Technical Questions with Answers of Electronics And Telecommunication 1.

What are the differences between voltage and current controlled devices? Ans-In any (electronic) device controlling parameter is current it is called current controlled device. eg bilpolar transistor- output current is a function of base current. In any (electronic) device controlling parameter is voltage it is called voltage controlled device. eg Field effect transistor- output current is a function of gate voltage. It depends on the inherent physical mechanism which defines the primary (independent) controlling parameter. 2. What is the difference between Power Amplifier and oltage Amplifier? Ans-Power amplifiers basically amplify both current and voltage (p=v i). !oltage amplifiers only amplify the voltage. In power amplifier feedbac" employed is current feedbac" and In voltage amplifier voltage feedbac" is employed. !. wh" the b#t is $nown as current controlled device and fet is $nown as voltage controlled device # Ans- $. In %&' because of the current the output will vary. (. )here as in F*' by means of !oltage the output is varied. %. What is the difference between &'( ) P*' ) ('A&A ? Ans-P+, stands for Programmable +ogic ,ontroller-,. for -ata control .ystem.,A-A for .upervisory ,ontrol And -ata Ac/uisition .,A-A involves supervision by a user in most cases the plant controller.)hereas P+, is the means by which he performs the function of .,A-A.-,. on the other hand stand only to control the system and not to log any datain the process of controlling.-,. controllers are faster than P+,s In -,. controller we can ad0ust the scan time -,. are costly more inputs and outputs are there for -,. and .,A-A does not have a dedicated controller. In a -,. system there is .,A-A ystem already in it but for P+, sydtem addition all .,A-A software must be provided.

+. What is the difference between (ilicon 'ontrolled (witch ,('(- and .ate Turn/off (witch ,.T0-? Ans-scs is nothing but it is the silicon controlled switch as an .,1 but gate turn off is that in which one of the turnoff method of .,1 1. What is the difference between emulator and simulator? Ans-.imulator2 A software program impersonating a 3ardware. 'hus .I45+A'I67 the scenarios faced in the original hardware. *mulator2 A 3ardware (with or without software) impersonating another 3ardware. 'hus *+I4I6A'I67 the need for the original. 2. What is the difference between 'ircuit (witching and Pac$et (witching? Ans-,ircuit switching is the transmission technology that has been used since the first communication networ"s in the nineteenth century. In circuit switching8 a caller must first establish a connection to a callee before any communication is possible. -uring the connection establishment8 resources are allocated between the caller and the callee. pac"et switching is a more recent technology than circuit switching which addresses a disadvantage of circuit switching2 the need to allocate resources for a circuit8 thus incurring lin" capacity wastes when no data flows on a circuit. Pac"et switching introduces the idea of cutting data on a flow into pac"ets which are transmitted over a networ" without any resource being allocated. 3.the number of columns in a state table for a se4uential circuit with m flip/flops and n inputs is. Ans-Its (m9(n because.. If there are m flip-flops there should be (m nodes. If there are n inputs then each node will have (n. 5. &esign a digital circuit which has one input two output and one select line input should be 1666$h7 output should be +66$h7 and 2+68h7 select line either 6 or 1 if 6 select 2+6$h7 if 1 select +66$h7 Ans-demu: is the circuit which satisfies the given re/uirement if ; is given to the selectline (<;"h= o>p is provided else <;;"h= o>p is provided.

5/ What are digital elctronic flip flops9 (tate the different t"pes of flip flop and their uses. Ans--igital electronic flip flops are temporary single bit storage devices. -ifferent types of flip flops are &? f>f 1. f>f ' F>F - f>f this flip flops are using as storage device delay purpose as counter for toggled as shift register etc 16/ What is the difference between latches and flip flop ? Ans-+atche is a bistable circuit which responds to change of logic level as they occur. It has no e:ternal inputs. Flip flop is a basic element of memory. It stores a single bit. It has a multiple input. +atches are level sensitive devices where as Flipflops are edge sensitive device so it is said that latches are level triggered and flip flop is edge triggered. 11/What is the Tri (tate of a (ignal? Ans-In digital ciruit the gate output can be only high or low. In highstate the output source current at a minimum voltage greater than @(.A! if load(fan out ) is proper. In low state it will sin" current at ma: output voltage less than @;.A!. .ome times it is desirable to have a state output both not high or low. with neither sin"ing or sourcing (with high output impedance). 'his is called tristate. 'ristate output cannot change output condition of succeding logic gates unless tristate is disabled. 12/ what is the main difference between 363+ and 3631 processors? Ans-A;A< is a A bit microprocessor8having $B-bit address bus.A;AB is a $B-bit microprocessor having (;-bit address bus. 1!. What is a se4uential circuit and What is a combinational circuit? :s there an" difference between them? :f "es what is it? Ans-,ombinational circuit are those whose output depends only upon the present inputs but in se/uential circuit the output depends upon both present and past inputs. that is the difference ,ombinational circuit does not have any memory in the feedbac" path but the se/uential circuit has memory in the feedbac" path. *: of .*C ,ircuit2 *ncoder -ecoder etc *: of ,omb ,ircuitD Flipflop

