I)

Personality :refers to individuals unique set of consistent behavior traits 1) Personality trait is a durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations 2) Factor analysis: correlations among many variable are analyzed to identify closely related clusters of variables B) BIG FIVE MODEL 1) Extraversion(positive emotionality) : a) outgoing, sociable, upbeat, friendly, assertive, gregarious. b) Happier than others, more positive outlook on life, motivated to pursue social contact, intimacy, and interdependence i) Sociable vs retiring ii) Fun loving vs sober iii) Affectionate vs reserved 2) Neuroticism (negative emotionality a) Anxious, hostile, self-conscious, insecure, vulnerable b) Over react to stress, exhibit more impulsiveness and emotional instability i) Worried vs calm ii) Insecure vs secure iii) Self-pitying vs self-satisfied 3) Openness to experience a) Curiosity, flexibility, vivid fantasy, imaginativeness, artistic sensitivity, unconventional attitudes b) Tolerant to ambiguity, less need for closure, less prejudice i) Imaginative vs down to earth ii) Preference for variety vs pref for routine iii) Independent vs conformity 4) Agreeableness a) Sympathetic, trusting, cooperative, modest, straight forward b) Constructive approaches to conflict resolution, are making people less quarrelsome c) Empathy and helping behavior i) Soft hearted vs ruthless ii) Trusting vs suspicious iii) Helpful vs uncooperative 5) Conscientiousness a) Disciplined, well-organized, punctual, dependable i) Well-organized vs disorganized ii) Careful vs careless iii) Self-disciplined vs weak willed C) Psychoanalysis (Sigmund Frued): required lengthy verbal interactions with patients during which frud probed deeply into their lives 1) Psychoanalytic theory a) Attempts to explain personality, motivation, and psychological disorders by focusing on influence of early childhood experiences, on unconscious motives and conflicts and on the methods ppl use to cope with their sexual and aggressive urges 2) People uncomfortable with his theories b/c (3 reasons) a) Argues that peoples behavior is governed by unconscious factors which they are unaware (are not masters of their own minds) b) Claim that adult personalities are shaped by childhood experience and other factors beyond ones control (not masters of their own destinies)

c) Emphasized the great importance of how people cope with their sexual urges (offended conservative Victorian values of his time) 3) Structure of personality a) Freud divided personality into 2 components: id, ego and superego. He saw persons behavior as the outcome of interaction among these three components i) Id Primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle. Reservoir of psychic energy (houses raw biological urges (to eat, sleep, defecate, copulate, etc) that energize human behavior Operated according to the pleasure principle :which demands immediate gratification of its urges Engages in primary-process thinking which is primitive, illogical, irrational, and fantasy oriented ii) Ego The decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle Mediates between the is, with forceful desire for immediate satisfaction and the external social world, with its expectations and norms regarding suitable behavior. Considers social realities- societys norms, etiquette, rules, and customs- in deciding how to behave Guided by the reality principle which seeks to delay gratification of the ids urges until appropriate outlet and situations can be found (is. Works to tame the unbridled desire of the id) Secondary-process thinking :relatively rational, realistic, oriented toward problem solving. Strives to avoid negative consequences from society and tis representatives. Behaves appropriately Achieve long=range goals that sometimes require cutting off gratification iii) Superego Moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong Emerges out of the ego at around 3-5 yrs of age. Can become irrationally demanding in striving for moral perfection and plagued by excessive feelings of guilt b) Levels of Consciousness i) Conscious Consists of whatever one is aware of at a particular point in time Ex. Aware your getting tired or hungry ii) Preconscious Contains material just beneath surface of awareness that can easily be retrieved ie. Middle name, last nights supper iii) unconscious contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior ie. Forgotten trauma from childhood, hidden hostility to parent, repressed sexual desires iv) compared this to the ice berg. Unconscious is larger than the conscious/preconscious. 4) Defense mechanisms a) Are largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt. Typically mental maneuvers that work through self-deception i) Rationalization creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior

ex. After cheating someone in business transaction, reduce your guilt by rationalizing that everyone does it ii) Repression Is keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in unconscious Tend to repress desires that make them feel guilty, conflicts that make them anxious and memories that are painful. Motivated forgetting Forgetting name of someone you dont like, or a dental appointment = form of self-deception iii) Projection Attributing ones own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another Usually to make one feel guilty iv) Displacement Diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original source to substitute target Ec. Boss gives you hard time you come home, slam door, kick couch, scream at other.. your displacing your anger onto irrelevant targets. Social constraints often force ppl to hold back their anger, thus lash out at people they are closest to v) Reaction formation Behaving in a way thats exactly the opposite of ones true feelings Males who ridicule homosexuals are defending against their won latent homosexual impulses. vi) Regression Reversion to immature patterns of behavior When anxious about their self-worth, some adults respond with childish boasting and bragging. vii) Identification Bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group Ex. Young with identifying with rock starts, movie starts, or famous athletes. Adults = exclusive country clubs or organizations as means of identification viii) Sublimation (healthy defense mechanism) Occurs when unconscious, unacceptable impulses are channeled into socially acceptable, perhaps even admirable, behaviors. Ex. Intense aggressive impulses = football or boxing Or painting, poetry, sculpture = sublimations of sexual urges 5) Psychosexual stages :developmental periods with characteristic sexual focus that leave their mark on adult personality a) Fixation: failure to move forward from one stage to another as expected i) Oral stage 1st year of life. Way childs feeding experiences are handled. Can form basis for obsessive eating or smoking later in life ii) Anal stage Crucial event in toilet training. Represents societys first systematic effort to regulate childs biological urges. Genital anxiety from severe toilet training could evolve into anxiety about sexual activities later in life iii) Phallic stage Pivotal phallic stage (Oedipal complex) Little boys develop erotically tinged preference for their mothers, hostility to father Little girls develop special attachment to father

Learn little boys have diff genitals - Penis envy - Oedipal complex : children manifest erotically tinged desire for their opposite sex parent, axxompanied by feelings of hostility to their samesex parent iv) Latency and Genital stages From 6-puberty. Childs sexuality is largely suppressed. Becomes latent. Centers on expanding social contacts beyond the immediate family With puberty. Child progresses into genital stage Sexual urges reappear and focus on the genitals once again. Sexual energy normally channeled towards peers of the other sex rather than toward oneself as in phallic stage b) Jungs analytical psychology i) Unconscious consists of two layers 1st = personal unconscious: houses material that is not within ones conscious awareness because it has been repressed or forgotten. 2nd= collective unconscious: storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from peoples ancestral past Shares collective unconscious with the entire human race - Archetypes: emotionally charges images and though forms that have universal meaning Depended extensively on dream analysis c) Alders individual psychology i) Striving for superiority : universal drive to adapt, improve oneself, and master lifes challenges Striving for superiority is prime goal of life, rather than physical gratification ii) Compensation involves efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing ones abilities D) Behavioral Perspective 1) Skinnerian models 2) Social learning theory (Social cognitive theory) a) Personality is largely shaped through learning b) Bandura advocates reciprocal determinism: the environment does determine behavior, however, behavior also determines the environment. = is the idea that internal mental events, external environmental events, and overt behavior all influence one another. i) Humans are neither masters of their own destiny nor hapless victims buffeted about by the environment 3) Mischel and the Person-Situation controversy a) Both the person and the situation are important determinant of behavior E) Humanistic approach : theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth 1) Person-centered theory (Rogerss) a) The Self i) Self- concept : collection of beliefs about ones own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior i.e. your own mental picture of yourself ii) incongruence : free of disparity between ones self-concept and ones actual experience iii) congruent: self-concept is reasonably accurate 2) Maslows theory of self actualization a) Needs hierarchy i) A systematic arrangement of needs, according to priority in which basic needs must be met before less basic needs are aroused ii) Pyramid

 Bottom = more basic needs, higher = less basic needs F) Bio/genetic model 1) Eysencks theory a) personality is determined to a large extent by a persons genes 2) Role of genetics and heritability a) Twins studies it is genetic. Environment = not 3) Evolutionary approaches

