Research into the correlation between concrete strength and UPV values

http://www.ndt.net/article/v09n12/turgut/turgut.htm

NDT.net Dec 2004 Vol. 12 No.12

Research into the correlation between concrete strength and UPV values
P. Turgut Harran University, Engineering Faculty, ivil Engineering De!art"ent #s"an$ey %&000, 'anliur(a, Tur)ey Corresponding Author Contact: P.Turgut, E"ail* turgut!a)i+,arran.e-u.tr Tel.* ./004140&14000201 (a2* ./004140&4400020 a"!us,

Abstract
3n t,is stu-y, a relations,i! is -eter"ine- $et4een concrete strengt, an- UPV 5Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity6 $y using t,e -ata o$taine- (ro" "any cores ta)en (ro" -i((erent rein(orceconcrete structures ,aving -i((erent ages an- un)no4n ratios o( concrete "i2tures. 7lso, a correlation is set u! so as to (in- concrete strengt,0UPV relations,i! $et4een t,e -ata o$taine- (ro" t,e earlier la$oratory researc,es on t,e concrete s!eci"ens 4it, various "i2ture ratios. 8y !rocessing correlation $et4een t,ese -ata sets, t,e $est (it (or"ula (or t,e concrete strengt,0UPV relations,i! is o$taine-. T,ere(ore, 4it, t,is stu-y, a general concrete strengt,0UPV (or"ula is -evelo!e- 4it,out ta)ing t,e concrete "i2ture ratios into consi-eration. T,is ne4 (or"ula ena$les to (in- concrete strengt,s !ractically in e2isting concrete structures t,at t,eir recor-s o( concrete "i2ture ratios are not availa$le or not !resent. 3t can also $e use- in con-itions t,at t,e nu"$er o( t,e st ructures is too "any ant,e ti"e o( t,e e2a"ination o( t,e" is too restricte-. Keywords: Ultrasoun-s1 Non0-estructive testing1 oncrete

1. Introduction
T,e non0-estructive testing 5NDT6 o( concrete is o( great scienti(ic an- !ractical i"!ortance. T,e su$9ect ,as receive- gro4ing attention -uring recent years, es!ecially t,e nee- (or :uality c,aracterisation o( -a"age- constructions "a-e o( concrete, using NDT "et,o-s. ;al,otra <1= !resente- a co"!re,ensive literature survey (or t,e non-estructive "et,o-s nor"ally use- (or concrete testing an- evaluation. >es,c,ins)y <2= su""ari?e- t,e a-vantages o( non-estructive tests as re-uction in t,e la$or consu"!tion o( testing, a -ecrease in la$or consu"!tion o( !re!aratory 4or), a s"aller a"ount o( structural -a"age, a !ossi$ility o( testing concrete strengt, in structures 4,ere cores cannot $e -rille- ana!!lication o( less e2!ensive testing e:ui!"ent, as co"!are- to core testing. T,ese a-vantages are o( no value i( t,e results are not relia$le, re!resentative, an- as close as !ossi$le to t,e actual strengt, o( t,e teste- !art o( t,e structure. >ongitu-inal ultrasonic 4aves are an attractive tool (or investigating concrete. 'uc, 4aves ,ave t,e ,ig,est velocity so it is si"!le to se!arate t,e" (ro" t,e ot,er 4ave "o-es. T,e e:ui!"ent is !orta$le, usa$le in t,e (iel- (or in situ testing, is truly non-estructive an- ,as $een success(ul (or testing "aterials ot,er t,an concrete. 3n a--ition, none o( t,e availa$le non-estructive "et,o-s (or testing concrete strengt, is $etter. Nevert,eless, t,ere are intrinsic an- !ractical (actors t,at "ay inter(ere 4it, t,e -eter"ination o( concrete strengt, $y ultrasonic "eans. oncrete is a "i2ture o( (our "aterials* !ortlan- ce"ent, "ineral aggregate, 4ater an- air. T,is co"!le2ity "a)es t,e $e,avior o( ultrasonic 4aves in