1%. What is the difference between mas$ing and non/mas$ing? Ans-In A;A< processor '1AP is a non mas"able interrupt. )hereas 1.' E.< B.< <.< intr are mas"able interrupts. 4as"able means this interrupts can be left without considering during the e:ecution of the program. 6on mas"able depicts that it has to be ta"en into account during the e:ecution of the program 1+. What is difference between ;i<ed/=ias 'ircuit ) (elf/=ias 'ircuit? Ans-Fi:ed bias circuits get their bias voltages from independently designed reference voltage sources (or even something as simple as a voltage divider). Fften is the case that the bias may be left for the end-user to give some control over the operation point of the circuit. .elf biased circuits get their bias voltages from the circuit itself often in the form of a negative feedbac". 'his is very useful when a circuit is e:tremely sensitive to bias points and it becomes impractical to provide e:ternal biases that are correct to very high accuracies. 'his can happen in high gain amplifiers with very high impedance output nodes such as a common source amplifier with an active load. 'he operation of the circuit dependson the bias of the active load. It would therefore be desirable to sacrifice some of this gain by providing a negative feedbac" from the output to the gate of the active load. 'his way you wont have to bias the circuit yourself but will lose some of the gain of the circuit as a price. 11. What is meant b" filter? What are the different t"pes of filters? Ans-Filters are the components of a circuit which remove distortion or ripples.'ypes of filters 2 $. 3igh pass filters (. +ow pass filters G. %and pass filters 12. what is meant b" virtual ground in the op amp ? Ans-Ideally the output of op-amp should be =ero. .o for this to happen the ( inputs must be same. 3ence one of the input is considered to be low or at ground potential. %ut this input is not actually ground hence it is called as virtual ground.

13. What is meant b" sa"ing at what current is transistor biased? Ans-%ias current of a transistor is the preset -, current when no input voltage signal is applied to it. 15. What is >ace Around 'ondition in a ?8 ;lip;lop? Ans-I6 &-? FF 8 'he cloc" time is higher than the output toggling time then for &=$ H ?=$ 8 the output will be changed irrelavent of our input. 'his condition is "nown as I1A,* A1F56,F6-I'IF6I.. 26. @ow to 'onvert =inar" to E<cess ! 'ode and vice versa? Ans-A number i binary can be converted to e:cessG 0ust by adding the binary e/uivalent of G to the binary number.similarly a number in e:cessG can be converted to binary 0ust by subtracting the binary e/uivaent of G from the binary number. 21. @ow to convert =inar" to .ra" 'ode Ans-'a"e JF1 of binary no. starting from right with the ne:t bit. Add ; as leftmost bit to get answer eg. K $$$=E gray code ; :or $8$ :or $8 $ :or $ i.e. $;; ans. 22. What is the meaning of Tristate (ignal in Electronics? Ans-'ristate device is G terminal device H it has three states. 'hey are logic ; logic $ H high impedance state or tristate. 'his device can be used as switch. For F6 logic ; or logic $ (depending on active low or active high appl) FFF as high independence state. 2!. When a sample of germanium and silicon having same impurit" densit" are $ept at room temperature then >esistivit" of silicon will be higher than that of germanium9 Wh"? Ans-'he answer is simple. ,onsider the P6 diode for 7e ;.Ge! is the brea"down voltage and in the case of .i its ;.Ee! since the impurities are added in the same amount the bond due to the other atoms of the .i ma"es it resistive compared to the 7e.. thats allL 2%. Wh" gold is added to the p/n #unction? Ans-'o reflect heat. 'o reduce the recombination time.

