A Fourier Series Kicker for the TESLA Damping Rings

George Gollin Department of Physics University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign LCRD 2.22

1 George Gollin, Cornell LC 7/03

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Introduction
The TESLA damping ring fast kicker must inject/eject every nth bunch, leaving adjacent bunches undisturbed. The minimum bunch separation inside the damping rings (which determines the size of the damping rings) is limited by the kicker design. We are investigating a novel extraction technique which might permit smaller bunch spacing: a Fourier series kicker in which a series of rf kicking cavities is used to build up the Fourier representation of a periodic ! function. Various issues such as finite bunch size, cavity geometry, and tunerelated effects are under investigation.
2 George Gollin, Cornell LC 7/03

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Outline
Overview TESLA damping rings and kickers how a Fourier series kicker might work Phasor representation of pT and dpT/dt Flattening the kickers dpT/dt Some of the other points: finite separation of the kicker elements timing errors at injection/extraction Conclusions
3 George Gollin, Cornell LC 7/03

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Illinois participants in LCRD 2.22

Guy Bresler (REU student, from Princeton) Keri Dixon (senior thesis student, from UIUC) George Gollin (professor) Mike Haney (engineer, runs HEP electronics group) Tom Junk (professor)

We benefit from good advice from people at Fermilab and Cornell. In particular: Dave Finley, Vladimir Shiltsev, Gerry Dugan, and Joe Rogers.

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Overview: linac and damping ring beams

Linac beam (TESLA TDR): One pulse: 2820 bunches, 337 nsec spacing (five pulses/second) length of one pulse in linac ~300 kilometers Cool an entire pulse in the damping rings before linac injection Damping ring beam (TESLA TDR): One pulse: 2820 bunches, ~20 nsec spacing length of one pulse in damping ring ~17 kilometers Eject every nth bunch into linac (leave adjacent bunches undisturbed) 17 km damping ring circumference is set by the minimum bunch spacing in the damping ring: Kicker speed is the limiting factor.
5 George Gollin, Cornell LC 7/03

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Overview: TESLA TDR fast kicker

Fast kicker specs ( la TDR): " B dl = 100 Gauss-meter = 3 MeV/c stability/ripple/precision ~.07 Gauss-meter = 0.07% ability to generate, then quench a magnetic field rapidly determines the minimum achievable bunch spacing in the damping ring TDR design: bunch collides with electromagnetic pulses traveling in the opposite direction inside a series of traveling wave structures. TDR Kicker element length ~50 cm; impulse ~ 3 Gauss-meter. (Need 20-40 elements.) Structures dump each electromagnetic pulse into a load.

George Gollin, Cornell LC 7/03

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Something new: a Fourier series kicker

kicker rf cavities

injection/extraction deflecting magnet injection path

pT extraction path

injection/extraction deflecting magnet

Fourier series kicker would be located in a bypass section. While damping, beam follows the dog bone-shaped path (solid line). During injection/extraction, deflectors route beam through bypass (straight) section. Bunches are kicked onto/off orbit by kicker.

George Gollin, Cornell LC 7/03

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Fourier series kicker

injection path kicker rf cavities extraction path

fhigh

fhigh + 3 MHz

fhigh + 6 MHz

...

fhigh + (N-1)13 MHz

Kicker would be a series of N rf cavities oscillating at harmonics of the linac bunch frequency 1/(337 nsec) = 2.97 MHz:
) j ' N cavities (1 * 2% * pT ' A , 0 Aj cos ) & j & t & + ' ; # high low $ / - low 337 ns . . j '0 /
8 George Gollin, Cornell LC 7/03

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Fourier series kicker

fhigh fhigh + 3 MHz fhigh + 6 MHz

...

fhigh + (N-1)13 MHz

Run them at 3 MHz, 6 MHz, 9 MHz, (original idea) or perhaps at higher frequencies, with 3 MHz separation: fhigh, fhigh+3 MHz, fhigh+6MHz,... (Shiltsevs suggestion) Cavities oscillate in phase, possibly with equal amplitudes. They are always on so fast filling/draining is not an issue. Kick could be transverse, or longitudinal, followed by a dispersive (bend) section (Dugans idea). High-Q: perhaps amplitude and phase stability arent too hard to manage?
9 George Gollin, Cornell LC 7/03