1 of 7

12/19/2013 11:05 PM

Research into the correlation between concrete strength and UPV values

http://www.ndt.net/article/v09n12/turgut/turgut.htm

concrete ,ig,ly irregular, 4,ic,, in turn ,in-ers non-estructive testing. 3n t,e vie4 o( t,e co"!le2ities o( t,e !ro$le" it 4oul- a!!ear to $e overly o!ti"istic to atte"!t to (or"ulate an ultrasonic test "et,o- (or t,e -eter"ination o( concrete strengt,. Ho4ever, consi-ering t,e seriousness o( t,e in(rastructure !ro$le" an- t,e "agnitu-e o( t,e cost o( re,a$ilitation, "a9or a-vance"ent is -es!erately nee-e- to i"!rove t,e current situation. For instance, it ,as $een -e"onstrate- re!eate-ly t,at t,e stan-ar- ultrasonic "et,o- using longitu-inal 4aves (or testing concrete can esti"ate t,e concrete strengt, only 4it, @ 20 !ercent accuracy un-er la$oratory con-itions <&= Earlier researc,es <4021= on (in-ing t,e correlation $et4een concrete strengt,s an- UPV 4ere generally li"ite- to t,e s!eci"ens !re!are- in la$oratory con-itions. 3n t,ese researc,es -i((erent correlation (or"ulas 4ere (oun- (or -i((erent concrete "i2ture ratios. Furt,er"ore, a general e2!ression o( a concrete strengt, an- UPV correlation $y not ta)ing t,e ratio o( concrete "i2ture an- its age into consi-eration -oes not e2its in t,ese earlier researc,es <4021=. 3n t,is researc,, a ne4 correlation is (oun- $y co"!aring t,e strengt,0UPV relations,i! o( concrete cores ta)en (ro" e2isting rein(orce- concrete structures an- t,e -ata o$taine- (ro" s!eci"ens in la$oratory con-ition 4,ic, consist o( -i((erent concrete "i2ture ratios. 3n earlier researc,es <4021= t,e concrete "i2ture ratios 4ere varia$le an- t,e ages o( t,e s!eci"ens 4ere generally 2A -ays. #nly one researc, <4= use- a restricte- a"ount o( s!eci"ens 4it, 2A years ol-. 3n t,is researc,, t,e ages o( e2isting rein(orce- concrete structures ta)en cores ranges $et4een 2A -ays to &% years ant,eir concrete "i2ture ratios are not )no4n. Un)no4n concrete "i2ture ratios in e2isting rein(orce- concrete structures are one o( t,e "ost co""on issues t,at cause -i((iculties so as to -eter"inate t,e strengt,0UPV relations,i!. 3n t,is res!ect, $ecause o( varia$ility in t,e concrete "i2ture ratio (in-ings o$taine- (ro" la$oratory researc,es <4021= -o not ,ave a general !attern, t,e strengt, o( concrete can not $e -eter"ine- a!!ro!riately. T,us, t,ese (in-ings can not re!resent a general 4ay o( analysis as 4ell. 3n t,is researc,, a general $est (it (or"ula is -evelo!e- $y co"!aring t,e values o$taine- (ro" e2isting rein(orce- concrete structures an- t,e (in-ings o( earlier researc,es <4021=. Na"ely, a ne4 general strengt,0UPV correlation (or"ula is -evelo!e- via analy?ing t,e relations,i! $et4een t,e curves o$taine- (ro" la$oratory e2!eri"ents <4021= an- t,e curves o$taine- (ro" e2isting rein(orce- concrete structures.