2+. Wh" are the 2 input terminals of an op/amp are called as inverting ) non/inverting terminals? Ans-%ecause if we give input to one input means that will produce the same phase output where as the other(Inverting) pin produce $A; degree phase shifted output. 21. What is the e4uivalent of negative logic AA& gate? Ans-6egative logic of A6- gate is 6A6-. 22. What are the main advantages of s"nchronous circuit? Ans-All the inputs are feed at the rising or falling end of the cloc" signal. 'his ma"es the circuit to perform tas" in sync. so that the functional integrity of the logic device is as e:pected. 23. @ow does a (ignal differ from a Wave Ans-.ignal means information. )ave is something that carries the information from source to destination. 25. Wh" do we use two ground pins in the pin diagram of 3631? Ans-'here are basically two reasons for doing so one is to remove 71F56- %F56,* one more reason is circuit comple:ity demands a large amount of current flowing through the circuits and multiple grounds help in dissipating the accumulated heat so that device will be safe. !6. What is the difference between Power Amplifier and oltage Amplifier? Ans-Power amplifiers basically amplify both current and voltage (p=v i). !oltage amplifiers only amplify the voltage. !1. @ow to manufacture the 'B0( inverter? Ans-It can be made by using pmos and cmos in series. %oth gate are connected together and act as input. .ource of pmos is connected to supply. drain of pmos is connected to drain of nmosand it serves as output. source of nmos is grounded. !2. What are the advantages of using ' band for satellite communication? Ans-Its fre/uency ranges from $( to $A43=

!!. What is a ='&? What are its advantages and disadvantages? Wh" is an e<cess/! code is called an unweighted code? Ans-%,- means %inary coded decimal its advantage is it can represent decimal numbers in the form of binary value says (;;;;-; to $;;$-M). %inary codes are divided into weighted binary code and non weighted binary code *:cess G code is an e:ample of non weighted codes since the position of each bits in e:cess G code does not have weights says li"e ones tens hundred in decimal and (N; (N$ (N( in binary. !%. What is power electronics? Ans- Power electronics is the technology associated with high power which is more than OG;v G phase supply.7enerally it is consider in industries for the efficient conversion control and conditioning of electric power by static means from its available input form into the desired electrical output form. !+. What are the differences between microprocessor and micro controller. Ans-'he microprocessor is the integration of a number of useful functions into a single I, pac"age. 'hese functions are2 'he ability to e:ecute a stored set of instructions to carry out user defined tas"s. 'he ability to be able to access e:ternal memory chips to both read and write data from and to the memory. %asically a microcontroller is a device which integrates a number of the components of a microprocessor system onto a single microchip. .o a microcontroller combines onto the same microchip 2 'he ,P5 core 4emory (both 1F4 and 1A4) .ome parallel digital I>F *ssentially a microcontroller is obtained by integrating the "ey components of microprocessor 1A4 1F4 and -igital I>F onto the same chip die. 4odern microcontrollers also contain a wealth of other modules such as .erial I>F 'imers and Analogue to -igital ,onverters. !1. What is function of A*E in 363+ microprocessor? Ans-Al* stands for the address latch enableit Ps wor"ing is that it differentiate the address and data bus in microprocessor.when it is high it select address bus .when it is low it select data bus.

!2. Wh" we are using the bridge rectifier in most of the circuits instead of full wave rectifier eventhough the output of both are same? Ans-In bridge type (F)1) rectifiers center tapping transformer are not re/uired so small transformers are used and we will get twice of the out put voltage that of the center tapped F)1. !3. What t"pe of architecture is used in 363+ microprocessor? Ans- I6'*+ A;A< is a A-bit microprocessor. ItPs based on !on-6eumann architecture in which the data and instructions are in the same memory space without any distinction between them. -ata line2 A-bits--,an process A-bits of data at a time. Address line2 $B-bits--,an address upto (N$B(BO?%) of address space. !5. What is Edison Effect? Ans-*dison *ffect is also refferred as I'hermionic emissionI. 3ere the charge carriers flow from a charge-carrying surface due to vibrations caused by thermal energy. 'his phenomenon can be seen in the house-hold electrical bulb in which is a metal filament is heated by the thermal energy from electricity. %6. how to design a software :' using @&* ? Ans-you can use software li"e altera write the re/uired programme download to the chip here is your software ic %1. What are semiconductor devices ? Ans-.emiconductor -evices is nothing but a device which conduct semi >partially conducting ( semiconductor which conduction property lies between conductor and insulator)is termed as semiconductor device. %2. Wh" the input resistance of an ideal 0P/ ABP is infinite and output resistance is 7ero? secondl"9 how can we measure these resistances,input and output- in case of an ideal 0PABPand >eal 0P/ABP in the following conditions when 1/ load is not connected. 2/ load is connected. Ans- Ideal FP-A4P is a power ful concept. If one goes through the history of amplifying

