Optic Pathways:

Retino-Geniculo-Calcarine Pathway Retinas Lateral Geniculate Nucleus Striate Cortex The retinas project via the Optic Nerve (II) The Optic Nerve (II) runs through the optic chiasm, after which it is called the Optic Tract It then synapses at the LGN The LGN sends its projections to the Striate Cortex o Striate Cortex is also called V1 or Area 17 o Striate Cortex surrounds the Parieto-Occipital Sulcus Can only be seen medially Tectofugal Pathway Retinas Superior Colliculus Pulvinar Extra-Striate Cortex The retinas project via the Optic Nerve (II) The Optic Nerve (II) synapses at the Superior Colliculus o The Superior Colliculus is in the mesencephalon The Superior Colliculus then sends its projections to the Pulvinar of the Thalamus o The Pulvinar also gets its projections from V1 o The Pulvinar is in the diencephalon The Pulvinar then sends its projections to the Extra-Striate Cortex o The Extra-Striate Cortex is also called V2 and V3 or Areas 18 and 19, respectively

Afferent Auditory Pathways:

Cochlea Dorsal or Ventral Cochlear Nuclei Superior Olive Inferior Colliculus Medial Geniculate Nucleus Auditory Cortex The Cochlea sends its auditory information via the Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII) It will then synapse at either the Dorsal or Ventral Cochlear Nuclei The Cochlear Nuclei then sends its projections to the Superior Olive o If they are ventral projections, they will cross sides and form the Trapezoid Body Seem to be involved in localizing sounds in space From the Superior Olive, it sends projections that bundle to form the Lateral Lumniscus, and then they synapse to the Inferior Colliculus

From the Inferior Colliculus, the axons project and synapse at the MGN The MGN axons then project and finally synapse in the Auditory Cortex (Area 41) of the Temporal Lobe o The Transverse Temporal Gyri is the specific location where auditory coding takes place It is the top of the temporal lobe

Olfactory Pathway
Olfactory Receptors Olfactory Bulb Pyriform Cortex (Including entorhinal cortex) and Amygdala Olfactory receptors carry the olfaction information via the Olfactory Nerve (I) The Olfactory Nerve (I) synapses with the Olfactory Bulb The Olfactory Bulb then sends out its projections via mitral cells through the Olfactory Tract o The projections then synapse with the Pyriform Cortex (including the Entorhinal Cortex) or the Amygdala o Other projections go contralateral to the opposite olfactory bulb via the Anterior Commissure

Somatosensory System
Bell-Magendie Law o Dorsal root Somatosensory o Ventral root Somatomotor

The Dorsal Column System Axons coming from periphery have no dendrites, are large in diameter, relatively fast, and highly myelinated unipolars. Properties: 1. Epicritic Pain a. Well localized touch and pain b. Over with quickly, do not go to the clinic 2. Kinesthesis a. How your Body is moving in space 3. Proprioception a. Where your body is moving in space 4. 2 Point Tactile Discriminations 5. Touch Across Time a. Integrating somatic sensations across time Peripheral Axons Nucleus Gracilis/Cuneatus Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus Post Central Gyrus The peripheral axons bundle to form the Fasciculus Cuneatus or Gracilis The axons then synapse at the Nucleus Cuneatus or Gracilis o Located in the Lower Medulla

o Cuneatus axons come from the higher portion of body They travel in the lateral area of the dorsal root o Gracilis axons come from the lower portion of the body They travel in the medial area of the dorsal root The Nucleus Cuneatus or Gracilis projections then cross the midline and travel as a bundle called the Medial Lemniscus They finally synapse at the VPL of the thalamus The VPL projections then synapse to the Post Central Gyrus via the Internal Capsule o The Post Central Gyrus is in the parietal lobe o The Internal Capsule can both ascend and descend