2. N ! testing o" concrete using ultrasound

7"ong t,e availa$le non-estructive "et,o-s, t,e ultrasonic !ulse velocity tester is t,e "ost co""only use- ones in !ractice. Test is -escri$e- in 7'T; B/C <22= an- 8' 1AA1020& <2&=. T,e !rinci!le o( test is t,at t,e velocity o( soun- in a soli- "aterial, V, is a (unction o( t,e s:uare root o( t,e ratio o( its "o-ulus o( elasticity, E, to its -ensity, . 516 4,ere g is t,e gravity acceleration. Delations,i!s a"ong t,e !ulse velocity o( concrete, t,e strengt, o( concrete an- t,e "o-ulus o( elasticity o( concrete are given in re(erences <2402C=. 3n t,e test, t,e ti"e t,e !ulses ta)e to travel t,roug, concrete is recor-e-. T,en, t,e velocity is calculate- as* V E >FT 526

4,ere VE !ulse velocity 5"Fs6, >E lengt, 5"6, an- TE e((ective ti"e 5s6, 4,ic, is t,e "easure- ti"e "inus t,e ?ero ti"e correction. Nu"erous e2!eri"ental -ata an- t,e correlation relations,i! $et4een strengt, an- !ulse velocity o( concrete ,ave $een !resentean- !ro!ose-. 'o"e (igures suggeste- $y G,ite,urst<2A= (or concrete 4it, a -ensity o(

2 of 7

12/19/2013 11:05 PM

Research into the correlation between concrete strength and UPV values

http://www.ndt.net/article/v09n12/turgut/turgut.htm

a!!ro2i"ately 2400 )gF" are given as e2cellent, goo-, -ou$t(ul, !oor an- very !oor (or 4B00 "Fs an- a$ove, &B0004B00, &0000&B00 an- 2000 "Fs an- $elo4 UPV values, res!ectively. 8ase- on e2!eri"ental results, T,ar"aratna" an- Tan <2/= gave t,e relations,i! $et4een t,e ultrasonic !ulse velocity in a concrete Vc an- concrete co"!ressive strengt, (c as* ( E ae
c $V

&

5&6

4,ere a an- $ are !ara"eters -e!en-ent u!on t,e "aterial !ro!erties. Fin-ings o( -i((erent researc,ersH stu-ies <4021= on t,e relations,i!s $et4een t,e concrete strengt,s an- UPV are s,o4n in Figure 1. T,e s!eci"ens use- in t,ese researc,es 4ere cu$e or cylin-er s,a!es. G,ole values o( cylin-er concrete strengt,s 4ere given $y converting t,e" into stan-ar- cu$e o( 1B c" lengt,. T,ese researc,es <4021= ,ave $een !rocesse- on t,e -i((erent s!eci"ens !re!are- in la$oratory con-itions an- ,ave -i((erent concrete "i2ture ratios. 7s it is s,o4n in Figure 1, strengt,0UPV curves o( t,ese values are -i((erent (ro" eac, ot,er.

#. !he $ethod and discussion

7 correlation is set u! an- s,o4e- in Figure 1 4it, t,e -ata o$taine- (ro" earlier e2!eri"ental stu-ies <4021= 4,ic, are !ro-uce- on s!eci"ens ,aving -issi"ilar concrete "i2ture ratios. 8ecause -evelo!ing a correlation $y ignoring concrete "i2ture ratios is t,e ai" o( t,is stu-y, t,e ages an- concrete "i2ture ratios o( eac, s!eci"ens use- in la$oratory stu-ies are not given.

Fig.1. Earlier researc,es <4021= on concrete strengt,0UPV relations,i!s.

'o as to -evelo! a ne4 correlation on concrete strengt,0UPV relations,i!, t,e curve o$taine- (ro" correlation 4,ic, re!resents t,e -ata !ro-uce- in la$oratories an- t,e curve o$taine- (ro" t,e correlation 4,ic, re!resents t,e -ata !ro-uce- (ro" e2isting rein(orceconcrete structures are co"!are-. For t,is !rocess, (ro" &0 rein(orce- structures 4,ic, t,eir ages vary $et4een 2A -ays to &% years ol- A2 cores 4ere o$taine-. T,e -ensities o(