devices it becomes clear that less it loads the previous stage better the output signal. ie. it is a trend toward higher and higher input impedances. Also it is better to maintain the signal level irrespective of the +FA- connected at the ouput. +esser the output impedance less the signal amplitude reduction when load is connected. ie. it is a trend toward lower and lower output impedances. As ideal opamp is a concept by virtue it has =ero output impedance and infinite input impedance and they are not physically measurable but has to be ta"en for granted for the use in theoritical analysis. 'o measure input resistance of non ideal opamp connect a "nown source at the input and give a signal (within .pecifications) through a current meter of sufficient precision. Input voltage by current gives the input impedance. 'o measure input resistance of non ideal opamp connect a "nown source at the input and give a signal (within .pecifications) through a current meter of sufficient precision. Input voltage by current gives the input impedance. 'o measure output resistance of non ideal opamp connect a "nown source at the input such that the output does not saturate and connect a load (within .pecifications ) through a current meter of sufficient precision and meaure the output voltage. Futput voltage by current gives the output impedance. ,an refer application notes by device manufacturer available in internet for more precise and practical solutions. %!. What is Pulse Width Bodulation? Ans-Pulse width modulation is a modulation techni/ue in which the width of the pulse is varied in accordance with the message signal. Pulse width 4odulation is abbreviated as P)4. P)4 can be used to reduce the total amount of power delivered to a load without losses normally incurred when a power source is limited by resistive means. 'his is because the average power delivered is proportional to the modulation duty cycle. )ith a sufficiently high modulation rate8 passive electronic filters can be used to smooth the pulse train and recover an average analog waveform. P)4 is used in sound synthesis circuits.

%%. @ow man" t"pe of resistor are there in diode? Ans-'hey are two types one is forward resistance $.Forward resistance (.1everse resistance $.Forward resistance-'his is the resistance offered in forward bias condition of the diode. It is calculated by with the help of graph for voltage and current characteristic. (.1everse resistance-'his resistance is offered in the reverse bias condition of the diode. It is also calculated by the same method. %+. Wh" the shape of 0P/ABP is triangular not other shape? Ans-'he 'riangular shape symboli=es that it wor"s for continous signals and hence forth it is an analog device. e:2 Fpamp If it is s/uare then it is digital device. e:2 4ultiple:er If the shape is both triangular and s/uare then it is mi:ed signal device. e:2 A-, -A, %1. What is :nterfacing? Ans-'he peripheral (simple input>output devices ) connected with computer to perform tas"s is "nown as interfacing. %2 @ow microprocessor wor$s without internal memor"? Ans-microprocessor wor"s without internal memory because it consists of adreess data and control buses with some registers to process the tas" given to processor through the e:ternal memory. %3. What is a se4uential circuit and What is a combinational circuit?:s there an" difference between them? :f "es what is it? Ans-,ombinational circuit are those whose output depends only upon the present inputs but in se/uential circuit the output depends upon both present and past inputs. that is the difference. %5. What are digital elctronic flip flops9 (tate the different t"pes of flip flop and their uses. Ans-digital electronic flip flops are temporary single bit storage devices.different types of flip flops are &? f>f 1. f>f ' F>F - f>f this flip flops are using as storage device delay purpose as counter for toggled as shift register etc

+6. What 'B0( Transistor? Ans-,4F.--QQ,omplementary 4etal F:ide .emiconductor ,omplementary metalRo:ideRsemiconductor (,4F.) is a ma0or class of integrated circuits. ,4F. technology is used in chips such as microprocessors microcontrollers static 1A4 and other digital logic circuits. ,4F. technology is also used for a wide variety of analog circuits such as image sensors data converters and highly integrated transceivers for many types of communication. ,4F. is also sometimes e:plained as complementary-symmetry metalRo:ideR semiconductor. 'he words Icomplementary-symmetryI refer to the fact that the typical digital design style with ,4F. uses complementary and symmetrical pairs of p-type and n-type 4F.F*'s for logic functions. 'wo important characteristics of ,4F. devices are high noise immunity and low static power supply drain. .ignificant power is only drawn when its transistors are switching between on and off statesD conse/uently ,4F. devices do not produce as much heat as other forms of logic such as ''+ (transistor-transistor logic). ,4F. also allows a high density of logic functions on a chip. 'he triple compound ImetalRo:ideR semiconductorI is a reference to the nature of the physical structure of early (and interestingly now the very latest) field-effect transistors having a metal gate electrode placed on top of an o:ide insulator which in turn is on top of a semiconductor material. Instead of metal current gate electrodes (including those up to the B< nanometer technology node) are almost always made from a different material polysilicon but the terms 4F. and ,4F. nevertheless continue to be used for the modern descendants of the original process. (.ee also 4F.F*'.) 4etal gates have made a comebac" with the advent of high-" dielectric materials in the ,4F. transistor as announced by I%4 and Intel for the O< nanometer node and beyond +1 . What is irtual .rounding? Ans-!irtual grounding is the shorting of the

