URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES:

Trends and Challenges of Urban Space Utilization in the Cities of Cebu and Lapulapu

OUTLINE
Urbanization and Urban Growth Patterns in the Philippines Legal Mandate for land use planning and urban development in the Philippines Current status of public urban space utilization in Cebu City and Lapulapu City Land Use Planning and Urban development activities in Cebu City and Lapulapu City Observations and Areas for research

PHILIIPPINE MAP

HISTORICAL TREND IN URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES

Spanish Regime - Poblacion and plaza complex American Regime expansion of the poblacion and Plaza complex to include public school and public market, road network, water system, and telecommunication. Current urban development the role of the poblacion as the center of urbanization becomes less and less important as other areas of the town vie for designation as urban center.

Urban fringe
Rural sector

Core built up Area/Poblacion

Inner Outer

Urban shadow Rural Hinterland

Urban barangay

barangay

Isolated residences

Form of a Typical Philippine Town

* Adapted from Russwurm ass cited by E. Serote

The Philippines

HISTORICAL TREND IN URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES

There was no deliberate attempt to shape urban growth according to a predetermined concept Introduction of real estate business that resulted to private-led land development Unmanaged urban growth Dualism in urban space utilization Rise of squatters in open spaces Commercial and industrial establishments are sporadic Open space for public use and benefits are not protected for the public

HISTORICAL TREND IN URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES

Open Space

Sidewalks are utilized as spaces for commerce River and utility easements have been built over Waterfronts, coastal zones, mountain ridges and visual corridors are built over Town plazas are giving way to commercial buildings, covered courts and other similar construction. Government regulations especially on real estate development was not effective in influencing the direction and location of developments. Power and resources were still centralized.

TYPES OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT

Predominantly rural towns with their poblacion as the only urban core Towns with a much expanded urban core but the contiguous area is still within the town boundaries. Metropolitan area

URBAN AREAS IN THE PHILIPPINES AS DEFINED BY THE NATIONAL STATISTICS OFFICE

All cities and municipalities with a population density of at least 1,000 persons/sq. km. Poblaciones or central districts of municipalities and cities which have a population density of 500 persons/sq. km. Poblaciones or central district (not included in 1 or 2) regardless of population size which have a network of streets, commercial/manufacturing/ recreational/personal services establishments, and public places (town hall, plaza, market, school, hospital, health centers, library)

LEGAL MANDATE FOR LAND USE AND URBAN

DEVELOPMENT Urban Development and Housing Act of 1992 The law declares that, It shall be the policy of the State to undertake, in cooperation with the private sector, a comprehensive and continuing Urban Development and Housing Program, which aims to :

Uplift the conditions of the underprivileged and homeless citizens in urban areas and in resettlement areas

LEGAL MANDATE FOR LAND USE AND URBAN

DEVELOPMENT
Urban Development and Housing Act of 1992

Provide for the rational use and development of urban land to bring about : Equitable utilization of residential lands in urban and urbanizable areas Optimization of the use and productivity of land and urban resource Development of urban areas conducive to commercial and industrial activities Reduction in urban dysfunctions, particularly those that adversely affect public health, safety and ecology Access to land and housing by the underprivileged and homeless citizens

LEGAL MANDATE FOR LAND USE AND URBAN

DEVELOPMENT
Urban Development and Housing Act of 1992 Adopt workable policies to regulate and direct urban growth and expansion towards a dispersed urban net and more balanced urban-rural interdependence Provide for an equitable land tenure system that shall guarantee security of tenure to Program beneficiaries Encourage more effective peoples participation in the urban development process Improve the capability of local government units in undertaking urban development and housing programs and projects

LEGAL MANDATE FOR LAND USE AND URBAN

DEVELOPMENT

Exemptions from RA 7279

Those used or set aside for parks, reserves for flora and fauna, forests and watersheds, and other areas necessary to maintain ecological balance or environmental protection, as determined and certified to by the proper government agency; Those actually and primarily used for religious, charitable, or educational purposes, cultural and historical sites, hospitals and health centers, and cemeteries or memorial parks.

LEGAL MANDATE FOR LAND USE AND URBAN

DEVELOPMENT
Urban Development and Housing Act of 1992 The law requires that a National Urban Development and Housing Framework (NUDHF) be formulated by the Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB) under the direction of the Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council (HUDCC) in coordination with all local government units and other concerned public and private sectors within one (1) year from the effectivity of the law.

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR LAND USE

AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT
Urban Development and Housing Act of 1992 The UDHA Framework refers to the comprehensive plan for urban and urbanizable areas. In the formulation of the framework, a review and rationalization of existing town and land use plans, housing programs, and all other projects and activities of government agencies and the private sector which may substantially affect urban land use patterns, transportation and public utilities, infrastructure, environment and population movements shall be undertaken with the concurrence of the local government units concerned.

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR LAND USE

AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT
Urban Development and Housing Act of 1992 The policy direction set by the UDHA is towards the provision of the basic need for shelter of the underprivileged and the homeless. There are no clear provisions for the development of public urban space; these are included in the discussions on ecological balance and transport system. But the other functions of public spaces are not mentioned but assumed to be part of the Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) the LGUs are required to prepare. The local government units are the implementers of the law.

URBAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF CEBU CITY

Total Land Area: Cebu City, By District, Urban and Rural In Square Kilometers (Sq Km)

No. of Barangays Cebu City Urban Rural North District Urban Rural South District Urban Rural 80 50 30 46 30 16 34 20 14

Percent Distribution 100.00 62.50 37.50 100.00 65.22 34.78 100.00 58.82 41.18

Area (Sq Km) 326.10 78.09 248.01 156.28 53.52 102.76 169.82 24.57 145.25

Percent Distribution 100.00 23.95 76.05 100.00 34.25 65.75 100.00 14.47 85.53

Cebu City Intercensal Population: 1903-2000

Total City Population % to Provinces Total InterIntercensal % Annual censal Change Average Population Average/Yr. Growth Change Rate Population Density (Pop./ Sq. km.)
141.1 200.9 450.2 513.7 770.2 1,064.4 1,266.6 1,503.5 1,871.9 2,031.0 2,204.0

Census Year

1903 1918 1939 1948 1960 1970 1975 1980 1990 1995 2000

45,994 65,502 146,817 167,503 251,146 347,116 413,025 490,281 610,417 662,299 718,821

7.71 8.52 16.24 17.88 23.86 28.26 31.07 32.88 32.89 32.09 30.23

19,508 81,315 20,686 83,643 95,970 65,909 77,256 120,136 51,882 56,522

1,300 3,872. 2,068 6,970 9,597 13,181 15,451 12,013 10,376 11,304

2.36 3.84 1.32 3.38 3.24 3.48 3.43 2.19 1.63 1.77

Source: NSO 2000 Census Report

Population, Density and Annual Growth Rate. Cebu City

District

Total Population

Density Per Sq. Km.

Annual Growth Rate

662,299 - Urban
North District South District - Rural North District South District

2,031 7,553
5,069 12,965 292 339 259

1.54 1.26
0.38 2.06 3.99 3.31 4.64

589,841
271,280 318,561 72,458 34,877 37,581

Summary of Existing Urban Land Use, 2000 Cebu City

Land Use Classification Residential Commercial Industrial Institutional Parks and Playground Agricultural Infrastructure Facilities Cemetery Open Space Sports and Recreation Waste Disposal Site Total Estd Land Area (hectares) 4,222 610 34 364 12 22 46 40 2,325 109 25 7,809 Percent (%) to Total 54.06 7.81 0.43 4.67 0.15 0.30 0.58 0.51 29.77 1.40 0.31 100.00

CEBU CITY LAND USE AND ZONING ORDINANCE

Objective

promote and protect the health, safety, peace, morals, comfort, convenience and general welfare of the inhabitants; guide, control and regulate future growth and development protect the character and stability of residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural and open space areas prevent undue congestion of population

CEBU CITY LAND USE AND ZONING ORDINANCE

Development Strategy. The planning approach is to induce development towards the hinterlands to accommodate future population overspill. .The land use planning is interphased with the planning of the metropolitan transportation system. The architectural design of buildings must respect Filipino heritage, culture, character and the historical background of the site. All structures shall blend with the surroundings to preserve order and ecological balance.. (Cebu City Zoning Ordinance, 1996)

The current Carbon Public Markets capacity cannot accommodated the current demand for market space. Hence, nearby streets along the current location are being utilized by vendors.

CARBON MARKET, CEBU CITY, PHILIPPINES

COLON STREET, CEBU CITY, PHILIPPINES

A normal scene along Colon Street, the oldest street in the City; it serves the function of transport, and economic activity for lack of proper spaces for these functions to be delivered by the local government.

Competing use of public spaces: market space and pedestrian areas.

JONES AVENUE, CEBU CITY PHILIPPINES

There is order in chaos: the multifunctional use of the street along Carbon market: pedestrian, motor vehicle transport, and market place.

CARBON MARKET, CEBU CITY, PHLIPPINES

One of the two remaining green spaces in Cebu City: Fuente Osmena.

FUENTE OSMENA, CEBU CITY , PHILIPPINES

A historical and cultural site showing the Spanish influences in the city currently being renovated as a consequence of urban transport expansion: the construction of an underground tunnel.

PLAZA INDEPENDENCIA & FORT SAN PEDRO, CEBU CITY

The sports complex becomes a venue not only for sports related activities but for concerts, festivals, and public discourse more than what it ws originally intended to be used.

CEBU CITY SPORTS COMPLEX, CEBU CITY

On-going renovation of Plaza Independencia: part of the construction work undertaking of the underground tunnel road.

PLAZA INDEPENDENCIA, CEBU CITY, PHILIPPINES

Care was taken not to create much damage to the structures above this tunnel road under Plaza Independencia

TUNNEL UNDER PLAZA INDEPENDENCIA, CEBU CITY

The Plaza complex in the old district of Cebu City

CEBU CITY HALL AND PLAZA COMPLEX

The building built in the 1920s. Originally a hospital, it now houses the city library and museum. The upper floor also serves a function room which could be used for private parties and public gatherings.

