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~ ) + ~ ) ~ ~
P
n
Mn Q
(8)
where
Q= 1.79
LRFD: (9)
where
<1>=0.86
The equations for web crippling and combined bending and web crippling for box-beam headers
are applicable within the following limits: Track thickness ~ 0.033-inches (0.838 mm), track
flange width 1.0-inch (25.4 mm), C-section depth ~ 6-inches (152 mm) and ~ 12-inches (305
mm) and the C-section thickness ~ 0.033-inches (0.838 mm) and 0.097-inches (2.464 mm).
Conclusions
The objective of this experimental study vyas to develop a new design methodology for
conventionally framed box-beam headers subject to IOF loading. This was to be accomplished
by experimental tests of headers as an assembly composed of two C-sections and two track
sections. Based on the tests carried out for this study and for the previous pilot study (Stephens,
1999), the following conclusions have been developed:
o The nominal web crippling strength, P n, for QOx -beam headers can be determined using
Equation 2 with a modifier, Equation 5, depending upon the thickness of the top track
and the C-sections. For design, Q and <I> were determined to be 1.82 and 0.84
respectively.
259
o The combined bending and web crippling strength for the design of box-beam headers
can be determined using the interaction Equations 8 and 9 with n = 1.79 and <I> = 0.86
Appendix - References
American Iron and Steel Institute (1997), Cold-Formed Steel Back-to-Back Header Assembly
Tests, Publication RG-9719, Washington, D.C.
American Society for Testing and Materials (1996), Standard Test Methods and Definitionsfor
Mechanical Testing of Steel Products, ASTM, A370-96
Beshara, Baher (2001), Calibration Programfor Cold Formed Steel Members, Version 1.1,
University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
CFSLT Version 3.03 (1998), RGS Software, Inc., Lee's Summit, Missouri
Commentary on the 1996 Edition of the Specificationfor the Design of Cold-Formed Steel
Structural Members (1996), American Iron and Steel Institute, Washington, D.C.
Hetrakul, N., and Yu, W. W., (1978). "Structural Behavior of Beam Webs Subjected to Web
Crippling and a Combination of Web Crippling and Bending", Final Report, Civil Engineering
Study 92-1, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, MO.
Hetrakul, N., and Yu, W. W., (1980). "Cold-Formed Steel I-beams Subjected to Combined Web
Crippling and Bending", Thin-Walled Structures - Recent Technical Advances and Trends in
Design, Research and Construction, Rhodes, r and A. C. Walker (Eds.), Granada Publishing
Limited, London.
North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members
(November 5, 2001), Review Document, American Iron and Steel Institute, Washington, D.C.
Prabakaran, K. and Schuster, R.M. (1998), "Web Crippling of Cold Formed Steel Members,"
Proceedings of the 14th International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures, St.
Louis, Missouri
Prescriptive Methodfor Residential Cold-Formed Steel Framing (2000), North American Steel
Framing Alliance, Washington, D.C.
Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members (1996), with 1999
Supplement, American Iron and Steel Institute, Washington, D.C.
Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Framing - Header Design (2000), American Iron and Steel
Institute, Washington, D.C.
260
Stephens, S.F. (1999), "Structural Behavior of Cold-Formed Steel Header Beams for Residential
Construction," Master of Science thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of
Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, MO.
Stephens, S.F. (2002), "Web Crippling and Combined Bending and Web Crippling of Cold-
Formed Steel Header Beams," Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Civil Engineering, University
of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, MO.
Winter, G and R.H.J. Pian (1946), "Crushing Strength of Thin Steel Webs," Cornell Bulletin 35,
Part 1, Engineering Experimental Station, Cornell University.
Young, B. and Hancock, GJ (1998), "Web Crippling Behavior of Cold-Formed Unlipped
Channels," Proceedings of the 14th International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel
Structures, St. Louis, Missouri.
Yu, W. W. (1981), "Web Crippling and Combined Web Crippling and Bending of Steel Decks,"
Civil Engineering Study 81-2, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, Missouri
Yu, W. W., Cold-Formed Steel Design, (2000) Third Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New
York.
2-#8 SCREWS @ 24" D.C.
ONE PER FLANGE
C-SHAPES
2 #8 SCREWS @ 24"0.C.
ONE PER FLANGE
261
STRUCTURAL SHEATHING
Figure 1. Box-Beam Header
Screw Locations
Section
TRACK
TRACK OR C-SHAPE
ATIACH WITH #8 SCREWS,
(MINIMUM DEPTH = HEADER
DEPTH MINUS 1/2 INCHES)
JACK STUDS (AS REQUIRED)
KING 'STUDS (AS REQUIRED)
SCREWS THROUGH
SHEATHING TO EACH JACK
& KING STUD PER TABLE 25
Channel Sections
Figure 2. Box-Beam Header Cross-Section
Remainder
<2'-0"
I
J
262
~ e a m
I
Span Length
Remainder
<2'-0"
Figure 3. Typical Screw Spacing for Solid Web Test Specimens (I-foot = 305 mm)
~
p
U2
N-IS" - .
