1.

Abstract

This experiment was conducted using the refrigeration apparatus system with typical operating conditions in evaluating the performance of a refrigeration cycle. Refrigerator works by the transfer of heat from a lower temperature region to a higher temperature one. The working fluid used in the refrigeration cycle is called refrigerant. This experiment was done in four parts in which the first part was to determine the power input, heat output, and coefficient of performance (CO !. The second part was to determine the production of heat pump over a range of source and delivery temperature and the third part was to determine the production of vapour compression cycle on p"h diagram and energy balance study. The fourth part was to determine the compression ratio and volumetric efficiency. #or the first part, the results obtained were, power input, 197 W; heat output, 45.576 kJ/min and CO is 0.47. #or the second part, we plotted three($! graphs of CO vs. delivered water temperature, % & vs. delivered water temperature, and compressor vs. delivered water temperature and we have identified the relation of temperature with the performance of the cycle and the heat released. 'n the third part, we plotted the p"h diagram for the cycle and also the energy balance for condenser and compressor where from the graph plotted we assumed that the cycle is not an ideal cycle. #or the last part, we obtained 0.699 for volumetric efficiency and 0.38 for pressure ratio.

2. Introduction

The primary purpose of a refrigeration system is to remove heat energy at a low temperature from a conditioned space(body and transfer this heat energy into another medium at a higher temperature. The e)uipment is compact, bench mounted and instrumented. The heat pump consists of a hermetic compressor, a water cooled condenser, a thermostatically controlled expansion valve and an air heated evaporator. The arrangement of the components are in a manner similar to that used for many domestic air"water heat pumps where they are visible from the front of the unit. *uring the operation, slightly superheated refrigerant (R+$,a! vapour enters the compressor from the evaporator and its pressure is increased. Thus, the temperature rises and the hot vapour then enters the water cooled condenser. &eat is given up to the cooling water and the refrigerant condenses to a li)uid before passing to the expansion valve. -pon passing through the expansion valve the pressure of the li)uid refrigerant is reduced. This causes the saturation temperature to fall to below that of the atmosphere. Thus, as it flows through the evaporator, there is a temperature difference between the refrigerant and the air being drawn across the coils. The resulting heat transfer causes the refrigerant to boil, and upon leaving the evaporator it has become slightly superheated vapour, ready to return to the compressor.

The temperature at which heat is delivered in the condenser is controlled by the water flow rate and its inlet temperature. The evaporating temperature is largely determined by the ambient conditions. &owever, this can be limited, either by restricting the air intake to the evaporator, or by directing warmed air towards the intake. 'nstrumentations are all provided for the measurement of flow"rates of both the refrigerant and cooling water, power input to the compressor, and all relevant temperatures.

3.

!"or#

The vapor"compression refrigeration cycle is the ideal model for refrigeration systems where the refrigerant is vapori.ed completely before it is compressed and it is the most widely used cycle for refrigerators, air"conditioning systems, and heat pumps. This cycle consists of four processes which are/ (Cengel, 0oles1 2334! a. +"2 (compressor! 'sentropic compression b. +"$ (condenser! Constant pressure heat re5ection c. $", (expansion valve! throttling, isenthalpic d. ,"+ (evaporator! constant pressure and temperature heat addition

#igure +/ 6apour Compression Cycle components.

#igure +/T"s diagram for ideal vapor"compression refrigeration cycle.

$om%r"ssor& The low"pressure saturated vapor refrigerant from the evaporator is drawn into the compressor, where its pressure is increased and delivered to the condenser. The compressor is of the diaphragm type and is directly coupled to an electric motor. $ond"ns"r& The condenser is a heat exchanger where the high"pressure vapor from the compressor condenses as it transfers heat to the cooling water, which becomes warmer. !rott'"& 7s the high"pressure high temperature li)uid refrigerant passes the throttling valve seating, its pressure and temperature drop to that of the evaporator. The drop in temperature is accompanied by the formation of 8flash vapor9, so a mixture of low" pressure and temperature li)uid and vapor enter the evaporator. ()a%orator& The low"pressure li)uid and vapor refrigerant mixture enters the evaporator and separate1 the li)uid stays in a 8pool9 for re"evaporation, while vapor mixes with the other vapor passing to the compressor absorbing heat from the water.

*"asur"m"nt o+ %"r+ormanc"

The usual measure of performance of a refrigerator or heat pump is the Coefficient of Performance CO which for a refrigerator CO
R

is defined as/

COPR =

Q heat absorbed at the lower temperature = E compressor net work W

&

(+a!