inverting and the non-inverting terminals of the op-amp. 'he i>p resistance of opamp is v high. thus the base currents are v less appro: ;. thus no current flows thru i>p resistance. thus we can say that both the 6I and I6! terminals of opamp are virtually shorted. i.e the voltage across both terminals is same. thus if 6F) one terminal is grounded due to virtual short other terminal also will be grounded. +2. Wh" the input impedance of 0P/Amp is so high? Ans-In FPA4P we have O stages $st stage i.e the input stage is a dual i>p balanced o>p opamp whose i>p resistance is v high. and if we use F*' in case of %&' for $st stage diffamp then i>p resistance will be v high in 4 ohms. +!. what is meant b" virtual ground in the op amp ? Ans-'he op amp connected in a negative feedbac" configuration that is the o>p connected to the inverting terminal tried to produce the same voltage at the inverting node as we applied to the non-inverting terminal no matter whatever be the o>p. 'his happens because the opamp has a very high differential gain. so only way to not to clip or saturate the o>p in either positive or negative side is to ma"e their both i>ps at the same potential. so when you apply the i>p to the inverting terminal and you connect the feedbac" to the inverting node and your non-inverting terminal is grounded then op amp tries to force the inverting node at the ground potential and whatever the difference between these two nodes are amplified. +%. Which one is faster between AAA&/(> ;; and A0>/(> ;;? Ans-well both deals with same principle.but i thin" 6A6--.1 FF is faster than 6F1-.1 FF ++. 'ost of storing a bit is minimum in $. ,ache (. 1egister G. 1A4 O. 4agnetic tape Ans-4agnetic 'ape +1. @ow man" characters per sec ,2 bits C 1 parit" - can be transmitted over a 2%66 bps line if the transfer is s"nchronous ,1 start and 1 stop bit-?

$. G;; (. (O; G. (<; O. (E< Ans- (O;;>(E9$9() (O; +2. What does 'E mean..D will see it on almost ever" chip,:'-..
Ans-'he ,* mar" is a mandatory *uropean mar"ing for certain product groups to indicate conformity with the essential health and safety re/uirements set out in *uropean -irectives. 'he letters P,*P are an abbreviation of ,onformitS *uropSenne8 French for *uropean conformity. 'he ,* mar" must be affi:ed to a product if it falls under the scope of the appro:. (; so called P6ew ApproachP -irectives. )ithout the ,* mar"ing8 and thus without complying with the provisions of the -irectives8 the product may not be placed in the mar"et or put into service in the fifteen member states of the *uropean 5nion and 6orway8 Iceland and +iechtenstein. 3owever8 if the product meets the provisions of the applicable *uropean -irectives8 and the ,* mar" is affi:ed to a product8 these countries may not prohibit8 restrict or impede the placing in the mar"et or putting into service of the product. 'hus8 ,* mar"ing can be regarded as the products trade passport for *urope. 'he ,* mar" is not a /uality-mar". First8 it refers to the safety rather than to the /uality of a product. .econd8 most /uality mar"ings are voluntary opposite to the ,* mar"ing8 which is mandatory for the products it applies to. ,* indicates conformity with mandatory *uropean safety re/uirements. *uropean conformity is certified by following clear and understandable procedures8 the socalled Tconformity assessment proceduresU

)e use negative fre/uencies in our calculations 0ust for easieness but remember at last we neglect it also 11. what is angle and amplitude modulation? what is noise in modulation? Ans- modulation means change. to send a message of low fre/uency to a far distance we use a carrier of high fre/uency to carry the message. while transfering we change some parameters of carriers for faithful tranformation of message signal. if the amplitude of the carrier is varied in accordance with fre/uency of message signal then it is called amplitude modulation. if either phase or fre/uency is changed in accordance with the fre/uency of message signal then it is called angle modulation. noise is an unwanted signal which enter in signal while transfering a signal and ma"es the signal distorted. 12. what is selective flooding? Ans- .elective Flooding is a method to compute the Cos of the system 1!. what is fi<ed bias with and without decoupling capacitor Ans- with ta decoupling capacitor u cannt get o>p bc= it bloc"s the -, and allows only A, o".... is u dont us it it give the o>p but itPs -, only so no use to hav a -, voltage in F>P 1%. what is the main application of scr in electronic field as well as in software field? Ans- .,1 is a rectifier we use this in power handling applications . %y varying on time and off time of the scr i.e by giving the pulse to its gate we can vary the average output power from the main power supply to the re/uired device . software part we can use micro controller and write a programme so that to generate re/uired pulses to control the .,1. 1+. What is =iasing? Ans- %iasing is process of applying potential across any electronic e/uipment in order to ma"e it operate as we re/uire.

