NSS Physics in Life (Wave Motion)

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Chapter 15
Checkpoint (p.50) 1.

Properties of Waves

For straight waves, the distance between two successive wavefronts is equal to one wavelength. The particles on the same wavefront are in phase (in phase / in antiphase). In a diagram, the ray is used to show the direction of travel of the waves. C The wavelength is
(a) crests (b)
displacement

2. 3. 4.
5.

14.5 12.5 = 1 cm. 2

distance B C

Exercise (p.51)
1. 2. 3. C A (a) Circular waves can be produced by a vibrating dipper which taps on a water surface repeatedly. (b) Light rays are bent when they cross the water-air boundary. The bright and dark fringes correspond to the crests and troughs respectively. (c)
displacement

0 0.2

t/s

4.

(a) The wavelength is 16 / 5 = 3.2 cm. The wave speed v = f = 10 3.2 / 100 = 0.32 m s1.

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(b)

displacement A B

distance

(c)

Checkpoint (p.55)
1. 2. 3. The wavelength, frequency and travelling speeds of the reflected waves are the same as that of the incident waves. A A

Checkpoint (p.57)
1. 2. B

reflected pulse

3.

(a) Incorrect. The reflected waves and incident waves travel at the same speed. (b) Incorrect. If there is no energy lost, the amplitude should be the same. (c) Correct. The phase of the wave remains unchanged after reflected at a free end.

Exercise (p.58)
1. 2. 3. B D A

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4.

(a)

plane reflector

(b)
source

plane reflector

image

5.

(a) It is a fixed end. The phase of the wave changes after it is reflected. (b)

Checkpoint (p.62)
1. 2. A Region A. The direction of travel of the wave bends towards the normal, implying that there is a decrease in the wave speed. Since the wave speed is higher in a deeper region. We can deduce that region A is deeper. 3. C

Exercise (p.62)
1. 2. 3. 4. A B Since the frequency remains unchanged, the new wavelength is 1 / 5 = 0.2 cm. (a) The direction of travel will bend away from the normal.

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(b)
boundary

shallow region

deep region

(c) The original wavelength is 1.6 / 2 = 0.8 cm. Since the frequency remains changed, the new wavelength is 0.8 1.5 = 1.2 cm. 5. (a) The frequency remains unchanged. Both the wavelength and travelling speed decrease. (b)
region A

region B

region C

(c)

region A region D

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NSS Physics in Life (Wave Motion)

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Checkpoint (p.67)
1.

2.

(a) no (b) no (c) yes

Checkpoint (p.75)
1.
A B

2.

(a) If constructive interference occurs at P, the path difference is , 2 , 3 Thus the largest wavelength is 5 .8 5 .0 = 0.8 cm. 1 5 .8 5 .0 = 0.4 cm. 2

The second largest wavelength is

(b) If destructive interference occurs at P, the path difference is , 1 , 2 Thus the largest wavelength is 5 .8 5 .0 = 1.6 cm. 0 .5 5 .8 5 .0 1 .5 0.533 cm.

The second largest wavelength is 3.

(a) The distance between the antinodal lines (or nodal lines) increases. (b) The distance between the antinodal lines (or nodal lines) increases.

Exercise (p.75)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. B B B D (a) The wavelength is 2.4 / 3 = 0.8 cm.
5

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(b) diffraction

6.

(a) The bead moves up and down when the waves pass by. (b) (i) interference Destructive interference occurs at P and the bead shows a slight up-and-down motion or even no motion at all. (iii) The bead vibrates up and down with an amplitude larger than that in (ii). (c) No. The sources are not coherent and cannot produce a stable pattern. (ii) The path difference at P is 8.4 6 = 2.4 cm, 1.5 times the wavelength.

7.

(a) The wavelength of the waves is 10 / 4 = 2.5 cm. Path differences at points

X: 4 2 = 2 = 2 2.5 = 5 cm. Constructive interference occurs. Y: 4 3.5 = 0.5 = 0.5 2.5 = 1.25 cm. Destructive interference occurs. Z: 4 2.5 = 1.5 = 1.5 2.5 = 3.75 cm. Destructive interference occurs.
(b)

(solid lines: antinodal lines; dotted lines: nodal lines) 8. (a) The distance between the antinodal lines increases. (b) The distance between the antinodal lines increases. (c) The distance between the antinodal lines decreases. (d) The distance between the antinodal lines increases.

Checkpoint (p.83)
1. A

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2.

(a)

(b) A (c) B 3. (a) The wavelength is 25 2 = 50 cm. (b) The wavelength is 25 cm. (c) The wavelength is 25 / 2 = 12.5 cm.

