Chapter #16:The South and the Slavery Controversy Big Picture Themes IDENTIFICATIONS: Nat Turner He was an educated

d slave who led a rebellion that led to the death of 60 white southerners. This rebellion inspired so much fear that many laws were enacted in the South to prevent the education of slaves. Sojourner Truth A former slave that worked as an abolitionist after gaining her freedom. Theodore Dwight Weld Weld was a leader of the American abolitionist movement. He preached a simple and earnest message against slavery throughout the states and penned American Slavery as It Is. Harriet Beecher Stowe An abolitionist who was greatly influenced by the horror of the slave auction and Weld's movement that she wrote the plot of Uncle Tom's Cabin William Lloyd Garrison Garrison was a radical abolitionist who passionately decried the evils of slavery through his newspaper- The Liberator. His words antagonized both sides of the issue. David Walker Walker was an African American abolitionist who wrote An Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World.He called for complete social equality between blacks and white. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: "Cotton is King!" Know: Eli Whitney, Cotton Gin 1. What is meant by "Cotton is King?" How did its sovereignty extend beyond the South? What implications did its rule have? After Eli Whitneys invention of the Cotton Gin, farming cotton became an extremely profitable business in the south where slavery had not yet been abolished. Seventy-five percent of the worlds cotton was produced in the South and thus the South had economic leverage over the North as other nations, mainly Britain were willing to side with the south if the north ever blockaded the trading routes. The South gained sovereignty in Britain, establishing itself as King Cotton. The Planter "Aristocracy" Know: Chivalry 2. In what ways was the south "basically undemocratic?" The Southern government was heavily influenced by the rich planter aristocracy. The plantation owners could send their children to the finest schools and receive the best education such as John C. Calhoun and Jefferson Davis have. This also widened the gap between the rich and the poor because it hampered taxsupported public education. An elite southern author named Sir Walter Scott promoted an ideal feudal society. Slaves and the Slave System Know: One crop economy 3. What were the weaknesses of the South's dependence on cotton? Cotton wasted the land it was grown on. Slaves and land were overspeculated, causing financial instability. A complete focus on cotton led to a neglect of agriculture and industry, which forced the South to be dependent on the West for grain and the North for trade goods. The White Majority Know: Yeoman Farmer, hillbilly 4. Why did many whites who did not own slaves support slavery? Although the majority of whites could not afford slaves, these yeoman farmers were fiercely loyal to the southern way of life because they nurtured hopes of one day achieving the same wealth as the planters. The slaves also allowed them to maintain their ideas of racial and social superiority.