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Kicker pT
A ten-cavity system might look like this (fhigh = 300 MHz):
Kick vs. time, 10!cavity system, 300MHz lowest frequency , "f # 3MHz 10

j ' # N cavities (1$

5

pT ~

0
j '0

* cos ) .#& high + j& low $ t /

!5

(actually, one would want to use more than ten cavities)

0 50

!10

10

George Gollin, 7/03 100 150 Cornell LC 200

250

300

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Bunch timing
Kicked bunches are here
K i c k v s . t i m e, 1 0 ! c a v i t y s y s t e m, 3 0 0 M H z l o w e s t f r e q u e n c y, " f # 3 M H z 10

1
0

10

!5

y system, 300MHz lowe 0

!cavity system, around

4

!10
5 20

undisturbed bunches are here (call these major zeroes)

100 150 200 250 300 350

50

2 5 4 0 !2

!1

32

33

34

35

Interval between kick and adjacent major zeroes is uniform.

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Extraction cycle timing

Assume bunch train contains a gap between last and first bunch while orbiting inside the damping ring.

1. First deflecting magnet is energized.

last bunch

first bunch

12

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Extraction cycle timing

2. Second deflecting magnet is energized; bunches 1, N+1, 2N+1, are extracted during first orbit through the bypass.

bunches 1, N+1, 2N+1,...

13

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Extraction cycle timing

3. Bunches 2, N+2, 2N+2, are extracted during second orbit through the bypass.

4. Bunches 3, N+3, 2N+3, are extracted during third orbit through the bypass.

5. Etc. (entire beam is extracted in N orbits)

14 George Gollin, Cornell LC 7/03

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Injection cycle timing

Just run the movie backwards

With a second set of cavities, it should work to extract and inject simultaneously.
15 George Gollin, Cornell LC 7/03

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Sometimes pT can be summed analytically

Here are some plots for a kicker system using frequencies 300 MHz, 303 MHz, 306 MHz, and equal amplitudes Aj : Define & high ' 2% 2 300MHz; & low ' 2% 2 3MHz; K 3 & high & low
j ' N cavities (1

pT 4

0
j '0

* cos ) .#& high + j& low $ t /

1 1 sin ) K ( + N & t ( sin K ( * ) # $ # 2 2 $ & lowt * cavities low / . . / ' 2sin # 1 2 & lowt $

16

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Lots of algebra. Visualizing this

Represent each cavitys kick as a phasor (vector) whose x component is the kick, and whose y component is not...
j '# N cavities (1$

pT ~

0
j '0

* cos ) .#& high + j& low $ t /

Each cavitys phasor spins around counterclockwise

5 j ' #& high + j& low $ t

5j
cos #& high + j& low $ t

sin #& high + j& low $ t

17

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Phasors: visualizing the pT kick

The horizontal component of the phasor (vector) sum indicates pT. Heres a four-phasor sum as an example:
9

pT
8 7

7 + +

'

18

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Phasors: visualizing the pT kick

Heres a 10-cavity phasor diagram for equal-amplitude cavities

pT
start here

end here

19

and 30-cavity animations (30, A, B, C).

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Phasors: visualizing the pT kick

Both the x and y components of the phasor sum
j ' N cavities (1

x:

0
j '0

* cos ) .#& high + j&low $ t /

( sin ) sin ) #K ( 1 #K ( 1 2 + N cavities $ & lowt * 2 $ & lowt * . / . / ' 2sin # 1 2 & lowt $
j ' N cavities (1

y:

0
j '0

* sin ) .#& high + j& low $ t /

( cos ) + cos ) #K ( 1 #K ( 1 2 + N cavities $ & lowt * 2 $ & lowt * . / . / ' 2sin # 1 2 & lowt $

are zero when N cavities&lowt ' m 2 2% (m is integral)

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Phasors: visualizing the pT kick

Kicks occur when the denominator is zero: t ' 0,
2%

&low

4%

& low

,!