II I
N=3"
i
...
I
I
I
>I.Sh >I.Sh
Span Length = L
Single Point Load Configuration
Ll
f
L2
r
L3
- . - . N IS" N IS"
II II
N=3"
i T
I
>I.Sh >I.Sh >I.Sh
I
Spun Length = L
Two Point Load Configuration
Figure 4. Typical Test Specimen Loading Configurations (I-inch = 25.4 mm)
Test Specimen
263
Testing Machine
Reaction Head
Load Cell
Beam
Testing Machine Support Beam
Figure 5. Schematic of Test Set-up
Figure 6. Box Beam Web Crippling at Load Bearing Plate Location
264
Figure 7. Box-Beam Web Crippling Failure at Two Load Bearing Points
Table I. C-Section Properties for Strength Calculations
C-Section t (in) h (in) hit Rlt NIt F. (ksi) S. (in
3
)
600S162-43 0.0416 5.346 129 5.53 36.04 46.66 1.184
800S162-33 0.0324 7.654 236 5.30 46.27 47.00 0.582
8OOS162-54 0.0525 7.637 145 3.81 28.56 56.76 2.400
1OOOS162-54 0.0538 9.548 177 4.35 27.85 54.85 2.737
12OOS162-68 0.0724 11.477 159 4.15 20.73 45.25 6.183
6OOS2OO-33 0.0346 5.555 161 4.08 43.35 48.60 0.481
6OOS200-43 0.0422 5.494 130 3.70 35.52 35.10 0.715
6OOS200-68 0.0665 5.497 83 2.12 22.57 55.30 1.061
8OOS200-54 0.0550 7.577 138 2.27 27.26 55.70 1.271
8OOS200-68 0.0692 7.377 107 1.88 21.68 53.88 1.803
IOOOS200-68 0.0667 9.371 141 2.11 22.50 65.50 1.941
IOOOS200-97 0.0957 9.313 97 1.47 15.68 62.52 3.488
12OOS2OO-97 0.1019 11.316 III 1.23 14.72 58.41 4.957
6OOS162-33 0.0331 5.558 168 4.73 45.35 30.00 0.541
6OOS162-54 0.0531 5.659 107 2.35 28.24 52.40 0.881
8OOS162-43 0.0471 7.671 163 2.70 32.00 52.30 0.986
(I-mch = 25.4 mm; I-ksi = 6.895 Mpa)
265
Table 2. Evaluation of Relationship Between P t and P' n
Track tI
Test Specimen PI (kips) p. (kips)
C-Section t
p'. (kips)
PIP'.
2x6x33 Box 1 2.898 1.360 1.001 3.130 0.926
2x6x33 Box 2 3.012 1.360 1.001 3.130 0.962
2x6x43 Box 1 3.470 1.475 0.820 2.781 1.248
2x6x43 Box2 3.440 1.475 0.820 2.781 1.237
2x6x43 Box 3 4.690 3.891 0.627 5.615 0.835
2x6x68 Box 1 7.492 6.395 0.521 7.663 0.978
2x6x68 Box 2 7.406 6.395 0.521 7.663 0.966
2x8x43 Box 1 4.640 2.942 0.684 4.629 1.002
2x8x43 Box 2 4.850 2.942 0.684 4.629 1.048
2x8x54 Box 1 5.544 4.378 0.629 6.335 0.875
2x8x54 Box 2 5.550 4.378 0.629 6.335 0.876
2x8x68 Box 1 7.504 6.800 0.500 7.827 0.959
2x8x68 Box2 7.474 6.800 0.500 7.827 0.955
TBox2xlOx54x3-3 4.830 3.245 0.599 4.467 1.081
2xl0x68 Box 1 8.154 7.395 0.519 8.832 0.923
TBox2xI2x68x3.5-3 6.820 4.686 0.445 4.793 1.423
(I-kip = 1.118 kN) Mean 1.018
Standard Deviation 0.158
Coeff.OfVariation 0.155
2.5,---------------------------,
2.0
y = 2.3007x
O
983
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0 +-+-+-+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+---+--+--+-_-+--+ ........................... --+--1
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
C-Sectlon t I Track t
2.0 2.5
Figure 8. Power Curve for C-Section Thickness to Track Thickness Relationship
266
Table 3. Data for Box-Beam Statistical Analysis
Test Specimen
MlMn P/I"n Equation 4.13
2x6x33 Box 1 0.558 0.926 0.989
2x6x33 Box 2 0.580 0.962 1.028
2x6x33 Box 3 1.079 0.644 1.149
2x6x33 Box4 0.953 0.730 1.122
2x6x33 Box 5 0.894 1.000 1.263
2x6x43 Box 1 0.622 1.248 1.247
2x6x43 Box 2 0.617 1.237 1.236
2x6x43 Box 3 0.614 0.835 0.966
2x6x43 Box4 0.874 0.594 0.979
