DEFINITIONS AND GRAPHS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

*SOHCAHTOA: O is side opposite to angle , A is side adjacent to angle , and H is hypotenuse (longest side) *A positive angle means to turn degrees/radians counterclockwise. A negative angle means to turn degrees/radians clockwise. sine = cosine = tangent = Quadrant II sin (+) cos (-) tan (-) Quadrant III sin (-) cos (-) tan (+) (sin ) (cos ) (tan ) cotangent = secant = cosecant = Quadrant I sin (+) cos (+) tan (+) Quadrant IV sin (-) cos (+) tan (-) (cot ) (sec ) (csc )

*To convert from radian to degree measure, multiply radian measure by 180/ . *To convert from degree to radian measure, multiply degree measure by /180. *Reference angle is an acute angle between the terminal side and the x-axis. Even and Odd Trigonometric Functions The cosine and secant functions are even. For any in the set of real numbers, cos (-) = cos sec (-) = sec The sine, cosecant, tangent, and cotangent functions are odd. For any in the set of real numbers, sin (-) = -sin csc (-) = -csc tan (-) = -tan cot (-) = -cot Graphing Trigonometric Functions Sine and Cosine Function General Equation y = a sin (bx + c) + d y = a cos (bx + c) + d where a = amplitude; y-axis a) bx + c is the angle to be evaluated. In this case, it has interval (0, 2) y = a sin (bx + c) + d occurs when bx + c = 0, , 2 y = a cos (bx + c) + d occurs when bx + c = /2, 3/2 = period to complete one cycle; = phase displacement; d = translation along

Intercept (y = 0)

Maximum (y = a + d) Minimum (y = -a + d)

occurs when bx + c = /2 occurs when bx + c = 3/2

occurs when bx + c = 0 occurs when bx + c =

Notes/Tips: 1. This is only valid for graphs of sine and cosine. 2. Plot the necessary points: intercepts, maximum, and minimum. 3. In y = a sin (bx + c) and y = a cos (bx + c), amplitude is the height from the x-axis to either maximum or minimum. 4. y = -a sin (bx + c) + d graph is upside-down graph of y = a sin (bx + c) + d. The same case applies to y = -a cos (bx + c) + d. 5. It is always useful to tabulate values of x and y. 6. When drawing graphs of sine and cosine, it is often useful to divide the period into four equal parts. 7. The larger the period, the longer the cycle is. The smaller the period, the shorter the cycle is. 8. If > 0, then the graph is shifted units to the left of origin. If < 0, then the graph is shifted units to the right of origin. 9. If d < 0, then the graph is shifted d units below x-axis. If d > 0, then the graph is shifted d units above xaxis. 10. Memorize the graphs of y=sin x, and y=cos x for checking. Tangent/Cotangent/Secant/Cosecant Functions y = a tan (bx + c) + d y = a cot (bx + c) + d y = a csc (bx + c) + d y = a sec (bx + c) + d Tangent (tan) /b x = /2 + k c/b1, where k is an integer all real numbers Cotangent (cot) /b x = k c/b1, where k is an integer all real numbers Cosecant (csc) 2/b x = k c/b1, where k is an integer; (-, -a] [a, +) Secant (sec) 2/b x = /2 + k c/b1, where k is an integer (-, -a] [a, +)

Period Asymptotes

Range
1

If c/b > 0, then c/b units to left. If c/b < 0, then c/b units to right.

Notes: 1. There is no such thing as amplitude in graphing tan, cot, sec, and csc functions. 2. It is always useful to tabulate values for x and y. 3. Plot important points on the graph: intercepts, and asymptotes for tangent and cotangent and maxima/minima, and asymptotes for secant and cosecant. 4. Memorize the graphs of y= tan x, y = cot x, y=csc x, and y=sec x for checking.

5. Graphs of secant and cosecant functions do not have a horizontal asymptote. Recall the definition of horizontal asymptote. It is a line that a curve in the graph approaches more and more closely, but does not reach the line. 6. If a < 0, the graphs of all functions turn upside-down. 7. d is translation along y-axis. If d < 0, then the graph moves d units below x-axis. if d > 0, then the graph moves d units above x-axis. 8. From the table above, c/b is the phase displacement of the graph.

PRACTICE PROBLEMS 1. Evaluate (if possible) the six trigonometric function values of the given real numbers. a) = /3 b) = 5/3 c) = -3 d) = 5/4 e) = 17/4 f) = /6 g) = 4/3 h) = 17/6 2. Evaluate. a) sin 3 b) sin 8/3 c) sin (-3) d) cos (-7/3) 3. Let be an angle in standard position. In which quadrant/s can P() lie under the given conditions? a) cos and tan have the same sign. b) sin is negative and tan is positive. c) tan and cot have the same sign. d) tan and csc have opposite signs. 4. Find the value of that will make each statement true (0 2). Express your answer in radians and in degrees. a) cot = 1 and sin 0 b) sin = and cos 0 c) sec =

and csc = 2

5. Express each of the following as a function of a reference angle. a) tan 130 b) cos 165 c) cos 112 d) csc 95 e) cos 230

6. Express each as a function of . a) tan (180 + ) tan (360 ) b) sin (180 ) cos (180 ) sin (360 ) cos (360 ) 7. Identify the quadrant where P() lies when a) cos is positive and sin is negative b) cos is negative and tan is negative c) tan is negative and sin is negative 8. In each of the following functions, sketch the two possible angles (less than 2 ) that satisfy the equation. a) cos = b) tan = c) cot = 1 d) csc = e) sec = 9. Find the other trigonometric function values of . a) sin = 12/15, cos is negative. b) sin = 15/17, tan is negative. c) cos = -40/41, sin is positive. d) cos = 1/5, tan is negative. e) tan = 2, cos is negative. 10. Given that tan = -3/4 and sin is negative, evaluate the following: a) sin + 2 cos b) 2 sin2 + cos2 c) (sin + cos )2 + sin2 + cos2 d) 2 cos + sin2 e) cos + 11. Given that sin = -2/5 and tan is positive, evaluate: a) tan + cot b) sin2 cos2 c) sin2 + 2sin cos + 1 12. Sketch a right triangle corresponding to the trigonometric function value of acute angle . Use Pythagorean theorem to determine the third side and then find the other five trigonometric function values of . a) sin = 5/11 b) csc = 61/11 c) tan = 7/24 d) sec = 13/12 e) csc = 113/112 13. Sketch the graph of each of the following functions. Give the period and amplitude of each function. a) y = 2 sin 2x

b) c) d) e) f)

y = sin 2x y = 2/3 cos x y = sin 4x y = sin 3x/2 y = 4 sin 5x

g) y = -3 sin h) y = cos 4x i) y = -2 cos j) y = sin 14. Graph f and g on the same set of coordinate axes. Include two complete cycles. a) f(x) = cos x g(x) = cos x + 1 b) f(x) = cos x g(x) = cos x + 3 c) f(x) = cos 2x g(x) = -cos 2x 15. Sketch the graph of the given functions. a) y = 2 sec x b) y = csc 2x c) y = 2 cot d) y = tan 2x e) y = cot f) y = sec 3x g) y = 2 sec x h) y = tan (x ) More exercises available in Vance 3rd edition i. ii. iii. 1-58 p113-115 1-11 p118 1-40 pp122-124