+3. What is the difference between P*' and &'(? Ans-P+, means Programmable +ogic ,ontroller8 which can be used to control one particular control system such as a boiler or a in0ection system. but -,. is -istributed control syetem8 which is used to monitor and control the total process plant. in -,. we have no of controllers connected to a single monitoring system. +5. wh" the feeding fre4uenc" to a microprocessor s twice the operating fre4uency. Ans-since A;A< microprocessor operating fre/uency < mega h= but operating fre/uency is $; mega h= because crystal effect in processor 16. &o we have an" negative fre4uenc"? Ans-no it canPt be negative because fre/uency is simply the reciprocal of time and time canPt be negative.

More from this lesson

Electronics Interview Questions

Technical Interview Prep

Technical Interview- Introduction C Interview Questions C++ Interview Questions | Free C# Interview Questions !M" Interview Questions #" Interview Questions $ava Interview Questions %&et Interview Questions P'P Interview Questions &etwor(in) Interview Questions "oftware Testin) Interview Questions ata "tructure Interview Questions *l)orithms Interview Questions Electrical Interview Questions Electronics Interview Questions Mechanical Interview Questions Civil

Communication means transferrin) a si)nal from the transmitter which passes throu)h a medium then the output is o8tained at the receiver% 9or:communication sa3s as transferrin) of messa)e from one place to another place called communication% 3. Different types of communications? Explain. *nalo) and di)ital communication% *s a technolo)30 analo) is the process of ta(in) an audio or video si)nal 9the human voice: and translatin) it into electronic pulses% i)ital on the other hand is 8rea(in) the si)nal into a 8inar3 format where the audio or video data is represented 83 a series of ;<;s and ;-;s% i)ital si)nals are immune to noise0 6ualit3 of transmission and reception is )ood0 components used in di)ital communication can 8e produced with hi)h precision and power consumption is also ver3 less when compared with analo) si)nals% 4. What is sampling? The process of o8tainin) a set of samples from a continuous function of time 79t: is referred to as samplin)% 5. State sampling theorem. It states that0 while ta(in) the samples of a continuous si)nal0 it has to 8e ta(en care that the samplin) rate is e6ual to or )reater than twice the cut off fre6uenc3 and the minimum samplin) rate is (nown as the &36uist rate% 6. What is cut off fre!uency? The fre6uenc3 at which the response is -,d! with respect to the ma7imum response% ". What is pass #an$? Pass8and is the ran)e of fre6uencies or wavelen)ths that can pass throu)h a filter without 8ein) attenuated% %. What is stop #an$? * stop8and is a 8and of fre6uencies0 8etween specified limits0 in which a circuit0 such as a filter or telephone circuit0 does not let si)nals throu)h0 or the attenuation is a8ove the re6uired stop8and attenuation level% &. Explain '(?

eparation + Technical Interview Prep + Electronics Interview Questions + uestions

Electronics Interview Questions

"hare ,,-./ views0 ,12 found it useful P oor # (a3 4 ood 4 reat * wesome
5earn and practice Technical Interview Prep0 Interview Preparation0 Electronics Interview Questions 6uestions and answers with e7planation for interview0placement test0online test0competitive e7amination and entrance test

=adio fre6uenc3 9=F: is a fre6uenc3 or rate of oscillation within the ran)e of a8out , '> to ,-- 4'>% This ran)e corresponds to fre6uenc3 of alternatin) current electrical si)nals used to produce and detect radio waves% "ince most of this ran)e is 8e3ond the vi8ration rate that most mechanical s3stems can respond to0 =F usuall3 refers to oscillations in electrical circuits or electroma)netic radiation% 1). What is mo$ulation? *n$ +here it is utili,e$? Modulation is the process of var3in) some characteristic of a periodic wave with an e7ternal si)nals% =adio communication superimposes this information 8earin) si)nal onto a carrier si)nal% These hi)h fre6uenc3 carrier si)nals can 8e transmitted over the air easil3 and are capa8le of travellin) lon) distances% The characteristics 9amplitude0 fre6uenc30 or phase: of the carrier si)nal are varied in accordance with the information 8earin) si)nal% Modulation is utili>ed to send an information 8earin) si)nal over lon) distances% 11. What is $emo$ulation?