Free Blacks: Slaves Without Masters Know: Emancipate, mulattoes 5. Would it have been better to be a free Black in the North or in the South? Explain. It would be better to be a free black in the South, because the North despised free blacks more than the South. In the South there were emancipated children of a white planter and his black mistress were called mulattoes. They were able to prosper in New Orleans, such as the black slave-owner William Johnson. However, in the North free blacks were horribly treated, such as Frederick Douglass, an abolitionist and orator, who was mobbed and beaten several times. White southerners did not hate the black slaves as much as the North because most were raised by black nurses Plantation Slavery Know: Chattel, natural increase, Harriet Beecher Stowe 6. "...planters regarded slaves as investments [like a mule]...." Explain what was positive and what was negative about this situation for slaves. Because slaves were investments, masters usually took care not to treat them too badly. They needed slaves healthy enough to work on the plantations. On the other hand, being a slave meant being property. They were deprived of natural human rights and were sold like cattle. Life Under the Lash Know: Overseer, breaker, Old South, Deep South 7. Give evidence to show that slaves developed a separate, unique culture. What circumstances made this possible? Black slaves usually worked for countless hours under the white overseer. Some were even flogged by white breakers who wanted to show their control over them. The Deep South is where the most of the slaves and cotton were, so it was considered the "black belt". Despite all these difficulties the black slaves were still able to nurture their own culture. They would name their children for grandparents, avoid marriage between first cousins, and held their own religious belief that was somewhat a mixture of Christian and African elements. The Burdens of Bondage Know: Peculiar institution, Gabriel Prosser, Denmark Vesey, Nat Turner 8. Thomas Jefferson once said that having slaves was like holding a wolf by the ears, you didn't like it but you couldn't let go. How does this section help to explain this statement? Southern whites lived a backwards society in an age of progress, fearful of slave revolts and struggling to maintain the institution of slavery. Early Abolitionism Know: Abolition, The American Colonization Society, Theodore Weld, Arthur and Lewis Tappan, Harriet Beecher Stowe 9. Describe some of the early abolitionists. Abolition groups started to form as the inhumanity of peculiar institution was being more evident. The American Colonization Society (Quakers) was created to transport blacks back to Africa(the abolitionists wanted this instead of emancipation because they still despised the blacks). Theodore Weld was an abolitionist who was influenced greatly by the fervor of the second great awakening and with his two monetary supporters Arthur and Lewis Tappan; he traveled to Lane theological Seminary and then started to spread the antislavery gospel by also using effective propaganda. Another abolitionist was Harriet Beecher Stowe who was influenced by Theodore Weld to write the famous Uncle Tom's Cabin Radical Abolitionism Know: William Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phillips, David Walker, Sojourner Truth, Frederick Douglass 10. How were the attitudes of William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass different? When dealing with an issue that is moral and political, how rigid should a person be? Garrison was a radical abolitionist that called for the North to secede from the South. At one point, he was labeled as terrorist for his possible connections to Nat Turners rebellion.Douglass was a more practical and reasoned man who knew that the process of abolition would be long and arduous. The moral and the political are rarely truly bound. Political law is built mainly to maintain order. Moral considerations come

afterwards. However, sometime the issue at hand is too great to leave on its own. Slavery was such an issue. In this the passion of Garrison and the pragmatism of Douglass were needed. The South Lashes Back 11. How did the South defend itself against the attacks of abolitionists? The South attempted to use the Word to justify their institution. They also whipped up fear against violent slave revolt and Northern domination. They also tried to paint slave life in a positive light, claiming that blacks had it better in the south than the north. The Abolitionist Impact in the North 12. How did Northerners view abolitionists? Did they have any success? Abolitionism was initially unpopular in many parts of the north. The Northern economy had a large stake in southern cotton. Pro-slavery groups harassed abolitionists and in some cases even killed them. Chapter #17: Manifest Destiny and Its Legacy Big Picture Themes IDENTIFICATIONS: John Tyler Known as the president without a party, as he was put into power by the Whigs party but upheld many democratic positions of policies. Slidells Mission John Slidell was sent to Mexico to try to negotiate the purchase of the western territories. The Mexican governments refusal prompted Polk to instigate war. John C. Fremont American captain who helped overthrow the Mexican government in California and institute the Bear Flag Republic. Manifest Destiny Proponents of manifest destiny believed that they had a right and duty to extend the nations boundaries over the entire continent. This mode of thought dominated American politics and foreign policy, especially concerning the Mexican War. James K. Polk Polk was the eleventh president of the United States. He had three main goals as president- a lowered tariff, the restoration of an independent treasury, and the acquisition of Texas and California as well as settlement of the Oregon dispute with Britain. Webster-Ashburton Treaty Treaty regarding the Maine border with Britain- America gained 6,500 square miles of western land and the boundary in the east was firmly set. Spot Resolution Resolutions pushed forward by Senator Abraham Lincoln of Illinois that asked for the exact spot where American blood had been shed. The Tariff of 1842 Tariff signed in by John Tyler that raised it to 40%. Polk wanted to lower this, and managed to bring it down to 25%. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Mexico ceded a wide swath of nearly half its territory, including Texas and California. In return, the US paid about 10 million in reparations. This enormous territorial gain boosted the power and prestige of the young nation. Wilmot Proviso This resolution would have banned slavery in the territories gained by the U.S. after the Mexico cession.