3 of 7

12/19/2013 11:05 PM

Research into the correlation between concrete strength and UPV values

http://www.ndt.net/article/v09n12/turgut/turgut.htm

concrete cores vary $et4een 1.AA an- 2.%0 grFc" . Decor-s containing t,e aggregate !ro!ortions, t,e 4ater0ce"ent ratio an- strengt, value (or teste- concretes 4ere no availa$le in structures teste- (or t,is stu-y. T,e cores 4ere o$taine- (ro" colu"ns, s,ear or retaine- 4alls in t,e concrete structures. T,e si?e o( cores 4as 1002200 "". T,ere 4as no rein(orce"ent !resent in t,e cores. 7ll cores 4ere -rille- ,ori?ontally t,roug, t,e t,ic)ness o( t,e concrete ele"ents. For -eter"ining o( t,e co"!ressive strengt, o( cores 8' 1AA1* Part 120* 1/A& <2/= an- 7'T; 420/0 <&0= !roce-ures 4ere use-. 8e(ore t,e e2ecution o( -estructive co"!ressive test, t,e cores 4ere teste-, using ultrasoun- (or t,e -eter"ination o( t,e velocities o( t,e longitu-inal ultrasonic 4aves. T,e velocity o( t,e !ro!agation o( ultrasoun- !ulses 4as "easure- $y -irect trans"ission using a ontrols E4A ultrasoun- -evice. T,is "easure- t,e ti"e o( !ro!agation o( ultrasoun- !ulses 4it, a !recision o( 0.1 s. T,e trans-ucers use- 4ere B0 "" in -ia"eter, an- ,a- "a2i"u" resonant (re:uencies, as "easure- in our la$oratory, o( B4 )H?. T,e co"!ressive strengt,s o( t,e concrete cores 4ere converte- to cu$e 4it, 1B "" si-e lengt,. T,e values o( t,e ultrasonic !ulse velocities lay 4it,in 1.A an- B.0 )"Fs. T,e concrete cu$e strengt,s varie- $et4een B.0 an- BB.0 ;Pa. 7 correlation is set u! so as to (in- strengt,0UPV relations,i! $et4een t,e -ata (ro" t,e earlier la$oratory researc,es an- t,e $est (it0curve re!resenting t,e relations,i! is given as* ' 4,ere, ' E 0.0AC2e
1.2/V
>a$

&

>a$

>a$

an- V
2

>a$

res!ectively re!resent t,e strengt, an- velocity o$taine- in

la$oratories. D value 4as (oun- to $e 0.A&. 3n Figure 2 t,e strengt,0UPV relation t,at re(lects t,e test results o$taine- (ro" t,e cores o$taine- (ro" e2isting rein(orce- concrete structures is s,o4n. 3n ,ere, t,e -i((erences in strengt, an- UPV values o( cores ste" (ro" ,aving -i((erent concrete ages an- "i2ture ratios. Variation in teste- coresH "i2ture ratios result in o$taining -i((erent strengt,0UPV correlations. 3n t,is res!ect, t,ese -ata can $e use- in ter"s o( controlling t,e relia$ility o( t,e curves 4,ic, s,o4 t,e correlation stu-ies ,el- in la$oratories <4021=.

Fig.2. Delations,i! $et4een concrete strengt, an- UPV in e2isting rein(orce- concrete structures

4 of 7

12/19/2013 11:05 PM

Research into the correlation between concrete strength and UPV values

http://www.ndt.net/article/v09n12/turgut/turgut.htm

T,e correlation set u! t,e -ata s,o4n in Figure 2, re!resents t,e "ost a!!ro!riate strengt,0UPV relations,i! as* ' E 1.14%e
i 0.CCV
i

4,ere, ' an- V res!ectively re!resent t,e strengt, an- velocity o$taine- (ro" e2isting
i i

rein(orce- concrete structures. D value 4as (oun- to $e 0.A0. 7lt,oug, t,eir stan-arvariations an- strengt,s are -i((erent at t,e $eginning, curves o$taine- (ro" earlier researc,es an- e2isting rein(orce- concrete structures increase !arallel as it seen in t,e Figure &.

