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Harmonization In Interpreting ANSI, IEC, is Standards For Electrical Power Equipment

G. Sen Gupta,
High Power Laboratory, CPRI, Bangalore

J. Santhosh
High Power Laboratory, CPRI, Bangalore

T. Gurudev
High Power Laboratory, CPRI, Bangalore

B. V. Govindappa
High Power Laboratory, CPRI, Bangalore

Introduction
Electricity is the foremost requirement of every people in the world. All the countries around the globe keep putting up new power plants and expanding their network to meet the ever increasing need for electricity. Hence, there is a spurt in production, testing, installation and commissioning of various type electrical power system, associated switchgear and protection equipment. Standards play a crucial role in selection of correct rating, design performance verification tests for the electrical equipment. Most of the countries in the world follow IEC (International Electro Technical Commission) standards. In our country IS (presently BIS), Bureau of Indian Standards publish the standards for electrical equipments. In countries like France, Germany, Japan they follow their own standards besides IEC. In USA, Canada and Gulf countries, the ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standards are in use for electrical power system equipment. A study was carried out to find the uniformity, differences between IEC, IS and ANSI standards for electrical power equipment like Busduct, Circuit Breaker and other switchgear equipment. In this paper, the findings and our observations are presented with reference to rating, type test requirements for the above mentioned electrical power equipment. Further, we have presented about few tests carried out as per ANSI standards in our Laboratory.

100 Hz. Separate fault level values shall be specified for the main and tap-off bus ducts and tests are made with a three-phase section having a minimum length of 5 meters. The highest peak value of the major current loop during the first cycle of test shall not be less than 2.55 times the rated short time current. Duration of Short time Current will be One second. For Site installation, altitude exceeding 2000mts, reduction in the dielectric strength and of the cooling effect of air shall be accounted and agreed upon between user and manufacturer. Unusual conditions impacting the equipment design is not discussed /mentioned in IS: 8084.

a) Lightning Impulse voltage test

Five consecutive impulse voltage waves shall be applied. If a flashover or puncture does not occur, the bus-bar shall be considered to have passed the test. If puncture occurs, or if two or more flashovers occur, the bus-bar shall be considered to have failed the test. If only one flashover takes place, 10 additional impulses shall be applied. During these applications, if flashover or puncture does not occur, the bus-bar shall be considered to have passed the test. The bus-bar shall be capable of passing the specified tests with voltages of both positive and negative polarity. However, when it is evident which polarity will give the lower break down voltage, it shall suffice to test with that polarity.

A. Interpretation Of Indian Standard 8084 and ANSI/IEEE STD: C37.23th-2003 (For bus ducts) Interpretation Of Indian Standard: 8084
First of all, there is maximum voltage rating for Switchgear and similar Equipment and Bus ducts for Generator Transformer Connections starts from 3.6kV and up to 36kV, Preferred Normal current ratings are 100, 250, 400, 630, 800, 1250, 1600, 2000, 3150, 4000, 5000, 6300, 8000, 10000, 12500 and 15000(Amperes). The Power frequency voltage withstand test frequency allowed is tolerance allowed is any frequency between 25 Hz and

b) Interpretation Of ANSI/IEEE STD: C37.23th2003

ANSI/IEEE standard for Metal enclosed Bus and the voltage rating starts from 0.635kV through 38kV with continuous current ratings of 600A through 26000A for self cooling rating up to 40000A and above for forced cooled ratings. Rated maximum voltage level of DC bus assemblies ranging from 300V through 3200V with continuous current ratings of 600A through 12000A.