Exercise (p.83)
1. 2. 3. 4. D D A (a) Particles a, b, h and i are in phase. Also, particles d, e and f are in phase. Particles a, b, h and i are in antiphase with particles d, e and f. (b) Particles c and g are always at rest. They are at the nodes. 5. (a) The wavelength of the wave is 0.5 2 = 1 m. Applying v = f , the frequency of the sound is 510 = f 1

f = 510 Hz (b) Hazel should increase the tension of the string. 6. (a) The wavelength of the wave is 60 / 2.5 = 24 cm. (b) (i) particle B (ii) particle C (iii) particles A and D (iv) particles A and D (v) particle B (c)
A C B D

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(d) (i)

t T

(ii)

t T

Chapter Exercise (p.88)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. A D D B D C D C A

10. D 11. D 12. D 13. (a)

(1A for the direction of the reflected pulse, 1A for the shape of the wavefront)

(b)

(1A for the direction of the reflected pulse, 1A for the shape of the wavefront)

vibrating dipper

14. (a) Its frequency remains unchanged (1A). Its wavelength and travelling speed
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NSS Physics in Life (Wave Motion)

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decrease (1A). (b)

(1A for decrease wavelength, 1A for direction of travel)

shallow region

vibrating straight bar

15. (a) diffraction (1A) (b) Decrease the slit width (1A) or decrease the frequency of vibration of the straight bar (1A). (c) Water waves can spread to the ships behind the shelter (1A).
(1A for a correct diagram)

16. (a) Light rays are bent when they cross the water-air boundary (1A). The bright and dark fringes correspond to the crests and troughs respectively (1A).
(1A for a correct diagram)

bright

dark

bright

screen

light source

(b) reflection (1A) and diffraction (1A) (c) There is no change in the direction of travel of the reflected waves (1A). The degree of diffraction becomes smaller (1A). 17. (a) The design is to reduce any reflection of water waves (1A), so that the wave pattern in the ripple tank will not be interfered (1A). (b)
(1A for using 3 barriers, 1A for correct wavefronts)

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dipper

(c) Decrease the distance between the slits. Decrease the frequency of vibration of the dipper. 18. (a) The wavelength is 0.1 / 5 = 0.02 m. The frequency is 5 / 2 = 2.5 Hz. Applying v = f , the travelling speed is 2.5 0.02 = 0.05 m s . (b) constructive interference: P and R destructive interference: Q (c) The path difference at Q is 0.1 0.09 = 0.01 m. When the frequency is doubles, the new wavelength is only half of the original, i.e. 0.01 m (1M) which is equal to the path difference (1M). Therefore, constructive interference occurs at Q (1A). (d) No (1A). The water particles, though having the largest amplitude, are vibrating up and down (1A). They do not always stay at the crests. 19. (a) (i)
(1A for correct shape) 1

(1A) (1A) (1A) (1A) (1M+1A) (1A) (1A) (1M)

displacement fixed end A B C

distance

(ii)

(1A for correct shape)

displacement B 0 A C fixed end distance

(b) (i)

Particles A, B and C are at rest. Particle B is moving upwards.

(2A) (1A) (1A)

(ii) Particles A and C are at rest. (c)

(1A for correct shape, 1A for correct positions of the particles)

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NSS Physics in Life (Wave Motion)

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fixed end
(1A)

20. (a) The speed is higher for a lighter string. (b)

(1A for correct shape)

direction of travel of the reflected pulse

free end

(c) (i)

(1A for correct shape)

free end

(ii)

(1A for correct shape)

free end

21. 22.

(HKCEE 2004 P1 Q5) (HKCEE 2005 P1 Q5)

23. (a) Tsunami wave is a transverse wave (1A). The displacement of water is perpendicular to the direction of travel of the wave (1A). (b) Its wavelength and travelling speed decrease. implying that the water depth is smaller (1A). (d) The time needed to travel from the epicentre to the Sri Lanka is 2 hours or 2 60 60 = 7200 s. 1500 10 3 Thus the travelling speed is 208 m s1. (1M+1A) 7200 (e) Though tsunami waves do not travel directly to the coastal areas, they can spread to the region due to diffraction and refraction. a huge amount of energy (1A) from the epicentre to the South India. 24. (a) transverse stationary wave (b) mass per unit length of the string (1A) and the tension in the string (1A) (c) Materials in the past can only withstand a relatively low tension (1A) and it may not be easy to produce sounds of high frequencies (1A). In this sense, it is probable that the standard frequency produced by the A string is lower in the past.
(1A) (2A) (2A)

(c) Region A is a ridge (1A). The tsunami waves are slowed down in this region,

(f) Wilson is not correct (1A). The waves do not carry matter (water) but carries

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