Fig.&.

o"!arison o( results (ro" earlier 4or)s <4021= an- e2isting rein(orce- concrete structures

T,e $e,in- t,is s,oul- $e -e!en-s on t4o reasons. First, "ost o( t,e cores ,aving u! to 4,& )"Fsec velocity 4ere collecte- (ro" co"!aratively ol- age- e2isting rein(orce- structures. Ho4ever, earlier researc,es <4021= are -e!en-e- on s!eci"ens 4,ic, are 2A -ays ol-. Na"ely, it is t,oug,t t,at t,e -i((erence $et4een t,is stu-y an- earlier onesH <4021= core strengt,s u! to 4,& )"Fsec is $ecause o( -i((erences in t,e ages o( t,e s!eci"ens use-. 'econ-ly, t,e co"!ressive strengt, tests an- UVP tests o( cores (ro" e2isting rein(orcestructures are "easure- 4it, t,eir natural ,u"i-ity. Ho4ever, s!eci"ens teste- in la$oratories ,ave "ore ,u"i-ity as content. 7s it is )no4n, co"!ressive strengt, o( 4et concretes is less t,an -ry ones $ut t,eir UPV values are ,ig, <B,&2=. 7s a conse:uence, -i((erence $et4een values o( cores ta)en (ro" e2isting rein(orce- structures an- values o( s!eci"ens !re!are- in la$oratories is inevita$le. 3n Figure & t,e "ost a!!ro!riate curve is (oun- an- s,o4n -e!en-ing on t,e correlation $et4een t,e curve o$taine- (ro" e2isting rein(orce- structures an- t,e curve o$taine- (ro" stu-ies on la$oratory originate- s!eci"ens. De!en-ing on t,ese curves t,e $est (it (or"ula is (oun- as* ' E 0.&1%1e
n 1.0&V
n

4,ere, ' an- V res!ectively re!resent t,e ne4 strengt, an- velocity values. D value 4as
n n

5 of 7

12/19/2013 11:05 PM

Research into the correlation between concrete strength and UPV values

http://www.ndt.net/article/v09n12/turgut/turgut.htm

(oun- to $e 0.A0. 7s s,o4n in Figure &, t,e curve o$taine- (ro" e2isting rein(orcestructures an- t,e curve o$taine- (ro" la$oratory originate- s!eci"ens lay an- increase !arallel $et4een t,e values o( &.4 )"Fs an- 4.& )"Fsec. 8et4een 4.& )"Fs an- B.0 )"Fs t,ese curves $egin to a!!roac, as t,e velocity increase. T,ey converge at t,e value o( B,00 )"Fsec. T,is s,o4s t,at ,ig, strengt, concretes are "ore uni(or" t,an t,e less strengt, concretes. 7s a conse:uence, it can $e clai"e- t,at in concrete strengt,0UPV test increasing velocity -ecreases t,e error. T,us, t,e curve o$taine- (ro" t,e correlation o( e2isting rein(orce- structure an- la$oratory originate- s!eci"ens can $e use- in ter"s o( (in-ing t,e a!!ro2i"ate value o( concrete strengt,.

%. &onclusions
Fro" t,is stu-y it can $e conclu-e- t,at* 3n earlier researc,es <4021= t,ere is not a general (or"ula re!resenting t,e concrete strengt, $y using UPV test. 7lt,oug, t,e stu-ies "a-e 4it, UPV test, until no4, ,ave -e!en-e- "ainly on "aterials 4,ic, 4ere concrete, eac, stu-y (oun- -i((erent strengt,0UPV correlations. T,is variation, s,o4n in Figure 1, co"es in to $eing $ecause s!eci"ens use- in la$oratory e2!eri"ents ,ave -i((erent concrete "i2ture ratio. Di((erence in t,eir 4etness an- -ryness causes a variation as 4ell. 3n t,is researc, it is veri(ie- t,at, s,o4n in Figure &, $ot, tests on concrete s!eci"ens use- in earlier researc,es <4021= an- on e2isting rein(orce- concrete structures re!resent t,at value o( UPV increases as t,e concrete strengt, increases. De!en-ing on Figure & it "ay $e clai"e- t,at using UPV tests on ,ig, strengt, concretes is "ore relia$le. 'trengt,0UPV relations,i! o$taine- (ro" la$oratory originate- s!eci"ens is cali$rate4it, t,e test results o( t,e cores (ro" e2isting rein(orce- concrete structures. Git, t,e (or"ula ' E 0.&1%1e
n 1.0&V
n,