1. What is Electronic? The stud3 and use of electrical devices that operate 83 controllin) the flow of electrons or other electricall3 char)ed particles%

2. What is communication?

emodulation is the act of removin) the modulation from an analo) si)nal to )et the ori)inal 8ase8and si)nal 8ac(% emodulatin) is necessar3 8ecause the receiver s3stem

receives a modulated si)nal with specific characteristics and it needs to turn it to 8ase-8and% 12. -ame the mo$ulation techni!ues. For *nalo) modulation--*M0 ""!0 FM0 PM and "M i)ital modulation--##?0 F"?0 *"?0 Ps(0 Q*M0 M"?0 CPM0 PPM0 TCM0 #F M 13. Explain *. an$ (.. *M-*mplitude modulation is a t3pe of modulation where the amplitude of the carrier si)nal is varied in accordance with the information 8earin) si)nal% FM-Fre6uenc3 modulation is a t3pe of modulation where the fre6uenc3 of the carrier si)nal is varied in accordance with the information 8earin) si)nal% 14. Where $o +e use *. an$ (.? *M is used for video si)nals for e7ample T@% =an)es from 1,1 to <A-1 ('>% FM is used for audio si)nals for e7ample =adio% =an)es from BB to <-B M'>% 15. What is a #ase station? !ase station is a radio receiverCtransmitter that serves as the hu8 of the local wireless networ(0 and ma3 also 8e the )atewa3 8etween a wired networ( and the wireless networ(% 16. /o+ many satellites are re!uire$ to co0er the earth? , satellites are re6uired to cover the entire earth0 which is placed at <D- de)ree to each other% The life span of the satellite is a8out <1 3ears% 1". What is a repeater? * repeater is an electronic device that receives a si)nal and retransmits it at a hi)her level andCor hi)her power0 or onto the other side of an o8struction0 so that the si)nal can cover lon)er distances without de)radation%

23. What is resistor? * resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that opposes an electric current 83 producin) a volta)e drop 8etween its terminals in proportion to the current0 that is0 in accordance with #hmFs lawG @ H I=% 25. What is in$uctor? *n inductor is a passive electrical device emplo3ed in electrical circuits for its propert3 of inductance% *n inductor can ta(e man3 forms% 26. What is con$uctor? * su8stance0 8od30 or device that readil3 conducts heat0 electricit30 sound0 etc% Copper is a )ood conductor of electricit3% 2". What is a semi con$uctor? * semiconductor is a solid material that has electrical conductivit3 in 8etween that of a conductor and that of an insulator9*n Insulator is a material that resists the flow of electric current% It is an o8Iect intended to support or separate electrical conductors without passin) current throu)h itself:J it can var3 over that wide ran)e either permanentl3 or d3namicall3% 2%. What is $io$e? In electronics0 a diode is a two-terminal device% iodes have two active electrodes 8etween which the si)nal of interest ma3 flow0 and most are used for their unidirectional current propert3% 2&. What is transistor? In electronics0 a transistor is a semiconductor device commonl3 used to amplif3 or switch electronic si)nals% The transistor is the fundamental 8uildin) 8loc( of computers0 and all other modern electronic devices% "ome transistors are pac(a)ed individuall3 8ut most are found in inte)rated circuits 3). What is op amp? *n operational amplifier0 often called an op-amp 0 is a Ccoupled hi)h-)ain electronic volta)e amplifier with differential inputsK<L and0 usuall30 a sin)le output% T3picall3 the output of the op-amp is controlled either 83 ne)ative feed8ac(0 which lar)el3 determines the ma)nitude of its output volta)e )ain0 or 83 positive feed8ac(0 which facilitates re)enerative )ain and oscillation% 31. What is a fee$#ac1? Feed8ac( is a process where83 some proportion of the output si)nal of a s3stem is passed 9fed 8ac(: to the input% This is often used to control the d3namic 8ehaviour of the s3stem% 32. *$0antages of negati0e fee$#ac1 o0er positi0e fee$#ac1. Much attention has 8een )iven 83 researchers to ne)ative feed8ac( processes0 8ecause ne)ative feed8ac( processes lead s3stems towards e6uili8rium states% Positive feed8ac( reinforces a )iven tendenc3 of a s3stem and can lead a s3stem awa3 from e6uili8rium states0 possi8l3 causin) 6uite une7pected results% 33. What is 5ar1hausen criteria? !ar(hausen criteria0 without which 3ou will not (now which conditions0 are to 8e satisfied for oscillations% M#scillations will not 8e sustained if0 at the oscillator fre6uenc30 the ma)nitude of the product of the transfer )ain of the amplifier and the ma)nitude of the

