THE FOUR TUNICS IN THE GASTROINTESTINE (Outer to inner) STOMACH Serosa smooth membrane consisting of a thin layer of cells

which secrete serous fluid (mucus-like) and a thin epithelial layer line and enclose several body cavities, known as serous cavities, where they secrete a lubricating fluid which reduces friction from muscle movement composed of a secretory epithelial layer and a connective tissue layer underneath consists of a thin layer of loose connective tissue covered by mesothelium (a type of squamous epithelium that lines body cavities) a. Tunica serosa The most outer part that covers the stomach b. Tunica subserosa Beneath the tunica serosa Muscularis a. Tunica Muscularis Responsible for gut movement Consists of two thick layers of smooth muscle. Muscle fibers in the inner layer are aligned circularly, whereas those in the outer layer have a longitudinal orientation This combination of circular and longitudinal smooth muscle gives the tube an ability to perform complex movements that squeeze and propel ingesta in the lumen. Submucosa a. Tela submucosa layer of dense irregular connective tissue or loose connective tissue that supports the mucosa, as well as joins the mucosa to the bulk of overlying smooth muscle (fibers running circularly within layer of longitudinal muscle); contains blood and lymphatic vessels Mucosa a. Tunica mucosa Covered by epithelial cells (got contact with the lumen) 1. Parietal cells are the stomach epithelial cells that secrete gastric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor (also known as gastric intrinsic factor (GIF), is a glycoprotein produced by the parietal cells of the stomach; necessary for the absorption of vitamin

1. Serosa 2. Tela subserosa 3. Muscularis 4. Oblique fibers of muscle wall 5. Circular muscle layer 6. Longitudinal muscle layer 7. Submucosa 8. Lamina muscularis mucosae 9. Mucosa 10. Lamina propria 11. Epithelium 12. Gastric glands 13. Gastric pits 14. Villous folds

2.

3.

4.

B12 (cobalamin) later on in the small intestine) only located in glands found in a particular area of the stomach, known as the fundus nearer the columnar cells Chief/Zymogenic cells Releases pepsinogen (activated into the digestive enzyme pepsin when it comes in contact with acid produced by gastric parietal cells) and chymosin Lamina propria loose connective tissue through which course blood vessels and lymphatic beneath the tunica mucosa Muscularis Mucosa Thin layer of smooth muscles that permit the mucosa to move and fold.

a. b. c. -

Tunica mucosa The simple epithelial layer of columnar cells. Goblet cells Secrete mucous which helps lubricate food Present among the tall cells (simple columnar) Unicellular glands Appear as large cells with clear cytoplasm Villi small, finger-like projections that protrude from the epithelial lining of the intestinal wall

LIVER lobulated gland

SMALL INTESTINE Serosa a. Tunica serosa Derived from peritoneum (serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity) Connective tissue Muscularis b. Tunica Muscularis Composed of smooth muscles arranged in two layers: 1. Stratum Circulare of Tunica Muscularis inner layer circularly arranged 2. Stratum Longitudinale of Tunica Muscularis Outer layer Longitudinally arranged Submucosa b. Tela submucosa Thin connective tissue layer beneath or next to the mucosa and supporting the villi. Blood vessels and nerves will be seen in this layer especially at the base of the villus

Glissons Capsule connective collagenous capsule covering the external surface of the liver Each compact lobule is polygonal and histologically shows the liver cells arranged in double rows of hepatic cords which radiates from a central vein

Sinudoids Spaces which form blood sinuses (spaces) that end in the central vein Connective Tissue Septa -

a dividing wall or membrane in hepatocytes

Mucosa

Kupffer cells stellate macrophages specialized macrophages in the liver located in the sinusoids

Parenchyma includes the hepatocytes and sinusoids Stroma connective tissue between lobules; supportive framework HEPATIC TRINITY 1. Portal Vein (veins) are usually blue in color; but not a true vein blood vessel that conducts blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver this blood is rich in nutrients that have been extracted from food, and the liver processes these nutrients; it also filters toxins that may have been ingested with the food with rbcs inside 2. Hepatic Artery short blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the liver, pylorus (a part of the stomach), duodenum (a part of the small intestine) and pancreas thick cells with rbcs inside 3. Bile Duct carries bile cuboidal cells Lymphatic Vessel thin walled, valved structures that carry lymph PANCREAS both an endocrine gland producing several important hormones, including insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide, and a digestive organ, secreting pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes that assist the absorption of nutrients and the digestion in the small intestine glandular organ Acinar cells any cluster of cells that resembles a many-lobed "berry" of the exocrine gland connected to ducts

Centroacinar cells spindle-shaped cells in the exocrine pancreas Islets of Langerhan

lightly stained produce hormones that underlie the endocrine functions of the pancreas highly vascular