2x6x68 Box 1 0.575 0.978 1.035
2x6x68 Box 2 0.568 0.966 1.023
2x6x68 Box 3 1.078 0.660 1.159
2x8x33 Box 1 0.556 1.483 1.359
2x8x33 Box 2 0.533 1.421 1.303
2x8x33 Box 3 0.955 0.954 1.272
2x8x33 Box 4 0.966 0.965 1.287
2x8x43 Box 1 0.540 1.002 1.028
2x8x43 Box 2 0.565 1.048 1.075
2x8x43 Box 3 0.831 0.771 1.068
2x8x43 Box 4 0.835 0.774 1.073
2x8x54 Box 1 0.352 0.875 0.818
2x8x54 Box 2 0.353 0.876 0.819
2x8x54 Box 5 0.768 0.687 0.970
2x8x68 Box 1 0.347 0.959 0.871
2x8x68 Box 2 0.346 0.955 0.867
2x8x68 Box 3 0.727 0.722 0.966
2xlOx68 Box 1 0.289 0.923 0.808
2xlOx68 Box 2 0.875 0.622 0.998
2xlOx97 Box 1 1.067 0.763 1.220
2xlOx97 Box 2 0.278 0.896 0.783
2x12x97 Box 1 1.007 0.890 1.265
2x12x97 Box 2 0.255 0.869 0.750
TBox2x6x43x5-1 0.836 1.642 1.652
TBox2xlOx54x3-3 0.289 1.081 0.913
TBox2xl0x54x6-1 0.659 0.890 1.033
TBox2x 12x68x3 .5-3 0.256 1.423 1.119
TBox2x12x68x12-1 0.757 0.818 1.050
TBox2x12x68x12-2 0.733 0.792 1.016
Mean 1.068
Standard Deviation 0.187
COY 0.175
267
Table 4. Box-Beam Header Interaction Data
Test Specimen C-Sections M/ (k-ft)
2x6x33 Box 1 600S200-33 2.174
2x6x33 Box 2 600S200-33 2.259
2x6x33 Box 3 600S200-33 4.202
2x6x33 Box4 600S200-33 3.713
2x6x33 Box 5 600S162-33 2.420
2x6x43 Box 1 600S200-43 2.603
2x6x43 Box 2 600S200-43 2.580
2x6x43 Box 3 600S162-43 4.690
2x6x43 Box4 600S162-43 6.670
2x6x68 Box 1 600S200-68 5.619
2x6x68 Box 2 600S200-68 5.555
2x6x68 Box 3 600S200-68 lO.541
2x8x33 Box 1 800S162-33 2.535
2x8x33 Box 2 800S162-33 2.430
2x8x33 Box 3 800S162-33 4.350
2x8x33 Box4 800S162-33 4.400
2x8x43 Box 1 800S162-43 4.640
2x8x43 Box 2 800S162-43 4.850
2x8x43 Box 3 800S162-43 7.140
2x8x43 Box4 800S162-43 7.170
2x8x54 Box 1 800S200-54 4.158
2x8x54 Box 2 800S200-54 4.163
2x8x54 Box 5 800S200-54 9.063
2x8x68 Box 1 800S200-68 5.628
2x8x68 Box 2 800S200-68 5.606
2x8x68 Box 3 800S200-68 11.775
2xl0x68 Box 1 1000S200-68 6.116
2xlOx68 Box 2 lOOOS200-68 18.536
2xlOx97 Box 1 1000S200-97 38.771
2xl0x97 Box 2 1000S200-97 lO.lO3
2x12x97 Box 1 1200S200-97 48.600
2x12x97 Box 2 1200S200-97 12.303
TBox2x6x43x5-1 600S162-43 3.850
TBox2xlOx54x3-3 lOOOS162-54 3.623
TBox2x 1 Ox54x6-1 1000S162-54 8.268
TBox2xI2x68x3.5-3 1200S 162-68 5.968
TBox2x12x68x12-1 1200S162-68 17.640
TBox2x12x68x12-2 1200S 162-68 17.077
1 Test moment strength (1 k-ft = 1.356 kJ)
2 Computed moment strength (l k-ft = 1.356 kJ)
3 Test web crippling strength (1 k = 4.448 leN)
M/(k-ft) p/ (k)
3.896 2.898
3.896 3.012
3.896 2.017
3.896 2.285
2.706 2.420
4.184 3.470
4.184 3.440
7.633 4.690
7.633 3.335
9.774 7.492
9.774 7.406
9.774 5.060
4.557 3.380
4.557 3.240
4.557 2.175
4.557 2.200
8.591 4.640
8.591 4.850
8.591 3.570
8.591 3.585
11.800 5.544
11.800 5.550
11.800 4.350
16.200 7.504
16.200 7.474
16.200 5.652
21.190 8.154
21.190 5.492
36.345 11.470
36.345 13.470
48.253 14.400
48.253 14.060
4.605 4.605
12.542 4.830
12.542 3.975
23.3lO 6.820
23.310 3.920
23.3lO 3.795
4 Computed web crippling strength using Equation 5 (l k = 4.448 leN)
p,.4 (k)
3.130
3.130
3.130
3.130
2.420
2.781
2.781
5.615
5.615
7.663
7.663
7.663
2.280
2.280
2.280
2.280
4.629
4.629
4.629
4.629
6.335
6.335
6.335
7.827
7.827
7.827
8.832
8.832
15.026
15.026
16.171
16.171
2.804
4.467
4.467
4.793
4.793
4.793
MIM. PIP'.