The Spinothalamic and Spinoreticular Systems Axons coming from periphery havea small diameter and are poorly myelenated Properties: 1. Protopathic Pain a. Except for the face, which is accounted for by the Trigeminal Nerve (V) b. Longstanding clinical pain 2. Temperature Peripheral Axons Dorsal Horn Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus Post Central Gyrus The peripheral axons synapse immediately when they reach the dorsal horns of the spinal cord o Substantia gelatinosa is the tip of the dorsal horn It is a pain gate The Axons then cross the spinal cord, and go all the way up the brain stem and do not synapse until the VPL of the thalamus The VPL then sends its projections to the Post Central Gyrus Peripheral Axons Dorsal Horn Reticular Formation Periaqueductal Gray The Spinoreticular pathway is the same as the spinothalamic, except after the axons synapse at the dorsal root, they project to the Reticular Formation of the lower medulla where they synapse again o The Reticular Formation is involved in arousal (i.e. wake you up) The Reticular Formation then projects its axons to the Periaqueductal Grey where they synapse o The PAG is another pain gate and also regulates freezing/defense behavior

Limbic Pathways
Amygdala Hypothalamus Entorhinal Cortex Hippocampus Septal Nuclei and Mammillary Bodies Anterior Nucleus Cingulate Gyrus Entorhinal Cortex Neurons from the Amydala project and synapse with the Hypothalamus

The hypothalamus via Stria Terminalis then project to and synapse with the Entorhinal Cortex The Entorhinal cortex then has a bidirectional (reciprocal) connection with the Hippocampus The Hippocampus, via the Fornix, also has a reciprocal connection to the Septal Nuclei o The Hippocampus, also via the fornix, connects to the Mammillary Bodies Mammillothalamic Tract o The Mammillary Bodies then synapse to the Anterior Nucleus of the Thalamus o These projection then synapse with the Cingulate Gyrus, then back to the Entorhinal Cortex The Cingulate gyrus is the bulge that surround the Corpus Collosum The Corpus Collosum is ventral to the Fornix, and the two structure surround the lateral ventricle Cell Bodies of the Limbic System o Amygdala o Hippocampus o Entorhinal Cortex o Septal Nuclei o Mammillary Bodies o Anterior Nucleus of the Thalamus o Cingulate Gyrus Axonal Tracts o Stria Terminalis o Fornix o Mammillothalamic Tract

Basal Ganglia
Caudate Putamen o Caudate + Putamen = Striatum Globus Pallidus o GP + Putamen = Lentiform Nucleus Cortex & Substantia Nigra Striatum Globus Pallidus VA/VL Back to Motor Cortex

Ventricles
Choroid Plexus o Makes Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) o Basically Blood Plasma o Exists in all ventricles, but large chunk is in the telencephalon o Fluid flows from rostral to caudal Dorsal Lateral Caudal, which wraps around the Hypothalamus

Then goes to Cerebral Aqueduct or Aqueduct of Sylvius Then fills up 4th ventricle which provides CSF for the Metencephelon and Myencephalon

Lateral Ventricles Third Ventricle Cerebral Aqueduct Fourth Ventricle Foramen of Luschka & Magendie Cisterns The Lateral Ventricles drain to the Third Ventricle The CSF from the Third Ventricle then passes through the Cerebral Aqueduct The Cerebral Aqueduct leads to the Fourth Ventricle, which passes CSF to the Formen of Luschka & Magendie, which ultimately leads to cisterns Lateral Ventricle = Telencephalon Third Ventricle = Diencephalon Cerebral Aqueduct = Mesencephalon Fourth Ventricle = Metencephlon & Myencephelon Cisterns Pockets of CSF outside the brain

Meninges
Dura Mater Arachnoid Mater Pia Mater Dura Mater o Tough Mother o Thick, durable membrane closest to the skull o Contains larger blood vessels that split into the capillaries in the pia mater Arachnoid mater o Spide-web appearance o Provides cushioning effect for the CNS o Does not follow convolutions of the surface of the brain, so it looks like a loosely fitting sac Pia Mater o Very delicate membrane o Pierced by blood vessels to the CNS and its capillaries nourish the brain Pathologies: Meningitis o Bacterial version treatable but most dangerous Migrains