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Different types of tests specified for bus ducts as per ANSI are : a) Design tests: Power frequency voltage withstand test, Lightning Impulse voltage withstand test, Test for bus bar insulation, Continuous current test, momentary withstand current test and Short time withstand Current tests, Flame resistance test for applied insulation, Flame resistance test and paint qualification test. Production tests : Power frequency voltage withstand test, Mechanical operation tests, Grounding of instrument transformer case tests and Electrical operation and control wiring tests. Field test: Weather resistance test, Dielectric test (Power frequency voltage withstand test), Inspection and measurement on forced- air cooled bus system. The Power frequency voltage withstand test. The Power frequency voltage withstand test shall be applied between each phase individually and ground as follows i) For Isolated and segregated Phase Bus duct, between each phase and ground, with the other phases and the enclosure grounded. ii) For other type of bus, between each phase and ground, with the other phases and the enclosure grounded. iii) For DC bus, between each ungrounded conductor and ground, with the ungrounded conductor and the enclosure grounded. iv) If Metal Enclosed bus includes Disconnectors or disconnect links, the open gap shall be tested with a value of voltage 10% higher than the specified voltages as per IEEE: Std. Impulse voltage test Three positive and three negative impulse voltages shall be applied to each point without causing or flashover. If flashovers occur on only one test during any group of three consecutive tests, nine more tests shall be made (referred to as the 3x9 tests). If the equipment successfully withstands all nine of second group of tests, flashover in the first group shall be considered as random flashover and the equipment shall be considered as having passed the tests.

f)

Temperature rise testcomparison between IS: 8084 & IEEE: Std: C37.23th-2003 Higher limit on Temperature rise over reference ambient temperature for different parts of switchgear is mentioned in IEEE as against IS: 8084. The main or tap-off bus ducts are made with a three-phase section having a minimum length of 5 meters. The test current shall be applied continuously until the temperature of all the bus bar parts and supports are substantially constant (three successive readings at not less than 30 minutes intervals shall show a maximum variation of 1C in hottest spot temperature as per IS: 8084. As per ANSI/IEEE Std: C37.23th-2003, Bus duct/assembly shall have a minimum enclosure length of 6 meters and bus shall have at least one typical joint. The test current shall be applied continuously until the temperature of all the bus bar parts and supports are substantially constant (three successive readings at not less than 30 minutes intervals shall show a maximum variation of 1C in hottest spot temperature. Utilities are to be convinced with design performance with respect to thermal and mechanical adequacy of buses and connections before putting them to the network system and this is possible by way of conducting short circuit tests in a testing authority like CPRI as per the requirement of the standard or the requirement of the Utilities. Short circuit tests for bus ways and different types of bus ducts are specified in the IS:8084 and ANSI/IEEE: Std: C37.23th2003. Short Time Current Test as per IS: 8084: The short circuit current applied during the test corresponds to the rated shorttime withstand current as specified by the manufacturer. The test specimen shall be fully equipped and mounted as in normal service condition. For three-phase bus duct, the conductors shall be connected together at one end, while the other ends are connected to the power source and the test may be done at any suitable voltage with bus-bars at any convenient temperature. Criterion for the successful test: The short time current shall not produce any mechanical damage, permanent distortion or burning of parts. After the short time current

b)

c)

d)

g)

e)

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test, the rated Power frequency voltage shall be maintained for one minute with the test voltage be applied between each phase and earth in turn with the remaining phases earthed. The short time current shall not cause a temperature-rise that added to maximum temperature attained at the rated current would damage the insulation of current carrying parts. Limit on the temperature rise of the bus conductor during the short time current test is not mentioned in the IS. Criterion for the successful test as per ANSI : Due to the short circuit current ,the assembly shall have no breakage of insulation. If any deformation of bus bars has occurred, it should not prevent the dielectric test requirements from being met. The Isolated Phase Bus temperature shall not exceed a total temperature of 300 C for copper and 260 C for aluminium.
Figure 1 24kV, 2500A, Isolated phase bus duct tested for 300kA rms-1.0sec

Case 2
Figure 2 shows 27kV, 8000A, 60Hz, generator terminal enclosure tested for 93kA rms and 255kA peak as per IEEE Std C37.20.2-1999 and for 1.0 sec. The test was successful. No breakage of insulation or no deformation of bus bars has occurred. The Isolated Phase Bus withstood the dielectric test requirements.

h)

Rated momentary withstand current test and Short Time withstand Current Test as per IEEE Std: C37.23th-2003:
Rated momentary withstand current will be rms value, including the DC component at the major peak of the maximum cycle as determined from the envelope of the current wave in the maximum offset phase during a test of at least 10 cycles and this test is also called peak withstand current test for 10 cycle. CPRIs experience in testing as per ANSI and few examples are as follows: CPRI has got short time current test facility with special high current transformer which can deliver short circuit current up to 300kA rms for 1.0 second duration for conducting short circuit test on high voltage bus duct, disconnectors, generator terminal enclosures, Current transformers etc.