#or a heat pump CO

COPH =

Q heat rejected at the higher temperature = C compressor net work W

(+b!

where :, C, R, & stand for :vaporator, Compressor, Refrigeration, and &eat pump respectively.

(,%"rim"nt 1&

6apor compression cycle;s principle of operation is actually )uite simple. 7 working fluid is boiled in an evaporator at a pressure and hence temperature, T <, low enough to provide cooling. 7 work driven compressor (usually electrical work! then increases the pressure of the working fluid vapor allowing it to condense and re5ect heat at a temperature that of the surroundings, T =. &aving re5ected its heat of condensation and
6

condensed the working fluid li)uid is then expanded (via an expansion valve! back into the evaporator where it can again provide cooling at a low temperature. To calculate the power input, heat output and coefficient of performance1 we used the formulas given which are1

Coefficient of Performance;

Heat output per time;

-o."r in%ut;

(,%"rim"nt 2&

The heat delivered by a heat pump is theoretically the sum of the heat extracted from the heat source and the energy needed to drive the cycle. The steady"state performance of an electric compression heat pump at a given set of temperature conditions is referred to as the coefficient of performance (CO !. 't is defined as the ratio of heat delivered by the heat pump and the electricity supplied to the compressor.

The CO or :R of a heat pump is closely related to the temperature lift, i.e. the difference between the temperature of the heat source and the output temperature of the heat pump. The CO of an ideal heat pump is determined solely by the condensation temperature and the temperature lift (condensation " evaporation temperature!.
7

#igure below shows the CO for an ideal heat pump as a function of temperature lift, where the temperature of the heat source is 3>C. 7lso shown is the range of actual CO s for various types and si.es of real heat pumps at different temperature lifts.

The ratio of the actual CO of a heat pump and the ideal CO is defined as the Carnot"efficiency. The Carnot"efficiency varies from 3.$3 to 3.? for small electric heat pumps and 3.? to 3.4 for large, very efficient electric heat pump systems .

(,%"rim"nt 3& ressure"enthalpy diagram defines the thermodynamic properties for the refrigerant in use and the performance of e)uipment.

The region on the left is sub"cooled li)uid The region inside the ;;dome@ is a li)uid"vapor mixture. 'f the li)uid is at the boiling point, but hasn;t begun to boil, it is defined as saturated li)uid. 7dding any heat to this li)uid will vapori.e some of it. #urther addition of heat to the li)uid"vapor mixture eventually evaporates all of the li)uid. 7t that precise point (A!, the vapor is fully saturated. 7dding any more heat to the vapor will cause superheated vapor state.

Be use the data obtained from the experiment to calculate the enthalpy obtained from steam table 7"+2. (may use interpolation!.

Carnot cycle is the most efficient heat engine cycle which consist of two isothermal processes and two adiabatic processes. This cycle can be considered as the most efficient heat engine cycle allowed by physical laws. Bhen the second law of thermodynamics states that not all the supplied heat in a heat engine can be used to do work, the Carnot efficiency sets the limiting value on the fraction of the heat which can be so used.

'n order to approach the Carnot efficiency, the processes involved in the heat engine cycle must be reversible and involve no change in entropy. This means that the

Carnot cycle is an ideali.ation, since no real engine processes are reversible and all real physical processes involve some increase in entropy.

(,%"rim"nt 4& 'n determining the compression ratio, we use

and the formulae below to calculate the volumetric efficiency.

4. /b0"cti)"s

(,%"rim"nt 1& To determine the power input, heat output and coefficient of performance of a vapour compress on heat pump system.

10

(,%"rim"nt 2& To produce the performance of heat pump over a range of source and temperature.

(,%"rim"nt 3& To plot the vapour compression cycle on p"h diagram and energy balance study1 To perform energy balances for the condenser and the compressor.

(,%"rim"nt 4& To determine the compression ratio and volumetric efficiency.

5. A%%aratus and *at"ria's

11

#igure +/ CO<T:% 1 =echanical heat pump and thermodynamic refrigeration unit.

1/2 (3 *"c!anica' !"at %um% and t!"rmod#namic r"+ri4"ration unit 5*od"' & 6(165 ! containing1 +. 2. $. ,. ?. D. 4. E. F. ressure Cwitch Receiver tank Compressor Condenser ressure Transmitter Control anel :vaporator Refrigerant #low =eter Bater #low =eter
12

Tap water.

6. *"t!odo'o4#

7"n"ra' 1tart8u% -roc"dur"s

+. The unit and all instruments were checked so that they are in proper condition. 2. 0oth the water source and drain were checked so that they are connected and the water supply was opened and the cooling water flow rate was set at ,3G. $. The drain hose at the condensate collected was check so that they are connected. ,. The power supply was connected and the main power followed by main switch at the control panel were switched on. ?. The refrigerant compressor was switched on. 7s soon as the temperature and pressure are constant, the unit is ready for experiment.