0.558 0.926
0.580 0.962
1.079 0.644
0.953 0.730
0.894 1.000
0.622 1.248
0.617 1.237
0.614 0.835
0.874 0.594
0.575 0.978
0.568 0.966
1.078 0.660
0.556 1.483
0.533 1.421
0.955 0.954
0.966 0.965
0.540 1.002
0.565 1.048
0.831 0.771
0.835 0.774
0.352 0.875
0.353 0.876
0.768 0.687
0.347 0.959
0.346 0.955
0.727 0.722
0.289 0.923
0.875 0.622
1.067 0.763
0.278 0.896
1.007 0.890
0.255 0.869
0.836 1.642
0.289 1.081
0.659 0.890
0.256 1.423
0.757 0.818
0.733 0.792
268
Table 5. Data for Box-Beam Statistical Analysis
Test Specimen
MM. PIP'.
Equation 7
2x6x33 Box 1 0.558 0.926 0.989
2x6x33 Box2 0.580 0.962 1.028
2x6x33 Box 3 1.079 0.644 1.149
2x6x33 Box4 0.953 0.730 1.122
2x6x33 Box 5 0.894 1.000 1.263
2x6x43 Box 1 0.622 1.248 1.247
2x6x43 Box2 0.617 1.237 1.236
2x6x43 Box 3 0.614 0.835 0.966
2x6x43 Box4 0.874 0.594 0.979
2x6x68 Box 1 0.575 0.978 1.035
2x6x68 Box2 0.568 0.966 1.023 .
2x6x68 Box 3 1.078 0.660 1.159
2x8x33 Box 1 0.556 1.483 1.359
2x8x33 Box 2 0.533 1.421 1.303
2x8x33 Box 3 0.955 0.954 1.272
2x8x33 Box4 0.966 0.965 1.287
2x8x43 Box 1 0.540 1.002 1.028
2x8x43 Box2 0.565 1.048 1.075
2x8x43 Box 3 0.831 0.771 1.068
2x8x43 Box 4 0.835 0.774 1.073
2x8x54 Box 1 0.352 0.875 0.818
2x8x54 Box2 0.353 0.876 0.819
2x8x54 Box 5 0.768 0.687 0.970
2x8x68 Box 1 0.347 0.959 0.871
2x8x68 Box 2 0.346 0.955 0.867
2x8x68 Box 3 0.727 0.722 0.966
2xl0x68 Box 1 0.289 0.923 0.808
2xlOx68 Box 2 0.875 0.622 0.998
2xlOx97 Box 1 1.067 0.763 1.220
2xl0x97 Box 2 0.278 0.896 0.783
2x12x97 Box 1 1.007 0.890 1.265
2xl2x97 Box 2 0.255 0.869 0.750
TBox2x6x43x5-1 0.836 1.642 1.652
TBox2xlOx54x3-3 0.289 1.081 0.913
TBox2xl0x54x6-1 0.659 0.890 1.033
TBox2xI2x68x3.5-3 0.256 1.423 1.119
TBox2xl2x68xl2-l 0.757 0.818 1.050
TBox2x12x68x12-2 0.733 0.792 1.016
Mean 1.068
Standard Deviation 0.187
COY 0.175
269
1.2
..
1.0
,
0.8
0.6
.to
:;;
.
0.4
0.2