Major zeroes between two kicks are evenly spaced and occur at
t' 2% N cavities&low , 4% N cavities&low ,!

# N cavities ( 1$ 2 2%
N cavities&low

One kicker cycle comprises a kick followed by (Ncavities - 1) major zeroes.

21

George Gollin, Cornell LC 7/03

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Phasors when pT = 0 (30 cavities)

Phasor diagrams for major zeroes of one specific example: 30 cavity system 300 MHz lowest frequency, 3 MHz spacing
Phasor plot 2 t !nsec" # 11.1111 scaled kick # 7.21645$ 10!17 1.5 Zero crossing 1

Phasor plot 2 t !nsec" # 22.2222 scaled kick # ! 4.69994$ 10!16 1.5 Zero crossing 2

green dot: tip of first phasor

0.5 0

0.5

larger red dot: tip of last phasor

!1 !1.5

!0.5

!0.5

!1

!vx,vy" # #!1.1002, 2.47109$

! 1.5 !1 !0.5
0 0.5 1

!x,y" # #!6.37275 $ 10

!15

, 1.43387 $ 10

!14

!1.5

!vx,vy" # #!0.909964, !1.01062$

2

!x,y" # #!1.06798$ 10!14, !1.17477 $ 10!14 $

1.5

! 1.5

!1

!0.5

0.5

22

zero #1

zero #2

I
1

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1.5

Phasors when pT = 0 (30 cavities)

Phasor plot 2 t !nsec" # 33.3333 scaled kick # ! 1.31006$ 10!15 1.5 Zero crossing 3 1.5 2 Phasor plot t !nsec" # 44.4444 scaled kick # ! 7.17944$ 10!16 Zero crossing 4 1 1

0.5

0.5

!0.5

!0.5

!1

!1

!1.5

!vx,vy" # #0.870195 , ! 0.282743 $

! 1.5 !1 !0.5
0 0.5 1

!x,y" # #!1.16765$ 10!15, 3.59276$ 10!16$

!1.5

!vx,vy" # #!0.0726631 , 0.691343$

2

!x,y" # #!1.77423$ 10!15, 1.61728$ 10!14$

1.5

! 1.5

!1

!0.5

0.5

1.5

zero #3

zero #4

23

George Gollin, Cornell LC 7/03

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Phasors when pT = 0 (30 cavities)

Phasor plot 2 t !nsec" # 55.5556 scaled kick # 6.51331$ 10!16 1.5 Zero crossing 5 1.5 2 Phasor plot t !nsec" # 66.6667 scaled kick # ! 1.66904$ 10!15 Zero crossing 6

0.5

0.5

!0.5

!0.5

!1

!1

!1.5

!vx,vy" # #!0.489726, !0.282743$

! 1.5 !1 !0.5
0 0.5 1

!x,y" # #!5.10703$ 10!15, !2.88658 $ 10!15 $

!1.5

!vx,vy" # #0.389163 , ! 0.282743 $

2

!x,y" # #!1.03885$ 10!15, 7.5553 $ 10!16$

1.5

! 1.5

!1

!0.5

0.5

1.5

zero #5

zero #6

24

George Gollin, Cornell LC 7/03

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Phasors when pT = 0 (30 cavities)

Phasor plot 2 t !nsec" # 77.7778 scaled kick # ! 8.69675$ 10!16 1.5 Zero crossing 7 1.5 2 Phasor plot t !nsec" # 88.8889 scaled kick # ! 1.07692$ 10!15 Zero crossing 8