(,%"rim"nt 1& 9"t"rmination o+ -o."r In%ut: 6"at /ut%ut and $o"++ici"nt o+ -"r+ormanc".

+. The general start"up procedures was performed. 2. The cooling water flow rate was ad5usted to ,3G. $. The system was allowed to run for +? minutes.
13

,. 7ll necessary readings were recorded into the experimental data sheet.

(,%"rim"nt 2& -roduction o+ 6"at -um% -"r+ormanc" $ur)"s /)"r a ;an4" o+ 1ourc"s and 9"'i)"r# "m%"ratur".

+. The general start"up procedures was performed. 2. The cooling water flow rate was ad5usted to E3G. $. The system was allowed to run for +? minutes. ,. 7ll necessary readings were recorded into the experimental data sheet. ?. The experiment was repeated with reducing water flow rate to D3G and ,3G so that the cooling water outlet temperature increases by about $3 oC. D. The experiment was repeated at different ambient temperature.

4. The performance curves for heat pump (coefficient of performance, heat delivered, compressor power input! vs. temperature of water delivered was plotted.

(,%"rim"nt 3& -roduction o+ <a%our com%r"ssion $#c'" on %8! 9ia4ram and (n"r4# =a'anc" 1tud#.

+. The general start"up procedures was performed. 2. The cooling water flow rate was ad5usted to ,3G and the system was allowed to run for +? minutes.
14

$. 7ll necessary readings were recorded into the experimental data sheet.

(,%"rim"nt 4 & (stimation o+ t!" (++"ct o+ $om%r"ssor -r"ssur" ;atio on <o'um"tric (++ici"nc#.

+. The general start"up procedures was performed. 2. The cooling water flow rate was ad5usted to ,3G. $. The system was allowed to run for +? minutes. ,. 7ll necessary readings were recorded into the experimental data sheet. ?. The experiment was repeated at different ambient temperature.

7"n"ra' s!ut8do.n -roc"dur"s.

+. The compressor, followed by main switch and power supply were switched off. 2. The water supply was closed and the water was ensured not left running.

7. ;"su'ts

15

(,%"rim"nt 1& 9"t"rmination o+ -o."r In%ut: 6"at /ut%ut and $o"++ici"nt o+ -"r+ormanc".

$oo'in4 Wat"r >'o. ;at": > 1 5?@ $oo'in4 Wat"r In'"t "m%"ratur": $oo'in4 Wat"r In'"t "m%"ratur": $om%r"ssor -o."r In%ut 5W@ 6"at /ut%ut 5kJ/min@ $/-6. 5 5o$@ 6 5o$@

41.2 26.3 31.7 197 45.576 0.47

(,%"rim"nt 2& -roduction o+ 6"at -um% -"r+ormanc" $ur)"s /)"r a ;an4" o+ 1ourc"s and 9"'i)"r# "m%"ratur".

im" 5minut"5s@@ $oo'in4 Wat"r >'o. ;at": > 1 5?@ $oo'in4 Wat"r In'"t "m%"ratur": 5 5o$@ $oo'in4 Wat"r /ut'"t "m%"ratur": 6 5o$@ $om%r"ssor -o."r In%ut 5W@

tA0 80 26.7 30.1 198 60 26.8 30.9 199 40 26.8 32.4 200

tA15 80 26.8 30.2 196 60 26.8 31.0 197 40 26.7 32.3 200

16

(,%"rim"nt 3& -roduction o+ <a%our com%r"ssion $#c'" on %8! 9ia4ram and (n"r4# =a'anc" 1tud#.

im" 5minut"5s@@ ;"+ri4"rant >'o. ;at": > 2 5?@ ;"+ri4"rant -r"ssur" 52o.@ -1:bar5abs@ ;"+ri4"rant -r"ssur" 56i4!@ -2:bar5abs@ ;"+ri4"rant "m%"ratur": ;"+ri4"rant "m%"ratur": ;"+ri4"rant "m%"ratur": ;"+ri4"rant "m%"ratur": 1 5o$@ 2 5o$@ 3 5o$@ 4 5o$@

tA 0 18.8 3.2 8.0 7.3 34.7 31.4 20.5 40.3 26.6 32.4 201

tA15 18.9 3.1 8.0 6.3 34.5 31.2 20.4 40.4 26.6 32.2 200

$oo'in4 Wat"r >'o. ;at": > 1 5?@ $oo'in4 Wat"r In'"t "m%"ratur" 5o$@ $oo'in4 Wat"r In'"t "m%"ratur" 5o$@ $om%r"ssor -o."r In%ut 5W@