Case 1
Figure 1 shows 24kV, 25000Ampere, Isolated phase bus duct tested for 300kA rms for1.0second and tested as per ANSI and as per customer requirement. No breakage of insulation or no deformation of bus bars has occurred.

Figure 2 27kV, 8000A, 60Hz generator terminal enclosure tested for 93kA rms-1.0 sec.

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Case 3
Figure 3 shows 24kV, 3000A, 3- Isolated phase Bus duct tested for 125KA, 3.0 secs. as per and tested as per IS: 8084-1976. No breakage of insulation or no deformation of bus bars has occurred. The Bus duct withstood the dielectric test requirements.

Short Circuit Test Duties:

Total numbers of test duties to be conducted as per ANSI will be Ten, whereas IEC recommends that No. of duties to be conducted five and single phase, double earth fault test to be conducted on circuit breaker. As per ANSI, in test duties T10, T30, T60, and single phase test, one breaking operation will be with asymmetry(40 to 60%) in the short circuit current; whereas in IEC, except for T100A, in all the test duties, the breaking operation will be with symmetrical current (% DC component will be less than 20%) In ANSI short line fault tests are designated as test duties 8 & 9 respectively with assigned currents 70 to 80% and 90 to 95% of rated short circuit current. In the IEC short line fault tests are to be conducted at 75%, 90% of rated short circuit currents and L60 duty is specified in case the rated voltage of the circuit breaker is equal or greater than 48.3kV and only if the minimum arcing time obtained during test duty L75 is a quarter of a cycle or more longer than the minimum arcing time obtained during test duty L90. In ANSI, the short time current test has been designated as test duty 10 and the duration for this test is 3 sec. As per IEC, the short time current test duration is either 1Sec or 3 Sec. The peak withstand test duration as per IEC is 0.3 sec. whereas as per ANSI, the duration of current passage will be for 10 cycles and this test has been designated as momentary current carrying capability test.

Figure 3 24kV, 3000A, 3- Isolated phase Bus duct tested for 125KA, 3.0 secs.

A typical successful test oscillogram relates to short time current test conducted on a bus bar assembly as per ANSI standard is given below

RECOVERY VOLTAGE:
As per the ANSI standard, for Vacuum Circuit Breakers, the recovery voltage is to be maintained for 20 cycles and for other type of interrupters, duration of the recovery voltage will be for 6 cycles. Further, the ANSI specifies that for single phase test it is the line voltage to be maintained for 1 cycle and thereafter line to phase voltage to be maintained. However, as per IEC irrespective of the type maintained. However, as per IEC of interrupter and also the type of test, the recovery irrespective of the type of interrupter and voltage istype maintained 300 milli sec also the of test, for the atleast recovery voltage is after the interruption. maintained for atleast 300 milli sec after the interruption. Out Switching test: test: Out of of Phase Phase Switching ANSI specifies test duties 2,2, 2A with ANSI specifies test duties viz. viz. test testduty duty 1,1, 2A with following current and operating following current and operating sequence. sequence.
Test Duty 1 2 2a Operating Sequence O O-CO CO Magnitude of current 0.05 I to 0.1 I 0.25 I 0.25 I

B) of oscillogram IEC and ANSI with Figure 4 Review Typical test (60 Hzstandards Test)