Hypothalamus & Pituitary

Mid. Sagittal Reference: Infundibulum is the stalk of the pituitary Hypothalamus lies dorsal to the Pituitary Gland o It has both neural and vascular connections Pituitary: o Master gland in the endocrine system Hypothalamus Periventricular and Supraoptic Nucleus Posterior Pituitary Release Hormone Hypothalamus Median Eminence Capillaries of Anterior Pituitary Make & Release Hormone GnRH from Hypothalamus induces the Anterior Pituitary to produce and release FSH and LH

Arterial Distribution

Circle of Willis Start at the Vertebral Artery It fuses into the Basilar Artery as you move rostral, and it runs up the midline Then the basilar artery splits into Posterior Cerebral arteries (P1,P2), which brings blood to the inferior temporal lobe and the occipital lobe Another blood entry point: Internal Carotid Arteries Posterior Communicating Arteries combine the internal carotid and posterior cerebral arteries Middle Cerebral Artery splits from internal carotid artery and provides blood temporally (?) Anterior Cerebral Artery splits to an original line and Anterior Communicating Artery (connects to other Anterior Cerebral) o It supplies blood to the Medial Surface of the brain in the Medial Fissure

Cranial Nerves
1. Olfactory (I) a. Sends axons out to synapse with olfactory bulb b. Smallest nerve c. Cannot see 2. Optic (II) a. Arise from retina b. Synapse at LGN and Superior Colliculus 3. Oculomotor (III) a. Moving eyes side to side 4. Trochlear (IV) a. Dropping eyes down 5. Trigeminal (V) a. Motor muscles of chewing b. Sensory to skin on face, cornea oral cavity, and nasal cavity c. No taste, no smell d. More like texture of food or the dentists pressure 6. Abducens (VI) a. Moving eyes side to side i. Different muscles than III 7. Facial (VII) a. All facial motor expression i. e.g. Bells Palsy b. Sensory and taste for anterior of tongue 8. Vestibocochlear (VIII) a. Auditory/hearing b. Balance c. Head position 9. Glossopharyngeal (IX) a. Posterior end of the tongue for taste b. Throat sensation c. Motor for salivary glands 10. Vagus (X) a. Innervates all viscera b. Some theories of emotion i. e.g. James-Lange Theory of Emotion 1. make a response & feedback from that response is emotion 2. Get reflexive response in Vagus nerve feeling intestines contract, response to that feeling is fear

11. Spinal Accessory (XI) a. Motor of neck 12. Hypoglossal (XII) a. Motor to muscles just below the tongue

Terms
Myelencephalon o Pyriamids o Fourth Ventricle spans the Myelencephalona nd Metencephalon Metencephalon o Trapezoid Body o Pons o Cerebellum Arbor Vitae o Middle Cerebellar Peduncle Mesencephalon o Superior Colliculus o Inferior Colliculus o Superior Peduncles (covered by pons) o Tectum o Tegmentum Diencephalon o Mammillary Bodies Mammillothalamic Tract Korsakoffs Syndrome o Hypothalamus Median Eminence o Fornix spans the Telencephalon and Diencephalon o Thalamus Anterior Thalamus Spatial Memory Radial Maze o Retina o Pituitary Gland Anterior Nucleus o Pineal Body o Third Ventricle

Telencephalon o Cortex o Corpus Callosum o Cingulate Gyrus o Lateral Ventricles o Septal Nuclei Septal rage syndrome o Anterior Commissure o Rhinencephalon Olfactory Bulb Lateral Olfactory tract/Stria Pyriform Cortex Uncus Entorhinal Cortex (connects to hippocampus) Lateral Olfactory Gyrus o Olfactory processing o Central Sulcus/Fissure of Rolando o Pre-Central Gyrus o Post-Central Gyrus o Auditory Cortex of Temporal Lobe o Pareito-Occipital Sulcus o Corona Radiata o Internal Capsule o Basal Ganglio Parkinsons Tremor when they arent doing anything Rigidity o Amygdala