(,%"rim"nt 4 & (stimation o+ t!" (++"ct o+ $om%r"ssor -r"ssur" ;atio on <o'um"tric (++ici"nc#.

im" 5minut"5s@@ ;"+ri4"rant >'o. ;at": > 2 5?@

0 35.4

15 36.4

30 36.4

17

;"+ri4"rant -r"ssur" 52o.@ -1:bar5abs@ ;"+ri4"rant -r"ssur" 56i4!@ -2:bar5abs@ ;"+ri4"rant "m%"ratur": 1 5o$@

3.1 8.1 6.4

3.1 8.1 6.5

3.1 8.1 6.4

8. 1am%'" $a'cu'ation

Hote / the cooling water and refrigerant water flow rate display is in percentage (G!. 0elow are the formula to convert cooling water and refrigerant flow rate to < =.

(,%"rim"nt 1&

18

19

(,%"rim"nt 2&

Sample Calculation :Flow rate of 80%

20

$oo'in4 Wat"r >'o. rat" 5?@ 80

In'"t "m%"ratur " 50$@ 26.8 4.9 196 57.4 861210 $/-!% -o."r 5W@ 5kJ/min@ 5J@

60

26.8

4.5

197

53.2

798120

40

26.7

3.9

200

47.3

709650

21

22

(,%"rim"nt 3& Sample Calculation :Flow rate of 40%

+.+3+$2? bar + I $.+ bar

I I

+3+.$2? k a $+3 k a
23

2 I E.+ bar

E+3 k a

o +ind t!" -sat& Sample Calculation : TT ! "#$

o +ind "nt!a'%#: !+ Sample Calculation : TT ! "#$

"m%"ratur" 5) 1 A 6.3 2 A 34.5

-r"ssur" 5k-a@ 358.38 875.42

(nt!a'%# 5kJ/k4@ 60.378 100.1325

24

3 A 31.2 4 A 20.4

797.79 579.31

95.32 79.884

Araph showing :xperimental ressure vs. :nthalpy of the results above

Araph showing 'deal ressure vs. :nthalpy of the results above

(n"r4# ba'anc" on t!" cond"ns"r& :inJ:out IK:system

25

#or ideal rankine cycle,condenser(wI3! ()in")out!L(win"wout!Ihf"hi ()in!L(win"wout!Ihf"hi :nergy balance on the compressor/

Cteady flow,

(,%"rim"nt 4&

7t t

+? minutes1 I I I +3+.$2? k a $+3 k a E+3 k a

+.+3+$2? bar + I $.+ bar 2 I E.+ bar

26

9. 9iscussion

The experiment was done to identify the applications of the refrigerator and heat pump. Refrigerators and heat pumps both apply the vapour compression cycle .although the applications of these machines differ,but the components are essentially the same. To complete the design of the evaporator unit, a thermodynamic analysis of
27

the refrigeration cycle must be performed. There are four ma5or components that are involved in this cycle and that will have an affect on the performance of the system. These components include the/ evaporator, compressor, condenser, and expansion valves. The thermodynamic cycle that they create is shown below in the figure below.

7n actual vapor"compression refrigeration cycle differs from the ideal one in several ways, owing mostly to the irreversibilities that occur in various components, mainly due to fluid friction(causes pressure drops! and heat transfer to or from the surroundings. The CO decreases as a result of irreversibilities.

28

(,%"rim"nt 1&

#rom this experiment, we have identified the power input ,heat output and coefficient of performance needed where the values are 197 W: 45.576 kJ/min: and 0.47 respectively using the formulas of

and the ob5ective was achieved.

The coefficient of performance (CO ! decrease with increasing temperature. Co in order to increase CO ;s value, we should decrease the temperature. 7t the end of this part, we managed to determine the power input, heat output and coefficient of performance of a vapour compress on heat pump system.

(,%"rim"nt 2&

#rom the graphs in the calculation;s section, we can see that the energy efficiency of the heat pump is greatly affected by the temperature of the water being heated. The graph shown that the greater the temperature rise, the harder the work for the compressor thus the lower the temperatures of the heated to be water, the higher the energy efficiency becomes.

7fter the calculation of the CO s values, we plotted the pump performance curves of CO vs. delivered water temperature, %& vs. delivered water temperature, and compressor vs. delivered water temperature. 0ased on our observation, in the first graph of which CO vs. delivered water temperature, it shown that the CO
&

values

decrease with temperature which mean that the values depends on temperature. The second graph of which %& vs. delivered water temperature, shown a similar pattern

29

with the first graph and it;s the same for the third graph showing that CO , % & and compressor decreases with increasing temperature.