0.5

0.5

!0.5

!0.5

!1

!1

!1.5

!vx,vy" # #0.0878538 , 0.413319 $

! 1.5 !1 !0.5
0 0.5 1

!x,y" #

#!1.32736$ 10!15,

!6.45015 $ 10!15 $

!1.5

!vx,vy" # #!0.372155, !0.0791039 $

2

!x,y" # #!1.74232$ 10!14, !3.66018 $ 10!15 $

1.5

! 1.5

!1

!0.5

0.5

1.5

zero #7

zero #8

25

George Gollin, Cornell LC 7/03

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Phasors when pT = 0 (30 cavities)

Phasor plot 2 t !nsec" # 100. scaled kick # ! 1.46179$ 10!16 1.5 Zero crossing 9 1.5 2 Phasor plot t !nsec" # 111.111 scaled kick # 5.03671$ 10!15 Zero crossing 10

0.5

0.5

!0.5

!0.5

!1

!1

!1.5

!vx,vy" # #0.205425 , ! 0.282743 $

! 1.5 !1 !0.5
0 0.5 1

!x,y" # #1.784 $ 10!15, ! 2.47016$ 10!15$

!1.5

!vx,vy" # #0.163242 , 0.282743$

2

!x,y" # #3.39723$ 10!15, 5.89709 $ 10 !15 $

1.5

! 1.5

!1

!0.5

0.5

1.5

zero #9

zero #10

26

George Gollin, Cornell LC 7/03

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Phasors when pT = 0 (30 cavities)

Phasor plot 2 t !nsec" # 122.222 scaled kick # 5.16994$ 10!15 1.5 Zero crossing 11 1.5 2 Phasor plot t !nsec" # 133.333 scaled kick # ! 7.84558$ 10!16 Zero crossing 12

0.5

0.5

!0.5

!0.5

!1

!1

!1.5

!vx,vy" # #!0.307806, 0.0323517 $

! 1.5 !1 !0.5
0 0.5 1

!x,y" # #!1.01401$ 10!14, 1.09376$ 10!15$

!1.5

!vx,vy" # #0.0918689 , !0.282743$

2

!x,y" # #!5.25311$ 10!16, 1.48838$ 10!15$

1.5

! 1.5

!1

!0.5

0.5

1.5

zero #11

zero #12

27

George Gollin, Cornell LC 7/03

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Phasors when pT = 0 (30 cavities)

Phasor plot 2 t !nsec" # 144.444 scaled kick # ! 8.9669 $ 10!15 1.5 Zero crossing 13 1.5 2 Phasor plot t !nsec" # 155.556 scaled kick # 1.56912$ 10!15 Zero crossing 14

0.5

0.5

!0.5

!0.5

!1

!1

!1.5

!vx,vy" # #0.214813 , 0.193419$

! 1.5 !1 !0.5
0 0.5 1

!x,y" #

#1.47553$ 10!15,

1.36203 $ 10 !15 $

!1.5

!vx,vy" # #!0.259722, 0.115636 $

2

!x,y" # #8.12136$ 10!15, ! 3.6281 $ 10!15$

1.5

! 1.5

!1

!0.5

0.5

1.5

zero #13

zero #14

28

George Gollin, Cornell LC 7/03

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Phasors when pT = 0 (30 cavities)

Phasor plot 2 t !nsec" # 166.667 scaled kick # 0. 1.5 Zero crossing 15 1.5 2 Phasor plot t !nsec" # 177.778 scaled kick # ! 1.84482$ 10!15 Zero crossing 16

0.5

0.5

!0.5

!0.5

!1

!1

!1.5

!vx,vy" # #7.54029$ 10!15, ! 0.282743 $

! 1.5 !1 !0.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2

!x,y" # #0., ! 8.82123$ 10!15$

!1.5

!vx,vy" # #0.259722 , 0.115636$

! 1.5 !1 !0.5
0 0.5 1

!x,y" # #2.43083$ 10!14, 1.07727 $ 10 !14 $

1.5

zero #15

zero #16

29

George Gollin, Cornell LC 7/03

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Phasors when pT = 0 (30 cavities)

Phasor plot 2 t !nsec" # 188.889 scaled kick # 1.34337$ 10!15 1.5 Zero crossing 17 1.5 2 Phasor plot t !nsec" # 200. scaled kick # ! 2.15383$ 10!15 Zero crossing 18

