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Physics 1D03
SHM: x(t) = A cos t Motion continues indefinitely. Only conservative forces act, so the mechanical energy is constant.
x Damped oscillator: dissipative forces (friction, air resistance, etc.) remove energy from the oscillator, and the amplitude decreases with time.
Physics 1D03
Weak damping:
x(t ) = ( A0 e
b t 2m
) cos(t + )
k b b 2 = 0 With damping: = m 2m 2m
Physics 1D03
Example:
A mass on a spring oscillates with initial amplitude 20 cm. After 10 seconds, the amplitude is 10 cm.
Question: What is the amplitude after 30 seconds? A) B) C) D) E) 6.7 cm 5 cm 3.3 cm 2.5 cm zero
Weak damping:
x(t ) = A0 e
b t 2m
cos(t + )
2
b 2 with = 0 2m
b 0 2m
oil? molasses? axle grease?
Physics 1D03
t
underdamped
Physics 1D03
Physics 1D03
Forced Oscillations
A periodic, external force pushes on the mass (in addition to the spring and damping):
The frequency is set by the machine applying the force. The system responds by oscillating at the same frequency . The amplitude can be very large if the external driving frequency is close to the natural frequency of the oscillator.
Physics 1D03
k 0 = m
Newtons 2nd Law:
dx d 2x F = Fmax cos t kx b = m 2 dt dt
same
Assume that
x = A cos (t + ) ; then
F max A=
m + m b
2
2 2
Physics 1D03
F max A=
m b + m
2
2 2
So, large A as 0 i.e. if the external push has the same frequency as the resonant frequency 0. The driving force is in resonance with the system. A
Physics 1D03
Resonance occurs because the driving force changes direction at just the same rate as the natural oscillation would reverse direction, so the driving force reinforces the natural oscillation on every cycle.
Question (about the relative phase): Where in the cycle should the driving force be at its maximum value for maximum average power? A) When the mass is at maximum x. B) When the mass is at the midpoint (x = 0). C) It doesnt matter.
Physics 1D03
x t
v t
Fext t
Physics 1D03
Summary
For weak damping, the system oscillates, and the amplitude decreases exponentially with time. With sufficiently strong damping, the system returns smoothly to equilibrium without oscillation. An oscillator driven by an external periodic force will oscillate with an amplitude that depends on the driving frequency. The amplitude is large when the driving frequency is close to the natural frequency of the oscillator.
Physics 1D03