CEBU CITY LIBRARY AND MUESUEM,

This building built originally built in 1869 as a prison cell is now a museum for Cebuano heritage and history.

MUSEO SUBGO, CEBU CITY PHIIPPINES

The newly renovated public transport terminal has provided a comfortable space for the commuting public with a minimal fee of P7.00

CEBU SOUTH BUS TERMINAL, CEBU CITY

Originally a domestic airport, the Asia Town IT Park , an integrated special economic zone and modern trading center .

ASIATOWN IT PARK, CEBU CITY, PHILIPPINES

An annual activity of the Ramon Aboitiz Foundation offering visits to 9 museums from 6 pm to 12 midnight including Museo Sugbu.

NIGHT AT THE MUSEUMS TOUR, CEBU CITY, PHIL.

The mall provides an alternative public space for the residents of Cebu City and its neighboring towns/ municipalities

AYALA CENTER CEBU, PHILIPPINES

Future Urban Land Use Requirements Cebu City

2000 Residential Commercial Industrial Institutional Parks and Playground Agricultural Infrastructure/Utilities Cemetery Open Space 4,222 610 34 364 12 22 46 40 2,325 2005 4,524 654 36 390 13 24 49 43 2,491 2010 4,825 697 39 416 14 25 53 46 2,657 2020 5,434 785 44 469 15 28 59 51 2,993

Sports and Recreation Waste Disposal Site Total

109 25 7,809

117 27 8,367

125 29 8,925

140 32 10,051

Note: assumption made on the basis of current ratio and trends Cebu City Master Plan

URBAN GROWTH AND

DEVELOPMENT OF LAPULAPU

CITY

Lapulapu City and the municipality of Cordova comprise the Island of Mactan.

MACTAN ISLAND, CEBU, PHILIPPINES

Comparative Total Population and Annual Growth Rate Metro Cebu, Province, Region VII and Philippines Total Population Sept. 1, 2000 Population Density Per Sq. Km. Annual Growth Rate 1995-2000 (%)

Metro Cebu Compostela Liloan Consolacion Cordova Lapulapu Mandaue Cebu City Talisay

1,693,881 31,446 64,970 62,298 34032 217,019 259,728 718,821 148,110

1,990 387 1,130 1,170 3,146 2,933 6,743 2,370 3,062

2.26 3.73 5.33 5.18 5.41 4.88 6.36 1.77 4.56

An aerial view of the city of Lapulapu. The city lacks a well established road network.

LAPULAPU CITY, PHIIPPINES

The coastlines and islands of Lapulapu City has been earmarked for tourism development which may pose problems to the environmental conditions of the coastal zones.

AERIAL VIEW, MACTAN , CEBU

The city was able to secure land to locate government public services infrastructure.

LAPULAPU CITY
GOVERNMENT CENTER

The infrastructure was constructed by the city government, however most of the public utility vehicles dont often use this public transport space. Most of these vehicles just pick up passengers along the way exacerbating the citys traffic problem.

PUJ TERMINAL, LAPULAPU CITY

Dilapidated condition of the Lapulapu Market Market.

PUBLIC MARKET, LAPULAPU CITY

STREETS ALONG LAPULAPU PUBLIC MARKET

STREET
ALONG LAPULAPU PUBLIC MARKET

LAPULAPU PUBLIC MARKET

A cultural and historical site, frequented by domestic and foreign tourism.

MACTAN SHRINE, LAPULAPU CITY

BASIC OBSERVATIONS
National policy on the provision of public spaces provides the framework for urban development. The task lies primarily on the Local Government Unit (LGU), as powers and responsibilities for urban planning implementation are within its jurisdiction. They are capable of addressing the concerns for the provision of public urban spaces provision/ development but would still need technical, financial and management assistance. The success of urban public space development lies on the presence and initiative of drivers and movers within the public and private spheres, i.e. local government officials, civic and professional groups.

BASIC OBSERVATIONS
The provision of public urban spaces are less of a priority of most LGUs. How can the private sector and civil society participate and ensure the provision of public spaces? How are conflicts in the use of public spaces resolved? There is a disconnect between private land developers and the city planning activities. While these groups create very livable environment, in most cases, these do not fit to the surrounding area where it located and it excludes local residents in enjoying its amenities.

BASIC OBSERVATIONS

Community participation in ensuring that public spaces are provided/available are not strongly advocated. Does it speak also of the priorities of local residents or the lack of understanding of its significance? Have they found alternative means and schemes that could substitute these public spaces? How much are they willing to pay to avail of these spaces?

AREAS FOR RESEARCH

Impact of tourism development and investment policies on land development along coastal areas on the way of life of local residents in Lapulapu City Validation of peoples perception on the provision of public green spaces or urban public spaces. Documentation of good/current practices in urban public space development and management, user fees and charges for urban public space utilization. Designing a renewal/revitalization incentive schemes for property owners Central Business District of Cebu City.

AREAS FOR RESEARCH

Social acceptability of converting historically significant Colon Street into a pedestrian zone. Redefining the concept of urban space from 2 dimensional to 3 dimensional perspective due to limited land area. (Valuation of space in an urban area) Reclamation Projects as new urban spaces.