1%. What is an *mplifier? *n electronic device or electrical circuit that is used to 8oost 9amplif3: the power0 volta)e or current of an applied si)nal% 1&. Example for negati0e fee$#ac1 an$ positi0e fee$#ac1? E7ample for Eve feed8ac( is ---*mplifiers *nd for +ve feed8ac( is E #scillators 2). What is 2scillator? *n oscillator is a circuit that creates a waveform output from a direct current input% The two main t3pes of oscillator are harmonic and rela7ation% The harmonic oscillators have smooth curved waveforms0 while rela7ation oscillators have waveforms with sharp chan)es% 21. What is an 3ntegrate$ 4ircuit? *n inte)rated circuit 9IC:0 also called a microchip0 is an electronic circuit etched onto a silicon chip% Their main advanta)es are low cost0 low power0 hi)h performance0 and ver3 small si>e% 22. What is crosstal1? Crosstal( is a form of interference caused 83 si)nals in near83 conductors% The most common e7ample is hearin) an unwanted conversation on the telephone% Crosstal( can also occur in radios0 televisions0 networ(in) e6uipment0 and even electric )uitars%

feed8ac( factor of the feed8ac( networ( 9 the ma)nitude of the loop )ain : are less than unit3N% The condition of unit3 loop )ain -*O H < is called the !ar(hausen criterion% This condition implies that *OH <and that the phase of - *O is >ero% 34. What is 4D.*6 7D.*6 (D.*? Code division multiple access 9C M*: is a channel access method utili>ed 83 various radio communication technolo)ies% C M* emplo3s spread-spectrum technolo)3 and a special codin) scheme 9where each transmitter is assi)ned a code: to allow multiple users to 8e multiple7ed over the same ph3sical channel% !3 contrast0 time division multiple access 9T M*: divides access 83 time0 while fre6uenc3-division multiple access 9F M*: divides it 83 fre6uenc3% *n analo)3 to the pro8lem of multiple access is a room 9channel: in which people wish to communicate with each other% To avoid confusion0 people could ta(e turns spea(in) 9time division:0 spea( at different pitches 9fre6uenc3 division:0 or spea( in different directions 9spatial division:% In C M*0 the3 would spea( different lan)ua)es% People spea(in) the same lan)ua)e can understand each other0 8ut not other people% "imilarl30 in radio C M*0 each )roup of users is )iven a shared code% Man3 codes occup3 the same channel0 8ut onl3 users associated with a particular code can understand each other% 35. explain $ifferent types of fee$#ac1 T3pes of feed8ac(G &e)ative feed8ac(G This tends to reduce output 98ut in amplifiers0 sta8ili>es and lineari>es operation:% &e)ative feed8ac( feeds part of a s3stemFs output0 inverted0 into the s3stemFs inputJ )enerall3 with the result that fluctuations are attenuated% Positive feed8ac(G This tends to increase output% Positive feed8ac(0 sometimes referred to as ;cumulative causation;0 is a feed8ac( loop s3stem in which the s3stem responds to pertur8ation 9* pertur8ation means a s3stem0 is an alteration of function0 induced 83 e7ternal or internal mechanisms: in the same direction as the pertur8ation% In contrast0 a s3stem that responds to the pertur8ation in the opposite direction is called a ne)ative feed8ac( s3stem% !ipolar feed8ac(G which can either increase or decrease output% 36. What are the main $i0isions of po+er system? The )eneratin) s3stem0transmission s3stem0and distri8ution s3stem 3". What is 3nstrumentation *mplifier 83*9 an$ +hat are all the a$0antages? *n instrumentation amplifier is a differential op-amp circuit providin) hi)h input impedances with ease of )ain adIustment 83 var3in) a sin)le resistor% 3%. What is meant #y impe$ance $iagram. The e6uivalent circuit of all the components of the power s3stem are drawn and the3 are interconnected is called impedance dia)ram% 3&. What is the nee$ for loa$ flo+ stu$y. The load flow stud3 of a power s3stem is essential to decide the 8est operation e7istin) s3stem and for plannin) the future e7pansion of the s3stem% It is also essential for desi)nin) the power s3stem% 4). What is the nee$ for #ase 0alues? The components of power s3stem ma3 operate at different volta)e and power levels% It will 8e convenient for anal3sis of

power s3stem if the volta)e0 power0 current ratin)s of the components of the power s3stem is e7pressed with referance to a common value called 8ase value%