2. You have ten minutes until your next class and the train has just arrived.

Everyones pushing one another in order to get a spot. Only a little space is left.
a. You push the one in front of you so you can still make it

to your class. b. Wait for the next train and be late in your class.

3. You are driving the wide streets of Manila at 3 a.m. There are very few vehicles on the road. You come across an intersection and the light is red. Other vehicles in your lane are ignoring the light since there are no vehicles in the intersection. a. You follow the other vehicles. b. You stop.

4. You are taking your final exam. You know that its your last chance to pass the course since you know you already have incurred some very low grades. You are convinced that you can pass the test if you answer one more question. The answer is at the tip of your tongue but cant seem to recall it. Your seatmate is whispering the answer while the teacher is busy doing something.
a. You write down your seatmates answer. b. You dont answer and fail the exam.

5. Your best friend is head over heels in love with his/her girl/boyfriend, who is a common friend. That common friend confessed to you that she/he is cheating and does not want you to tell your best friend and would not want to confess to his/her girl/boyfriend either. Your best friend is starting to get depressed and is obviously struggling. She/he asked you if you know anything.

a. You lie and say no. Wait for the common friend to confess. b. You tell her the truth.

Answer the following:

1. What was your common answer?

2. What pattern of behavior can you observe about

yourself by observing your answers?

Conformity
O Acceptance of culturally approved goals

(Merton) O Why do we conform? O Social Control (3 levels):

O Informal controls
O What others will think

O Internalized self-control

O Formal controls
O Administrative sanctions

O Recognized violation of cultural norms O Human beings are evaluative (Erich Goode) O Deviance is relative O Not the act but the audience O Crime O Sociology of deviance O How rules are established O Why people break the rules

Complies with legal code Complies with group norms Violates group norms Conforming behavior Deviant behavior

Violates legal code Criminal behavior Deviant and Criminal behavior

O Defined in 3 perspectives:
O Absolutist O Behavior itself O Normative O Relative phenomenon O Reactive O Sanctions

O Cesar Lombroso
O Born criminals
O Certain physical characteristics resemble apelike qualities

O William Sheldon
O 3 Body types:
O Ectomorph O Endomorph O mesomorph

O Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck

O Parents treat children with muscular frames with emotional distance

O R. Hernstein
O Supermale XYY chromosome

O D. Denno
O prenatal influence not genetic factors

O Meyer-Lindenberg
O O O O

MAOA (Monoamine Oxidases) Affects males Low MAOA higher activation (amygdala) More sensitive to aversive events, childhood
O Predisposition to impulsivity and violence

http://brainethics.wordpress.com/2006/07/11/maoa-and-the-risk-for-impulsivity-and-violence/

O Functionalist Theories
O Durkheim
O Suicide O Crime is normal O 3 reasons for normalcy:
1. 2. 3.

Impossible to reach complete agreement on rules and norms in society No society can enforce total conformity Man is a normative creature

O 4 functions:

1. Deviance affirms cultural values and norms. 2. Deviance encourages social change. 3. Deviance clarifies moral boundaries. 4. Deviance promotes social unity. O Anomie
O

Breakdown of social rules and norms that regulate human behavior

O Rapid economic, political, and social transformation

disruptive patterns of interaction

O Robert K. Merton

O Strain theory

through culturally approved means O Disparity between goals and means O Lower class O Four types of deviance O Innovation O Ritualism O Retreatism O Rebellion

O Culturally approved goals cannot be reached

O Collective efficacy theory

O Collective efficacy O neighborhood share the expectation

that the neighbors will work together social order O Most common in neighborhoods with few structural disorder O Employment, home ownership, police and municipal services

O Evaluation for Functionalist theories

O Durkheim

O Communities do not always come together

in response to crime O Merton O Not all cultures value wealth

O Conflict Theory

natural and inevitable scarce resources O Class conflict and competition

O
O Class conflict O Criminal justice system O Define and responds to crime O Economic pressures O Lead to crime

Conflict
O Richard Quinney O Capitalism is the real cause of

crime O Upper class defines laws and enforced by agents O More lower class crimes are apprehended O Solution to crime: end of capitalism

O Steven Spitzer O Labels are applied to people who hinder

capitalism O Reasons: O Capitalism is based on private property O Capitalism depends on productive labor O Capitalism depends on respect for authority O Direct challenge towards capitalism would entail deviance.

O Evaluation of conflict theory

O The assumption that laws and norms are made

by the rich and powerful is an oversimplification O Rejects structural-functionalists assumption: O Lower class adjust goals through respectable means (Simons & Gray)

O Symbolic Interaction Theories

O Deviance is learned through interaction
O Result from face-to-face interactions

O Edwin Sutherland O Differential Association O When associates favor deviant

behavior over conformity O Rewards form deviant subculture

O Deterrence/ Social Control Theories

O Combine elements of structural-functional and symbolic

interaction
O Social structure does not reward conformity O Cost/ benefit analysis

O Why dont people engage in deviant behavior?

O Walter Reckless
O Containment theory
O Outer containment O Inner containment

O Labeling theory
O Combines conflict and symbolic-interaction theories O Howard Becker
O Deviant behavior is behavior that people so label O 2 Parts:
1. 2.

How and why people are labeled Effect of the label Primary deviance Secondary deviance

O Process:
1. 2.

O Groups label competition as deviant

O

Moral entrepreneurs create new definitions of morality

O Deviance as mental illness O Status degradation ceremony O Not one of us O Master status O Internalize label

O Labeled as sick
O Different labels, different classes

O Travis Hirschi
O Social bonding O 4 elements:
1.
2. 3. 4.

Attachment Commitment Involvement Belief

O Evaluation of symbolic interaction theories

O Labeling
O Useful to less serious deviance O Not everyone resist deviance

O Differential association and control theory

O Considerable influence in sociology O Little explanation on why certain activities are deviant in the first

place

Crime
O Property Crimes
O Bburglary, larceny, theft, motor vehicle theft,

arson

O Violent Crimes
O Rape, robbery, assault

O Victimless crimes
O Drug use, prostitution, pornography. Illegal

gambling O No complaining victims

O White-Collar crimes
O Committed by respectable people in the

course of occupation O Embezzlement, fraud, etc. O Corporate crimes

O Committed by companies O Price fixing, selling defective products, evading

taxes, environment pollution

O z

Correlates of Crime
O Age
O O O O

Young adults Deterrence theory No stake in conformity Delinquency

O nothing better to do

O Sex
O Females O Victimization of females

O Class
O Lower class

Philippines

Japan (low crime rate) 1.10 1.78 4.08 23.78 44.28

USA (high crime rate) 5.51 32.05 144.92 323.62 414.17

Murder Rape Robbery Aggravated assault Motor vehicle theft

7.85 4.21 8.06 15.10 3.26

http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu

Criminal Justice system

O Rationalizations of punishment 1. Retribution 2. Prevention 3. Deterrence 4. Reform

O Police O Court O Prisons O Others

O Intense supervision