0.5

0.5

!0.5

!0.5

!1

!1

!1.5

!vx,vy" # #!0.214813, 0.193419 $

! 1.5 !1 !0.5
0 0.5 1

!x,y" # #9.70447$ 10!15, ! 8.68295$ 10!15$

!1.5

!vx,vy" # #!0.0918689 , ! 0.282743 $

2

!x,y" # #!1.57593$ 10!15, !4.9029$ 10!15$

1.5

! 1.5

!1

!0.5

0.5

1.5

zero #17

zero #18

and so forth. (There are 29 major zeroes in all.)

30 George Gollin, Cornell LC 7/03

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dpT/dt considerations
Wed like the slopes of the pT curves when not-to-be-kicked bunches pass through the kicker to be as small as possible so that the head, center, and tail of a (20 ps rms) bunch will experience about the same field integral.
Kick vs . time , 10 !cavity system , around first major zero 0.1
Kick vs. time, 10!cavity system, 300MHz lowest frequency , "f # 3MHz 10 5

!5

!10
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Kick vs . time , 10 ! cavity system , around second major zero 0.1

0.05

1% of kick
33.2 33.4 33.6 33.8 66.2 66.4 66.6 66.8

0.05

!0.05

1 nsec
pT in the vicinity of two zeroes

!0.05

!0.1

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!0.1

Sometimes dpT/dt at zeroes can be calculated

j'N (1 ; dpT d : < cavities < ) * 4 = 0 cos .#& high + j& low $ t / > dt dt < < ? j '0 @

At the mth major zero the expression evaluates to

K(1 ) # 2$* N cavities& low cos , m 2 2% N dpT cavities / . 4 dt A m% B 2sin C D N # K 3 &high &low $ E cavities F

Note that magnitude of the slope does not depend strongly on &high. (It does for the other zeroes, however.)

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Flattening out d pT/d t

pT = 0

Endpoint is moving this way at the zero in pT (80 psec intervals)

33

George Gollin, Cornell LC 7/03

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Flattening out d pT/d t

In terms of phasor sums: we want the endpoint of the phasor sum to have as small an x component of velocity as possible. Endpoint velocity components (m ranges from 1 to Ncavities 1):
K(1 ) # N cavities& low 2$* cos , m 2 2% vx ' N A m% B cavities / . 2sin C D N E cavities F K(1 ) # N cavities& low 2$* sin , m 2 2% vy ' N A m% B cavities / . 2sin C D N E cavities F Physics P
George Gollin, Cornell LC 7/03

34

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Flattening out d pT/d t

How large a value for vx is acceptable? Size of kick: Ncavities rms bunch length: 20 psec (6 mm) maximum allowable kick error: ~.07%
G .020 nsec 2 v x H 0.07 I 10(2 2 N cavities

Work in units of nsec and GHz for 30 cavities: vx < 1.05 nsec-1.

35

George Gollin, Cornell LC 7/03

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Phasor plots for d pT/d t

Phasor magnitude for mth zeros dpT/dt:
N cavities& low " v ' A m% B 2sin C D N E cavities F
2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 5 10 15 20 25

m ' 1, 2, # , N cavities ( 1

Phasor sum endpoint velocity magnitude vs. which major zero

~maximum allowable value

Phasor angle:

K(1 # 2$ 5 m ' m 2 2% N cavities

" v x ' v cos 5 m

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Phasor plots for d pT/d t

Phasor plot for dpT/dt, including the phasor angles K(1 # 2$ 5 m ' m 2 2% N cavities 1
2

kicker phasor endpoint velocity at the various major zeroes

29

4
0

K 3 & high & low Ncavities = 30

3
!1

K=100 (300MHz, 3 MHz)

There are lots of parameters to play with.
!2

2 Between the blue lines is good.

!2 !1
0

28

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2

Changing parameters
kicker phasor endpoint velocity at the various major zeroes kicker phasor endpoint velocity at the various major zeroes kicker phasor endpoint velocity at the various major zeroes 2 2 2 1 1 1

