Digital Modulation

Section Overview Representing Digital Signals Baseband Modulated Signals Defined Gray Encoding a Modulated Signal Examples of Digital Modulation and Demodulation Plotting Signal onstellations

Section Overview
!i"e analog modulation# digital modulation alters a transmittable signal according to t$e information in a message signal% &owever# in t$is case# t$e message signal is restricted to a finite set% 'sing t$is toolbox# you can modulate or demodulate signals using various digital modulation tec$ni(ues# listed in Modulation )eatures of t$e *oolbox% +ou can also plot signal constellations% Modulation functions output t$e complex envelope of t$e modulated signal%

Note *$e modulation and demodulation functions do not perform pulse s$aping or filtering% See Special )ilters or ombining Pulse S$aping and )iltering wit$ Modulation for more information about filtering%

Representing Digital Signals

*o modulate a signal using digital modulation wit$ an alp$abet $aving M symbols# start wit$ a real message signal w$ose values are integers from , to M-.% Represent t$e signal by listing its values in a vector# x% /lternatively# you can use a matrix to represent a multic$annel signal# w$ere eac$ column of t$e matrix represents one c$annel% )or example# if t$e modulation uses an alp$abet wit$ eig$t symbols# t$en t$e vector [2 3 7 1 0 5 5 2 6]' is a valid single-c$annel input to t$e modulator% /s a multic$annel example# t$e two-column matrix
[2 3 7 0 3; 3; 3; 3;]

defines a two-c$annel signal in w$ic$ t$e second c$annel $as a constant value of 3%

Baseband Modulated Signals Defined

0f you use baseband modulation to produce t$e complex envelope y of t$e modulation of a message signal x# t$en y is a complex-valued signal t$at is related to t$e output of a passband modulator% 0f t$e modulated signal $as t$e waveform

w$ere fc is t$e carrier fre(uency and 1 is t$e carrier signal2s initial p$ase# t$en a baseband simulation recogni3es t$at t$is e(uals t$e real part of

and models only t$e part inside t$e s(uare brac"ets% &ere j is t$e s(uare root of -.% *$e complex vector y is a sampling of t$e complex signal

0f you prefer to wor" wit$ passband signals instead of baseband signals# t$en you can build functions t$at convert between t$e two% Be aware t$at passband modulation tends to be more computationally intensive t$an baseband modulation because t$e carrier signal typically needs to be sampled at a $ig$ rate%

Gray Encoding a Modulated Signal

)or t$e PS4# DPS4# )S4# 5/M# and P/M modulation types# Gray constellations are obtained by selecting t$e Gray parameter in t$e corresponding modulation function or met$od% )or modulation ob6ects# you can set t$e symbol order property to Gray to obtain Grayencoded modulation% *$e following example demonstrates use of t$e symbol order property% *$e Scatter plot s$ows t$e modulated symbols are Gray-encoded%

% Create 8-PSK ray e!"oded mod#lator $%od & modem'(s)mod*'%'+8+'Symbol,rder'+' ray'-; % Create a s"atter (lot s"atterPlot & "omms"o(e'S"atterPlot*'Sam(lesPerSymbol'+1+''' 'Co!stellat.o!'+$%od'Co!stellat.o!-; % S$o/ "o!stellat.o! s"atterPlot'PlotSett.!0s'Co!stellat.o! & 'o!'; s"atterPlot'PlotSett.!0s'Co!stellat.o!Style & 'rd'; % 1dd symbol labels $old o!; )&lo02*$%od'%-; 2or 33&14$%od'% text*real*$%od'Co!stellat.o!*33--0'15+.ma0*$%od'Co!stellat.o!*33--50'15+''' de"2base*$%od'Symbol%a((.!0*33-+2+)--; e!d $old o22;

)or modulation functions# set t$e symbol order argument to Gray% !oo"ing at t$e map above# notice t$at t$is is indeed a Gray-encoded map7 all ad6acent elements differ by only one bit%

