the potassiu potassiu ato . A. %alf equation at cathode F? ? e F n Ele)trolysis 6. "ons that e-ist in the solution is are F?0 %?0 "<0 )%< ion will receive an electron to beco e

'1 (

G. &. C. 10. 11. 1#.

"odide ion 5 "< and h2dro-ide ion5 )%<

oved to anode

'1 (

%2dro-ide ion5 )%< is dischar,ed at anode because its position is lower than "< in electroche ical series. '1 ( %2dro-ide ion5 )%< released an electron to for *)%< )# ? #%#) ? *e 9otassiu ion and h2dro,en ion o-2,en ,as '1 ( '1 (

oved to cathode

%2dro,en ions are selected to dischar,ed at cathode because its position is lower than potassiu ion in :lectroche ical series. '1 ( %2dro,en ion received an electron to for to for h2dro,en olecule. %? ? e % 5 #%? ? #e %# h2dro,en ato . # h2dro,en ato s co bine '1 ( J.1#

c(

1. #. B.

At anode0 iodide ion is dischar,ed to for

iodine.

'1 ( '1 ( '1 ( J.B

Decause of the concentration of iodide ions is hi,her than h2dro-ide ions "odide ion release an e< for "< " ? e 5 #"< "# ? #e ore reactive etal fro iodine

d.

1. :-traction

carbon such as alu iniu

'1 ( '1 ( '1 ( J.B JJJ.. #0

#. Metal purification B. Metal :lectroplatin,

C. a i. <Meltin, points increase fro sodiu to silicon then decrease fro phosphorus to sulphur. < ;irst three ele ents are etals0 which have stron, etallic bonds between the etal ions. < The stren,th of the etallic bond

increases with the increase on valence electron. < The eltin, point of silicon is the hi,hest as it has stron, covalent structure. < 9hosphorus and sulphur are non etals0 which consist of weak Kan der /aals forces a on, the olecules. ii. N The ato ic radius decreases fro left across the 9eriod B. the

1 1

1 1 1

All the ele ents in 9eriod B has B filled electron shells. As the nu ber of protons in the nucleus increases b2 one unit to the ne-t0 The electrostatic forces between the nucleus and the valence electrons also increase. %ence0 the valence electrons are attracted closer to the nucleus0 causin, the ato ic radius to decrease across the period.

1 1 1 1 1 1

iii. < The electrone,ativit2 increases fro the left across 9eriod B. The nu ber of protons in the nucleus increases . The ato ic radius decreases. The electrostatic forces between the nucleus and electron increase. The ele ents towards the ri,ht have hi,her tendenc2 to attract electrons.

< The ele ents chan,e fro etals to etalloid and then to non etals fro left across 9eriod B This is attributed to the increase in electrone,ativit2 of ele ents across the period.

Sodiu 0 Ma,nesiu are etals. Silicon is etalloid

and Alu iniu 1 1 1

9hosphorus0 sulphur0 chlorine and ar,on are non etals.

10. a(

< concentration of electrol2te < t2pe of electrode < the ion position in electroche istr2 series

1 1 1 1 1 # 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 o-ide0 which is 1

ii( [Material] [Apparatus] [Eabelled dia,ra ] Method State the electrol2te solution State the factor. :-> concentration of electrol2te !o plete circuit Eet for B0 ins 8epeat the e-peri ent usin, other concentration'set 1 and set #( )bservation Anode and cathode for set 1 Anode and cathode for set # 3iscussion $a e the anion at the cathode $a e the ion that dischar,e and wh2 State the product of electrol2sis at the electrodes "on equations at cathode and anode b( Solid and olten a,nesiu o-ide contain char,ed ions0 M,#? and !l< "n olten a,nesiu o-ide0 the ions are free but not in solid a,nesiu stron,l2 tied b2 attractive electrostatic force.