II) Social psychology A) Attribution process 1) Fundamental attribution error: refers to observers bias in factor of internal attributions in explaining others behavior. 2) Actor-observer bias a) Actors favor external attributions for their behavior, where as observers are more likely to explain the same behavior with internal attributions 3) Defensive attribution a) Tendency to blame victims for their misfortune, so that one feels less likely to be victimized in a similar way B) Conformity 1) Occurs when people yield to real or imagined social pressure 2) ASCHs experiment a) Male undergraduate with the standard line asked which line is the standard line confederates purposely give wrong answer to see if participant says wrong answer to fit-in b) Group size and group unanimity are key determinants of conformity i) Normative influence Operates when ppl conform to social norms for fear of negative social consequences ii) Informational influence Operates when people look to others for guidance about how to behave in ambiguous situations C) Compliance D) Obedience 1) Form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority 2) Milgrams studies a) Male participants. Had to shock the learner when make mistake on task. Told it would not cause tissue damage shock was fake, a ruse to see how far participant would stay obedient to labcoat guy. 3) Zimbardo (Stanford Prison) a) Social roles are widely shared expectations about how people in certain positions are supposed to behave E) Group behavior 1) Bystander effect a) People are less likely to provide needed help when they are in groups than when they are alone b) Darley and Latane i) To see if people help out during an emergency situation bugger group = less help Students in cubicles help out when another student needs help F) Group think 1) Occurs when members of a cohesive group emphasize concurrence at the expense of critical thinking in arriving at a decision III) Stress, Health, and Coping

A) Stress: any circumstances that threaten or are perceived to threaten ones well-being and that thereby tax ones coping abilities. 1) Acute a) Are threatening events that have relatively short duration and a clear endpoint i) Ex: home threatened by severe flooding 2) Chronic a) Threatening events that have a relatively long duration and no readily apparent time limit i) Ex: huge credit card debts, pressure from hostile boss at work ii) Failures, losses 3) 4 major types of stress a) Frustration i) Occurs in any situation in which the pursuit of some goal was thwarted i.e. when u want something but cant have it b) Conflict i) Occurs when two or more incompatible motivations or behavioral impulses compete for expression Approach-approach conflict- a choice must be made between two attractive goals i.e. blue or grey sweater avoidance-avoidance conflict- a choice must be made between two unattractive goalse i.e. bad or bad? Approach-avoidance conflict- a choice must be made about wheter to pursue a single goal that has both attractive and unattractive aspects. i.e. job promotion mean large pay but move to city you dont want to go to c) Change i) Any significant alterations in ones living circumstances that require readjustment ii) SRRS measure life changes as form of stress d) Pressure i) Involves expectations or demands that one behave in a certain way ii) Strongest related to measure of mental health than SRRS and other established measures of stress 4) Responses to stress a) Emotional i) Arousal and performance ii) Fight or flight iii) Selyes GAS model (general adaptation syndrome Model of the bodys stress response, consisting of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion 1st step = alarm reaction: occurs when organism first recognizes the existence of a threat 2nd step= stage of resistance: physiological changes stabilizes as coping efforts get under way 3rd step= exhaustion: If 2nd step continues chronic over activation of the stress response can have damaging physiological effects on organ system iv) Broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions : can shed light on this question. First, positive emotions alter peoples mindsets, broadening their scope of attention and increasing their creativity and flexibility in problem solving. Second, positive emotions can undo the lingering effects of negative emotions. Thus, positive emotions short-circuit the potentially damaging physiological responses to stress that we will discuss momentarily. Third, positive emotions can promote rewarding social interactions that help build valuable social support, enhanced coping strategies, and other enduring personal resources. a) Behavioral i) Coping Refers to active efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands created by stress

 Can be both adaptive and maldaptive ii) Learned helplessness Passive behavior produced by exposure to unavoidable aversive events iii) Aggression Any behavior that is intended to hurt someone, either physically or verbally iv) Catharis Release of emotional tension Most studies have found that behaving in an aggressive manner tends to fuel more anger and aggression v) Indulgence Engage in unwise patterns of eating, drinking, smoking, using drugs, spending money, and so forth vi) Internet addiction Consists of spending an inordinate amount of time on the internet and inability to control online use b) Effects of stress i) Burnout Involves physical and emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and a lowered sense of self-efficacy that can be brought on gradually by chronic work-related stress ii) Psychosomatic disease Genuine physical ailments that were thought to be cause in part by stress and other psychological factors c) Factors moderating effect of stress i) Social support Refers to various types of aid and emotional sustenance provided bby members of ones social networks.