!1

!1

!1

!2

Ncavities = 30, K=99

!2 !1
0 1 2

!2

!2

Ncavities = 30, K=100

!2 !1
0 1 2 3

Ncavities = 30, K=101

!2 !1
0 1 2

kicker phasor endpoint velocity at the various major zeroes

kicker phasor endpoint velocity at the various major zeroes

2 2

1 1

!1

!1

!2 !2

Ncavities = 29, K=100

!2 !1
0 1 2

Ncavities = 31, K=100

!3 !3 !2 !1
0 1 2 3

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More dramatic d pT/d t reduction

is possible with different amplitudes Aj in each of the cavities. We (in particular Guy Bresler) are investigating this right now. It looks very promising! Guy has constructed an algorithm to find sets of amplitudes which have dpT/dt = 0 at evenly-spaced major zeroes in pT. There are lots of different possible sets of amplitudes which will work.

39

George Gollin, Cornell LC 7/03

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More dramatic d pT/d t reduction

Heres one set for a 29-cavity system (which makes 28 zeroes in pT and dpT/dt in between kicks):
Cavity amplitudes 0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01

10

15

20

25

40

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Kick corresponding to those amplitudes

K i c k v s . t i m e, 1 0 ! c a v i t y s y s t e m, 3 0 0 M H z l o w e s t f r e q u e n c y, " f # 3 M H z 1

0.5

!0.5

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

The major zeroes arent quite at the obvious symmetry points.

41 George Gollin, Cornell LC 7/03

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Kick corresponding to those phasors

Kick 0.1 vs . time , Guy 's amplitudes , 300 MHz lowest frequency , ! f " 3MHz

0.05

-0.05

100

120

140

160

180

200

Heres where some of them are.

42 George Gollin, Cornell LC 7/03

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Phasors with amplitudes chosen to give dpT/dt = 0 and pT = 0 (29 cavities)

Phasor plot 0.2 t !nsec" # 11.4943 Phasor plot 0.2 t !nsec" # 22.9885 scaled kick # 4.63388 $ 10!16 Zero crossing 1 scaled kick # !5.63785$ 10!17 Zero crossing 2

0.1

0.1

!0.1

!0.1

!vx,vy" # #18.0926, !3.96832$

!0.1
0 0.1

!x,y" # #! 2.44179, ! 8.79454 $

!vx,vy" # #2.0668, 2.26901$

0.2

!x,y" # #1.27271, !0.765766$

!0.1

0.1

0.2

zero #1

zero #2

The phasor sums show less geometrical symmetry.

43 George Gollin, Cornell LC 7/03

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Phasors with amplitudes chosen to give dpT/dt = 0 and pT = 0 (29 cavities)

Phasor plot 0.2 Phasor plot t !nsec" # 34.4828 0.2 t !nsec" # 45.977 scaled kick # !4.2498 $ 10!16 Zero crossing 3 scaled kick # 7.12755 $ 10!16 Zero crossing 4

0.1

0.1

!0.1

!0.1

!vx,vy" # #4.07264, !3.86521$

!0.1
0 0.1

!x,y" # #! 2.00884, ! 1.90287 $

!vx,vy" # #2.70045, 1.14132 $

0.2

!x,y" # #0.675104, ! 1.27338$

!0.1

0.1

0.2

zero #3 etc.
44 George Gollin, Cornell LC 7/03

zero #4

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How well do we do with these amplitudes?