Examples of Digital Modulation and Demodulation

*$is section contains examples t$at illustrate $ow to use t$e digital modulation and demodulation functions% omputing t!e Symbol Error Rate *$e example generates a random digital signal# modulates it# and adds noise% *$en it creates a scatter plot# demodulates t$e noisy signal# and computes t$e symbol error rate% )or a more elaborate example t$at is similar to t$is one# see Modulating a Random Signal%
% Create a ra!dom d.0.tal messa0e % & 16; % 1l($abet s.6e x & ra!d.*[0 %-1]+5000+1-; % 7a!dom symbols % 8se 16-91% mod#lat.o!' $%od & modem':ammod*%-; $;emod & modem':amdemod*$%od-; % Create a s"atter (lot a!d s$o/ "o!stellat.o! s"atterPlot & "omms"o(e'S"atterPlot*'Sam(lesPerSymbol'+1+''' 'Co!stellat.o!'+$%od'Co!stellat.o!-; s"atterPlot'PlotSett.!0s'Co!stellat.o! & 'o!'; % %od#late y & mod#late*$%od+x-; % <ra!sm.t s.0!al t$ro#0$ a! 1= > "$a!!el' y!o.sy & a/0!*y+15+'meas#red'-; % Create s"atter (lot 2rom !o.sy data' #(date*s"atterPlot+y!o.sy-; % ;emod#late y!o.sy to re"o?er t$e messa0e' 6&demod#late*$;emod+y!o.sy-; % C$e") symbol error rate' [!#m+rt] & symerr*x+6-

*$e output and scatter plot follow% +our numerical results and plot mig$t vary# because t$e example uses random numbers%
!#m & 83 rt & 0'0166

*$e scatter plot does not loo" exactly li"e a signal constellation% 8$ere t$e signal constellation $as .9 precisely located points# t$e noise causes t$e scatter plot to $ave a small cluster of points approximately w$ere eac$ constellation point would be% ombining "ulse S!aping and #iltering wit! Modulation Modulation is often followed by pulse s$aping# and demodulation is often preceded by a filtering or an integrate-and-dump operation% *$is section presents an example involving rectangular pulse s$aping% )or an example t$at uses raised cosine pulse s$aping# see Pulse S$aping 'sing a Raised osine )ilter% Rectangular "ulse S!aping$ Rectangular pulse s$aping repeats eac$ output from t$e modulator a fixed number of times to create an upsampled signal% Rectangular pulse s$aping can be a first step or an exploratory step in algorit$m development# t$oug$ it is less realistic t$an ot$er "inds of pulse s$aping% 0f t$e transmitter upsamples t$e modulated signal# t$en t$e receiver s$ould downsample t$e received signal before demodulating% *$e :integrate and dump: operation is one way to downsample t$e received signal% *$e code below uses t$e re"t(#lse function for rectangular pulse s$aping at t$e transmitter and t$e .!td#m( function for downsampling at t$e receiver%

% & 16; x & ra!d.*[0 %-1]+5000+1-; >sam( & @;

% 1l($abet s.6e % %essa0e s.0!al % ,?ersam(l.!0 rate

% 8se 16-91% mod#lat.o!' $%od & modem':ammod*%-; $;emod & modem':amdemod*$%od-; % %od#late y & mod#late*$%od+x-; % Aollo/ /.t$ re"ta!0#lar (#lse s$a(.!0' y(#lse & re"t(#lse*y+>sam(-; % <ra!sm.t s.0!al t$ro#0$ a! 1= > "$a!!el' y!o.sy & a/0!*y(#lse+15+'meas#red'-; % ;o/!sam(le at t$e re"e.?er' ydo/!sam( & .!td#m(*y!o.sy+>sam(-; % ;emod#late to re"o?er t$e messa0e' 6 & demod#late*$;emod+ydo/!sam(-;

"lotting Signal onstellations

*o plot t$e signal constellation associated wit$ a modulation process# follow t$ese steps; .% 0f t$e alp$abet si3e for t$e modulation process is M# t$en create t$e signal [04%1]% *$is signal represents all possible inputs to t$e modulator% <% 'se t$e appropriate modulation function to modulate t$is signal% 0f desired# scale t$e output% *$e result is t$e set of all points of t$e signal constellation% =% /pply t$e s"atter(lot function to t$e modulated output to create a plot% Examples of Signal onstellation "lots *$e following examples produce plots of signal constellations;

onstellation for .9-PS4 onstellation for =<-5/M Gray- oded Signal onstellation ustomi3ed onstellation for 5/M