o$taine- 4it, t,e correlation o( earlier

researc,esH (in-ings an- t,is stu-yHs (in-ings, a!!ro2i"ate value o( co"!ressive strengt, in any !oint o( concrete can $e !ractically (oun- 4it, ignoring t,e "i2ture ratio o( concrete t,roug, using only longitu-inal velocity varia$le 5Vn6.

Re"erences
1. ;al,otra V. ;. 5E-.6, Testing Har-ene- oncrete* Non0-estructive ;et,o-s, 7 3, "onogra!, No. /, Detroit, U', 1/C%. 2. >es,c,ins)y 7., Non0-estructive "et,o-s instea- o( s!eci"ens an- cores, :uality control o( concrete structures, 3n* Procee-ings o( t,e 3nternational 'y"!osiu" Hel- $y D3>E;. 8elgiu", E FN 'P#N, U.I., 1//1, !!.&CC0&A%. &. Po!ovics '., 'trengt, an- relate- !ro!erties o( concrete* a :uantitative a!!roac,, Ne4 Jor)* Ko,n Giley 'ons 3nc., 1//A. 4. Prassiana)is 3.N., Lio)as P., ;ec,anical !ro!erties o( ol- concrete using -estructive an- ultrasonic non0-estructive testing "et,o-s, ;aga?ine o( oncrete Desearc,, BB 5200&6 1C101C%. B. 8ungey K.H., T,e vali-ity o( ultrasonic !ulse velocity testing o( in0!lace concrete (or strengt,, N.D.T. 3nternational 1&5%6 51/A06 2/%0&00. %. Facaoaru 3., ontri$ution M iHNtu-e -e la relation entre la rNsistance -u $Nton M la co"!ression et -e la vitesse -e !ro!agation longitu-inale -es ultrasons, D3>E; 22 51/%16 12B01B4. C. Tre?os I.L., Leorgiou I., ;are$elias ., Deter"ination o( t,e in situ strengt, o( concrete using t,e in-irect "et,o-s o( i"!act an- t,e ultrasoun-s, Tec,ni)a ,roni)a0'cienti(ic E-ition T L 1& 51//&6 2C041. A. ;i)ulic D., Pause O., U)rainc V., Deter"ination o( concrete :uality in a structure $y co"$ination o( -estructive an- non0-estructive "et,o-s, ;aterials an-