Old, equal-amplitudes scheme:
Phasor sum endpoint velocity magnitude vs. which major zero 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 5 10 15 20 25

~maximum allowable value

bunch number

New, intelligently-selected-amplitudes scheme:

H e a d 0 . 0 0 1 o f b u n c h k i c k w h e n c e n t e r i s z e r o 0 . 0 0 0 8

0 . 0 0 0 6

0 . 0 0 0 4

Wow!
~maximum allowable value
0 5 1 0

0 . 0 0 0 2

bunch number

1 5

2 0

2 5

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Multiple passes through the kicker

Previous plots were for a single pass through the kicker. Most bunches make multiple passes through the kicker. Modeling of effects associated with multiple passes must take into account damping rings synchrotron tune (0.10 in TESLA TDR) horizontal tune (72.28 in TESLA TDR) We (in particular, Keri Dixon) are working on this now. With equal-amplitude cavities some sort of compensating gizmo on the injection/extraction line (or immediately after the kicker) is probably necessary. However
46 George Gollin, Cornell LC 7/03

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Multiple passes through the kicker

selecting amplitudes to zero out pT slopes fixes the problem! Heres a worst-case plot (assumes tune effects always work against us).
Worst!case cumulative head of bunch kick when center is zero 0.001

0.0008

maximum allowed value

0.0006

0.0004

0.0002

10

15

20

25

47

bunch number

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Some of our other concerns

1. Effect of finite separation of the kicker cavities along the beam direction (George) 2. Arrival time error at the kicker for a bunch that is being injected or extracted (Keri) 3. Inhomogeneities in field integrals for real cavities (Keri) 4. What is the optimal choice of cavity frequencies and amplitudes? (Guy)

48

George Gollin, Cornell LC 7/03

Physics P llinois

Finite separation of the kicker cavities

... Even though net pT is zero there can be a small displacement away from the centerline by the end of an N-element kicker. For N = 16; 50 cm cavity spacing; 6.5 Gauss-meter per cavity:

Non-kicked bunches only (1, 2, 4, 32)

49

George Gollin, Cornell LC 7/03

Physics P llinois

Finite separation of the kicker cavities

... ...

Compensating for this: insert a second set of cavities in phase with the first set, but with the order of oscillation frequencies reversed: 3 MHz, 6 MHz, 9MHz, followed by , 9 MHz, 6 MHz, 3 MHz.
Non-kicked bunches only (N = 1, 2, 4, 32)

50

George Gollin, Cornell LC 7/03

Physics P llinois

Arrival time error at the kicker for a bunch that is being injected or extracted
What happens if a bunch about to be kicked passes through the kicker cavities slightly out of time? It depends on the details of the kicker system: 16-cavity system with 3MHz, 6MHz, cavities:

!pT/pT~ 6 I 10-6
30-cavity system with 3.000GHz, 3.003GHz, cavities:

!pT/pT~ 9 I 10-4 so an extraction line corrector is probably

necessary

51

George Gollin, Cornell LC 7/03

Physics P llinois

What were working on now

Lately weve been working with models using high-frequency cavities, split in frequency by multiples of the linac bunch frequency. We want to better understand how to select the best set of cavity frequencies an geometries. We are in the process of incorporating tune effects into our models. We will investigate the kinds of corrections necessary to compensate for tune and cavity-related effects. We will look into the relative merits of horizontal and longitudinal kicks.
52 George Gollin, Cornell LC 7/03

Physics P llinois

Comments on doing this at a university

Participation by talented undergraduate students makes LCRD 2.22 work as well as it does. The project is well-suited to undergraduate involvement. We get most of our work done during the summer: were all free of academic constraints (teaching/taking courses). The schedule for evaluating our progress must take this into account. Support for students comes from (NSF-sponsored) REU program. We have borrowed PCs from the UIUC Physics Department instructional resources pool for them this summer. LCRD 2.22 requested $2,362 in support from DOE (mostly for travel). In spite of a favorable review by the Holtkamp committee, DOE has rejected the proposal. (We dont know why.) Were continuing with the work, in spite of this.
53 George Gollin, Cornell LC 7/03

Physics P llinois

Conclusions

We havent found any obvious show-stoppers yet. It seems likely that intelligent selection of cavity amplitudes will provide us with a useful way to null out some of the problems present in a more nave scheme. We havent studied issues relating to precision and stability yet. later this summer This is a lot of fun.

54

George Gollin, Cornell LC 7/03

Physics P llinois