0y the end of this part of the experiment, we managed to produce the performance of heat pump over a range of source and temperature using CO , % & and compressor.

(,%"rim"nt 3&

Comparing both diagrams in the theory section (experiment $!1 it clearly showed that the experimental vs. h graph was way off from the ideal one probably due to several factors contributing to it. The differences from the actual and the ideal results of a refrigeration cycle are due to the assumptions made. Calculations with the ideal refrigeration cycle include the following1

'rreversibilityMs within the evaporator, condenser, and compressor are ignored1 Nero frictional pressure drops1 &eat losses either from the pipes to the surroundings are not considered1 Compression process is isentropic 1

The calculations were made based on the experimental result1 but in which it does not includes irreversibility, pressure drops due to friction, at variation of pressure across the refrigeration unit. This is due to the non" ideal condition of the unit itself and the fact that no machine can function at +33G efficiency. The experimental CO will be less than the CO obtained for the ideal system. The conceptual value of the Carnot cycle is that it establishes the maximum possible efficiency for an engine cycle operating between T& and TC. 't is not a practical engine cycle because the heat transfer into the engine in the isothermal process is too slow to be of practical value.

30

&owever in this experiment, the e)uation was not achieved due to irreversibilityMs. This deviation from the theoretical e)uation above can be explained by several errors on the experiment and also the condition of the apparatus.

(,%"rim"nt 4&

#rom the calculation made, we have identified the volumetric efficiency and the compressor ratio which is 0.699 and 0.38 respectively. 6olumetric efficiencies of at least 3.E are desirable and are achievable. (R7-, +F??! meaning we failed to achieve the desirable efficiency of the cycle. The compression ratio and volumetric efficiency were determined.

Bhile doing the experiment1 due to the irregular data obtained, our lab technician has told us that there were no more gases in the refrigeration unit we were using. That probably would be one of the main cause that our data and(or graphs plotted differs much from the one any experimental cycle should be.

10. $onc'usion

#rom practising this experiment, we;ve concluded that the refrigeration unit that was used doesn;t perform and never did produced any value that can be said to be near the ideal cycle. The coefficient of performances produced was a bit off from the ideal one and the volumetric efficiency also does not achieve the desire efficiency . Thus, it mean that this unit with such condition is not suitable for daily usage either as refrigerator or as a heat pump.

31

11. ;"comm"ndation

The error involve in this experiment would be the apparatus conditions and assumptions made of the e)uipment. The reading must be made sure to stabili.e before the experiment starts so that we can minimali.e the discrepancies in the data obtained1 To enable the unit operate as nearly the same as the ideal cycle, irreversibilityMs such as pressure drop due to friction and heat output to the surrounding should be minimal1 The heat output to the surrounding can be reduced by insulating the exposed pipes especially the one connected to the condenser and evaporator1 7void the refrigeration unit from being exposed to open air in which it can cause discrepancies in the calculation and data1 #ollowing the procedures precisely and not in a rush so that an accurate data can be achieved.

12. ;"+"r"nc"s

'.

Cengal,Ounas, and =ichael 0oles. Thermodynamics/ 7n :ngineering 7pproach. &ighstown/ =cAraw &ill, +FFE.

''.

Cmith, P. =., 6an Hess, &. C., 7bbott, =. =. 8'ntroduction to Chemical :ngineering Thermodynamics9, =cAraw"&ill 0ook Company, ?th edition +FFD, pp 2F?"$+,.

32

'''. '6.

=ills, 7.#. 80asic &eat and =ass Transfer9, 'rwin, +FF?. =umovic *., Cantamouris =., @7 &andbook of Custainable 0uilding *esign and :ngineering/ 7n 'ntegrated 7pproach to :nergy, &ealth and Operational erformance@, Cromwell ress, 233F.

6. 6'. 6''.

http/((www.idhee.org.uk(renewables(heatpumps.html http/((www.acr"news.com(masterclass(print.aspQidIDD$ http/((www.heatpumpcentre.org(en(aboutheatpumps(heatpumpperformance(Cid or(default.aspxF 5(,%"rim"nt 2& !"or#@

6'''. 'S.

http/((mariapolis.com(files(&eatRpumpRandRRefrigertor.pdf corona, Porge. $ 7pril 2334. %efrigeration e&periment# -nited Ctate 7merika / Can #rancisco Ctate -niversity Cchool Of :ngineering, $ 7pril 2334.

13. A%%"ndic"s

33