6 of 7

12/19/2013 11:05 PM

Research into the correlation between concrete strength and UPV values

http://www.ndt.net/article/v09n12/turgut/turgut.htm

'tructures 2B 51//26 %B0%/. /. >ogot,etis >., o"$ination o( t,ree non0-estructive "et,o-s (or t,e -eter"ination o( t,e strengt, o( concrete, P,D T,esis*7t,ens, 1/C/. 10. Pasra4i H.J., oncrete strengt, $y co"$ine- non0-estructive "et,o-s si"!ly an- relia$ly !re-icte-, e" oncr Des &0 520006 C&/0C4%. 11. Davin-rara9a, D.'., >oo J.H. an- Ta" .T., Decycle- concrete as (ine an- coarse aggregates in concrete, ;aga?ine o( oncrete Desearc, &/ 51/AC6 2140220. 12. Loncalves 7., 3n situ concrete strengt, esti"ation. 'i"ultaneous use o( cores, re$oun- ,a""er an- !ulse velocity, 3n* 3nternational 'y"!osiu" NDT in ivil Engineering. Ler"any, 1//B, !!./CC0/A4. 1&. 'os,iro-a T., Vora!ut,a!orn I., Deco""en-e- "et,o- (or earlier ins!ection o( concrete :uality $y non0-estructive testing, oncrete Dura$ility an- De!air Tec,nology 51///6 2C0&%. 14. P,oon I.I., Gee T.H., >oi .'., Develo!"ent o( statistical :uality assurance criterion (or concrete using ultrasonic !ulse velocity "et,o-, 7 3 ;aterial Kournal /% 5B6 51///6 B%A0BC&. 1B. Elvery D.H, 3$ra,i" >7;., Ultrasonic assess"ent o( concrete strengt, at early ages, ;aga?ine o( oncrete Desearc, 51/C%6 1A101/0. 1%. Teo-oru, L.V., T,e use o( si"ultaneous non-estructive tests to !re-ict t,e co"!ressive strengt, o( concrete, 7 3 'P0112 ,1//A,1&C01B2. 1C. Taniga4a J, 8a$a I, ;ori H., Esti"ation o( concrete strengt, $y co"$inenon-estructive testing "et,o-, 7 3 'P0A2, 1/A4, !!.BC0C%. 1A. Par)er G.E., Pulse velocity testing o( concrete, Proc 7" 'oc Test ;ater B& 51/B&6 10&&01042. 1/. Jun H, ,oi ID, Ii" 'J, 'ong J ., o"!arative evaluation o( non-estructive test ;et,o-s (or in0!lace strengt, -eter"ination, 7 3 'P 1120% 1/AA. 20. Dio, >.;., Ki"ene?, 7., >o!e?, F., Dosa, F.K., Du(o, ;.;., Paniagua, K.;., ,aracteri?ation an- ,ar-ening o( concrete 4it, ultrasonic testing, Ultrasonics 42 520046 B2C0B&0. 21. 7rioglu, E., 7rioglu, N., Testing o( concrete core sa"!les an- evaluations, Evri" Pu$lis,er, 3stan$ul, 1//A. 22. 7'T; B/C0A&, Test (or !ulse velocity t,roug, concrete, 7'T;, U.'.7., 1//1. 2&. 8' 1AA1020&, Deco""en-ations (or "easure"ent o( velocity o( ultrasonic !ulses in concrete, 8'3, U.I., 1/A%. 24. 7. Nilsen, P. 7itcin, 'tatic "o-ulus o( elasticity o( ,ig, strengt, concrete (ro" !ulse velocity tests, e" oncr 7ggr 14 516 51//26 %40%%. 2B. D. P,illeo, o"!arison o( results o( t,ree "et,o-s (or -eter"ining JoungHs "o-ulus o( elasticity o( concrete, K 7" oncr 3nst B1 51/BB6 4%104%/. 2%. ;. ',ar"a, 8. Lu!ta, 'onic "o-ulus as relate- to strengt, an- static "o-ulus o( ,ig, strengt, concrete, 3n-ian oncr K &4 546 51/%06 1&/0141. 2C. 7 3 &1A0/B, 8uil-ing o-e De:uire"ents (or structural concrete, 57 3 &1A0/B6 an- co""entary07 3 &1AD0/B, 7 3, U.'., 1//B. 2A. E. G,ite,urst, 'onisco!e tests concrete structures, K 7" oncr 3nst 4C 51/B16 4&&0444. 2/. I. T,ar"aratna", 8.'. Tan, 7ttenuation o( ultrasonic !ulse in ce"ent "ortar, e". oncr. Des. 20 51//06 &&B0&4B. &0. 8' 1AA1* Part 120* 1/A&, ;et,o- (or Deter"ination o( o"!ressive 'trengt, o( oncrete ores, 8'3, U.I., 1/A&. &1. 7'T; 420/0, 'tan-ar- test "et,o- (or o$taining an- testing -rille- cores ansa4e- $ea"s o( concrete, 7'T;, U.'.7., 1//2. &2. Po!ovics, '., E((ect o( curing "et,o- an- (inal "oisture con-ition on co"!ressive strengt, o( concrete, 7 3 Kournal A& 546 51/A%6 %B00%BC.

Q NDT.net

RTo!R

7 of 7

12/19/2013 11:05 PM