*$e reference entries for t$e mod!orm and 0e!:ammod functions provide additional examples%

onstellation for %&'"S($ *$e code below plots a PS4 constellation $aving .9 points%
% 8se 16-PSK mod#lat.o!' $%od & modem'(s)mod*16-; % Create a s"atter (lot s"atterPlot & "omms"o(e'S"atterPlot*'Sam(lesPerSymbol'+1+''' 'Co!stellat.o!'+$%od'Co!stellat.o!-; % S$o/ "o!stellat.o! s"atterPlot'PlotSett.!0s'Co!stellat.o! & 'o!'; s"atterPlot'PlotSett.!0s'Co!stellat.o!Style & 'rd'; % 1dd symbol labels $old o!; )&lo02*$%od'%-; 2or 33&14$%od'% text*real*$%od'Co!stellat.o!*33---0'15+'''+ .ma0*$%od'Co!stellat.o!*33--50'15+''' de"2base*$%od'Symbol%a((.!0*33-+2+)--; e!d $old o22;

onstellation for )*'+,M$ *$e code below plots a 5/M constellation $aving =< points and a pea" power of . watt% *$e example also illustrates $ow to label t$e plot wit$ t$e numbers t$at form t$e input to t$e modulator%
% Create 32-91% mod#lator $%od & modem':ammod*32-; % Create a s"atter (lot s"atterPlot & "omms"o(e'S"atterPlot*'Sam(lesPerSymbol'+1+''' 'Co!stellat.o!'+$%od'Co!stellat.o!-; % S$o/ "o!stellat.o! s"atterPlot'PlotSett.!0s'Co!stellat.o! & 'o!'; s"atterPlot'PlotSett.!0s'Co!stellat.o!Style & 'rd'; % 1dd symbol labels $old o!; 2or 33&14$%od'% text*real*$%od'Co!stellat.o!*33--+.ma0*$%od'Co!stellat.o!*33--+''' [' ' !#m2str*$%od'Symbol%a((.!0*33--]-; e!d $old o22;

Gray' oded Signal onstellation$ *$e example below plots an >-5/M signal Gray-coded constellation# labeling t$e points using binary numbers so you can verify visually t$at t$e constellation uses Gray coding%
% Create 8-91% ray e!"oded mod#lator $%od & modem':ammod*'%'+8+'Symbol,rder'+' ray'-; % Create a s"atter (lot s"atterPlot & "omms"o(e'S"atterPlot*'Sam(lesPerSymbol'+1+''' 'Co!stellat.o!'+$%od'Co!stellat.o!-; % S$o/ "o!stellat.o! s"atterPlot'PlotSett.!0s'Co!stellat.o! & 'o!'; s"atterPlot'PlotSett.!0s'Co!stellat.o!Style & '''; % 1dd symbol labels $old o!; )&lo02*$%od'%-; 2or 33&14$%od'% text*real*$%od'Co!stellat.o!*33--50'15+'''+ .ma0*$%od'Co!stellat.o!*33--+''' de"2base*$%od'Symbol%a((.!0*33-+2+)--; e!d $old o22;

ustomi-ed onstellation for +,M$ *$e code below describes and plots a constellation wit$ a customi3ed structure%
% ;es"r.be "o!stellat.o!' .!($ase & [1B2 -1B2 1 0 3B2 -3B2 1 -1]; :#adr & [1 1 0 2 1 1 2 2]; .!($ase & [.!($ase; -.!($ase]; .!($ase & .!($ase*4-; :#adr & [:#adr; -:#adr]; :#adr & :#adr*4-; "o!st & .!($ase 5 1.C:#adr; % Create a s"atter (lot s"atterPlot & "omms"o(e'S"atterPlot*'Sam(lesPerSymbol'+1+''' 'Co!stellat.o!'+"o!st-; % S$o/ "o!stellat.o! s"atterPlot'PlotSett.!0s'Co!stellat.o! & 'o!'; s"atterPlot'PlotSett.!0s'Co!stellat.o!Style & 'C'; t.tle*'C#stom.6ed Co!stellat.o! 2or 91%'-;