B) Review of IEC and ANSI standards with Rating:to Incircuit ANSI Standard the voltage rating respect Breaker testing

respect to circuit Breaker testing

of the circuit breakers up to 48.3 kV vary from 4.76 kV, 8.25 kV, 15 kV,25.8 kV, 38 and Rating: 48.3 kV and higher voltage ratings are in line In ANSI Standard voltage rating of the circuit breakers with IEC the ratings. The rated continuous up to 48.3 kV as vary from 4.76 kV, 8.25 kV, 15 kV,25.8 current per ANSI varies from 600A to . In kV regard rated voltage short time current kV, 383000A and 48.3 and to higher ratings are in in IEC the ratings. lower range, we find 12.5 kAcurrent , 16. KA line with The rated continuous as per whichfrom are 600A different from IEC rating.to For 145 ANSI varies to 3000A . In regard rated short kV CB, it the is observed that we short circuit time current in lower range, find 12.5 current kA , 16. KA as high from as 80 kArating. has been specified in it is which level are different IEC For 145 kV CB, ANSI observed that short circuit current level as high as 80 kA has been specified in ANSI Short Circuit Test Duties: Total numbers of test duties to be conducted as per ANSI will be Ten, whereas IEC recommends that No. of duties to be conducted five and single phase, double earth fault test to be conducted on circuit

Whereas IEC specifies two test duties OP1, OP2. In OP1 -3 break shots are taken with 30 per cent rated out of phase current. In OP2, CO O O shots are taken with 100 % out of phase current. Closing and latching test: ANSI calls for closing and latch test on circuit

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Whereas IEC specifies two test duties OP1, OP2. In OP1 -3 break shots are taken with 30 per cent rated out of phase current. In OP2, CO O O shots are taken with 100 % out of phase current.

Normally, as per IEC, dielectric tests are carried out at 80 per cent of the specified level after a interruption test where as it is 75% of the specified values as per the ANSI.

Closing and latching test:

ANSI calls for closing and latch test on circuit breaker wherein, circuit breaker has to close to the fault and latch to the short circuit current for a duration of 10 cycles without any damage to the contacts and operating mechanism. The initial peak current will be 2.6 times the rated short circuit current for 60 Hz application and it will be 2.5 times the rated short circuit current for 50 Hz application.

Conclusion:
With the tremendous growth of the Power System and the increasing fault level in the power system network, the type and design testing of switchgear and its elements becomes necessary to guarantee the design performance requirements and to maintain reliable and continuous power supply to the public and other utilities. There is considerable amount of uniformities and differences exist between Indian standards, IEC and the IEEE/ANSI standards with respect to design of product, voltage and current rating, testing and evaluation criteria for the switchgear and its products. Hence, it is necessary to have uniformity in all standards, common procedure for testing of all power system equipment for global utilization of products, and with uniform testing facilities all around the world. This will lead to standardization of electrical equipment globally.

Service capability:
ANSI specifies service capability for a circuit breaker by cumulatively adding up of the currents interrupted by the circuit breaker from test duty 1 to test duty 9 including the trial shots taken. IEC doesnt specify above mentioned test requirements for a circuit breaker. As far as the capacitive current switching tests are concerned, both IEC and ANSI requirements harmonised.

References
1) IS: 8084-1976 2) IEEE Std C37.23th .2003 3) IEEE Std C37.20.2-2001 4) IEC: 62271-200 5) ANSIC37.09-1999 6) ANSI C37.06-2000
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Metal enclosed switchgear:

In case of metal enclosed switchgear the following are observed. Comparing to the ANSI and IEC standards, IEC defines the short circuit withstand capability in two different ways viz. rms and peak value , with duration 1 or 3 sec and asymmetrical current duration for 0.3 sec; whereas ANSI defines rms value for 2 secs and a momentary current carrying capability with a DC component during the first major peak for 10 cycles. In regard to the temperature rise for bare copper joints, the maximum temperature can go upto 70 deg. C while IEC accepts upto 90 deg.C. The acceptable temperature for the accessible parts in the metal enclosed switchgear is only 50 deg. C as per ANSI, whereas it is 70 deg.C as per IEC. The ANSI standard specifies lot of design parameter requirements like barrier thickness between the compartments, provision of voltage transformer on the HV side, and the current carrying capability of earth conductor, no.of hinches and latch points, whereas IEC does not specify these physical details. ANSI also specifies that CTs to be installed in the metal enclosed switchgear to be rated at 55 deg. C. We observe that the auxiliary test circuits in the metal enclosed switchgear to be subjected to 1.5 kV for 1 minute as per ANSI instead of 2 kV rms for 1 minute mentioned in the IEC.