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Prabal Talukdar
Associate Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering IIT Delhi E-mail: prabal@mech.iitd.ac.in p
Mech/IITD
Introduction
& Q conv = hA s (Ts T )
There are two ways to increase the rate of heat transfer to o increase c e se the e convection co vec o heat e transfer s e coefficient coe c e h to increase the surface area As
Increasing h may require the installation of a pump or fan, Or replacing p g the existing g one with a larger g one The alternative is to increase the surface area by attaching to the surface extended surfaces called fins made of highly conductive materials such as aluminum
Heat sinks
Pin fins
The thin plate fins of a car radiator greatly increase the rate of heat transfer to the air
Triangular
Concave parabolic
Convex parabolic
Radial fins:
Triangular profile
Hyperbolic profile
Radial fin coffee cup (a)Cylindrical (b)conical (c) concave parabolic (d) convex parabolic
Fin Equation
& = kA dT Q x c dx
& dQ x dx & & Q x + dx = Q x + dx
Energy Balance:
d 2T dx
2
1 dA c dT 1 h dA s (T T ) = 0 + A c dx dx A c k dx
d 2 T hP (T T ) = 0 2 dx kA c
Excess temperature
( x ) T ( x ) T
d 2 2 m =0 2 dx
(a) Rectangular Fin (b) Pin fin
( x ) T ( x ) T
The g general solution is of the form
( x ) = C 1 e mx + C 2 e mx
& Q
BCs
T (0 ) = T (0 ) = Tb T b
hA c [T ( L ) T ] = kA c
h ( L ) = k
d |x =L dx
dT |x = L dx
& = Q f
hPkA c b
Insulated tip
General Sol: BC C 1:
( x ) = C 1 e mx + C 2 e mx
BC 2:
( 0 ) = Tb T b
d |x= L = 0 d dx
cosh h m( L x) = b cosh mL
dT d q f = q b = kA c | x = 0 = kA c |x=0 dx dx
qf =
hPkA c b tanh mL
Prescribed temperature
This is a condition when the temperature p at the tip p is known (for example, measured by a sensor)
= T)
( L ) = T ( L ) T = 0
as
Possible when C1 0
( x ) = C 2 e mx
Apply boundary condition at base and find T
T ( x ) = T + ( T b T ) e
x hP kA c
Q longfin = kA c
dT |x =0 = dx
hPkA
( T b T )
Lc = L +
Ac P
Multiplying the relation above by the perimeter gives Acorrected = Afin (lateral) + Atip
t Lc,rectangularfin = L + 2
L c,cylindrica lfin = L +
D 4
Corrected fin length g Lc is defined such that heat transfer from a fin of length Lc with insulated tip is equal to heat transfer from the actual fin of length L with convection at the fin tip.
Fin Efficiency y
fin =
Q fin
Q fin , max
In the limiting case of zero thermal resistance or infinite thermal cond conductivity cti it (k ), ) the temperat temperature re of the fin will be uniform at the base value of Tb.
longfin =
Q fin
Q fin , max
kA c 1 = hp mL
insulatedt ip =
Q fin f
Q fin , max
Fin Effectiveness
fin =
Q fin
Q fin hA b (Tb T )
Q nofin
Heat transfer rate from the fin of base area Ab Heat transfer rate from the surface of area Ab
longfin =
Q fin
Q nofin
kP hA c
1. k should be as high as possible, (copper, aluminum, iron). Aluminum is p preferred: low cost and weight, g , resistance to corrosion. 2. p/Ac should be as high as possible. (Thin plate fins and slender pin fins) 3. Most effective in applications where h is low. (Use of fins justified if when the medium is gas and heat transfer is by natural convection).
Fin Effectiveness
fin =
Q fin
Q fin hA b (Tb T )
Q nofin
Heat transfer rate from th fi the fin of f base b area Ab Heat transfer rate from the surface of area Ab
Does not affect the heat transfer at all. Fin act as insulation (if low k material is used) Enhancing heat transfer (use of fins justified if fin>2)
Q total , fin = Q unfin + Q fin = hA unfin (Tb T ) + fin hA fin (Tb T ) = h ( Aunfin + fin A fin )( Tb T )
We can also define an overall effectiveness for a finned surface as the ratio of the total heat transfer from the finned surface to the heat transfer from the same surface if there were no fins
fin , overall =
Q total , fin
Q total , nofin
Efficiency of circular, rectangular, and triangular fins on a plain surface of width w (from Gardner, Ref 6).
Efficiency of circular fins of length L and constant thickness t (from Gardner, Ref. 6).
Fins Fi with i h triangular i l and d parabolic b li profiles fil contain i less l materialand are more efficient requiring minimum weight An important consideration is the selection of the proper fin length L. Increasing the length of the fin beyond a certain value cannot be justified unless the added benefits outweigh the added cost. The Th efficiency ffi i of f most t fins fi used d in i practice ti is i above b 90 percent t