BLOOD VESSELS 1. Artery Carry blood away from the heart Has thicker wall due to the presence of more muscles and elastic fibers in its media and sometimes in the adventitia

Tunica Interna/intima Inner most layer

Made up of one layer of endothelium (has direct contact with the blood) Supported by elastic lamina

Tunica Media Made up of concentrically arranged smooth muscles and elastic fibers Separated from the intima by an elastic lamina (composed of elastin) Tunica Externa Also known as Tunica Adventitia Mainly composed of longitudinally arranged collagen (serves to anchor the blood vessel to nearby organs, giving it stability) and elastic fibers Supported by external elastic lamina

VEIN Shows smooth intima and tunica media deficient in both muscle fibers and elastic fibers

OVARY Ovum-producing organ (FROG) Oogenesis Process of growth and development of eggs Oogonia Give rise to oocytes Cells farthest from the peritoneal layer that forms the ovarian envelop Large with yolk granules in cytoplasm Develops into a primary oocyte, then into a secondary oocyte and finally into an ovum Diploid; has 4 chromatids Found in the membrane Has airspaces Do not have follicle cells; they cluster Primary oocyte Germ cell Diploid; 4 chromatids Have follicles Secondary oocyte Germ cell Haploid; 2 chromatids

Have follicles

only found in unfertilized eggs

Ovum Haploid; 1 chromatid (CAT) Graafian follicle Isolated mass of cells in the form the ovarian follicle Starts as solid cell masses and develop into structure in which growing egg enlarges and separates off as a single entity

Theca interna (inside) and externa (outside) covers the ovary Germinal vesicle nucleus of oogonia TESTIS produces male gametes through spermatogenesis

Antrum portion of an ovarian follicle filled with liquor folliculi space filled Liquor folliculi fluid that fills the follicular antrum Corpus luteum fibrous condition of egg after ovulation

Seminiferous tubules two types: convoluted and straight Spermatogenic cells develops into sperm cells Spermatogonia found closest to the periphery of the seminiferous tubule nucleus is oval and lightly stained smaller than the primary spermatocyte Diploid cells Primary Spermatocyte Largest among the different kinds of cells in the tubule Nucleus shows threadlike chromatin materials that shows meiosis Diploid cells that undergo first division of meiosis

Follicle cells collective term for cells that surround the egg Vitelline membrane structure directly adjacent to the outer surface of the plasma membrane of an ovum

Secondary Spermatocyte Results from the first meiotic division Slightly smaller than the primary spermatocytes Has a prominent nucleus and cytoplasm Haploid

Spermatids Very small cells produced by the second meiotic division Approximately half the size of the secondaries Near the lumen Haploid Spermatozoa Seen to be fine hair-like structures in the lumen Sertoli cells Large columnar shaped cells whose cytoplasm may contain the heads of maturing spermatozoa Interstitial cells/ Leydig cells Round/polygonal cells seminiferous tubules Produces male hormones Tunica albuginea Fibrous covering of the testis KIDNEY Uriniferous tubule (Nephron) unit of structure of kidney regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium salts by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine

found

between

BC-Bowman's Capsule PC-Proximal Convoluted Tubule DC-Distal Convoluted Tubule VP-Vascular Pole UP-Urinary Pole MD-Macula Densa

Glomerulus blood capillary tuft (bunch/group) Malpighian corpuscle/ Renal corpuscle of Malphigi collective term for glomerulus and bowmans capsule Bowmans capsule double-walled cupped-shaped SPINAL CORD Meninges (Membrane) 1. Dura mater outer (may not be included) 2. Arachnoid middle 3. Pia mater inner White Matter Peripheral region containing the fiber tracts composed of bundles of myelinated fibers Contain censory and motor neurons Gray Matter Inner or more centrally located region Where cell bodies are found Usually x-shaped or h-shaped Contain nerve cell bodies *Septa 1. Anterior Median Fissure/Sulcus

1. Glomerulus, 2. Efferent arteriole, 3. Bowman's capsule, 4. Proximal convoluted tubule, 5. Cortical collecting duct, 6. Distal convoluted tubule, 7. Loop of Henle, 8. Duct of Bellini, 9. Peritubular capillaries, 10. Arcuate vein, 11. Arcuate artery, 12. Afferent arteriole, 13. Juxtaglomerular apparatus.

2. Anterior Median Sulcus Canalis Centralis The spinal canal Lined by ependymal cells (thin epithelium-like lining of central canal) Where cerebro-spinal fluid flows Ganglion mass of nerve tissue containing cell bodies of neurons external to the brain or spinal cord

Dorsal Root ganglion contains cell bodies of nerve cells (neurons) that carry signals from sensory organs toward the appropriate integration center

Good luck for the practical! :D